1
E alua ion o p oposed common s anda ds
o ben hos moni o ing in he A c ic-A lan ic
– pilo s udy in G eenland (INAMon)
Technical epo no. 105, 2017
Pinngo i ale i ik, G eenland Ins i u e o Na u al Resou ces
i
Ti le: E alua ion o p oposed common s anda ds o ben hos moni o ing in he A c ic-A lan ic – pilo s udy
in G eenland (INAMon)
Au ho (s): Ma in E. Bliche 1 and Nane e Hammeken A boe N1,
In collabo a ion wi h: Alexey Goliko (Kazan Uni e si y, Russia)
Ámundu Nolsø (Kaldbak Ma ine Biological Labo a o y/BIOFAR, Fa oe
Islands)
Anna Ka i S eis up (Ins i u e o Ma ine Resea ch, T omsø, No way)
Bi na T yg adó i (Kaldbak Ma ine Biological Labo a o y/BIOFAR, Fa oe
Islands)
Ch is Yesson (Zoological Socie y o London, UK)
Cindy G an (Uni e si é La al, Quebec, Canada)
Denis Zakha o (Knipo ich Pola Resea ch Ins i u e o Ma ine Fishe ies and
Oceanog aphy, Russia)
Guðmundu Guðmundsson (Icelandic Ins i u e o Na u al His o y)
Heidi Gab ielsen (Ins i u e o Ma ine Resea ch, T omsø, No way)
Igo Manushin (Knipo ich Pola Resea ch Ins i u e o Ma ine Fishe ies and
Oceanog aphy, Russia)
Jan Sø ensen (Kaldbak Ma ine Biological Labo a o y, Fa oe Islands)
Jan Yde Poulsen (G eenland Ins i u e o Na u al Resou ces)
Jóg an F óði Hansen (Kaldbak Ma ine Biological Labo a o y, Fa oe Islands)
Lau e De Mon e y (Uni e si é La al, Quebec, Canada)
Lis Lindal Jø gensen (Ins i u e o Ma ine Resea ch, T omsø, No way)
Mona Fuh mann (Zoological Socie y o London, UK)
Na alia Zhu a le a (Sain -Pe e sbu g Zoological Ins i u e)
Na alya Anisimo a S elko a (Knipo ich Pola Resea ch Ins i u e o
Ma ine Fishe ies and Oceanog aphy, Russia)
Olga Zimina (Mu mansk Ma ine Biological Ins i u e, Russia)
Philippe A chambaul (Uni e si é La al, Quebec, Canada)
S einunn Hilma Óla sdó i (Ma ine Resea ch Ins i u e, Iceland)
S ephen Long (Zoological Socie y o London, UK)
Se ial i le and numbe : Technical epo no. 105
Publishe : Pinngo i ale i ik, G eenland Ins i u e o Na u al Resou ces
ii
Da e o publica ion: Decembe 2017
Financial suppo : This epo is pa o he p ojec , Ini ia ing No h A lan ic Ben hos Moni o ing
(INAMon), which we e inancially suppo ed by he G eenland Ins i u e o
Na u al Resou ces, No h A lan ic Coope a ion (no a. o; J. n . 510-151),
Sus ainable Fishe ies G eenland, he Minis y o Resea ch in G eenland
(IKIIN), and he En i onmen al P o ec ion Agency (Dancea) o he Minis y o
En i onmen and Food o Denma k (J. n . ms -112-00272). The wo k is also
pa o he Danish P esidency p ojec in No dic Council o Minis e s,
Mapping seabed biodi e si y and ulne abili y in he A c ic and No h
A lan ic (P oj. n . 15002).
Co e pho o: Top: Pho o o seabed o Wes G eenland, bo om le : RV Pâmiu ; bo om
middle: example o sponge byca ch in deme sal awl; bo om igh : so ed
byca ch and species pho os o iden i ica ion ca alogue (Sou ce: GINR)
ISBN: 87-91214-82-3
ISSN: 1397-3657
EAN: 9788791214820
Ci ed as: Bliche ME and Hammeken A boe N (2017) E alua ion o common s anda ds
o ben hos moni o ing in he A c ic-A lan ic – pilo s udy in G eenland
(INAMon). Technical Repo n . 105, G eenland Ins i u e o Na u al
Resou ces, G eenland. ISBN 87-91214-82-3, 31 pp + supplemen a y appendix
Con ac add ess: The epo is only a ailable in elec onic o ma . You can
download a PDF- ile o he epo a his homepage
h p://www.na u .gl/publika ione / ekniske appo e
I is possible o achie e a p in o he epo he e:
Pinngo i ale i ik, G eenland Ins i u e o Na u al Resou ces
P.O. Box 570
3900 Nuuk
G eenland
Phone: +299 361200
Fax: +299 361212
E-mail: [email p o ec ed]l
www.na u .gl
1
Abs ac
In 2015, he G eenland Ins i u e o Na u al Resou ces ealized a concep o long- e m
and la ge-scale moni o ing o ma ine bo om-li ing in e eb a e auna (ben hos) in he
A c ic-A lan ic as pa o he in e na ional esea ch p ojec , Ini ia ing No h-A lan ic
Ben hos Moni o ing (INAMon) (Bliche e al. 2015). The ini ia i e was, i s o all,
mo i a ed by a la ge gap in knowledge abou he ben hic ecosys em in he A c ic in
gene al, and abou he in luence o clima e, awling, oil exploi a ion and o he
po en ial an h opogenic and na u al d i e s. Howe e , he high cos o ben hos s udies
using con en ional me hods, and limi ed inancial, logis ic and scien i ic capaci ies ha e
p e en ed mos A c ic na ions o add ess hese gaps in knowledge on he ele an
geog aphical and empo al scales. The e o e, a main goal o INAMon was o de elop a
cos -e icien app oach o ben hos moni o ing, ealis ic o be implemen ed ac oss he
A c ic. A “ awl byca ch-p og am” was in eg a ed on na ional ishe ies esea ch su eys
in G eenland wa e s. Besides p oducing high-quali y in o ma ion abou ocal
componen s o he ben hic communi y in G eenland, he su eys also ac ed as a
pla o m o knowledge exchange be ween A c ic ben hos specialis s in o de o ensu e
me hodological consis ency and da a compa abili y ac oss na ions.
Du ing 2015 and 2016 we ha e eached mo e han 1100 sampling s a ions in
G eenland, co e ing a dep h ange om 40 o 1500 me e s, and a la i udinal ange om
60 o 76°N. We ha e documen ed a o al o >900 di e en ben hos species/ axa and a
wide ange o communi ies. We ha e signi ican ly inc eased he knowledge abou he
occu ence o sponge g ounds and dense concen a ions o cold-wa e co als, which
a e ega ded indica o s o Vulne able Ma ine Ecosys em (VME) habi a s. In his epo ,
we show examples o ou esul s, and e alua e he moni o ing concep in ela ion o
he iden i ied needs.
Backg ound
In 2011 an A c ic Ma ine Biodi e si y Moni o ing Plan was launched by a Ma ine Expe
Moni o ing G oup (MEMG) o he Ci cumpola Biodi e si y Moni o ing P og am
(CBMP-Ma ine) unde he Conse a ion o A c ic Flo a and Fauna (CAFF) in A c ic
Council (Gill e al. 2011). The o e all goal o he CBMP-Ma ine Plan was o acili a e an
imp o emen o he abili y o de ec and unde s and he causes o long- e m change
in he composi ion, s uc u e and unc ion o A c ic ma ine ecosys ems, as well as o
de elop au ho i a i e assessmen s o key elemen s o A c ic ma ine biodi e si y (e.g.
key indica o s, ecologically pi o al, and/o o he impo an axa). A his poin ,
many/mos A c ic ma ine a eas emain poo ly s udied, and wi hou a p ope baseline
unde s anding o he ecosys em componen s, o i s na u al dynamics o a ia ion.
Being able o documen long- e m changes on la ge geog aphical scales would hen
seem as a highly demanding ask, also conside ing he logis ical challenges in he as
ma ine a eas comp ising he A c ic. This was ecognized by he MEMG and he e o e
he CBMP-Ma ine Plan was mainly mean o be a d i e o p omo e, acili a e,
coo dina e, and ha monize exis ing ma ine biodi e si y moni o ing ac i i ies ac oss he
2
A c ic, and in his way imp o e capaci y o de ec change. Howe e , o many egions
he e is no exis ing moni o ing o esea ch ac i i ies and new ini ia i es will be
necessa y o be able o con ibu e he ambi ion o he CBMP-Ma ine Plan. Ongoing
clima e changes and he expansion o comme cial ac i i ies in o p e iously inaccessible
a eas only unde lines he need o ini ia i es ha add esses ecosys em change on long-
e m and la ge geog aphical scales.
The ben hos communi y (i.e. seabed auna) is a key componen o elemen al cycling
and ood web dynamics in he ma ine A c ic (Bluhm & G adinge 2008, Bliche e al.
2009, Bliche e al. 2011, Piepenbu g e al. 2011), and as a habi a o o he species.
The seabed hos s a e y high biodi e si y. To his da e >4000 species o ben hic
in e eb a es has been egis e ed, and i is es ima ed ha he ue numbe o species
is much highe (Bluhm e al. 2011). The ben hos communi y is e y likely o be a ec ed
di ec ly o indi ec ly by clima e changes as well as an h opogenic ac i i ies, such as oil
& gas explo a ion/exploi a ion, comme cial awl ishe y and pollu ion (Jones 1992,
Roge s 1999, Collie e al. 2000, Hall-Spence e al. 2002, O e al. 2005, G ebmeie e
al. 2006, Olsen e al. 2007, Fab y e al. 2008, Al haus e al. 2009, Wassmann e al. 2010,
G ebmeie 2012). I is also well-known ha la ge and habi a o ming epi auna, such as
sponges and co als ha may c ea e biodi e si y ho spo s and ac as nu se y habi a s
o ish and in e eb a es, a e highly ulne able o physical dis u bance. Es ablishing
la ge-scale mapping and moni o ing o ben hic communi ies is he e o e essen ial o
be able o p o ide solid in o ma ion o knowledge based managemen o he A c ic
ma ine ecosys em. I is, howe e , also clea ha his is likely o equi e a e y la ge
economical, logis ical and scien i ic capaci y, and ha his could emain o p e en i s
ealiza ion. I is he e o e necessa y o de elop a iable concep o ben hos moni o ing
in he A c ic.
In 2014 a g oup o ben hos specialis s ep esen ing G eenland, Iceland, Fa oe Islands,
No way, Canada and Russia es ablished a p ojec called Ini ia ing No h A lan ic
Ben hos Moni o ing (INAMon) wi h he speci ic aim o iden i y some minimum
s anda ds o ben hos moni o ing ha : 1) a e ealis ic o be implemen ed gi en he
logis ical, scien i ic and economical se ings wi hin each coun y in he A c ic-
A lan ic, 2) will p o ide a desc ip ion o key componen s in ben hos auna
communi ies, and 3) has he po en ial o documen la ge-scale and long- e m ends
in ben hic indica o s in ela ion o clima e, awling, oil exploi a ion and o he
po en ial an h opogenic and na u al d i e s.
Based on an o e iew o exis ing logis ical capaci ies in he A c ic-A lan ic egion, and
expe iences om Ecosys em Su eys in he Ba en s Sea (Anisimo a e al. 2010), he
INAMon ne wo k sugges ed a concep o egional-scale ben hos moni o ing: A cos -
e icien “ awl byca ch-p og am” could be implemen ed as an in eg a ed pa o
na ional ishe ies esea ch su eys in he egion. By using hese exis ing logis ic
pla o ms i could be possible o ge compa able in o ma ion abou ben hic key
componen s on a egula basis in an a ea anging om he sub- o high-A c ic, and Da is
S ai /Ba in Bay in Wes o he Ba en s Sea in Eas (Bliche e al. 2015).
3
In 2015 he INAMon ne wo k launched a pilo p ojec in G eenland wa e s onboa d
G eenland Ins i u e o Na u al Resou ces’ esea ch awle , RV Pâmiu . The pilo
p ojec had wo speci ic objec i es besides p oducing high-quali y da a om
G eenland: 1) o de elop some common A c ic-A lan ic s anda ds o ben hos
moni o ing (collec ion, so ing, species iden i ica ion, da a s o age e c.), and 2) o un
a c oss-na ional p og am o knowledge exchange o build up he scien i ic capaci y
needed o implemen s anda dized moni o ing in each pa icipa ing coun y.
Scope o epo
The objec i e wi h his epo is o show examples o he ype o da a/p oduc s ha
INAMon has p oduced in G eenland wa e s du ing 2015 and 2016, and o e alua e he
moni o ing concep in ela ion o he iden i ied needs. I is also discussed how he
knowledge exchange p og am has con ibu ed o building up scien i ic capaci y and a
common e e ence ac oss A c ic-A lan ic na ions.
Ma e ial and Me hods
Ship and su ey design
E e y yea om June o Sep embe ishe ies su eys a e conduc ed om RV Pâmiu on
he con inen al shel and slope o he G eenland Wes coas om 59°30’N up o
72°30’N, and o he Eas coas om 59°30’N up o 67°N. Two ypes o su eys a e
conduc ed in bo h Wes G eenland and Eas G eenland: 1) Combined sh imp- ish
su eys using a Cosmos 2000 awl wi h a 20 mm mesh size in he cod-end wi h ‘ ock-
hoppe ’ g ound gea comp ising s eel bobbins and ubbe disks on dep hs om 50
me e down o 600 me e (Fig. 1 le pho o). Towing ime is 15 minu es and owing
speed is be ween 2.0 and 2.5 kno s. S a ions a e posi ioned using ‘bu e ed andom’
sampling, and abou 50% o he s a ions included in he p eceding yea ’s design ha e
been epea ed as ixed s a ions in he ollowing yea . 2) G eenland halibu su eys
using an Al edo III awl wi h a mesh size o 140 mm and a 30 mm mesh-line in he
cod-end. The dep h in e al su eyed is om 400 o 1500 me e . Towing ime is 30
minu es and a e age owing speed is 3.0 kno s. S a ion posi ions a e based on andom
alloca ion wi h a bu e zone a ound each s a ion.
On he combined ish-sh imp su eys in Wes G eenland in 2015 and 2016 nigh - ime
was a ailable o addi ional sampling wi h a hea y-du y esea ch Beam awl (weigh
in ai c. 1000 kg) wi h a 2.52 m wide opening, and 10mm mesh size in he cod-end (see
Fig. 1 igh pho o). Towing ime was 5 minu es wi h a owing speed o 1-2 kno s. The
sampling dep h ange o he beam awl was 39 o 632 me e . Time was no a ailable
o beam awl sampling in Eas G eenland and in he deep Da is S ai basin.
In 2016 an addi ional su ey ou side he s anda d su ey a ea was conduc ed in
Mel ille Bay, No hwes G eenland using Cosmos and Beam awls.
4
Fig. 1. RV Pâmiu gea ypes. Le pho o: The Cosmos awl wi h a la ge byca ch o Geodia sponges.
Righ pho o: The Beam awl igged wi h he awl senso (yellow uni ), and UW came a and s obes.
All awls we e equipped wi h awl senso s (Fu uno Ma po ) sending li e in o ma ion
abou dep h, empe a u e, bo om con ac , and pi ch and oll o mos e ec i e
awling. Fo all s a ions me ada a (posi ion, dep h, bo om empe a u e, wi e leng h,
gea ype e c.) we e en e ed di ec ly in o GINR’s Access da abase.
So ing and species iden i ica ion o ben hos
We ollowed he ecommenda ion o Bliche e al. (2015) and inco po a ed he ben hos
p o ocol o sampling, so ing, species iden i ica ion, pho o documen a ion,
p ese a ion o ocus axa and da a en y in o he s anda d ou ines o he exis ing
ishe ies su eys o he g ea es ex en possible (see Suppl. Appendix). Fo his pu pose
3 o 4 ben hos specialis s om he INAMon ne wo k a ended each o six annual
su eys. By doing so, all s eps in he p ocess om sampling o da a en y could be
comple ed onboa d, wi h he esul o being able o e ie e a comple e da ase sho ly
a e he ending o su eys.
Da a en y and s o age
Ou s a egy was o link he ben hos p og am o he exis ing ishe ies su ey capaci ies
o he la ges ex en possible o maximize cos -e iciency. This also included da a en y
and s o age. The e o e, we c ea ed a ben hos ex ension o an exis ing su ey da abase
(Mic oso Access) o ish and sh imps used by he Depa men o Fish and Shell ish
a GINR. We also adop ed hei ou ines o ob aining sampling s a ion me ada a (e.g.
bo om empe a u e, dep h, coo dina es, wi e leng h). While sampling and handling
p ocedu es can be adop ed di ec ly om INAMon o o he na ional su eys, he
p ac ical app oach o da a en y and s o age, will need o be adap ed o he exis ing
pla o ms, which is likely o a y be ween na ions. The e o e, he G eenlandic da abase
only ac s as an example o demons a e some o he p inciples ha needs o be
ollowed o ensu e consis ency in da a and i s me ada a ac oss na ions.
Knowledge exchange p og am
Ano he aspec o da a consis ency is s anda diza ion o species/ axon iden i ica ion.
The numbe o A c ic ben hos axonomis s has been dec easing o e he ecen
decades, and he e is an u gen need o capaci y building o ealize he ambi ion o
s anda dized A c ic-A lan ic ben hos moni o ing. The e o e, besides p oducing high-
5
quali y da a in G eenland, he INAMon su eys we e also in ended o ac as a hub o
knowledge sha ing by b inging oge he ben hologis s om all A c ic-A lan ic na ions.
Besides de eloping a s anda dized sampling p o ocol, we wan ed o ensu e he highes
possible s anda ds o species/ axon iden i ica ion, no only in G eenland, bu also in
any u u e moni o ing p og ams in o he pa s o he A c ic. The e o e, he INAMon
su eys we e also used o p oduce pho os and desc ip ions o e e ence specimens o
an ex ensi e Fauna A las ha will wo k as a common iden i ica ion ool o A c ic
ben hos.
Resul s
A o al o 23 ben hologis s ep esen ing 11 esea ch ins i u ions a ended he INAMon
su eys wi h RV Pâmiu in G eenland in 2015 and 2016. I was highly p io i ized o gi e
ime o knowledge sha ing, de elopmen o common s anda ds, and con inuous
documen a ion o his knowledge and s anda ds.
O e all, we comple ed 1161 sampling s a ions in 2015 and 2016, o which 655 we e
om Cosmos awl, 282 om Al edo awl, and 224 om beam awl ( ig. 2, see igu e
sec ion s a ing a p. 17). A o al o 936 ben hic in e eb a e species/ axa we e
egis e ed, o which 537 we e iden i ied o species le el. 539 species/ axa we e
egis e ed in Cosmos awl samples, 331 in Al edo samples, and 761 in beam awl
samples. In his da ase we ha e no included any species o sh imps. Thousands o
pho os we e aken o e e ence specimens and hei key cha ac e s, and ex ensi e
amoun s o p ese ed ma e ial we e kep o e e ence collec ions. A i s e sion o a
auna ca alogue wi h hese pho os and species desc ip ions is planned o be published
and made eely a ailable as a ool o ensu e common-s anda ds o species
iden i ica ion on awl su eys ac oss he A c ic (G an e al. In p ep.). The ca alogue
will be unde con inues de elopmen by he INAMon ne wo k.
The G eenlandic su eys also suppo ed specialis g oups ou side he INAMon ne wo k
wi h samples o nume ous de ailed s udies (e.g. axonomy, gene ics, ood web
s uc u e, physiology, au ecology, subs a e mapping). Some o hese g oups we e
in i ed o a end he su eys and conduc expe imen s onboa d, while o he s ecei ed
p ese ed samples subsequen o he su eys.
In he ollowing sec ion, esul s o some key pa ame e s a e p esen ed. I is mean o
p esen an o e iew o he da a ma e ial ha is a ailable om he INAMon pilo
p ojec , and o gi e an idea o i s scien i ic alue and i s po en ial o suppo ing
knowledge based managemen as s a ed in he p ojec goals (see abo e). Bu an in-
dep h analysis o he as amoun o da a is no he scope o his epo . Resul s will be
p esen ed sepa a ely o each o he sampling gea ypes used, and e alua ed
acco dingly.
Species/ axon ichness
The ben hos auna was iden i ied o he highes possible axon acco ding o he
INAMon s anda ds (G an e al. In p ep.) The o al species/ axon ichness
(species/ axon coun ) pe sample is a simple measu e o he complexi y o
6
he e ogenei y o a habi a . I does no conside he iden i y o he abundance o he
di e en axa. Ra e, endemic o ulne able axa a e gene ally conside ed o ha e
highe conse a ion alue. S ill, o al ichness can be used as a c i e ion when assessing
he ela i e conse a ion alues o habi a s.
The species/ axon coun s pe sample a e illus a ed in igu e 3 and 4, o Beam awl
samples, and Cosmos and Al edo awl samples, espec i ely. Fo he Beam awl
samples collec ed in Wes G eenland, he a e age species/ axon coun pe haul was
40.1 ( ange 2 o 91, s de 17.6). Fo Cosmos and Al edo byca ch samples in Wes and
Eas G eenland hese numbe s we e 11.9 ( ange 1 o 47, s de 8.0) and 9.2 ( ange 1 o
34, s de 6.5,), espec i ely. The e was g ea a iabili y be ween s a ions. While some
o his a ia ion is linked o empe a u e, subs a e ype, dep h and o he na u al
d i e s, a pa o i may also be d i en by an h opogenic ac i i ies, such as awling
(Yesson e al. 2016). Regionally, he e seem o be a endency owa ds highe ichness
in samples om he Sou hwes and Eas G eenland shel es, compa ed o Wes - and
No hwes G eenland. This endency is mos clea o Cosmos and Al edo samples.
Because o he lack o sampling in Eas G eenland, his compa ison was no done o
Beam awl samples.
To al biomass
To al biomass o he ben hos communi y is ano he pa ame e ha can con ibu e o
he desc ip ion o habi a complexi y o he unc ion o he ecosys em. High ben hos
biomass is mos likely o be ound in undis u bed o s able en i onmen s, and/o in
a eas wi h high ood p oduc ion (i.e. phy oplank on) o s ong sedimen a ion o
ad ec ion o ood i ems ( esh o de i us).
The o al biomass o ben hos pe awl haul was con e ed o o al biomass (in g ams)
pe 100 m2 swep a ea. Swep a ea is a calcula ion based on he wid h o he awl
opening and he dis ance om s a o end posi ions o ac i e awling, based on li e
in o ma ion om awl senso s moun ed on he awl. The a e age swep a ea o
Cosmos and Al edo awl hauls we e 0.031 km2 and 0.073 km2, espec i ely, while he
a e age swep a ea o a beam awl haul was only 0.0012 km2. The o al biomass o
ben hos in Cosmos and Al edo awls was anging om a ew g ams o se e al
kilog ams pe 100m2 swep a ea. As o species/ axon ichness, he a ea om he
sou he n ip o G eenland and owa ds he Eas G eenland shel shows ema kably high
alues compa ed o he Wes G eenland Shel ( ig. 5).
On a e age, he a ea-weigh ed o al biomass was conside ably highe in Beam awl
ca ches compa ed o he Cosmos ca ches in he shel a ea in Wes G eenland, no
su p isingly indica ing an o e all highe ben hos ca ch e iciency o he Beam awl ( ig.
6), which was also indica ed by he highe species/ axon ichness in samples (see
below).
Communi y assemblages
To assess he di e ences in species/ axon composi ion be ween s a ions in he s udy
a ea a simila i y analysis (B ay-Cu is, squa e- ans o med da a) was applied o main
13
Sea ely on a ixed s a ion g id ha co e s a eas bo h wi h and wi hou comme cial
in e es , and also includes a di e se s anda d sampling p og am (E iksen 2014).
Fishe ies su eys in G eenland co e he con inen al shel on he G eenland Wes coas
om 59°30’N up o 72°30’N, and on he Eas coas om 59°30’N up o 67°N. Addi ional
sampling (e.g. o he gea , a eas) is only possible o a limi ed ex en dependen on he
schedule o he su ey a ge ing sh imp and ish. The e o e beam awling was only
conduc ed on he Wes G eenland shel , while su eys in Eas G eenland and he basin
in Wes G eenland le no ime o such ac i i y. The s a ion layou in G eenland is
based on p e ious yea s’ a ia ion in ca ches o sh imp, cod and G eenland halibu
wi hin p e-de ined sub-a eas and dep h-s a a. The e o e, da a om ishe y su eys
a e ine i ably biased owa ds mo e awling-impac ed habi a s. Un- awled a eas ha
sus ain a mo e p is ine auna a e unde - ep esen ed in he da a se . The e a e cu en ly
no ishe ies su eys in he no he nmos pa o G eenland, and he mapping and
moni o ing o ben hos will con inue o ely on occasional p ojec -based esea ch
su eys, such as he one desc ibed o Mel ille Bay.
Conclusion
Despi e limi a ions o he sampling p og am due o ela i ely low and biased ca ch
e iciency o bo om awls and i s es ic ion o he exis ing ishe ies su ey a eas, he
concep has p o en e ec i e o documen ing quali a i e and semi-quan i a i e la ge-
scale pa e ns in ben hic communi y s uc u e. I also enables he ini ial de ec ion o
po en ial ulne able habi a s, aluable ecosys em componen s o a eas subjec o
d ama ic changes (e.g. biodi e si y ho spo s, co al o sponge g ounds, nu se y
g ounds). As a managemen ac ion, he de ec ion o such po en ial ocus a eas could
be ollowed up by mo e a ge ed ben hos esea ch using con en ional sampling
me hods (e.g. seabed pho o/ ideo, g ab, acous ic mapping) a a highe spa ial
esolu ion. Such ac ions would ob iously depend on addi ional logis ic and inancial
capaci y. The me hodological app oach desc ibed in his epo is he e o e
ecommended as a minimum s anda d o long- e m and la ge-scale moni o ing o
ben hos communi ies in he A c ic-A lan ic.
To ensu e consis en and knowledge-based managemen o ben hic bio opes in he
u u e, i is c ucial o inc ease he awa eness o he da a being p oduced, and o ge
ishe ies and en i onmen al manage s in ol ed in discussions o conc e e de ini ions
o ocal ecosys em componen s and de ailed assessmen c i e ia.
Acknowledgemen s
Ini ia ing No h A lan ic Ben hos Moni o ing (INAMon) we e inancially suppo ed by
he G eenland Ins i u e o Na u al Resou ces, No h A lan ic Coope a ion (no a. o; J.
n . 510-151), Sus ainable Fishe ies G eenland, he Minis y o Resea ch in G eenland
(IKIIN), and he En i onmen al P o ec ion Agency (Dancea) o he Minis y o
En i onmen and Food o Denma k (J. n . ms -112-00272). The wo k is also pa o
he Danish P esidency p ojec in No dic Council o Minis e s, Mapping seabed
biodi e si y and ulne abili y in he A c ic and No h A lan ic (P oj. n . 15002).
14
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Fab y VJ, Seibel BA, Feely RA, O JC (2008) Impac s o ocean acidi ica ion on ma ine
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Biodi e si y Plan. CAFF Moni o ing Se ies Repo , no. 3. Conse a ion o A c ic
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G ebmeie JM (2012) Shi ing Pa e ns o Li e in he Paci ic A c ic and Sub-A c ic Seas.
In: Ca lson CA, Gio annoni SJ (eds) Annual Re iew o Ma ine Science 4:63-78
G ebmeie JM, O e land JE, Moo e SE, Fa ley EV, Ca mack EC, Coope LW, F ey KE,
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Piepenbu g D, A chambaul P, Amb ose J WG, Blancha d A, Bluhm BA, Ca oll ML,
Conlan KE, Cusson M, Fede HM, G ebmeie JM, Jewe SC, Lé esque M,
Pe yasho VV, Sej MK, Si enko BI, Wloda ska-Kowalczuk M (2011) Towa ds a
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Roge s AD (1999) The biology o Lophelia pe usa (LINNAEUS 1758) and o he deep-
wa e ee - o ming co als and impac s om human ac i i ies. In e na ional
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Wassmann P, Dua e CM, Agus i S, Sej MK (2010) Foo p in s o clima e change in he
A c ic ma ine ecosys em. Global Change Biology 17:1235-1249
Yesson C, Fishe J, Go ham T, Tu ne C, Hammeken A boe N, Bliche M, Kemp K (2016)
The impac o awling on he epiben hic mega auna o he wes G eenland
shel . Ices Jou nal o Ma ine Science h ps://doio g/101093/icesjms/ sw206
16
Figu es
On he ollowing pages 17 o 31, you will ind he se ies o igu es 2 o 16, which a e
p esen ing some o he esul s o he INAMon in es iga ions, as e e ed o in he ex
abo e.
Fig. 2. O e iew o sampling locali ies wi h he h ee
di e en ypes o awls; Cosmos, Al edo and Beam du ing
2015-16. No ice ha all s a ions no h o 73°N consis o
bo h Cosmos and Beam awl samples.
17
Fig. 3. Species/ axon coun s pe haul o Beam awl
samples in Wes G eenland in 2015-16. No ice, ishe y
su eys in Eas G eenland, and he he deep basin in Wes
G eenland, did no allow ime o beam awl sampling.
18
Fig. 4. Species/ axon coun s pe sample o Cosmos (CO26)
and Al edo (ALF3) awl byca ch samples in 2015-16.
19
Fig. 5. To al ben hos biomass pe sample (g ams pe
100m2 swep a ea) o Cosmos (CO26) and Al edo (ALF3)
awl byca ch samples in 2015-16.
20
Fig. 6. To al ben hos biomass pe sample (g ams pe
100m2 swep a ea) o Beam awl samples in Wes
G eenland 2015-16.
21
Fig. 6. Beam awl samples (2015-16): Dis ibu ion o
s a ions belonging o di e en clades based on main axon-
biomass da a (squa e ans o ma ion, B ay-Cu is
simila i ies, SIMPROF 1%). See Resul s and Fig. 8 o mo e
in o ma ion.
22
Fig. 14. GINR's obse a ions om 2016 o a axon known
o be ulne able o physical dis u bance, Penna ulacea o
'sea pens', a g oup o colonial oc oco als, in he Cosmos
awl. Comme cial awl hauls du ing explo a o y sh imp
ishing be o e ou in es iga ions in 2016 a e shown as black
lines, based on s a and end posi ions om ship log books
(sou ce: G eenland Fishe y and License Con ol)
29
Fig. 15. In 2016, he e was a change in he geog aphic
oo p in o he ishe y in Mel ille Bay compa ed o 2014-15.
Comme cial awl hauls du ing explo a o y sh imp ishing
be o e ou in es iga ions in 2016 a e shown as black lines,
while awl hauls om he 2016 season, a e ou scien i ic
su ey, a e shown as ed lines. Bo h a e based on s a and
ens posi ions om ship log books (sou ce: G eenland Fish-
e y and License Con ol).
30
Fig. 16. Map o Mel ille Bay, NW G eenland, showing ishing a eas (g een), and a eas closed o ishing, as sugges ed in a
memo andum om he Minis y o Fishe ies and Hun ing in la e 2017. A he ime o publica ion o his epo , hese de ini ions
we e s ill in a p ocess o being inco po a ed in o he sh imp ishing license condi ions. See igu es 12-15 o compa ison.
31
Supplemen a y appendix: E alua ion o p oposed common s anda ds o ben hos moni o ing in he A c ic-A lan ic –
pilo s udy in G eenland (INAMon)
32
PROTOCOL FOR HANDLING, SORTING AND REGISTERING TRAWL-BENTHOS
The ollowing p o ocol is based on a consensus eached wi hin he INAMon ne wo k
consis ing o na ional ep esen a i es om No way, Russia, Fa oe Islands, Iceland,
G eenland and Canada, and desc ibed in de ail in Bliche e al. (2015). The main
conclusion he e is ha A c ic-A lan ic la ge-scale and long- e m moni o ing o ben hos
can be implemen ed cos -e ec i ely by using exis ing na ional g ound ish assessmen
su eys as pla o ms, and h ough onboa d iden i ica ion o he in e eb a e awl
byca ch on hese su eys. This means ha he na ional ben hos p og ams can make use
o he al eady exis ing ou ines, bu also ha e o be adap ed o hose ou ines. This
includes equipmen handling, egis a ion o me ada a and some basic calcula ions (e.g.
subsampling, swep a ea).
In 2014-2016 a eam o in e na ional specialis s ha e wo ked oge he on MT Paamiu in
G eenland o de elop skills and common s anda ds o sampling, so ing and iden i ying
he in e eb a e awl byca ch and samples collec ed wi h a scien i ic beam.
He e we p esen he s anda ds o how o handle, subsample, so and egis e
in e eb a es caugh in g ound ish awl o beam awl o ensu e high quali y and
consis ency in da a. S anda ds o he iden i ica ion o species a e ea ed sepa a ely in
ou auna ID-ca alogue (G an e al. in p ep), and is only men ioned b ie ly he e. While
many o hese ou ines and p inciples can be adop ed di ec ly o o he na ional
p og ams, he da a egis a ion me hodology needs o be adjus ed acco ding o he
possibili ies onboa d. Howe e , i is c ucial ha ha he egis a ion o auna da a and
me ada a is s anda dised na ionally, and ollows some basic p inciples ha ensu es ha
da a a e compa ible and compa able wi h da a om o he na ions in he ne wo k. In
G eenland, we ha e elied on an exis ing Access da abase o ish and sh imps ha has
been ex ended wi h ben hos wi h help om he Depa men o Fishe ies and Sh imps
a GINR. We ha e also copied hei ou ines o ob aining sampling s a ion me ada a
(e.g. bo om empe a u e, dep h, coo dina es) (see Appendix). This has made i easie
o de elop ou ine p ocedu es o egis a ion o ben hos da a onboa d. In he ex
below we ha e desc ibed he s anda d handling and so ing p ocedu es on he INAMon
su eys and used he G eenlandic da abase as an example o demons a e some o he
p inciples ha we ha e de eloped in INAMon o ensu e consis ency in da a.
Supplemen a y appendix: E alua ion o p oposed common s anda ds o ben hos moni o ing in he A c ic-A lan ic –
pilo s udy in G eenland (INAMon)
33
When awl coming up :
1. Name he s a ion wi h he e asable ma ke on he lamina ed label wi h in o on
s a ion numbe : YYYY-PA-XX-ZZZ, whe e YYYY is yea , PA is o Paamiu , XX o
leg numbe and ZZZ o s a ion numbe . Also add awl ype (Beam, Cosmos o
Al edo)
2. Be o e each p ocessing, ake a pic u e o s a ion label so e e y pic u e aking
a e his a e ela ed o his s a ion. Fo la ge ca ches ha needs o be
subsampled (see below) emembe o ake a pic u e o he en i e unso ed
ca ch (on deck o in he ac o y).
Once ca ch on he con eyo bel :
3. So he ca ch. F om he beginning, y o sepa a e mo e abundan species (as
Ac inia ia o big jelly ish) om he es . Big o abundan specimens can be
placed in bucke s. Smalles o a e specimen in ays. Keep specimens in
seawa e i you a e no able o p ocess he sample immedia ely.
4. Once gene al so ing done, so he ben hic ca ch in o species o o he bes
le el possible. When he ca ch is so ed, ake a pic u e o hose di e en g oups
wi h he label wi h he s a ion iden i ica ion no. YYYY-PA-XX-ZZZ.
5. Coun and weigh each species (check he weigh uni , scale and Malo us a e in
kg), epo i on he ben hos da ashee . I is e y impo an o no e whe he he
Supplemen a y appendix: E alua ion o p oposed common s anda ds o ben hos moni o ing in he A c ic-A lan ic –
pilo s udy in G eenland (INAMon)
34
species is aken om a FullSample o as a Subsample om he Res Sample and
o no e he weigh s.
Remembe Always o Regis e :
a. Weigh o Full Sample Species
b. Weigh o he Res Sample
c. Subsample weigh (s) o he Res Sample
6. You can now s a o en e da a he da abase. See Appendix 2 and he
“Mac oben hos iden i ica ion p o ocol” sec ion o de ails.
7. A he end o he wo king pe iod, ans e he pic u e o he came a o a lap op
dedica ed o ha pu pose in a olde named Pho os INAMon 2016 hen
sub olde named as Ship-leg#_yea (PA-XX_2016) and sub olde o each
s a ion: S a ion ID (2016 PA-XX-ZZZ).
Subsampling:
I ca ch is oo big o p ocess, subsampling mus be done in a me hodologically
consis en way. See Appendix 1 o a de ailed p o ocol.
No e all in o ma ion on he ben hos shee (someone else should be able o use he
shee and unde s and wha you did!).
O ganism pic u es:
I pic u es o o ganisms a e needed (check in Quick ID-ca alogue), place he
specimen in he pho obox in he d y lab.
Take a i s pic u e wi h a label indica ing p ojec and s a ion ID (PA-XX-ZZZ) and
name o he specimen. Then ake e e y pic u e needed.
A he end o he wo king pe iod, copy he pic u es in o he s a ion-speci ic olde s
as dec ibed abo e: Pho os INAMon 2016 hen sub olde Yea -Ship-leg# (2016-PA-
XX) and sub olde o each s a ion: S a ion ID (2016 PA-XX-ZZZ).
Vouche specimens and special collec ions:
Be o e disca ding he o ganisms, check i any o he specimens a e needed as
ouche s (see Quick ID-ca alogue) o o o he speci ic scien i ic pu poses (see
Supplemen a y appendix: E alua ion o p oposed common s anda ds o ben hos moni o ing in he A c ic-A lan ic –
pilo s udy in G eenland (INAMon)
35
shee s: ‘Applica ions o ben hos collec ions’). Follow he guidelines o collec ing
and p ese ing he o ganisms.
Rema ks
1. Be su e ha S a ion ID is eadable.
2. Do no conside emp y Bi al ia, Gas opoda o emp y ubes om wo ms. Ensu e
hey a e eally emp y by ying opening shells and ubes.
MACROBENTHOS IDENTIFICATION PROTOCOL
1. Once he so ing is done, he species iden i ica ion can s a . Be su e ha a e
and o hin specimen ha can d y quickly a e placed in seawa e (same i one
s a ion has o wai be o e being p ocessed) o a oid desicca ion.
2. The ca alogue “Ben hos om he A c ic” and pla es speci ically designed o he
su ey can help you o iden i y specimens. Re e o he pla e o ind assigned
axonomic g oup name.
3. Fo each g oup/ amily/genus o species iden i ied eco d numbe o specimen
and weigh .
4. Depending on he ID le el eached, each iden i ied g oup/ amily/genus o
species, w i e abundance and weigh on he ben hos ID egis a ion shee (see
Appendix) (check he weigh uni , scale and Malo us a e in kg).
5. En e he da a in o he Malo us da abase. See Appendix 2 o ins uc ions.
Supplemen a y appendix: E alua ion o p oposed common s anda ds o ben hos moni o ing in he A c ic-A lan ic –
pilo s udy in G eenland (INAMon)
36
APPENDIX 1: SUBSAMPLING:
BENTHOS SAMPLES UP TO 100KG (c. 4 FULL BASKETS):
Beam awl (5 min. bo om ime a 1-1.5 kno s speed o e g ound):
- I possible, emp y he awl di ec ly on a sie e so ing ame.
- O he wise, he sample will be pu on he deck and hen ans e ed/sho eled
in o baske s o sie e so ing ame.
- Disca d big s ones, bu pay a en ion o collec any epi auna a ached o he
s ones
- Flush ca e ully wi h seawa e o clean he sample o mud.
- So he en i e sample o a e, big and ulne able species (e.g. As e oidea,
Echinoidea, Holo hu idea, Cnida ia, B achyu a) in a sie e so ing ame on deck
(Fig. 1)
- Ma k hese specimens as “ ull sample species” (i.e. 1 specimen coun s o 1 in
he ull sample). Take ca e no o mix hem wi h he es o he sample.
- Regis e he weigh o he es o he sample.
- Ensu e homogenei y in he es sample, and subsample “blindly” using a sample
spli e (Fig. 1) 10 o 25% o he es sample weigh (dependen on size and
homogenei y) o analysis o all species (e.g. sample equal amoun om each
baske ). This is e e ed o as subsample #1
- I some species only appea one o wo imes in subsample #1, you need o so
o hose species in a second subsample, o in he en i e es sample o ensu e
an accu a e coun . The summed weigh and coun s o he wo subsamples is
e e ed o as subsample #2.
- Do no egis e he same species in bo h subsample #1 and subsample #2
Supplemen a y appendix: E alua ion o p oposed common s anda ds o ben hos moni o ing in he A c ic-A lan ic –
pilo s udy in G eenland (INAMon)
37
Fig. 1. The so ing sie e able on deck,
and he sample spli e used o aking
andom subsamples.
Sh imp/ ish awl:
- Conside he possibili y o subsampling only one codend (sh imp/ ish awl) –
discuss wi h su ey leade .
- I possible, ei he pu he sample di ec ly in he baske s. O he wise i will go in o
he binge .
- So he en i e ca ch o ish and ben hos in he ac o y unde deck. Follow he
ins uc ions o he su ey leade .
- Ra e and/o big ben hos species (e.g. As e oidea, Echinoidea, Holo hu idea,
Cnida ia, B achyu a) a e so ed and egis e ed om he en i e ca ch o a oid a
bias o sub-sampling. Ma k hese specimens as “ ull sample species” (i.e. 1
specimen coun s o 1 in he ull sample). Take ca e no o blend hem wi h he
es o he sample i subsampling is needed.
- Regis e he weigh o he es o he sample.
Supplemen a y appendix: E alua ion o p oposed common s anda ds o ben hos moni o ing in he A c ic-A lan ic –
pilo s udy in G eenland (INAMon)
38
- I subsampling is necessa y, ensu e homogenei y in he es sample, and
subsample “blindly” wi h a sample spli e 10 o 25% o he es sample weigh
(dependen on size and homogenei y) o analysis o all species (e.g. sample
equal amoun om each baske ). This is e e ed o as subsample #1 in he
so ing shee .
- I some species only appea once o wice in subsample #1, you need o so o
hose species in a second subsample, o in he en i e es sample, o ensu e an
accu a e coun . The summed weigh and coun s o he wo subsamples is
e e ed o as subsample #2 in he so ing).
- Do no egis e he same species in bo h subsample #1 and subsample #2
Da a en y on ID shee s
- In he en y shee clea ly indica e which specimens a e subsampled and which
ep esen s he Full Sample.
- Regis e weigh o species picked om Full Sample
- Regis e weigh o Res Sample
- Regis e he Sub weigh o subsample #1
- Regis e he Sub weigh o subsample #2
- Do no egis e he same species in bo h subsample #1 and subsample #2
Supplemen a y appendix: E alua ion o p oposed common s anda ds o ben hos moni o ing in he A c ic-A lan ic –
pilo s udy in G eenland (INAMon)
45
Ben hoFullSample: Use when ALL o he ca ch is p ocessed o o hose species so ed
om he en i e sample (e.g. a e, big and ulne able species such
as As e oidea, Echinoidea, Holo hu idea, Cnida ia, B achyu a) in a
sie e so ing ame on deck. Ma k hese specimens as “ ull sample
species” (i.e. 1 specimen coun s o 1 in he ull sample). Take ca e
no o mix hem wi h he es o he sample.
Ben hoRes Samp1: Ensu e homogenei y in he es sample, and subsample “blindly”
using a sample spli e (Fig. 1) 10 o 25% o he es sample
weigh (dependen on size and homogenei y). This is e e ed o
as subsample #1 (Ben hoRes Samp1 in da abase).
Ben hoRes Samp2; I some species only appea one o wo imes in subsample #1,
you need o so o hose species in a second subsample
(Ben hoRes Samp2 in he da abase), o in he en i e es sample
o ensu e an accu a e coun .
Ben hoNonRandom: Ben hos picked non- andomly
Full Sample Species:
Choose Ben hos in Species.
Choose Ben hoFullSamp in Species subdi .
Do no en e any weigh s.
Subsample#1:
Choose Ben hos in Species.
Choose Ben hoRes Samp1 in Species subdi .
En e weigh o he es o he sample and weigh o subsample#1 in he da abase.
Supplemen a y appendix: E alua ion o p oposed common s anda ds o ben hos moni o ing in he A c ic-A lan ic –
pilo s udy in G eenland (INAMon)
46
Subsample#2:
Choose Ben hos in Species.
Choose Ben hoRes Samp2 in Species subdi .
En e weigh o he es o he sample (same weigh as be o e) and he summed weigh
o subsample#1 and subsample#2.
Do no egis e he same species in bo h subsample #1 and subsample #2, bu only
unde subsample#2 (Ben hosRes Samp2 in he da abase).
The only excep ion, o en e ing ben hos unde species, is, i he ca ch o ben hos o
some eason is no p ocessed and eco ded on he s a ion. Then his has o be indica ed
in he da abase in o de o dis inguish om a ze o ca ch o ben hos:
Supplemen a y appendix: E alua ion o p oposed common s anda ds o ben hos moni o ing in he A c ic-A lan ic –
pilo s udy in G eenland (INAMon)
47
Choose Ben hos no eco ded on s a ion and he emp y line. No weigh s a e en e ed.
To en e he ben hos ca ch a a species le el, choose Ben hos Species:
In his o m you can en e he coun s and weigh s o he di e en species o he
di e en ac ions o he sample:
Supplemen a y appendix: E alua ion o p oposed common s anda ds o ben hos moni o ing in he A c ic-A lan ic –
pilo s udy in G eenland (INAMon)
48
Choose s a ion AND which ac ion o he sample you a e en e ing unde S a ionDa a
Choose you name code in he ield o he igh .
Then en e each species along wi h i s coun and weigh .
P ess label i you need a label o he species ( hey a e liquid p oo )
You can en e he species name (o genus o amily e c.) in his o m, bu i you need o
ind a species name o a ce ain g oup p ess he bu on Choose species and you will ge
o his o m:
Supplemen a y appendix: E alua ion o p oposed common s anda ds o ben hos moni o ing in he A c ic-A lan ic –
pilo s udy in G eenland (INAMon)
49
This lis is es ic ed o Ben hos co esponding o he chosen g oup.
