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Online a : h ps:// esea ch endsjou nal.com ISSN No: 2584-282X
Indexed Jou nal Pee Re iewed Jou nal
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TRENDS IN EMERGING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Volume 3; Issue 6; 2025; Page No. 32-36
Recei ed: 06-08-2025
Accep ed: 13-10-2025
Published: 05-11-2025
A Quasi expe imen al s udy o e alua e he e ec i eness o hand and oo
massage on le el o pain pe cep ion among pos caesa ean mo he s in
CIMS Hospi al, a Bilaspu , Chha isga h
1Sh addha Pal, 2Salma Khan and 3Puni a Ti key
1M.Sc. Nu sing Final Yea , Depa men o Obs e ics and Gynecological Nu sing, Go . College o Nu sing, Bilaspu ,
Chha isga h, India
2Assis an P o esso , Depa men o Obs e ics and Gynecological Nu sing, Go e nmen College o Nu sing, Bilaspu ,
Chha isga h, India
3Demons a o , Depa men o Obs e ics and Gynecological Nu sing, Go e nmen College o Nu sing, Bilaspu , Chha isga h,
India
DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.5281/zenodo.17629119
Co esponding Au ho : Sh addha Pal
Abs ac
Caesa ean sec ion is he mos equen ly pe o med su ge y in he wo ld. In Chha isga h and Tamil Nadu, howe e , he p e alence o C-
sec ions only a ied by 4.9% and 3.5% espec i ely depending on he numbe o ANC isi s. The non pha macological pain elie me hod is
a good op ion o he obs e ic nu se o manage pos -caesa ean pain.
So, o know which al e na i e he apy is mo e e ec i e o ea men and managemen o pos caesa ean pain. The e o e he esea che had
choosen his s udy i.e. “A Quasi expe imen al s udy o e alua e he e ec i eness o hand and oo massage on le el o pain pe cep ion
among pos caesa ean mo he s in CIMS Hospi al, a Bilaspu , Chha isga h.” S udy was unde aken as a pa ial ul illmen o equi emen o
he deg ee o Mas e o science in Obs e ic and Gynecological Nu sing. I was done by Ms. Sh addha Pal om P . Deendayal Upadhyay
Memo ial Heal h Science and Ayush Uni e si y o Chha isga h, Raipu Chha isga h.
Objec i e
1. To assess he pain among pos caesa ean mo he s in expe imen al g oup.
2. To assess he pain among pos caesa ean mo he in con ol g oup.
3. To e alua e he e ec i eness o hand and oo massage on pain pe cep ion among pos caesa ean mo he s in expe imen al g oup.
4. To ind ou he associa ion be ween pain pe cep ion among pos caesa ean mo he s wi h hei selec ed socio-demog aphic a iables in
expe imen al and con ol g oup.
Conclusion: The main s udy was conduc ed in CIMS, Bilaspu , Chha isga h (pos -na al wa d) and pu posi e sampling was done. The
sample size was 100, i.e. 50 o expe imen al g oup and 50 o con ol g oup we e selec ed. Da a collec ion was analyzed by an pai ed ‘Z’
es which e eals ha he p e- es pos caesa ean pain in expe imen al g oup was (X = 7.64, SD = 1.12) as he con ol g oup was (X = 6.98,
SD = 0.88) and ob ained ‘Z’ = 9; whe eas, in he pos - es mean pain pe cep ion in expe imen al g oup (X =5.48, SD =1.11) we e compa e
o con ol g oup (X = 6.54, SD = 0.9) and ob ained ‘Z’ = 4; which indica ed ha he e was signi ican di e ence in educ ion pain pe cep ion
o expe imen hen con ol g oup. Compa ison o pos es le el o pain pe cep ion among pos caesa ean mo he s in expe imen al and
con ol g oup he 'Z' alue be ween con ol and expe imen al g oup calcula ed alue is 5.35 in expe imen al g oup was highly signi ican .
Hence H1 and H2 was accep ed. This s udy concluded ha he hand and oo massage is e ec i e in educing he le el o pain pe cep ion
among pos caesa ean mo he s
Keywo ds: Hand and oo massage, pain pe cep ion, Pos caesa ean Mo he s
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In oduc ion
Caesa ean sec ion is he mos equen ly pe o med su ge y
in he wo ld. These a e common han mos su ge ies due o
many ac o s, one ac o is ce ain, ha nea ly 50% o wo ld
popula ion a e women and p egnancy is s ill a common
condi ion. A Caesa ean sec ion is a su gical p ocedu e in
which incision is made h ough a mo he ’s abdomen and
u e us o deli e one o mo e babies, o a ely, o emo e a
dead e us. A caesa ean sec ion is usually pe o med when a
aginal deli e y would pu he baby’s o mo he ’s li e o
heal h a isk, al hough in ecen imes i has been also
pe o med upon eques o childbi hs ha could o he wise
ha e been na u al. I has now become inc easingly he
p ocedu e o choice in high- isk p egnancies, o p e en
pe ina al mo bidi y and mo ali y.
In ha hand and oo massage is one o he cheapes and
cos -e ec i e me hods o educe pain among pos -cesa ean
mo he s. Foo and hand massage s imula es he ne e ibe s
o p oduce pain- elie ing endo phins.
Compa ing wi h all he non pha macological me hods o
pain elie o pos -cesa ean mo he s, oo and hand massage
has he po en ial bene i s in elie o pain, and i is e ec i e,
inexpensi e, low isk, and easily applied massage echnique
o pos -cesa ean pain managemen .
Need o he s udy: The p e alence o caesa ean sec ions
inc eased ac oss India, Tamil Nadu and Chha isga h despi e
a dec ease in p egnancy complica ions among he s udy
pa icipan s. A he all-India le el, hose who isi ed ANCs
mo e han 4 imes had nea ly double he a es o caesa ean
sec ion (29.2% in NFHS) as hose who did no isi a all
(15.9%). In Chha isga h and Tamil Nadu, howe e , he
p e alence o C-sec ions only a ied by 4.9% and 3.5%
espec i ely depending on he numbe o ANC isi s.
The incidence o caesa ean sec ion is s eadily ising. In he
las ew decades, he caesa ean sec ion a es ha e inc eased
d ama ically in he de eloped coun ies. Thi y- wo pe cen
o all bi hs in he Uni ed S a es occu by Caesa ean sec ion.
The ope a ions ha e been inc easing s eadily; and ha e
become he mos common su ge y in Ame ican hospi als. I
ound ha many o he pos na al mo he s, a e a caesa ean
sec ion su e ed om pain. The esea che also no iced ha
mos o he mo he s we e no able o own ca e and baby also
because o inc eased pain a e caesa ean sec ion.
Physiological esponses o pain c ea e ha m ul e ec s ha
p olong he body's eco e y a e su ge y. Pa ien s ou inely
epo mild o mode a e pain e en hough pain medica ions
ha e been adminis e ed. So, I el he e is a need o conduc
he s udy ega ding pain managemen a e caesa ean
sec ion.
S a emen o p oblem
“A quasi expe imen al s udy o e alua e he e ec i eness o
hand and oo massage on le el o pain pe cep ion among
pos caesa ean mo he s in CIMS Hospi al, a Bilaspu ,
Chha isga h.”
Objec i e
1. To assess he pain among pos caesa ean mo he s in
expe imen al g oup.
2. To assess he pain among pos caesa ean mo he in
con ol g oup.
3. To e alua e he e ec i eness o hand and oo massage
on pain pe cep ion among pos caesa ean mo he s in
expe imen al g oup.
4. To ind ou he associa ion be ween pain pe cep ion
among pos caesa ean mo he s wi h hei selec ed
socio-demog aphic a iables in expe imen al and
con ol g oup.
Hypo hesis
▪ H1: The e will be signi ican di e ence be ween p e
es and pos es le el o pain pe cep ion among pos
caesa ean mo he s in expe imen al g oup and con ol
g oup.
▪ H2: The e will be signi ican associa ion be ween p e
es le el o pain pe cep ion among pos caesa ean
mo he s wi h hei selec ed socio-demog aphic
a iables in expe imen al g oup and con ol g oup.
▪ H0: The e will be no signi ican di e ence be ween p e
es and pos es le el o pain pe cep ion among pos
caesa ean mo he s in expe imen al g oup and con ol
g oup.
Ope a ional de ini ion
E alua e: In his s udy i e e s o he s a is ical
measu emen o pain pe cep ion among pos caesa ean
mo he s in expe imen al g oup a e hand and oo massage.
E ec i eness: In his s udy i e e s o he ex en o which
hand and oo massage echnique educes he pain
pe cep ion among pos caesa ean mo he s as measu ed by
nume ical pain in ensi y scale.
Hand and Foo Massage
In his s udy i e e s o manipula ion o hand and oo o he
pos caesa ean mo he s by s oking, e leu age, pulling,
squeezing and a ch p ess by bo h palms o he in es iga o
o 5 minu es in each ex emi ies, adding o a o al o 20
minu es o a day a e 2 hou s o adminis a ion o pain
medica ion.
Pain: In his s udy i e e o a subjec i e eeling ha is
expe ienced by mo he s om he day o caesa ean sec ion
and i s wo days o hospi aliza ion and is assessed by using
nume ical pain in ensi y scale.
Pos caesa ean Mo he s: In his s udy i e e s o bo h
p imig a ida and mul ig a ida mo he s who ha e unde gone
elec i e caesa ean sec ion.
Inclusi e c i e ia
This s udy is limi ed o-
▪ Mo he s who unde gone caesa ean sec ion wi h spinal
anes hesia a e 4 hou s o su ge y.
▪ Willing o pa icipa e in he s udy.
▪ Did no ge any analgesics be o e hand and oo
massage o a leas 2 hou s.
▪ Mo he who a e ollow he ins uc ion.
Exclusion c i e ia
▪ Mo he s who a e no willing o pa icipa e in he s udy.
▪ Pos caesa ean mo he s who ha e any associa ed pos
caesa ean complica ion.
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▪ No able o p o ide he da a o he s udy.
▪ The pa icipan s mo e ou a he ime o s udy.
Resea ch Design
The s udy design selec ed o his s udy was quasi
expe imen al esea ch design. The p esen s udy ends o
measu e he e ec i eness o hand and oo massage on le el
o pain pe cep ion among pos Caesa ean mo he s.
Se ing o he s udy
The p esen s udy was conduc ed in pos na al wa d o
CIMS Hospi al, Bilaspu , Chha isga h. The c i e ion o
selec ing his se ing was easibili y o conduc ing he
s udy, a ailabili y o he samples and amilia i y o he
esea ch in es iga o wi h he se ing.
Popula ion o he s udy
In his s udy popula ion is pos caesa ean mo he wi h pain
pe cep ion.
De elopmen o Ins umen
The ool was used unde wo sec ions.
Sec ion-A: Socio-demog aphic a iables
The s uc u ed in e iew schedule was used o collec
sociodemog aphic a iables such as age in yea , pos na al
days, his o y o p e ious caesa ean sec ion, ypes o
anaes hesia, pa i y.
Sec ion-B: Nume ical Pain In ensi y Scale
I consis s o Nume ical Pain In ensi y Scale o assess he
pain among pos caesa ean mo he s.
Sco ing C i e ia
C i e ia measu e used in his s udy as ollows:
Table 1: To al sco e o pain pe cep ion was de e mined by no,
mild, mode a e and se e e pain as ollows:
Sco e
Le el o pain
0
No Pain
1-3
Mild Pain
4-6
Mode a e Pain
7-10
Se e e Pain
Da a Collec ion Me hod
The in es iga o in oduces sel and explain he pu pose and
con iden iali y o he pos caesa ean mo he s and planned
he schedule o collec ing he da a.
Exp. G oup: on 1s day p e es assessmen o pain
pe cep ion was done on pos caesa ean mo he s, ollowed by
he hand and oo massage o 2 consecu i e day and pos
es was conduc ed on 2nd day o adminis a ion.
Con . G oup: on 1s day p e es assessmen o pain
pe cep ion will be done on pos caesa ean mo he s, ollowed
by he ou ine ea men con inue o 2 consecu i e day and
pos es was conduc ed on 2nd day o adminis a ion.
Da a Analysis
The plan o da a analysis was wo ked ou wi h he expe in
he ield o s a is ics and nu sing.
The s eps o analysis
▪ The da a will be o ganize in mas e shee and abula ed.
▪ Da a will be analyzed using desc ip i e and in e en ial
s a is ics.
▪ The da a will be o ganize in mas e shee and abula ed.
▪ Using window excel shee da a we e ob ain.
▪ F equency and pe cen age dis ibu ion o pos caesa ean
mo he s acco ding o socio demog aphic a iables.
a. Expe imen al g oup (hand and oo massage)
b. con ol g oup ( ou ine ea men )
▪ Mean, mean pe cen age, s anda d de ia ion we e used
o analyse p e- es on pain pe cep ion o pos Caesa ean
Mo he s in expe imen al g oup and con ol g oup.
▪ Compa ison o mean, mean pe cen age, s anda d
de ia ion and mean di e ence we e used o analyse
pos - es on pain pe cep ion o pos Caesa ean Mo he s
in expe imen al g oup and con ol g oup.
a. Expe imen al g oup - 1 (hand and oo massage)
b. Expe imen al g oup – 2 ( ou ine ea men )
Sec ion A - Desc ip ion o socio demog aphic a iables
o e pos caesa ean mo he s in con ol g oup and
expe imen al g oup.
Sec ion B - Assessmen o he le el o pain pe cep ion
among pos cesa ean mo he s in con ol g oup and
expe imen al g oup.
Sec ion C - Assessmen o e ec i eness o hand and oo
massage on le el o pain pe cep ion among pos caesa ean
mo he s in expe imen al g oup and con ol g oup.
Sec ion D - To compa e he pos es le el o pain
pe cep ion among pos caesa ean mo he s in expe imen al
g oup and con ol g oup.
Sec ion E - Da a on associa ion associa ion be ween p e es
le el o sco e wi h hei selec ed socio demog aphical
a iable among pos caesa ean mo he s in expe imen al
g oup and con ol g oup.
Sec ion A
Dis ibu ion O Subjec Acco ding o Age in Yea
Fig 1: Analysis le el o pain pe cep ion.
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Sec ion B
Table 2: Assessmen o he le el o pain pe cep ion among pos
cesa ean mo he s in con ol g oup and expe imen al g oup
Le el O Pain
Pe cep ion
Expe imen al G oup
Con ol G oup
P e Tes
Pos Tes
P e Tes
Pos Tes
F
%
F
%
F
%
F
%
No Pain
3
6
9
18
0
0
1
2
Mild Pain
9
18
22
44
11
22
8
16
Mode a e Pain
22
44
17
34
24
48
26
52
Se e e Pain
16
32
0
0
15
30
13
26
Fig 2: Assessmen o pain pe cep ion
Sec ion C(I)
Table 3: Among pos caesa ean mo he s in expe imen al g oup by
o al Mean, Mean pe cen age, SD, and ‘Z’ es o p e and pos le el
o pain pe cep ion in expe imen al g oup.
Pain Pe cep ion among pos caesa ean mo he s in
expe imen al g oup
Expe imen al
G oup
N
Mean
Mean
%
SD
‘Z’
Tes
In e ence
p e es
50
7.64
76.4%
1.12
9
p<0.05
Highly signi ican
pos es
50
5.48
54.8%
1.11
Fig 3: Mean Pe cen age o Expe im En al g oup
Sec ion C(II)
Analysis le el o pain pe cep ion among pos caesa ean
mo he s in con ol g oup by o al Mean, Mean pe cen age,
SD, and ‘Z’ es o p e and pos le el o pain pe cep ion in
con ol g oup.
Fig 4: Mean Pe cen age o con ol g oup
Table 4: Pain Pe cep ion among pos caesa ean mo he s in con ol
g oup
Con ol G oup
N
Mean
Mean %
SD
‘Z’ Tes
In e ence
p e es
50
6.98
71.20%
0.88
4
p<0.05
signi ican
pos es
50
6.54
66.80%
0.9
Sec ion D
Compa ison o Pos Tes Le el o Pain Pe cep ion Among
Pos Caesa ean Mo he s in Expe imen al and Con ol G oup
Table 5: Pain Pe cep ion Among Pos Caesa ean Sec ion
Pos es
N
Mean
SD
Mean di e ence
‘Z' Tes
In e ence
Expe imen al
G oup
50
5.48
1.11
1.06
5.35
p<0.05
Highly
signi ican
Con ol
G oup
50
6.54
0.9
Sec ion E
The e was no associa ion ound be ween Age and pos - es
le el o sco e he i.e. 2.08 was less han he able alue o
chi squa e (16.9) a 0.05 le el o signi icance.
The e was associa ion ound be ween pos na al days and
pos - es le el o sco e he i.e. 7.89 was g ea e han he
able alue o chi squa e (7.81) a 0.05 le el o signi icance.
The e was associa ion ound be ween pa i y and pos - es
le el o sco e he i.e. 8.36 was g ea e han he able alue o
chi squa e (7.81) a 0.05 le el o signi icance.
The e was no associa ion ound be ween his o y o p e ious
C- sec ion and pos - es le el o sco e he i.e. 4.66 was less
han he able alue o chi squa e (7.81) a 0.05 le el o
signi icance.
Associa ion be ween sco e o (pos - es ) le el o pain
pe cep ion AMNG pos caesa ean mo he s in con ol
g oup wi h selec ed socio demog aphic a iables
The e was no associa ion ound be ween Age and pos - es
le el o sco e he i.e. 6.89 was less han he able alue o
chi squa e (16.9) a 0.05 le el o signi icance.
The e was no associa ion ound be ween pos na al days and
pos - es le el o sco e he i.e. 6.93 was less han he able
alue o chi squa e (7.81) a 0.05 le el o signi icance.
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The e was no associa ion ound be ween pa i y and pos - es
le el o sco e he i.e. 5.53 was less han he able alue o
chi squa e (7.81) a 0.05 le el o signi icance.
The e was no associa ion ound be ween his o y o p e ious
C- sec ion and pos - es le el o sco e he i.e. 4.66 was less
han he able alue o chi squa e (7.81) a 0.05 le el o
signi icance.
In con ol g oup showed ha he e is no associa ion be ween
pos es le el o pain pe cep ion wi h selec ed socio
demog aphic a iables.
In expe imen al g oup on applying, he chi-squa e es socio
demog aphic a iable “pos na al days and pa i y” we e
signi ican ly associa ed wi h he pos es le el o pain
pe cep ion in he expe imen al g oup. The χ2 alue o “pos
na al days” was 7.89 and “pa i y” was 8.36 g ea e han he
able alue (7.81) a 0.05 deg ee o eedom. Hence H2 i.e.
he e is a signi ican ly associa ion be ween he pos es
le el o pain pe cep ion in he expe imen al g oup wi h
“pos na al days and pa i y” is accep ed.
Conclusion: The p esen s udy assessed pain pe cep ion
among pos caesa ean mo he s wi h s anda dized ools and
ound ha he mean pe cen age ob ained om expe imen al
g oup he p e- es was (76.4%) and in pos - es was (54.8%)
while in he con ol g oup he p e- es was (71.20%) and in
pos es (66.80%) wi h he s anda d de ia ion in
expe imen al g oup in p e- es (1.12) and in pos - es (1.11).
This showed ha expe imen al g oup is signi ican in
dec ease he sco e o pain pe cep ion. This shows he
e ec i eness o hand and oo massage on educ ion o pain.
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