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Online a : h ps:// esea ch endsjou nal.com ISSN No: 2584-282X
Indexed Jou nal Pee Re iewed Jou nal
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TRENDS IN EMERGING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Volume 3; Issue 4; 2025; Page No. 159-163
Recei ed: 10-04-2025
Accep ed: 16-06-2025
The apeu ic Applica ions o Neem and I s Va ious Ing edien s in Heal h
Managemen
1Ram Ra an, 2D . Vi ek Gup a and 3D . Ji end a Malik
1Ph.D., Resea ch Schola , Depa men o Pha macology, Facul y o Pha macy, PK Uni e si y, Shi pu i, Madhya P adesh,
India
2P incipal (P o esso ), Depa men o Pha maceu ical Chemis y, Facul y o Pha macy, PK Uni e si y, Shi pu i, Madhya
P adesh, India
3P o esso , Depa men o Pha maceu ical Chemis y, Facul y o Pha macy, PK Uni e si y, Shi pu i, Madhya P adesh, India
DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.5281/zenodo.17536725
Co esponding Au ho : Ram Ra an
Abs ac
The Meliaceae amily includes he heal h-p omo ing neem (Azadi ach a indica), which ge s i s bene icial e ec s om he abundance o
an ioxidan s i con ains. T adi ional Chinese, Ayu edic, and Unani medicine p ac i ione s ha e long elied on i o he ea men and
p e en ion o a b oad ange o illnesses, pa icula ly on he Indian subcon inen . Cance is a mul i- ace ed disease wi h many po en ial
o igins; i is a majo wo ldwide heal h p oblem. Some o he biochemical and gene ic p ocesses ha cause cance o s a and sp ead a e
al e ed. No mal cells ha e ce ain ad e se consequences om he allopa hic ea men module, despi e i s bene icial ad an ages. By soaking
in a neem lea in usion, hei skin s ayed supple and heal hy. Thei acial ea men s included neem lea powde o mashed, which has
emollien and an i-aging p ope ies. The an ibac e ial p ope ies o neem make i an e ec i e ool in he igh agains acne. C ucial o
egula ing cell dea h is he ole o bcl2 and bax. Whene e bcl2 and bax le els al e , cance de elops and p og esses.
Keywo ds: Neem, An ioxidan s, Azadi ach a indica, Cance and biochemical
In oduc ion
Neem, ma gosa, nim ee, and Indian lilac a e all names o
he same ee-Azadi ach a indica - I is a mahogany ee
species belonging o he Meliaceae amily. The genus
Azadi ach a coun s i among i s wo species. O iginally
om he Indian subcon inen and se e al Sou heas Asian
coun ies, i is now cul i a ed and na u alized all o e he
globe in opical and sub opical clima es. The oil de i ed
om he neem ee's ui s and seeds is called neem oil. The
Hindus ani e m nim comes om he Sansk i wo d nimba
( ). I is no uncommon o ma gosa ees o each a
heigh o 35–40 me e s (115–131 ee ), al hough mos o en
hey each 15-20 me e s (49–66 ee ). I con inues o g ow
yea - ound bu loses a signi ican quan i y o win e lea es.
A as expanse o b anches ex ended o h. In po en ial
g ow h, he a he hick and ound c own may each a
diame e o 20–25 me e s, o 66–82 ee .
On one side, you ha e 20 o 30 da k g een lea le s ha a e
a ound 3-8 cm (1+1⁄4-3+1⁄4 in) long, while on he o he
side, you ha e 20-40 cm (8-16 in) long pinna e lea es.
F equen ly, he concluding pamphle is absen . The e a en'
many pe ioles. Axilla y panicles, which may each a leng h
o 25 cm (10 in), a e ado ned wi h ag an whi e lowe s.
Be ween wo hund ed and h ee hund ed blooms a e
p oduced by in lo escences ha b anch o a hi d deg ee.
The leng h inside a single bloom measu es 5-6 mm (3⁄16-1⁄4
in) and i s wid h is 8-11 mm (5⁄16-7⁄16 in). The e a e male
blooms and p o and ous, bisexual lowe s on he same ee.
As people ha e sp ead h oughou he coun y, he
legenda y Indian medicinal ee has g own in impo ance
and become an in eg al pa o Indian cul u e. In many
ways, he neem ee ep esen s he pas and p esen o Indian
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cul u e. Na i e Indians ha e looked up o he neem ee o
gene a ions, seeing i as a p o ec o and iend. The
indigenous people o his land ha e long held he belie ha
his ee has cu a i e powe s o a a ie y o ailmen s.
Addi ionally, i has a long his o y o usage as a s o age
he bicide, e ilize o ields, and na u al pes icide o ood
and g ains. Compa ed o o he ees, i has he mos p ac ical
uses. The neem ee, scien i ically known as Pe haps he
mos well-kep sec e in India was Azadi ach a indica A.
Juss. His o ically, Eu ope has been he ecipien o much-
desi ed commodi ies o igina ing om ancien India, such as
black peppe , ca damom, sa on, u me ic, sandalwood, and
silk. This ee's ex ensi e dis ibu ion h oughou India-apa
om he coas al egions and he Himalayas-was ano he
aspec ha he B i ish Raj ailed o comp ehend. Pe haps he
neem ee would ha e achie ed wo ldwide p ominence
much ea lie i i s inc edible e sa ili y had been known o
hem. Fo se e al easons, he neem ee cap i a ed he
Indians.
We chose his ee because i is said o p o ide he cooles
shade o any ee and o keep insec s and e min a bay.
When i came o women's na u al beau y p ac ices, neem
was he bed ock. Addi ionally, i was used as a emedy o
mo e han a hund ed di e en diseases and ailmen s,
including diabe es, mala ia, and skin ashes and sc apes. I
se ed he ladies well all yea ound, p o ec ing hei s o ed
g ains and pulses. The seeds, lea es, and ba k ha he ee
p o ided helped he men wi h insec con ol and
e iliza ion. They migh also use he he apeu ic
combina ions i p oduced o hei ca le and o he animals.
Thei houses we e also kep cool and i us- ee by he ai
ha swep h ough he b anches o he ee h oughou
summe . Ancien Indians o en in e ac ed gen ly wi h his
ema kable plan and plan ed i nea hei houses. Women,
in pa icula , bene i ed g ea ly om he ee and in aluable
neem oil, which imp o ed hei heal h, cleanliness, and
appea ance.
Thei skin emained so and heal hy by ba hing in an
in usion made om neem lea es. The an i-aging and
emollien bene i s o neem lea powde o c ushed we e a
pa o hei ace ea men s. Because o i s an imic obial
cha ac e is ics, neem is use ul o clea ing up acne. In
ce ain egions o India, pa icula ly among young ladies
who like o laun hei eyes, i was cus oma y p ac ice o
apply co yllium, o en called lamp black, o he ou e co ne
o he eye. T adi ional lamp black was made by placing a
co on wick and neem oil inside an ea hen lamp. Ligh ed
wicks p oduce copious amoun s o smoke, which, when
collec ed in a b onze cup wi h wa e inside o cool, may be
used o make lamp black.
Li e a u e Re iew
Españo, e al. (2021) [1]. The e a e cu en ly no app o ed
d ugs o ea acu e i al diseases, and he 2019 co ona i us
disease pandemic (COVID-19) has b ough his issue o
a en ion. Despi e he lack o e icacy o compounds de i ed
om plan s as an i i als, plan s a e hough o be an endless
supply o medica ions o many illnesses and clinical
si ua ions. In his pape , we a gue ha ascula plan
chemicals such as annins, polyphenols, alkaloids, and
la onoids migh be use ul as an i i als, especially agains
he COVID-19 i us. We p o ide hei possible a ge s in
he SARS-CoV-2 eplica ion cycle and examine he exis ing
e idence o he use o hese phy ochemicals agains SARS-
CoV-2 in ec ion.
Velmu ugan, e al. (2018) [2]. Typically, condi ions
cha ac e ized by he demise o neu ons a e iden i ied as
neu odegene a i e diseases. While he e a e a numbe o
subs ances unde in es iga ion o he ea men o
neu odegene a i e diso de s (NDs), many only p o ide
limi ed symp om elie and come wi h a laund y lis o
unwan ed side e ec s. Phy ochemicals ha e shown p omise
in ce ain s udies aimed a ea ing neu odegene a i e
diseases including Alzheime 's and Pa kinson's.
Phy ochemicals such as limonoids, es e a ol, que ce in,
be be in, cu cumin, and epigalloca echin-3-gala e we e
in es iga ed o hei po en ial an i-AD and PD e ec s in
his s udy. Fu he in es iga ion is necessa y o con i m he
posi i e e ec s o hese phy ochemicals on slowing he
de elopmen o AD and PD, bu p elimina y da a sugges s
hey may be use ul.
Healy, e al. (2022) [3]. The e has been minimal
ad ancemen in ea ing p ima y p og essi e MS and
seconda y p og essi e MS, despi e he de elopmen o
highly e ec i e ea men s o elapsing- emi ing MS. Bo h
o ms o he disease cause he i e e sible accumula ion o
disabili y and he loss o oligodend ocy es, neu ons, and
axons. All kinds o mul iple scle osis e ol e on
neu oin lamma ion. The pe iphe al immune sys em is he
ocus o he p esen success ul he apeu ics o elapsing-
emi ing MS; ne e heless, hese medica ions ha e shown a
consis en inabili y o slow he p og ession o p og essi e
MS. To ind new ways o ea in lamma ion, we need a
be e g asp o how cells ound in he CNS, including
mic oglia and as ocy es, cause i . New insigh s om
gene ics, imaging, and bioma ke s udies poin o mic oglia
and as ocy es as key playe s in he de elopmen o illness.
We summa ize he ole o as ocy es and mic oglia a key
pa hological loca ions in he p og ession o mul iple
scle osis in his Re iew. We go o e some o he exis ing
and po en ial u u e ea men s ha aim squa ely a glial
cells, wi h he goal o e e sing pa hogenic ac i i ies o
ees ablishing homeos a ic p ocesses ha ha e been los as a
esul o he illness.
An ioxidan Ac i i y
Reac i e oxygen species, some imes known as ee adicals,
signi ican ly aid in he ad ancemen o many illnesses. One
o he c i ical s ages in p e en ing he illness, howe e , is
neu alizing ee adical ac i i y. To egula e damage
induced An ioxidan s neu alize and s abilize ee adicals
and eac i e oxygen species (ROS) be o e hey damage o
des oy biological cells. They also ac i a e an ioxida i e
enzymes. The e ha e been epo s o medicinal plan s
exhibi ing an ioxidan p ope ies.
Because hey con ain a lo o ui s, seeds, oil, lea es, ba k,
and oo s a e all elemen s o plan s ha con ain an ioxidan s
and may help keep diseases a bay. In pa icula , all o he
ac ions o neem g own in he oo hills ha we e s udied
had ou s anding an ioxidan p ope ies, and s udies on he
an ioxidan ac i i y o A. indica ba k and lea ex ac s ha e
showed encou aging indings. The an ioxidan ac i i y o
se e al ex ac s om he Siamese neem ee, such as lea es,
ui s, blossoms, and s em ba k, has been he subjec o
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much in es iga ion. The esul s show ha hese ac ions
possess conside able an ioxidan po en ial.
Impo an esea ch is a s udy ha looked a he an ioxidan
ac i i y o se e al c ude ex ac s o neem lea es
(Azadi ach a indica). The mos e ec i e an ioxidan s we e
de e mined o be hese c ude ex ac s: The ex ac ion
p ocedu es we e ca ied ou in he ollowing sequence:
chlo o o m, bu anol, e hyl ace a e, hexane, and
me hanol/e hanol. This s udy's esul s p o ide suppo o
he possibili y ha neem's chlo o o m c ude ex ac s ha e
an ioxidan p ope ies.
Fig 1: Pha macological ac i i ies o Azadi ach a indica L. neem in
diseases managemen h ough he modula ion o a ious ac i i ies
Addi ionally, he indings indica ed ha nimbolide had he
highes educ i e po en ial and an i adical sca enging
ac i i y, The sequence o concen a ion is asco ba e,
azadi ach in, and subsequen compounds. The de elopmen
o DMBA-induced HBP ca cinomas migh be a oided by
ea ing wi h azadi ach in and nimbolide. These compounds
inhibi ed p oca cinogen ac i a ion and oxida i e DNA
damage while up egula ing enzymes ha de oxi y
ca cinogens and an ioxidan s. Expe imen s we e conduc ed
o de e mine he an ioxidan ac i i y o he neem plan 's seed
oil and lo al componen s. Acco ding o he indings, he
ee adical sca enging ac i i y was 64.17 ± 0.02%, which
was he g ea es o he e hanolic lo al ex ac . and he seed
oil a 66.34 ± 0.06%, when es ed a 200 𝜇g/mL.
An icance ous Ac i i y
A se e e heal h conce n on a global scale, cance is a
complex illness wi h se e al causes. Cance begins and
ad ances due in pa o changes in molecula and gene ic
pa hways. Al hough he allopa hic he apy module has some
posi i e e ec s, i also has some nega i e e ec s on no mal
cells. Th ough in luencing se e al biochemical pa hways,
such as cellula p oli e a ion, apop osis, and he umo
supp esso gene, p e ious s udies ha e shown ha plan
componen s may inhibi he o ma ion o cance cells. Jus
hink o all he componen s in neem, including la anoids,
ha supp ess he p og ession o cance (Figu e 2). A la ge
body o epidemiological e idence sugges s ha a lowe
cance isk may be associa ed wi h a g ea e la onoid
consump ion.
Fig 2: An icance ous ac i i ies o Azadi ach a indica L. neem
h ough he modula ion o a ious cell signaling pa hways
A numbe o neem limonoids ound in neem oil mi iga e he
ca cinogenic e ec s o 7,12-dime hylbenz(a)an h acene is
he chemical name. The cy o oxic e ec s o nimbolide,
which is p esen in bo h lowe s and lea es, we e examined
in a s udy on human cho ioca cinoma (BeWo) cells.
Nimboide ea men supp essed BeWo cell p oli e a ion
wi h dose- and ime-dependen e ec s, as shown by he
IC50 alues. o 2.01 𝜇M o 7 hou s and 1.19 𝜇M o 24
hou s, espec i ely. Resea che s looked a he limonoids
azadi ach in and nimbolide o see i hey could s a e o
DMBA-induced HBP ca cinomas. They ound ha bo h
compounds inhibi ed umo in asion and angiogenesis,
enzymes ha de oxi y ca cinogens and an ioxidan s we e
inc eased, and p e en ed p oca cinogen ac i a ion and
oxida i e DNA damage.
E ec o neem and i s cons i uen s on umou
supp esso genes
An essen ial p53, a umo supp esso gene, aids in educing
he de elopmen and me as asis o cance by hal ing he
p oli e a ion o malignan cells. A o mula ion using an
e hanolic ac ion o neem lea (EFNL) was disco e ed by
esea che s o boos le els o many p oapop o ic genes and
p o eins in a s. These genes and p o eins include p53, Bax,
Bad, caspases, phospha ase and ensin homolog gene
(pTEN), and c-Jun N- e minal kinase (JNK). Scien is s ha e
ound e idence indica ing p oduced by 7,12-dime hylbenz
(a) an h acene had hei Bcl-2 and mu an p53 exp ession
inhibi ed by e hanolic neem lea ex ac , while p oapop o ic
genes like caspase-8 and caspase-3 we e s imula ed.
A majo componen nimbolide, a e ano i e penoid
limonoid, is esponsible o he cy o oxici y o neem
ex ac s. Nimbolide had he opposi e e ec on cell su i al
p o eins, inc easing le els o p oapop o ic p53 and Bax and
educing le els o su i ing, X-linked inhibi o o apop osis,
Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, and I-FLICE. Many imes, p omo e
me hyla ion silencing, dele ions, o mu a ions lead o he
deple ion o pTEN unc ion in nume ous kinds o
malignancies, bo h p ima y and me as a ic. Mul iple umo
o ms ha e been shown o ha e pTEN inac i a ion.
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Resea ch has shown ha ea ing mice wi h an e hanolic
ac ion o neem lea es conside ably up egula ed pTEN
exp ession, which may p e en mamma y umo igenesis by
inhibi ing Ak .
E ec o neem and i s cons i uen s on apop osis
When i comes o con olling he cell dea h p ocess, bcl2
and bax a e c ucial. Cance s a s and g ows in esponse o
changes in bcl2 and bax. Many malignancies ha e al e ed
he exp ession o hese genes. Resul s using an in i o 4T1
b eas cance model in mice, demons a ed ha apop osis
was mo e common in he CN 250 and CN 500 g oups han
in he cance con ol g oup. The esea ch aimed o e alua e
he impac o ex ac on his model. Ano he esea ch ound
ha he ex ac induced apop osis, which led o he cell
dea h o PC-3 p os a e cance cells. Resul s showed ha lea
ex ac educed he iabili y ound i ele a ed he exp ession
o Bim, caspase-8, and caspase-3 in he buccal pouch,
indica ing ha i igge s cell dea h in he a ge o gan, and
ha i caused dose-dependen apop osis in ch onic
lymphocy ic leukemia (CLL) cells, wi h conside able cell
dea h happening a 0.06% (w/ ) a e 24 hou s. Cell dea h
du ing apop osis in cance is one among he many a ge s
impac ed by he wide a ie y o ac ions shown by isola ed
compounds and p ima y componen s o neem.
E ec o neem and i s cons i uen s on angiogenesis
A umo 's abili y o g ow and me as asize depends on
angiogenesis, anspo ing blood o he issues ia a complex
p ocedu e. In addi ion o ac i a o s, inhibi o s ha e a ole in
con olling angiogenesis. A c i ical s ep in inhibi ing o
p e en ing umo g ow h is he disco e y o an iangiogenic
medicines, which ac as oadblocks o he o ma ion o new
blood essels. The an iangiogenic ac ion o medicinal he bs
and hei cons i uen s helps o inhibi umo de elopmen .
Resul s om signi ican esea ch showed ha EFNL has
an iangiogenic po en ial by inhibi ing de elopmen o genes
ha p omo e angiogenesis, ascula endo helial g ow h
ac o A, and angiopoie in. I is also possible o unde s and
why neem lea e hanolic ac ion (EFNL) supp esses
angiogenesis, as shown in he cu en s udy he e has been a
dec ease in b eas umo olume and no new umo s ha e
de eloped. Ano he s udy examined he abili y o he lea
ex ac o inhibi he g ow h o blood essel endo helial cells
in he human umbilical ein (HUVECs). Resul s showed
ha EENL educed VEFG-induced angiogenic esponse in
bo h animal models and labo a o y se ings, and i also
educed HUVEC mig a ion, in asion, and p oli e a ion.
Zeb a ish emb yos we e exposed o se e al concen a ions
o ima inib (con ol), s anda d, and a c ude me hanolic
ex ac o neem oo con aining wa e -soluble ac ions. The
esul s showed ha he la e may inhibi angiogenesis.
E ec o neem on oncogene
The expansion and p og ession o malignancies a e
signi ican ly impac ed by oncogenes, which a e al e ed
genes. The expe imen al g oup gi en neem lea ex ac a a
dose o 500 mg/kg (C500) demons a ed a s a is ically
signi ican educ ion in c-Myc oncogene exp ession
compa ed o he cance con ol g oup in a s udy examining
he e ec s o lea ex ac on c-Myc oncogene exp ession in
4T1 b eas cance BALB/c mice.
E ec o neem on pi3k/ak pa hways
The pa hway PI3K/Ak media es a c i ical ole in umo
p omo ion. One key s ep in egula ing umo o ma ion,
howe e , is supp ession o PI3K/Ak pa hways. Resea che s
looked a how lea ex ac a ec ed he pa hways in ol ing
PI3K/Ak and cell dea h in PC-3 and LNCaP p os a e cance
cell lines. The indings showed ha he lea ex ac inhibi ed
cell g ow h and induced apop osis in bo h cell lines.
Resea ch in o he molecula pa hways by which Inhibi ing
cell g ow h and inducing cell dea h in human b eas cance
cell lines is achie ed by use o a lea ex ac . has shown ha
cells ea ed wi h ex ac exhibi a ma ked educ ion in he
exp ession o p o eins including cyclin D1, p-E k, p-Ak ,
and IGF signaling molecules Ras and Ra . Nimbolide is a
powe ul an icance d ug because i Ano he esea ch
looked a i s e ec s on apop osis and insulin-like g ow h
ac o (IGF) signaling molecules in and ogen-independen
p os a e cance (PC-3) cells, and ound ha i causes
apop osis and supp esses cell p oli e a ion ia he PI3K/Ak
pa hway cell line.
E ec o neem as an i-in lamma o y
The use o an i-in lamma o y medica ions de i ed om
plan s o hei cons i uen s is widesp ead. A. indica lea
ex ac 's an i-in lamma o y p ope ies we e alida ed in a
esea ch using he co on pelle g anuloma es , wi h a
dosage o 200 mg/kg. Addi ional esea ch de ec ed a
signi ican dec ease in in lamma ion when adminis e ed
neem lea ex ac , bu o a lesse ex en han dexame hasone.
The da a also indica ed ha nimbidin inhibi s he
in lamma o y- ela ed ac i i ies o neu ophils and
mac ophages.
P e ious esea ch shown ha oil seed ex ac s had
an ipy e ic and an i-in lamma o y p ope ies, while he an i-
in lamma o y and immunomodula o y e ec s we e
media ed by ex ac s o ba k and lea es. Neem seed oil's
analgesic p ope ies we e s udied in albino a s. A 1 and 2
mL/kg dosages, he oil had a signi ican analgesic e ec ,
and he e ec was dose-dependen .
Albino a s we e used in ano he esea ch o examine neem
seed oil's (NSO) an i-in lamma o y p ope ies. Resul s
showed ha he quan i y o NSO equi ed o p e en
swelling in a s subjec ed o ca ageenan-induced hind paw
edema inc eased om 0.25 mL o 2 mL/kg body weigh . A
4 hou s pos -ca ageenan injec ion, he mos e ec i e dose
o NSO o edema supp ession was 2 mL/kg body weigh
(53.14%). The esea ch ound ha a s adminis e ed a 100
mg kg−1 dose o Azadi ach a indica ui skin ca bon
e achlo ide ex ac (CTCE) and he isola ed chemical
azadi adione showed signi ican e icacy agains
in lamma ion and pain.
Conclusion
T adi ional medicine p ac i ione s all h oughou he globe,
bu no ably on he Indian subcon inen , ha e long
ecognized he medicinal p ope ies o neem and i s
cons i uen s. You won' ind a ee wi h mo e use ul
applica ions han his one. The neem ee, o mally known
as Azadi ach a indica A. Juss, is one o India's bes -kep
sec e s. Black peppe , ca damom, sa on, u me ic,
sandalwood, and silk a e jus a ew o he ancien Indian
goods ha ha e long been p ized by Eu opeans. Neem has a
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long his o y o usage as a medicine, wi h mixed esul s in
p e en ing and ea ing illness. A lack o epea abili y in
p oduc ion is a esul o he ac ha hese ex ac -based
he apies a e being u ilized as supplemen al medicine oday
and a e o en acqui ed ia he a isanal way. Diabe es,
mala ia, and skin ashes and sc apes we e among he o e a
hund ed illnesses and maladies o which i was p esc ibed.
I kep he women's g ains and pulses sa e h oughou he
yea , which was a g ea se ice.
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