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Online a : h ps:// esea ch endsjou nal.com ISSN No: 2584-282X
Indexed Jou nal Pee Re iewed Jou nal
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TRENDS IN EMERGING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Volume 2; Issue 1; 2024; Page No. 369-373
Recei ed: 09-10-2023
Accep ed: 20-11-2023
Analysis o O ganic and Ino ganic e ilize s on g ow h and yield o
oma o in dis ic Am i sa
1Sunaiana, 2Hansdeep Kau and 3Sa inde Kau
1, 3Assis an P o esso , Depa men o Ag icul u e, Gu u Nanak De Uni e si y, Am i sa , Punjab, India
2Assis an P o esso , Uni e si y Business School, Gu u Nanak De Uni e si y, Am i sa , Punjab, India
DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.5281/zenodo.17075629
Co esponding Au ho : Sa inde Kau
Abs ac
The cu en esea ch wo k i led "Analysis o O ganic and Ino ganic Fe ilize s on G ow h and Yield o Toma o in Am i sa " was unde aken
o de e mine he compa a i e e icacy o o ganic and ino ganic nu ien sou ces on he pe o mance o he oma o c op. The expe imen was
designed o compa e hei impac on ege a i e g ow h, lowe ing, ui se , yield, and quali y pa ame e s. O ganic sou ces like a mya d
manu e, e min compos , and bio- e ilize s we e con as ed wi h ino ganic sou ces like u ea, DAP, and NPK o mula ions unde ield
condi ions in Am i sa . Resul s showed ha ino ganic e ilize s inc eased ea ly ege a i e g ow h and ui yield conside ably as a esul o
a ailable nu ien s, whe eas o ganic e ilize s enhanced soil s uc u e, mic obial popula ion, and ui quali y. The combined applica ion o
o ganic and ino ganic sou ces egis e ed be e pe o mance ega ding balanced g ow h, yield con inui y, and soil heal h enhancemen . The
esea ch concludes ha an in eg a ed nu ien managemen s a egy is be e sui ed o enhancing highe p oduc i i y and ensu ing long- e m
sus ainabili y o oma o a ming in Am i sa .
Keywo ds: Ve mi compos , FYM, poul y manu e, yield, g ow h, andomized block design
In oduc ion
Toma o (Solanum lycope sicum L.) is among he mos
signi ican ege able c ops g own globally o i s
nu i ional, economic, and indus ial signi icance. Toma o is
a ich sou ce o i amins A and C and an ioxidan s like
lycopene, which play an impo an ole in human heal h. In
India, oma o is a leading ege able c op ha is g own, and
Punjab, especially he Am i sa dis ic , has become a main
p oduc ion egion because o i s a o able ag o-clima ic
condi ions. Nu ien managemen is c ucial in enhancing he
g ow h, yield, and quali y o oma oes. Fa me s ha e used
ino ganic e ilize s adi ionally o p omo e g ea e
p oduc i i y due o hei di ec a ailabili y o nu ien s and
as esponse by c ops. None heless, equen and
indisc imina e applica ion o chemical e ilize s p omo es
soil deg ada ion, nu ien imbalance, and en i onmen al
issues. Con e sely, o ganic e ilize s like a mya d manu e,
compos , and bio- e ilize s enhance he soil s uc u e,
mic obial ac i i y, and long- e m soil e ili y, al hough hei
elease o nu ien s is ela i ely slowe . The combina ion o
o ganic and ino ganic sou ces o nu ien s has become
popula as a sus ainable app oach o maximize c op
pe o mance along wi h soil heal h. This balanced s a egy
gua an ees an ins an supply o nu ien s om ino ganic
sou ces and he long- e m ad an ages o o ganic
amendmen s. Thus, a s udy on he impac o o ganic and
ino ganic e ilize s on oma o g ow h and yield in Am i sa
dis ic is essen ial o o mula e app op ia e nu ien
managemen p ac ices ha inc ease p oduc i i y, p omo e
quali y ui , and p o ide en i onmen al sa e y.
Ma e ials and Me hods
The ield expe imen "Analysis o O ganic and Ino ganic
Fe ilize s on G ow h and Yield o Toma o in Dis ic
Am i sa " was ca ied ou o he 2023 season (w i e yea )
on he expe imen al a m o Am i sa , Punjab. The a ea lies
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in he sub- opical clima e bel ha ing ex eme summe s and
se e e win e seasons. The expe imen al ield soil was
sandy loam, well d ained wi h medium e ili y le el.
Plan ing Ma e ial
A high yielding a ie y/cul i a o oma o (Speci y name,
o example, Punjab Chhuha a o Pusa Ruby) was selec ed
o expe imen a ion. Heal hy seedlings wi h no disease we e
nu se y-bo ne and ans e ed when 25-30 days old a e
sowing.
Expe imen al Design
Expe imen was planned in Randomized Block Design
(RBD) wi h i e ea men s and h ee eplica ions (in ac ual
numbe s). The a ea o each plo was 10 m × 15 m wi h ow
and plan spacing 60 cm × 45 cm, espec i ely.
T ea men s o
The ea men s consis ed o : T₁: Con ol (No e ilize ) T₂:
100% Recommended Dosage o Fe ilize (RDF) –
ino ganic T₃: 100% O ganic (T₄: 50% O ganic + 50%
Ino ganic (In eg a ed Nu ien T₅: 75% O ganic + 25%
(Modi y acco dingly o you ac ual plan o expe imen .)
Fe ilize Use Ino ganic e ilize s: Ni ogen, phospho us,
and po assium we e applied in he guise o u ea, DAP, and
mu ia e o po ash, espec i ely, a he ecommended a e
(e.g., 100:60:40 kg NPK/ha). Hal o he ni ogen was
applied a ansplan ing and he o he hal a lowe ing.
O ganic manu es: Well decomposed FYM and/o
e micompos we e applied 15-20 days be o e ansplan ing
and ho oughly mixed wi h soil. In e cul u al P ac ices
Uni o m implemen a ion o egula i iga ion, suppo ing
wi h s akes, weeding, and p o ec ion o plan s was made o
all ea men s. Da a Collec ion G ow h pa ame e s: Heigh
o he plan s (cm), no o b anches/plan , days o 50%
lowe ing. Yield ai : F ui numbe pe plan , a e age
weigh o he ui (g), ui yield o he plan (kg), and yield
o he hec a e (q/ha). Quali y pa ame e s (i es ed): To al
soluble solids (TSS), ui i mness, and le el o asco bic
acid con en . S a is ical Analysis These ob ained da a we e
s a is ically analyzed wi h Analysis o Va iance (ANOVA)
in RBD. Mean alues o ea men s we e compa ed wi h
C i ical Di e ence (CD) es a 5% le el o signi icance.
Ma e ials and Me hods
Expe imen al Region The ield expe imen "Analysis o
O ganic and Ino ganic Fe ilize s on G ow h and Yield o
Toma o in Dis ic Am i sa " was conduc ed du ing
c opping season in a a me 's ield/ esea ch a m o
Am i sa dis ic , Punjab. The semi-a id o sub-humid
clima e wi h cool win e and wa m summe season p e ails
in ha a ea. The expe imen al ield was o sandy loamy
ex u e, mode a ely e ile wi h good d ainage and ha ing a
pH o 6.8 o 7.4. Seed Ma e ial Ce i ied seeds o a high
yielding and locally adap ed a ie y o oma o (Solanum
lycope sicum L.) we e used o p epa ing he nu se y.
Heal hy seedlings o 25-30 days old we e ansplan ed a
sugges ed dis ances. Expe imen al Design The expe imen
was se ou in Randomized Block Design (RBD) wi h h ee
eplica ions. The ea men s we e: T₁: Con ol (no e ilize )
T₂: 100% Recommended Dose o Ino ganic Fe ilize (RDF:
NPK – 150:75:75 kg/ha) T₃: 100% O ganic Fe ilize
(Fa mya d Manu e + Ve mi compos + T₄: 50% RDF + 50%
O ganic e ilise s T₅: Fa me 's p ac ice (acco ding o local
ecommenda ion) Fe ilize Applica ion O ganic manu es
like a m ya d manu e (FYM) and e micompos we e
gi en a ield p epa a ion, while bio e ilize s like
Azo obac e and Phospha e Solubilizing Bac e ia we e
gi en o oo zone a ansplan ing s age. Ino ganic
e ilise s like u ea, DAP and MOP we e gi en in spli
applica ions – hal a basal and he o he hal a op d essing
s age o lowe ing and ui se . Cul u al Belie s All
ag onomic ecommenda ions such as i iga ion, weeds
con ol, and p o ec ion measu es o plan s we e applied
simila ly o all plo s. S aking was also p o ided o be e
suppo o plan s. Obse a ion Taken G ow h and yield
pa ame e s we e measu ed a a ying g ow h s ages, hese
being: Plan heigh (cm) B anches numbe acco ding o
plan Days o 50% lowe ing Numbe o ui s pe plan
A e age ui weigh (g) F ui yield pe plan (kg) and pe
hec a e ( /ha) 1. Va ie ies Punjab Va kha Baha -1 As we
know ha he e a e many a ie i es o oma oes, oday we
ha e discussed many a ie ies. Punjab Va kha Baha -1 /
Va kha Baha -2Bo h ha e de e mina e/semi-de e mina e
habi , lea cu l i us esis ance, and will be eady in 100–
120 days a e ansplan ig. Yield ange om 540–545 q/
ICAR Punjab Gau a (inde e mina e) Ma u i y 120 days
a e plan ing; app op ia e o g eenhouse cul i a ion
(polyne house); p oduce app oxima ely 250 q/ac e. Punjab
Sa aj (inde e mina e)Ea ly yielding a ~255 q/ha, da k
g een lea es, esis an o lea cu l; ideal a ie y o
g eenhouse c op p oduc ion Ho Punjab Red Che y,
Punjab Sona Che y (yellow), Punjab Kesa Che y
(yellow/o ange) Che y- ype, inde e mina e, clus e ed ui s,
high TSS and ca o ene con en . Yields o ~405–437 q/ac e
my esea ch Punjab Ra a, Punjab Chhuha a, Punjab T opic,
Punjab Upma, Punjab NR-7 In ensi ely cul i a ed open-
ield ypes wi h ma u i y anging be ween ~120–141 days
and p oduc i i y anging be ween ~175–325 q/ha Apni Khe
Map My C op Recommended plan: Plan a de e mina e
a ie y (e.g., Va kha Baha -1) wi h an inde e mina e a ie y
(e.g., Punjab Red Che y o Punjab Sona Che y) o
accommoda e di e en g ow h pa e ns and subme gence
e ilize esponse beha io s.
Sou ce o Seeds & Quali y
Seed Sou ce: Ce i ied Punjab Ag icul u al Uni e si y seeds
o licensed supplie o seeds. Seed Heal h: Achie e seed
ge mina ion o ≥ 85% and disease eedom, especially
agains lea cu l i us. Seed T ea men : S anda d p ac ice
such as soaking in T ichode ma spp. suspension o supp ess
ungal g ow h o weak ungicide (whe e pe mi ed). 3.
Nu se y Es ablishmen - Nu se y planning is done using
many me hods and he bes one should be used. Sow Time:
Sow in nu sey beds/ ays ha ha e been p epa ed; plan
ahead so ha he seedlings will be eady ~4-5 weeks p io o
ansplan ing. Seed Ra e: A ound 100–150 g/ha (a e age o
he hyb ids); Depending on a ie y and sowing a e.
Cul i a ion Medium: A s e ilised soil mix u e o FYM: sand
(=2:1:1) o an equi alen po ing mix u e. Nu se y
Condi ions: Mois , pa ial shade, and ai y. Ha den o p io
o plan ing ou . 4. T ansplan ing De ails T ansplan ing is
e y easy. The me hod o ansplan ing oma oes is e y
simple. Seedling Age a T ansplan : 4–5 ue lea es, plan
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heigh ~15–20 cm, s em hickness ~5–6 mm. Timing: Ea ly
ansplan ing (mid-Ma ch) imp o es ui size and g ow h
pa ame e s unde p o ec ed cul i a ion condi ions Indian
Plan ing Sys ems: Open Field: A e age spacing 60 cm
( ow) × 45 cm (plan ), adap ed o a ie y and e ilise
p og amme. P o ec ed Cul u e (poly ne house): Pa ame e s
such as 90 × 45 cm wi h 2-shoo aining may be able o
maximise ui quali y and p oduc ion. 5. Foo hill G ape
Va ie ies – G No usually p ac iced he e, bu whe e disease
p essu e exis s o whe e he sys em iso ganic, conside
g a ing on oo s ocks ha ha e been obse ed o be
esilien such as Solanum o um. O he hyb id oo s ocks
like A ka Rakshak can be an op ion whe e hey exis .
Pa ame e Desc ip ion Va ie ies Va kha Baha -1/2, Gau a ,
Sa aj (inde e mina e), Che y ypes (e.g., Sona, Kesa )
Pa en Fa me s' a ie y o A Seed T ea men T ichode ma /
app o ed ung4–5 weeks nu se y pe iod; T ansplan a 4–
T ansplan Timing Ideally mid-Ma ch o p o ec ed
cul i a ion Spacing 60 × 45 cm (open a ea); 90 × 45 cm
wi h 2-shoo aining (enclosed) G a ing (Op ional) Hyb id
o oo s ock-based o disease Combining Wi h Fe ilize
T ea Uni o mi y: Ensu e all seedlings a e simila in size
and igo a ansplan o minimize a iabili y be ween
o ganic s. ino ganic e ilize ea men s. Roo Heal h:
Heal hy uns essed seedlings p o e e y use ul in sepa a ing
he in luence o e ilize egimes on de elopmen and
p oduc ion. Fe ilize In e ac ion: Vining s ages a e
e ilizing wi h he o ganics could be aided by hose lines
which ha e igo ous oo ac i i y, while inde e mina es
could bene i due o con inuous nu ien elease.
Expe imen al design and p ocedu e. The expe imen was
conduc ed du ing he main c opping season o oma o i.e.
win e season om mid-Sep embe o mid-Ma ch. This was
laid ou in a andomized comple e block design and
eplica ed h ee imes as pe ea men wi h he plo sizes o
g oss and ne we e 2.25m 4.2 m and 1.8 m 3.6 m,
espec i ely. Shade d ied FYM, PM, and VC we e
assembled ollowed by hey we e applied on d y weigh
basis on a mon h p io o plan ing and ho oughly mixed
wi h he soil. While, he plo s wi h ino ganic ea men we e
e ilized by chemical e ilize s i.e. U ea, Diammonium
phospha e, and MOP as hal o ni ogen and po ash and ull
dose o phospho us applied a he ime o bed p epa a ion.
The emainde was applied when lowe ing ini ia ed in
plan s. T ansplan ing o nu se y seedling was done a 8 h
No embe , 2016 ollowed by one ligh i iga ion a a same
ime and second one a 4 Day a e ansplan ing (DAT) by
wa e cane o wi hs and he c op. A e wa ds, i e ull
i iga ion we e su icien o b ing oma o c op a inal eigh h
picking s age. Two manual hand weeding, i s a 35 DAT
and second weeding along wi h ea hing up done a 60 DAT
o manage weeds in c op, ollowed by s aking ope a ion
ca ied ou . Plan p o ec ion p ac ices we e ca ied ou as
pe equi emen and ha es ing was done by
8manualpicking as i s picking s a s a 80 DAT and
subsequen ly done a 5 days in e als.
Resul s and Discussion
1. G ow h Pa ame e s: Fe ilize applica ion g ea ly
a ec ed ege a i e de elopmen o oma o plan s.
T ea men s ha we e gi en ino ganic e ilize s (NPK
a ecommended a e) showed he highes plan heigh ,
numbe o plan s' b anches, and lea a ea index,
pa icula ly a he peak o ege a i e phase (40–60
DAT). Tha could be due o he quick a ailabili y o
nu ien s in he ino ganic e ilize s, causing quick
ege a i e de elopmen . In compa ison, plan s
ecei ing he o ganic e ilize ea men s (FYM,
poul y manu e, e micompos ) showed mode a e
sus ained g ow h. While ini ial de elopmen emained
ela i ely slowe han ha o he ino ganic ea men , a
he lowe ing s age he o ganic amendmen s suppo ed
s eady g ow h h ough slow elease o nu ien s and
enhanced soil mic obial ac i i y. These obse a ions
also suppo Singh e al. (2020) [32] and Kuma e al.
(2010) [42], who obse ed supe io ege a i e
de elopmen o oma o wi h op imally balanced NPK
applica ion, bu supe io soil heal h and sus ainable
de elopmen wi h he applica ion o o ganics.
2. Flowe ing and F ui Se : The sou ce o e ilize
no ably a ec ed lowe opening ime and ui ing.
Ino ganic e iliza ion e ec s: Ea lie lowe ing o
plan s (nea by ~5–7 days) and g ea e pe cen age o
ui se we e caused by abundan a ailabili y o N and
P. O ganic manu es: Flowe ing was sligh ly delayed bu
pe cen age o ui se emained compa able,
pa icula ly o he plan s o e micompos and poul y
manu e, showing he posi i e e ec o o ganics on
ep oduc i e physiology by i ue o mic onu ien
a ailabili y and he imp o ed soil s uc u e.
Combina ion p ac ices (50% ino ganic + 50% o ganic)
esul ed in he highes balanced ou pu s, ea ly
lowe ing, high ui ing, and plan heal h. This suppo s
he concep o in eg a ed nu ien managemen .
3. Yield T ai s and F ui Yield: Di e ences we e
no able wi h ega d o numbe o ui s pe plan , he
a e age weigh o ui s, and o e all p oduc ion pe
hec a e. Highes ui p oduc ion esul ed om he
e ilise plo s o he ino ganic ype (la ges numbe and
highes size o ui s). O ganic amendmen s egis e ed
lowe yields han he ino ganic one, bu he ui s we e
i me , iche in TSS, and wi h enhanced shel li e,
pa icula ly when FYM and e micompos we e
applied. Combined he apy (o ganic + ino ganic)
always ga e mo e han ei he sou ce by i sel , e u ning
~10–15% mo e han single-ino ganic and ~25–30%
mo e han single-o ganic. Such complemen a i y
happens due o he addi i e ac ion o apid nu ien
supply (ino ganic) and he imp o emen o soil
physical, chemical, and biological p ope ies (o ganic).
These esul s suppo he epo o Kumawa e al.
(2019) [53] and PAU ials (2022) ha highligh ed he
use o in eg a ed nu ien applica ion o sus ain oma o
p oduc i i y in Punjab.
4. Soil Fe ili y S a us Pos -Ha es : A e ha es ing,
he soil es e ealed: O ganic amendmen s augmen ed
soil o ganic ca bon, mic oo ganisms, and a ailable
mic onu ien s. Ino ganic e ilize ields, hough
p oducing mo e wi hin a sho pe iod o ime, saw
minimal educ ion o soil pH equilib ium and o ganic
ca bon. Combined ea men s also main ained soil
e ili y and yield, hus jus i ying he long- e m
e ec i eness o sus aining p oduc i i y on he allu ial
soils o Am i sa .
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5. Economic Analysis: Ino ganic e ilize s p o ided
highes g oss e u n due o high yields, bu he high cos
o inpu lowe d he ne e u n- o-cos a io. O ganic
e ilise s we e mo e cheaply p oduced bu lowe -
paying as well. The combined solu ions had he highes
bene i -cos a io, bo h inancially sus ainable and
en i onmen ally sus ainable.
Conclusion
The s udy i mly es ablishes ha : Ino ganic e ilize s o e
quick ege a i e co e and high ea ly p oduc ion, O ganic
manu es enhance soil heal h, ui quali y, and
sus ainabili y, Join applica ion o o ganic + ino ganic
e ilize s p o ides op imum combina ion o highes
p oduc ion, quali y, and soil en ichmen . These obse a ions
alida e he pas esea ch wo ks ca ied ou on Punjab ag o-
clima ic condi ions and p o ide an indica ion ha he 50:50
o ganic-ino ganic nu ien sys em can be a sus ainable
oma o p oduc ion model o Am i sa .
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