D3.3 Closing the cycle: Promoting open data users' contributions from a governance perspective

Towa ds a sus ainable Open Da a ECOsys em
D3.3
Closing he cycle: P omo ing open da a use sʼ
con ibu ions om a go e nance pe spec i e
This p ojec has ecei ed unding om he Eu opean Unionʼs Ho izon 2020 esea ch and inno a ion
p og amme unde he Ma ie Skłodowska-Cu ie g an ag eemen No 955569.
The opinions exp essed in his documen e lec only he au ho ʼs iew and in no way e lec he
Eu opean Commissionʼs opinions. The Eu opean Commission is no esponsible o any use ha may be
made o he in o ma ion i con ains.
D3.3 Closing he cycle: P omo ing open da a use sʼ con ibu ion om a go e nance pe spec i e
P ojec Ac onym
ODECO
P ojec Ti le
Towa ds a sus ainable Open Da a ECOsys em
G an Ag eemen No.
955569
S a da e o P ojec
01-10-2021
Du a ion o he P ojec
48 mon hs
Deli e able Numbe
D3.3
Deli e able Ti le
Closing he cycle: P omo ing open da a use sʼ
con ibu ion om a go e nance pe spec i e
Dissemina ion Le el
Public
Deli e able Leade
Aalbo g Uni e si y (AAU)
Submission Da e
03-05-2024
Au ho
Rikke Magnussen, AAU
Co-au ho (s)
Bi ge La sen, AAU
Da ide Di S aso, TU Del
Sil ia Cazacu-Bucica, KUL
Ramya Chand asekha , CNRS
Ma ía Elena López Reyes, AAU
Gio gos Papageo giou, FAROSNET S.A.
Alejand a Celis Va gas, AAU
Liubo Pilshchiko a, TU Del
Ca e ina San o o, KUL
Héc o Ochoa O iz, UNICAM
Ash a Shaha udin, TU Del
Documen his o y
Ve sion
#
Da e
Desc ip ion (Sec ion,
page numbe )
Au ho & O ganisa ion
V0.0
07-11-2023
Kick-o
Rikke Magnussen, AAU
V0.1
18-03-2024
Fi s d a . Fi s e sion
wi h con ibu ions
om ESRs.
Rikke Magnussen, AAU
Bi ge La sen, AAU
Sil ia Cazacu-Bucica, KUL
Ramya Chand asekha , CNRS
Ma ía Elena López Reyes, AAU
Gio gos Papageo giou, FAROSNET S.A.
Alejand a Celis Va gas, AAU
Liubo Pilshchiko a, TU Del
Ca e ina San o o, KUL
Héc o Ochoa O iz, UNICAM
Ash a Shaha udin, TU Del
V0.1a
05-04-2024
Fi s ound o in e nal
pee e iew
Glenn Vancauwenbe ghe, KUL
Anneke Zuide wijk- an Eijk, TU Del
Cha alampos Alexopoulos, UAEGEAN
D3.3 Closing he cycle: P omo ing open da a use sʼ con ibu ion om a go e nance pe spec i e
Ve sion
#
Da e
Desc ip ion (Sec ion,
page numbe )
Au ho & O ganisa ion
V0.2
11-04-2024
Second d a .
P ocessed eedback
ob ained om he i s
ound o pee e iew.
Rikke Magnussen, AAU
Bi ge La sen, AAU
Sil ia Cazacu-Bucica, KUL
Ramya Chand asekha , CNRS
Ma ía Elena López Reyes, AAU
Gio gos Papageo giou, FAROSNET S.A.
Alejand a Celis Va gas, AAU
Liubo Pilshchiko a, TU Del
Ca e ina San o o, KUL
Héc o Ochoa O iz, UNICAM
Ash a Shaha udin, TU Del
V0.2a
17-04-2024
Second ound o
in e nal pee e iew
Glenn Vancauwenbe ghe, KUL
Anneke Zuide wijk- an Eijk, TU Del
Cha alampos Alexopoulos, UAEGEAN
V0.3
23-04-2024
Thi d d a . In eg a ion
o eedback ecei ed
om second ound o
pee e iew.
Rikke Magnussen, AAU
Bi ge La sen, AAU
Sil ia Cazacu-Bucica, KUL
Ramya Chand asekha , CNRS
Ma ía Elena López Reyes, AAU
Gio gos Papageo giou, FAROSNET S.A.
Alejand a Celis Va gas, AAU
Liubo Pilshchiko a, TU Del
Ca e ina San o o, KUL
Héc o Ochoa O iz, UNICAM
Ash a Shaha udin, TU Del
V0.4
30-04-2024
Final epo .
In eg a ion o
eedback om
supe iso y boa d.
Rikke Magnussen, AAU
Bi ge La sen, AAU
V0.9
02-05-2024
Final epo .
In eg a ion o
eedback om
supe iso y boa d.
Rikke Magnussen, AAU
Bi ge La sen, AAU
V0.10
02-05-2024
App o al
Bas iaan an Loenen, TU Del
V1.0
03-05-2024
Final edi ing
Dani sja an Heusden, TU Del
D3.3 Closing he cycle: P omo ing open da a use sʼ con ibu ion om a go e nance pe spec i e
Table o Con en s
Abb e ia ions ..................................................................................................................................................................... 7
1 In oduc ion ............................................................................................................................................................... 8
1.1 Backg ound ................................................................................................................................................... 8
1.2 P oblem de ini ion ..................................................................................................................................... 9
1.3 Role o his deli e able in he ODECO p ojec ................................................................................ 9
1.4 S uc u e.......................................................................................................................................................10
2 Mo i a ion Theo y ................................................................................................................................................11
2.1 In oduc ion ................................................................................................................................................11
2.2 Sel De e mina ion Theo y ...................................................................................................................11
2.3 Communi ies o P ac ice .......................................................................................................................11
2.4 Applica ion o mo i a ion and lea ning heo ies o open da a s udies .............................12
3 Jou nalis open da a alue mo i a ion .........................................................................................................14
3.1 In oduc ion ................................................................................................................................................14
3.2 Me hodology .............................................................................................................................................14
3.3 Resul s ...........................................................................................................................................................15
3.3.1 Li e a u e ................................................................................................................................................15
3.3.2 In e iews ...............................................................................................................................................15
3.3.3 Ac ion esea ch ....................................................................................................................................15
3.3.4 Classi ying he mo i a ions .............................................................................................................16
3.4 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................................16
4 Elemen a y school s uden s open da a alue mo i a ion .....................................................................17
4.1 In oduc ion ................................................................................................................................................17
4.2 Me hodology .............................................................................................................................................18
4.3 Resul s and analysis o ac o ʼs mo i a ion .....................................................................................19
4.4 Conclusions ega ding mo i a ions o s uden s ..........................................................................20
5 NGO open da a alue mo i a ion ...................................................................................................................21
5.1 In oduc ion ................................................................................................................................................21
5.2 Me hodology .............................................................................................................................................21
5.3 Resul s and analysis o ac o ʼs mo i a ion .....................................................................................21
5.3.1 In insic mo i a ion ............................................................................................................................21
5.3.2 Ex insic mo i a ion ............................................................................................................................22
5.4 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................................23
6 Local go e nmen use s open da a alue mo i a ion ............................................................................24
6.1 In oduc ion ................................................................................................................................................24
6.2 Me hodology .............................................................................................................................................24
6.3 Resul s and analysis o use ʼs mo i a ions .....................................................................................25
D3.3 Closing he cycle: P omo ing open da a use sʼ con ibu ion om a go e nance pe spec i e
6.4 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................................28
7 Regional/Na ional go e nmen use s open da a alue mo i a ion ..................................................31
7.1 In oduc ion ................................................................................................................................................31
7.2 Me hodology .............................................................................................................................................31
7.3 Resul s and analysis o use ʼs mo i a ions .....................................................................................31
7.4 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................................32
8 Comme cial use s open da a alue mo i a ion .........................................................................................33
8.1 In oduc ion ................................................................................................................................................33
8.2 Me hodology .............................................................................................................................................33
8.3 Resul s and analysis .................................................................................................................................33
8.4 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................................34
9 Open da a in e media iesʼ open da a alue mo i a ion ........................................................................36
9.1 In oduc ion ................................................................................................................................................36
9.2 Me hodology .............................................................................................................................................36
9.3 Resul s ...........................................................................................................................................................37
9.4 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................................38
10 Non-expe use sʼ open da a alue mo i a ions .........................................................................39
10.1 In oduc ion ................................................................................................................................................39
10.2 Me hodology .............................................................................................................................................39
10.3 Resul s ...........................................................................................................................................................39
10.4 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................................40
11 Nex i e a ion o D2.3 wi h ocus on use sʼ mo i a ion ............................................................41
11.1 In oduc ion ................................................................................................................................................41
11.2 De eloping he nex i e a ion o Ac ion P inciple 1 ...................................................................41
11.2.1 Nex i e a ion o Ac ion P inciple 1 .............................................................................................41
11.3 De eloping he nex i e a ion o Ac ion P inciple 2 ...................................................................44
11.3.1 Nex i e a ion o Ac ion P inciple 2 .............................................................................................44
11.4 De eloping he nex i e a ion o Ac ion P inciple 3 ...................................................................46
11.4.1 Nex i e a ion o Ac ion P inciple 3 .............................................................................................47
11.5 De eloping he nex i e a ion o Ac ion P inciple 4 ...................................................................49
11.5.1 Nex i e a ion o Ac ion P inciple 4 .............................................................................................49
11.6 De eloping he nex i e a ion o Ac ion P inciple 5 ...................................................................51
11.6.1 Nex i e a ion o Ac ion P inciple 5 .............................................................................................51
11.7 De eloping he nex i e a ion o Ac ion P inciple 6 ...................................................................53
11.7.1 Nex i e a ion o Ac ion P inciple 6 .............................................................................................53
11.8 Summa y .....................................................................................................................................................56
12 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................................57
13 Re e ences ...................................................................................................................................................64

D3.3 Closing he cycle: P omo ing open da a use sʼ con ibu ion om a go e nance pe spec i e
Lis o ables
Table 1. Classi ica ion o he mo i a ions o jou nalis s o con ibu ing o a ci cula open da a
ecosys em. .........................................................................................................................................................................16
Table 2. Me hods and pa icipan s - school case. .............................................................................................18
Table 3. S uden 's mo i a ions o deli e ing alue back. ..............................................................................19
Table 4. Classi ica ion o he mo i a ions o NGOs o con ibu ing o a ci cula open da a
ecosys em. .........................................................................................................................................................................23
Table 5. Communi y Dimensions by Wenge (2000). .......................................................................................25
Table 6. Classi ica ion o he mo i a ions o local go e nmen use s o con ibu ing o a ci cula
open da a ecosys em. ...................................................................................................................................................29
Table 7. Ex insic and in insic mo i a ions o open da a sha ing o cen al go e nmen s. ..........32
Table 8. Classi ica ion o he mo i a ions o comme cial use s o con ibu ing o a ci cula open
da a ecosys em. ..............................................................................................................................................................34
Table 9. Me hods and pa icipan s in he in e media ies case. ....................................................................36
Table 10. Iden i ied mo i a ions o in e media ies. ...........................................................................................38
Table 11. Summa y o he mo i a ions o non-expe use ound in he li e a u e. ............................40
Table 12. Types o mo i a ion o di e en use ypes ......................................................................................57
Table 13. Needs o adjus men o ac ion p inciples ........................................................................................59
D3.3 Closing he cycle: P omo ing open da a use sʼ con ibu ion om a go e nance pe spec i e
7
Abb e ia ions
D Deli e able
ESR Ea ly-S age Resea che
M Miles one
NGO Non-Go e nmen al O ganiza ions
NPO Non-P o i O ganiza ions
ODECO P ojec "Towa ds a sus ainable Open Da a ECOsys em"
SMEs Small and Medium-sized En e p ises
WP Wo k Package
N
Pa ne
Pa ne sho
name
Coun y
Bene icia y
1
Technische Uni e si ei Del
TU Del
Ne he lands
2
Ka holieke Uni e si ei Leu en
KUL
Belgium
3
Cen e Na ional de la Reche che Scien i ique
CNRS
F ance
4
Uni e sidad de Za agoza
UNIZAR
Spain
5
Panepis imio Aigaiou
UAEGEAN
G eece
6
Aalbo g Uni e si e
AAU
Denma k
7
Uni e si à degli S udi di Came ino
UNICAM
I aly
8
Fa osne S.A.
FAROSNET S.A.
G eece
Pa ne o ganisa ions
1
7eDa a
7EDATA
Spain
2
Digi aal Vlaande en
DV
Belgium
3
Ci y o Copenhagen
COP
Denma k
4
Ci y o Ro e dam
RDAM
Ne he lands
5
CoC Play ul Minds
CoC
Denma k
6
De ilinx
DERI
I eland
7
ESRI
ESRI
Ne he lands
8
Maggioli S.p.A
MAG
I aly
9
Na ional Cen e o Geog aphic In o ma ion
CNIG
Spain
10
Open Knowledge Belgium
OKB
Belgium
11
SWECO
SWECO
Ne he lands
12
The go e nmen lab
GLAB
Uni ed S a es o Ame ica
13
Agency o Da a Supply and In as uc u e
ADSI
Denma k
14
GFOSS Open Technologies Alliance
GFOSS
G eece
15
Inno3 Consul ing
IC
F ance
16
Regione Ma che
RM
I aly
17
Open Da a Ins i u e
OCI
Uni ed Kingdom
D3.3 Closing he cycle: P omo ing open da a use sʼ con ibu ion om a go e nance pe spec i e
8
1 In oduc ion
1.1 Backg ound
The cen al p oposi ion behind Open Da a is ha da a, in o ma ion, and knowledge become a
sha ed asse in socie y, allowing anyone o use i o engage and pa icipa e in economic, social,
poli ical, and cul u al p ojec s (Wessels e al., 2017). Da a a ailabili y enables he coali ion,
combina ion, and enhancemen o da a h ough p ocesses and ools (Bicha d & Knigh , 2012) ha
allow he use, euse, edis ibu ion, and me ge o a ailable open da a wi h o he da a sou ces
(Bach ia , Suha di & Muhamad, 2020). These p ocesses enable he ans o ma ion o da a in o
ac s, in o ma ion, insigh , in e aces, new da a, o se ices (Da ies, 2010; Susha, G önlund, &
Janssen, 2015; Pu wan o, Zuide wijk, & Janssen, 2020).
How s akeholde s can deli e alue back o open da a ecosys ems is well unde s ood in s udies
o open go e nmen da a (see, o example, López Reyes & Magnussen, 2022). The goal o he
elease o open go e nmen da a, as an example, is o ans o m how go e nmen s ela e o he
public by engaging ci izens in using he a ailable da a (Hossain, Dwi edi, Rana, 2016). The
in en ion is o enable ci izens o ans o m hei communi y o en i onmen ; o help local
go e nmen s sol e challenges by bene i ing om hei knowledge, ideas, and he abili y o people
o p o ide su eillance (Bach ia , Suha di & Muhamad, 2020). Di e en e ec s o his can be
expec ed. Fi s ly, i can d i e social e ec s by c ea ing o imp o ing solu ions o public se ice
p o ision and c ea ing social alue. Secondly, i can imp o e go e nance by aising anspa ency
and accoun abili y, inc easing ci izen us , and s imula ing ci izen pa icipa ion. And hi dly, i can
lead o economic e ec s by d i ing economic de elopmen (Yuan, 2019; Sa a o , Meije ,
G immelikhuijsen, 2017).
Speci ically, using da ase s ela ed o public se ices and acili ies can inc ease social alue as hey
o e ci izens he oppo uni y o enhance social li e quali y (Kalampokis, Hausenblas, Ta abanis,
2011). The use o open go e nmen da a allows ci izens o sha e in o ma ion, pa icipa e in
policing and law en o cemen , analyse and moni o social issues as well as go e nmen ac ions,
and de elop social inno a ions. I also allows o engagemen in he inno a ion o imp o emen
o public se ices, gene a ion o weal h h ough he downs eam use o ou pu s, and, mo e
b oadly, enhancemen o in e ac ions be ween go e nmen and ci izens o sol e local p oblems
(Hossain, Dwi edi, Rana, 2016; Sa a o , Meije , G immelikhuijsen, 2017).
Despi e he e o s o engage ci izens in he use o open go e nmen da a (Huijboom & Van den
B oek, 2011) and he apid ad ances in in o ma ion and communica ion echnology (Yuan, 2019),
se e al s udies poin ou ha he c i ical p oblem o open go e nmen da a ini ia i es is hei
unde u iliza ion (Bach ia , Suha di & Muhamad, 2020; Sa a o , Meije & G immelikhuijsen, 2017).
The e has been a signi ican ocus in he li e a u e on s udying he ela ionship be ween he
u iliza ion o open go e nmen da a and he social and echnical condi ions enabling o disabling
i s use (Bach ia , Suha di & Muhamad, 2020; Sa a o , Meije & G immelikhuijsen, 2017; de
Azambuja, 2021; Ne o, 2018). Schola s ha e iden i ied a ious ba ie s and condi ions ha a ec
he use o open go e nmen da a. These include da a quali y issues, such as me ada a and
eadabili y, legisla i e conce ns, such as policy and p i acy, use - ela ed challenges, such as lack
o knowledge, skills, o in e es , in as uc u e ba ie s, such as in e ope abili y, a ailabili y, and
secu i y, and economic challenges (Bach ia , Suha di & Muhamad, 2020; Sa a o , Meije &
G immelikhuijsen, 2017; de Azambuja, 2021; Ne o, 2018).
Mo e ecen s udies ha e concen a ed on he ba ie s and condi ions o using open go e nmen
da a by ocusing on speci ic ypes and use sʼ mo i a ions (Sa a o , Meije , G immelikhuijsen, 2017).
Fo example, Pu wan o e al. (Pu wan o, Zuide wijk, & Janssen, 2020) ocused on he indi idual
ci izensʼ d i e s and inhibi o s o engaging wi h he use o open go e nmen da a. Howe e , o
D3.3 Closing he cycle: P omo ing open da a use sʼ con ibu ion om a go e nance pe spec i e
9
allow mo e igo ous empi ical esea ch o assess i he es ima ed e ec s o open go e nmen da a
a e measu able, he e is a need o in es iga e he link be ween he ypes o use s and he po en ial
ype o e ec s (Sa a o , Meije & G immelikhuijsen, 2017).
1.2 P oblem de ini ion
F om an open da a ecosys em pe spec i e, open da a use s should no only make use o he da a
o hei pu poses, bu also deli e alue back o he open da a ecosys ems, which can be de ined
as con ibu ing o he open da a ecosys em in a manne ha imp o e he sys em, con en o
in e ac ions e.g. by sha ing he ou come o hei wo k and analysis as new open da a, o by
co ec ing o ex ending he open da a – hus closing he ci cle and con ibu ing o c ea ing a ue
ci cula open da a ecosys em.
Tasks 3.3 explo es ways o sus ainably es ablish he con ibu ion o open da a use s o open da a
ecosys ems. Task 3.3 hus add esses he ollowing ques ion: Wha mo i a ions o deli e ing alue
back o open da a ecosys ems do he di e en open da a s akeholde g oups ha e? Wi h his
knowledge, Task 3.3 will p o ide he nex i e a ion o he commons-based go e nance model o
open da a ecosys ems om Deli e able 2.3 by conside ing he mo i a ions o deli e alue back
o he open da a ecosys em (see Cazacu e al., 2024).
Mo i a ions o he ollowing s akeholde s will be iden i ied: (non-expe use s, jou nalis s, use s
in educa ion, NGOs, local go e nmen use s and cen al/ egional go e nmen use s, comme cial
use s, and in e media ies. Toge he he iden i ied mo i a ions will con ibu e o he nex i e a ion
o he commons-based go e nance model o open da a ecosys ems om Deli e able 2.3 by
conside ing he mo i a ions o deli e alue back o he open da a ecosys em (see Cazacu e al.,
2024).
1.3 Role o his deli e able in he ODECO p ojec
In ODECOʼs deli e able 3.3 (D3.3), we aim o unde s and he mo i a ions o a ious s akeholde
g oups o deli e ing alue back o open da a ecosys ems and o explo e he e ec o hese
con ibu ions om a go e nmen pe spec i e.
The ela ion o he o he deli e ables in WP3 is as ollows.
• Deli e able 3.1. “Unde s anding po en ial con ibu ions o open go e nmen da a use s o
he open da a ecosys em“ mapped he po en ial con ibu ions o he open go e nmen da a
use by esea ching and analysing he di e en kinds o s akeholde s and he a ious ways
hey (could) con ibu e o he “li e” o he ecosys em by p oducing, consuming o p oducing
and consuming a he same ime open go e nmen da a. The esul s o deli e able 3.1 o ms
a s a ing poin o deli e able 3.2 by mapping he ypes o po en ial con ibu ions di e en
s akeholde may make o he open da a ecosys em (see K is akis e al., 2023).
• Deli e able 3.2 “Closing he cycle: P omo ing open da a use s' con ibu ion om a echnical
pe spec i e” in oduced he echnical means ha should make i easy o deli e alue back o
he open da a ecosys em by applying he p inciples o ci cula i y. This included ou
componen s: (1) designing use in e aces o open da a po als whe e s akeholde s can
eadily ma e ially add alue o he ecosys em, (2) esea ching app op ia e eedback ools, (3)
assessing he ools and echnologies used o he analysis o di e en kinds o open
go e nmen da a and non-go e nmen da ase analysis, and (4) assessing he echnical
equi emen s o a i icial and collec i e in elligence sys ems o di ec ly in e ac wi h he open
da a ecosys em. The esul s o deli e able 3.2 shows how o suppo open da a use s in o
deli e ing alue back o he open da a ecosys em om a echnical pe spec i e (see Polini e
al., 2024).
D3.3 Closing he cycle: P omo ing open da a use sʼ con ibu ion om a go e nance pe spec i e
16
o ganiza ion hey wo k o bu also can solidi y hei pe sonal c edibili y, p o essionalism, and
ecogni ion—a ibu es ha a e alued e en ou side o hei cu en media o ganiza ion.
Fu he mo e, e i ying an opinion o inciden h ough any means (including he use o open da a,
hough no limi ed o i ) is conside ed a bes p ac ice in he p o ession, as he sp ead o inco ec
o ake news can se e ely impac hei c edibili y, bo h pe sonally and o he o ganiza ion.
The e o e, he mo i a ion o use open da a o ac -checking, when possible, can p o ide he alue
o us wo hy news o he public.
Jou nalis s a e also keen on publishing hei da ase s as open da a, which can u he demons a e
hei skills and inc ease hei ecogni ion among hei pee s. Howe e , his is a poin ha uppe
managemen may objec o on se e al occasions. The managemen 's main objec i e, as expec ed,
is o inc ease he mone a y alue o he o ganiza ion. The e o e, hey di e en ia e be ween cases
whe e some da ase s o ools a e o be eleased and po en ially used by compe i o s (a
equi emen o his elease is p ope a ibu ion o he o ganiza ion) and cases whe e some asse s
a e o be kep in e nal as hey a e conside ed s a egic esou ces.
3.3.4 Classi ying he mo i a ions
Using he sel -de e mina ion heo y (Ryan & Deci, 2000b) o examine he mo i a ions o
jou nalis s, hei mo i a ions we e classi ied in o wo g oups: in insic and ex insic mo i a ion –
see Table 1.
Table 1. Classi ica ion o he mo i a ions o jou nalis s o con ibu ing o a ci cula open
da a ecosys em.
In insic Mo i a ions
Ex insic Mo i a ions
P omo ing he quali y o hei wo k.
Access o mo e open da a
P omo ing democ a ic alues and anspa ency.
C edibili y and ecogni ion
Financial compensa ion
I is also impo an o no e ha managemen , al hough no s ic ly jou nalis s, is mo e in e es ed
in ex insic mo i a ions such as c edibili y and inancial compensa ion. Addi ionally, hey ocus on
he acquisi ion o s a egic esou ces o he o ganiza ion ha can boos hei compe i i eness
compa ed o hei compe i o s.
3.4 Conclusions
In conclusion, jou nalis s' mo i a ion o con ibu e o he open da a ecosys em e eals a complex
in e play o in insic and ex insic ac o s, hea ily in luenced by hei dual ole as bo h consume s
and po en ial p o ide s o open da a. Jou nalis s uphold high s anda ds ega ding he quali y o
hei wo k and hei adi ional ole as gua dians o anspa ency and democ a ic alues, which
can be enhanced by hei ac i e in ol emen and con ibu ions o he open da a ecosys em.
Addi ionally, jou nalis s a e d i en o con ibu e o he ecosys em because i s expansion and
imp o emen p o ide hem wi h access o mo e da a, enhancing hei epo ing and he eby
boos ing hei c edibili y, making hem es eemed p o essionals in hei ield. One challenge
encoun e ed in se e al ins ances du ing my esea ch is ha he da a collec ed and analysed om
jou nalis s, combined wi h open da a sou ces, a e conside ed s a egic esou ces by hei
o ganiza ions and he e o e hey a e no keen o elease hem in o he open da a ecosys em. This
inding highligh s he need o u he esea ch in o he impac ha al e na i e business models
can ha e on businesses u ilizing open da a, especially media o ganiza ions, so hey can eap
bene i s om he da a hey ha e collec ed ha a e no di ec ly mone a y gains.

D3.3 Closing he cycle: P omo ing open da a use sʼ con ibu ion om a go e nance pe spec i e
17
4 Elemen a y school s uden s open da a alue mo i a ion
4.1 In oduc ion
S uden s in di e en educa ional le els om elemen a y school o g adua e educa ion ha e been
a he cen e o a wide ange o open da a ini ia i es (Celis Va gas e al., 2023). O e all, hese open
da a ini ia i es in educa ion look o equipping s uden s wi h he essen ial skills needed o he
cu en as changing and da a-d i en socie y (Cook e al., 2018). open da a lea ning ac i i ies
ha e anged om using open da a in egula school subjec s such as chemis y and geog aphy
(Pence e al., 2015), engage wi h local p oblems and da a in unde g adua e cou ses abou open
da a (Palo a & Vejacka, 2022), and ex acu icula ac i i ies such as public hacka hons (Da is &
Shneye , 2020). S uden s could be seen as pa o he la ge pe cen age o ci izens wi hou echnical
backg ounds, o en called non-specialis s, non-da a expe s o lay audiences (Boyles, 2020;
Concilio & Mulde , 2018). In he open da a mo emen s uden s ha e been seen as ele an ac o s
in he long- e m sus ainabili y o open da a ecosys ems mainly o enla ge he pe cen age o
ci izens ha can use and bene i om open da a.
Despi e he in eg a ion o open da a in schools has been de ined as a key s a egy o achie ing
inclusion and ai ness in open da a ecosys ems (In e na ional Open Da a cha e , 2015), acco ding
o Celis Va gas e al. (2023) cu en open da a ini ia i es in educa ion ha e been ocused on highe
educa ion. The ewe ini ia i es in basic school educa ion ha e highligh ed he po en ials o using
open da a mainly as wo, i s ly ela ed o he connec ion o class oom ac i i ies o eal ac s, and
secondly, o inc easing eache 's and s uden 's mo i a ion (Coughlan, 2020). Fu he mo e,
expe imen s o Saddiqa e al. (2019, 2021) highligh ha he use o open da a om s uden sʼ own
municipali ies inc eased hei in e es in e e yday li e p oblems and os e ed discussions in he
class oom which no jus de elops digi al capabili ies, bu also inc eases hei ci ic awa eness and
he au hen ici y o hei lea ning ac i i ies. Resea ch by Pelleg ino & An elmi (2023) has shown
ha open da a ini ia i es a he school le el p ima ily a e ocused on he use o open da ase s o
Da a exploi a ion a he han on he p oduc ion o hem. This could be seen as a ba ie o ully
achie ing he po en ial o elemen a y school s uden s as con ibu o s in open da a ecosys ems.
In inclusi e and ci cula open da a ecosys ems, s uden s should also be seen as ac i e con ibu o s
and ac i e ci izens.
Al hough he esea ch ele ance o open da a educa ion is inc easing, and se e al ini ia i es can
be seen in di e en educa ional le els, i is s ill a no el pe spec i e o see elemen a y school
s uden s as ac i e con ibu o s in open da a ecosys ems. Cu en open da a sys ems in educa ion
a e mainly exclusi e and mos ly linea as i was analysed in he case o Danish schools (Van Loenen
e al., 2021). Cu en open da a li e acy ini ia i es a e o en op-down which espond o
go e nmen al, school o eache sʼ in e es a he han o s uden s o youngs e sʼ in e es s and
skills. This linea pe spec i e limi s he ole o young pupils o in- aining u u e ac o s in open
da a ecosys ems a he han ac i e cu en ac o s. Ongoing esea ch is ad ancing on de eloping
lea ning designs ha suppo elemen a y school s uden s in an ac i e ole as con ibu o s in
inclusi e, ci cula , skill-based and use d i en open da a ecosys ems. P e ious esea ch has
iden i ied po en ial alue-con ibu ions o elemen a y school s uden s o open da a ecosys ems
(K is akis e al., 2023). Fou po en ial alues we e unco e ed by iden i ying he po en ial
con ibu ions. Fi s ly, a po en ial alue con ibu ion may be in he c ea ion o local da ase s,
isualiza ions, and da a s o ies, o con ibu e wi h local o con ex ual unde s anding o local issues.
Secondly, s uden s may inc ease communi y knowledge as he esul o aining open da a skills
in he school communi y. Thi dly, s uden s may enhance he quali y o open go e nmen da ase s
and me ada a while using hem in lea ning ac i i ies. Finally, hey may b ing social alue o he
open da a ecosys em by aising he oice o local communi ies and c ea ing ne wo ks and
dialogue among ac o s in he school ecosys em. Ac o s in open da a ecosys ems can adop
di e en oles as p oduce , use s, o in e media ies in ex ensi e in e ac ions among s akeholde s
D3.3 Closing he cycle: P omo ing open da a use sʼ con ibu ion om a go e nance pe spec i e
18
in local and global en i onmen s. In his way, elemen a y school s uden s as ele an open da a
ac o s migh no jus use open da ase s in school lea ning ac i i ies bu also po en ially p oduce
angible and in angible con ibu ions such as local open da ase s, isualiza ion, da a s o ies,
dialogue, local knowledge, among o he s. Howe e , unde s anding hei mo i a ion o deli e ing
alue back o he open da a ecosys em is key o u he de eloping he mechanisms and ools o
suppo hem.
4.2 Me hodology
This s udy is aimed a iden i ying he elemen a y school s uden 's mo i a ions o deli e ing alue
back o open da a ecosys ems. Conside ing ha cu en li e a u e has been i s ly ocused on open
da a ini ia i es in highe educa ion and secondly on s uden s as only use s o open da a,
explo a o y quali a i e esea ch was conduc ed o gain knowledge abou elemen a y school
s uden 's mo i a ions o deli e ing alue back o open da a ecosys ems. Al hough his s udy is
ocused on s uden s, di e en esea ch me hods a ge ed s uden s and eache s wi h he aim o
gaining dep h on s uden s' insigh s and educing possible biases. Me hods such as obse a ion,
quali a i e in e iews and su ey we e held a ge ing elemen a y school s uden s in he age ange
o 14 and 18 yea s old. In-dep h in e iews wi h eache s we e conduc ed o gain knowledge
abou hei pe spec i es on s uden s' insigh s. The ollowing able summa izes he me hods
conduc ed and he pa icipan s.
Table 2. Me hods and pa icipan s - school case.
Me hod
Pa icipan s
Desc ip ion
Wo kshop and su ey
39 school s uden s aged 15-
16 yea s old in 9 h g ade.
Wo kshop (open da a
lea ning ac i i y). The i s
pa p oposed indi idual
da a explo a ion and he
second pa ocused on
g oup wo k on a Da a s o y
wi h isualiza ions.
A he end o he wo kshop,
s uden s answe ed a b ie
su ey. Du a ion: 2h
G oup In e iew
15 school s uden s (3
g oups o 5 s uden s) aged
15-16 yea s old in 9 h g ade
In o mal in e iews we e
conduc ed wi h a g oup o
s uden s a e he wo kshop.
Du a ion: 20 min
Nonpa icipan
obse a ion
50 child en aged 14-18
yea s old om di e en
na ionali ies
Nonpa icipan obse a ion
du ing he co-c ea ion
wo kshops conduc ed by
he pa ne o ganiza ion
CoC Play ul Minds du ing
he Child en's Gene al
Assembly CGA 2022.
Du a ion: one week
In-dep h in e iew
5 elemen a y school
eache s
Semi-s uc u ed in e iew.
Du a ion: 60 minu es
Sessions we e eco ded and ansc ibed o analysis. Da a collec ed was analysed a he same ime
ollowing a hema ic ne wo k analysis app oach (A ide-S i ling, 2001). Fi s ly, po en ial s uden s'
mo i a ions we e coded keeping he pa icipan wo ding as much as possible. Secondly,
ca ego ies we e made o show di e en mo i a ions o s uden s o po en ially deli e alue back
D3.3 Closing he cycle: P omo ing open da a use sʼ con ibu ion om a go e nance pe spec i e
19
o open da a ecosys ems. Finally global hemes we e iden i ied o c ea e a map o s uden 's
mo i a ions.
4.3 Resul s and analysis o ac o ʼs mo i a ion
Se en di e en mo i a ions o elemen a y school s uden s we e iden i ied h ough he collec ion
o quali a i e esea ch me hods and a hema ic ne wo k analysis. These mo i a ions could lead
s uden s o deli e alue back o open da a ecosys ems suppo ed by lea ning designs. The
ollowing able shows he mo i a ions, and a quo e exempli ies he s uden 's pe spec i e.
Table 3. S uden 's mo i a ions o deli e ing alue back.
Mo i a ions
Quo e
Being p oud o hei
wo k
"Sha ing ou s uden 's wo k wi h he ou side" "They s and up a
li le s aigh e and hey a e p oude because i is no jus
p esen ing o Mom and Dad" Teache
No lis en bu do i
hemsel es
"We lea n mo e by doing ha " "You did no ha e o lis en o a
lo bu do mos you sel " S uden in g oup in e iew
Use in eal-wo ld wha
hey do in school
"I I'm sha ing i , and i could be used a e wa ds, s uden s a e
mo e p oud and ac ually mo e engaged o make i igh because
hey know ha i 's likely o be used o some hing meaning ul
a e wa ds" Teache
Thei ideas being hea d
"Child en's oice as impo an as o he s" S uden in CGA 2022
Engage wi h some hing
ha is ele an o hem
"Became ele an o he s uden because is some hing ha he
like and do in day li e" "Fo he s uden s in a p ojec many imes
i is mo e in e es ing o ha e some hing conc e e, some hing
hey can see, some hing ha is close o hem" Teache
Help he communi y
a ound he school
"The school could be pa o he local communi y by c ea ing
be e da a" "I hink local p oblems could be mo e un because
s uden s can do some hing" Teache
Making he wo ld a
be e place
"How is his going o c ea e a be e wo ld?" S uden in CGA
2022
Pass he exams
"I you wo k wi h 9 h g ade s, hey ha e exams, and hey ha e o
lea n a opic om di e en angles" Teache
Mo i a ional heo y is used o gain dep h on he analysis o s uden 's mo i a ions. Acco ding o
sel -de e mina ion heo y (Ryan & Deci, 2000a), s uden 's mo i a ions could be classi ied in wo
g oups, i hey a e in insic and ex insic mo i a ion:
1. In insic mo i a ions: i ela es o he pe sonal sa is ac ion o doing some hing. (i) Being
p oud o hei wo k (ii) No lis en bu do i hemsel es, (iii) Use in eal-wo ld wha hey do in
school, (i ) Thei ideas being hea d, ( ) Engage wi h some hing ha is ele an o hem. These
mo i a ions a e pe sonal and acco ding o eache s could also be ela ed o he age ange o
s uden s who a e in hei eenage yea s (14-18 yea s old).
2. Ex insic mo i a ions: mo i a ions in his g oup wan o sa is y an ex e nal demand such as
( ) Help he communi y a ound he school, his mo i a ion is p omo ed by eache s and he
school. I wan s o posi ion he school as a ele an ac o in he local communi y. ( i) Making
he wo ld a be e place, his mo i a ion answe s an ex e nal in e es o educa ing esponsible
and ac i e wo ld-ci izens in he 21s cen u y. ( ii) Pass he exams, his mo i a ion esponds o
he expec a ions o he educa ional sys em. E en hough he h ee mo i a ions a e ex e nal,
acco ding o Ryan & Deci (2000), mo i a ions such as help he communi y a ound he school
and making he wo ld a be e place could be ela ed o an au onomous s yle called
D3.3 Closing he cycle: P omo ing open da a use sʼ con ibu ion om a go e nance pe spec i e
20
iden i ica ion whe e he mo i a ion does no c ea e a con as o ension o he in insic
mo i a ion, ins ead i ein o ces i .
4.4 Conclusions ega ding mo i a ions o s uden s
Se e al mo i a ions o s uden s could d i e hei ole as ac i e con ibu o in open da a
ecosys ems. Fo example, hei mo i a ion o being hea d could unde pin a p o ide o
in e media y educa o ole be ween local go e nmen and local communi ies. Ne e heless,
lea ning designs and go e nance mechanisms a e needed o enable he po en ial con ibu ions
o occu and explode he mo i a ion o s uden s.
Limi a ion o he cu en esul s could be associa ed wi h he con ex o Danish schools whe e he
in e iews and wo kshops we e conduc ed. This s udy is he i s s udy add essing he esea ch
ques ion, u he esea ch is needed o deepen and gene alize on hese ou comes.
D3.3 Closing he cycle: P omo ing open da a use sʼ con ibu ion om a go e nance pe spec i e
21
5 NGO open da a alue mo i a ion
5.1 In oduc ion
Non-Go e nmen al O ganisa ions (NGOs), also in e changeably called Non-P o i O ganisa ions
(NPOs) in his chap e , ake up an in e media y ole in he open da a ecosys em, whe e hey b idge
he gap be ween open da a p o ide s and use s (Gonzalez-Zapa a & Heeks, 2015). NPOs a e
unique as in e media ies as he e a e speci ic communi ies o he use s, hey a e ocusing on o
add ess a social issue (Enaholo, 2017), while also no seeking o gain any p o i s ou o i (Salamon
& Anheie , 1992). Fo example, an NPO may ocus on making a ci y mo e accessible o people
wi h disabili ies o aim o imp o e go e nmen al se ices o he ci izens. NGOs a e also well
posi ioned o b idge he gap be ween public policy and i s implemen a ion h ough he
in ol emen in public-p i a e pa ne ships and he c ea ion o space o he collabo a ion o o he
ac o s in an open da a ecosys em (Mendel, 2013). His o ically, NPOs pushed o da a openness,
de eloped he open da a esea ch ield, and esol ed he p ac icali ies o open da a use. The e
a e many ways in which NGOs con ibu e o he open da a ecosys em. Fo example, hey c ea e
ools and applica ions o w i e epo s o make open da a accessible and unde s andable o he
use s. Mo eo e , hey can p oduce addi ional open da a o enhance he open da a hey use and
e-sha e i . In his chap e , we discuss he mo i a ions o he NGOs o b ing alue back o he open
da a ecosys em, gi en hei o ganisa ional na u e and he a ie y o ways hey can c ea e alue.
5.2 Me hodology
The case s udies we e used o collec he da a and look in o he mo i a ions o he NPOs/NGOs
o b ing he alue hey de i ed om he open da a back in o he open da a ecosys em. The
selec ion c i e ia o he case s udies we e:
1. Non-p o i o ganisa ions should ha e di e en missions/ ocuses/aims.
2. Each case should ha e mo e han one ype o open da a ac i i y being pe o med.
3. The cases wo k on di e en le els, i.e., municipal/ egional/na ional.
4. The cases in ol e o ganisa ions and people who a e willing and eady o coope a e in he
esea ch and o sha e in o ma ion ha is equi ed o conduc his esea ch.
The wo cases we ha e ocused on a e NPOs: Open Knowledge Belgium and Ci yLAB Be lin. Th ee
semi-s uc u ed in e iews we e conduc ed pe case, and he in o ma ion om hei websi es was
collec ed. Fo he analysis o he quali a i e da a, we used a deduc i e app oach wi h he codes
based on Ryan & Deciʼs (2000) sel -de e mina ion heo y, which ocuses on he dis inc ion
be ween in insic and ex insic mo i a ions.
5.3 Resul s and analysis o ac o ʼs mo i a ion
5.3.1 In insic mo i a ion
In insic mo i a ion is coming om he in e es ang enjoymen , inhe en sa is ac ion ha a pe son
expe iences when doing a ask (Ryan & Deci, 2000a). Fo my analysis, I desc ibe hese mo i a ional
eelings as belonging o he g oup o people, employees, who ep esen and wo k a NPOs. The e
a e sha ed mo i a ions ha b ing people in such o ganisa ions o c ea e alue om open da a
and b ing i back o he ecosys em. he wo k s uc u e o NGO/NPO can ha e less bu eauc acy and
mo e lexibili y wi h p ojec s, especially in smalle o ganisa ions. The employees can pi ch hei
own ideas and pu sue p ojec s o in e es o hem. Mo eo e , he e is space o expe imen a ion
wi h he echnical aspec s o he p ojec s. Tha c ea es space o in e nal mo i a ion as employees
do p ojec s, hey a e passiona e abou . Fo example, one o he in e iewees poin ed ou hei
“ om he hea ” p ojec , which is signi ied by he de elope s coming back o he websi e in hei
spa e ime o upda e he coding behind he isualisa ion. Du ing his p ojec de elopmen , he

D3.3 Closing he cycle: P omo ing open da a use sʼ con ibu ion om a go e nance pe spec i e
22
employees ied a new app oach ha was sophis ica ed a he ime and needed o be kep
upda ed. The eʼs also a desi e o do some hing abou causes ha a e pe sonal o he employee
as well as social issues, opics hey a e in es ed in, o example, clima e change and how i a ec s
hei ci y.
5.3.2 Ex insic mo i a ion
Ex insic mo i a ion in he o m o p o i s does no di ec ly exis o he NGOs due o hem being
non-p o i (Salamon & Anheie , 1992). They seek o be seen as a neu al us ed ad iso a he
han a p i a e company seeking u he in es men o maximising p o i s om hei p ojec s.
Howe e , NGOs migh need o ha e p ojec s ha a e mo e comme cially o ien ed as he unding
is no always su icien o main ain hei p ojec s o o s a new ones. Mo eo e , NPO pushing o
open da a can c ea e new business oppo uni ies o p i a e companies, which can be a mo i a ion
o NPOʼs boa d membe s.
In ojec ed egula ion can also play a pa . Fo example, he a en ion and app o al o o he s, in
hese cases, p ojec supe iso s o people om he open da a communi y, mo i a es NPOʼs
employees o pu sue he p ojec , con inue wi h alue c ea ion, and sha e i back in o he
ecosys em wi h he ac o s whose a en ion i caugh . One o he in e iewees ga e an example o
a p ojec abou pa king spaces in he ci y. The public adminis a ion does no ack his da a, which
means ha NPO is aking i upon i sel o c ea e new o me ge he exis ing da ase s on he opic
o sha e wi h he use s.
Regula ion h ough iden i ica ion o he NPO employees comes om hei desi e o do wha is
pe cei ed by hem and o he s as impac ul wo k o a poli ical pu pose, o empowe people. By
adding alue back in o he ecosys em, hey can mee he needs o he g oup hey a ge . They
aim o wo k o he end goal o public good (Enaholo, 2017). Tha is why hei p ojec s mos ly
exis as open sou ce and p o ide open da a. They can also speak o he public and o hei
o ganisa ionʼs ision h ough, o example, lobbying he go e nmen o elease high- alue
da ase s o by showing he use ulness o open da a o he public employees esponsible o i s
p o ision. I employees eel ha hey ha e iden i ied a genuine need o a communi y hey a ge
o a po en ial way o echnology o add ess a p oblem, hey a e mo i a ed o c ea e and elease
a p ojec (Yoon, Copeland & McNally, 2018).
In eg a ed egula ion is p esen when employees men ion pe sonal belie s ha make hem wan
o con ibu e. They belie e ha open da a is a ounda ion o democ acy and anspa ency, which
mo i a es hem o, o example, buy and e-publish go e nmen da a as open. One employee
men ions a pe sonal belie ha mo i a es hem o be pa o he o ganisa ion – ha he e should
be a le elled playing ield o companiesʼ inno a ion h ough access o open da a. Mo eo e , he
pe sonal belie ha using open go e nmen da a o lea n om i a he han o he da a o “si
on he shel ” has also been men ioned.
D3.3 Closing he cycle: P omo ing open da a use sʼ con ibu ion om a go e nance pe spec i e
23
5.4 Conclusion
The mo i a ions o NGOs o con ibu e open da a alue back in o he open da a ecosys em come
om bo h in insic and ex insic ypes o mo i a ion as pe Ryan and Deciʼs (2000a) sel -
de e mina ion heo y. They a e summa ised in Table 4 below.
Table 4. Classi ica ion o he mo i a ions o NGOs o con ibu ing o a ci cula open da a
ecosys em.
In insic Mo i a ions
Ex insic Mo i a ions
Pe sonal in e es and enjoymen
Ge ing unding
Belonging o he g oup o people wi h sha ed
mo i a ions o social impac and openness
C ea ing oppo uni ies o o he
s akeholde s
A en ion o suppo o he open da a
communi y
Impac ul poli ical wo k in he eyes o o he
s akeholde s
Pe sonal belie in openness
The in insic mo i a ion come om he pe sonal in e es and enjoymen o employees when i
comes o c ea ing alue-p oducing p ojec s using open da a. As an employee has mo e eedom
o p opose and pu sue hei own opic o in e es , hey a e mo i a ed o ha e a a ie y in open
da a and app oaches hey choose owa ds alue c ea ion and sha ing. The a ie y o egula ions
unde he ex insic mo i a ions a e also pushing NGOs o b ing open da a alue back in o he
ecosys em. F om c ea ion o p o i oppo uni ies o o he ac o s in he ecosys em o ocusing on
he p ojec s ha gain a en ion o he open da a communi y o add essing hei needs, he NGOsʼ
collabo a ion and a en ion o o he ac o s is a ac o adding o he alue sha ing. Thei desi e o
a poli ically impac ul wo k and belie in he pu sui o he anspa ency and democ acy is also a
con ibu ing ac o o hei sha ing beha iou .
D3.3 Closing he cycle: P omo ing open da a use sʼ con ibu ion om a go e nance pe spec i e
24
6 Local go e nmen use s open da a alue mo i a ion
6.1 In oduc ion
The publica ion o open da a is en o ced by na ional and Eu opean policies obliging go e nmen al
bodies o make non-p i a e da a publicly a ailable. In ha con ex , local go e nmen s play a
pi o al ole in ha nessing he alue o open da a, ac ing as key playe s in ope a ionalising open
go e nmen ini ia i es on a local o municipal scale (Da ies & Pe ini, 2016). In he b oade con ex
o public adminis a ion, local go e nmen s ep esen he ounda ional le el (Goldsmi h, 1992),
os e ing poli ical iden i y, p omo ing economic de elopmen , p o iding social wel a e, and
go e ning he communi y (S oke , 2011).
Local go e nmen use s can be any local public o ice om he di e en go e nmen al
ins i u ions asked o ope a ionalise he s a eʼs goals on a local o municipal scale. Examples o
hei ole in he open da a ecosys em include collec ing, augmen ing, using, demanding and/o
main aining open da a o mee he e ol ing needs o hei communi ies. Mo eo e , local
go e nmen s u ilise open da a o accomplish hei public asks, epu pose exis ing da a o new
ini ia i es, conduc esea ch and analysis, and collabo a e wi h ex e nal in e media ies o p ocess
and in eg a e da a om a ious sou ces o de elop solu ions o inpu o policymaking (K is akis
e al., 2023).
The po en ial con ibu ions o local go e nmen s in he open da a ecosys em include iden i y local
issues ha da a can help add ess, coo dina ing e o s o ensu e access o da a, o e domain
expe ise, enhancing da a legi imacy, championing da a openness, and sha ing, and inco po a ing
new da a-based echnologies such as p edic i e knowledge in o decision-making ac i i ies
(K is akis e al., 2023). This chap e explo es he alue mo i a ions o local go e nmen use s o
con ibu e o he open da a ecosys em, d awing insigh s om a mul iple explo a o y case s udy
on he uses o olun a y geog aphical open go e nmen da ase s in he Danish con ex .
6.2 Me hodology
We conduc ed a mul iple-case s udy ha include se en di e en use cases o gain insigh s on
how local go e nmen s in Denma k u ilise olun a y geog aphical open go e nmen eposi o y.
The olun a y geog aphical open go e nmen da ase s a e a p ojec ha esul ed om a
collabo a ion be ween he na ional ins i u ion in cha ge o da a supply and an associa ion o local
go e nmen s in he coun y. The s udy aimed o explo e he di e en aspec s o using open
go e nmen da a, wi h a ocus on he in ol emen o local go e nmen s on c ea ing alue h ough
i s use. We conduc ed se en semi-s uc u ed in e iews wi h a ious s akeholde s, including
ep esen a i es om na ional minis ies, go e nmen associa ions, non-p o i o ganisa ions, and
p i a e en i ies.
Ou analysis is based on he heo y o Communi ies o P ac ice by Wenge (2000). Wenge
desc ibes communi ies o p ac ice as he basic building blocks o a social lea ning sys em. They
a e he social 'con aine s' o he compe encies ha make up such sys ems, and hese
compe encies a e de ined by combining h ee dimensions: en e p ise, mu uali y, and epe oi e.
Wenge iden i ies h ee o ms o pa icipa ion as modes o belonging o social lea ning sys ems:
engagemen , imagina ion, and alignmen , which a e a ec ed by he compe ence dimensions.
Using hese modes o belonging and he h ee compe encies' dimensions, Wenge de eloped he
Communi y Dimensions concep ual amewo k (Table 5), which we used o o mula e ou analysis.
In he ollowing sec ion, we p esen he esul s o ou analysis.
D3.3 Closing he cycle: P omo ing open da a use sʼ con ibu ion om a go e nance pe spec i e
25
Table 5. Communi y Dimensions by Wenge (2000).
En e p ise: lea ning
ene gy
Mu uali y: social
capi al
Repe oi e: sel -
awa eness
Engagemen
Wha a e he
oppo uni ies o
nego ia e a join inqui y
and impo an ques ions?
Do membe s iden i y
gaps in hei knowledge
and wo k oge he o
add ess hem?
Wha e en s and
in e ac ions wea e he
communi y and
de elop us ? Does his
esul in an abili y o
aise oubling issues
du ing discussions?
To wha ex en ha e
sha ed expe ience,
language, a e ac s,
his o ies, and me hods
accumula ed o e
ime, and wi h wha
po en ial o u he
in e ac ions and new
meanings?
Imagina ion
Wha isions o he
po en ial o he
communi y a e guiding
he hough leade s,
inspi ing pa icipa ion,
and de ining a lea ning
agenda? And wha
pic u e o he wo ld
se es as a con ex o
such ision?
Wha do people know
abou each o he and
abou he meanings
ha pa icipa ion in he
communi y akes in
hei li es mo e
b oadly?
A e he e sel -
ep esen a ions ha
would allow he
communi y o see
i sel in new ways? Is
he e a language o
alk abou he
communi y in a
e lec i e mode?
Alignmen
Ha e membe s
a icula ed a sha ed
pu pose? How widely do
hey subsc ibe o i ? How
accoun able do hey eel
o i ? And how
dis ibu ed is leade ship?
Wha de ini ions o
oles, no ms, codes o
beha iou , sha ed
p inciples, and
nego ia ed
commi men s and
expec a ions hold he
communi y oge he ?
Wha adi ions,
me hods, s anda ds,
ou ines, and
amewo ks de ine he
p ac ice? Who
upholds hem? To
wha ex en a e hey
codi ied? How a e
hey ansmi ed o
new gene a ions?
6.3 Resul s and analysis o use ʼs mo i a ions
The case s udy unde analysis ocuses on an open go e nmen geog aphical da a eposi o y
p ojec ha is based in Denma k. This da a is olun a ily made a ailable by he municipali ies
ac oss Denma k in s anda d exchange o ma s, and i is ee o cha ge. This makes i easily
accessible o anyone who needs i . The use s o his da a can be conside ed a communi y o
p ac ice, as hey all sha e an in e es in he domain o opening geog aphical in o ma ion ha is
essen ial o public adminis a ion. They a e in e es ed in making use o he da a eposi o y, which
con ains speci ic da a o a ious pu poses, such as ou doo ou ism, oads and cycles, school
planning, and mobili y.
Wi hin his communi y, he e a e a ious ac o s, like public au ho i ies, businesses, NGOs, and
ci izens, ha come oge he , d i en by hei common in e es in he da ase s p o ided and he
lea ning need associa ed wi h ha nessing he po en ial. The mo i a ion o hei collabo a ion
s ems om sha ed lea ning objec i es o e ec i ely using he da a eposi o y o di e en
pu poses. Whe he making a ailable da a on speci ic municipal in as uc u e o using i o access
meaning ul in o ma ion h ough municipal web solu ions, he communi y con e ges on he
eposi o y as a aluable esou ce. The p ac ice aspec o he communi y emphasises he need o
he open go e nmen geog aphical da a eposi o y o be mo e han jus a sha ed in e es and
D3.3 Closing he cycle: P omo ing open da a use sʼ con ibu ion om a go e nance pe spec i e
32
open go e nmen da a po al and h ough an in ensi e wo k o adap ing he FAQs o he Co id-
19 open da a hub (In e iew 1, I eland). Feedback and sugges ions we e elabo a ed based on he
e-mails ecei ed by OSI h ough he Co id-19 open da a hub. Thousands o que ies sen h ough
he open da a po al ansla ed in o a comp ehensi e se o answe s ha p o ided a clea
guidance on ele an aspec s o he da a s a egy (In e iew 1, I eland).
Ano he mo i a ion o go e nmen s o sha e open da a is he need o sa is y he demand o
open da a. In F ance eques s coming om ci izens on he open go e nmen da a po al, as well
as on he social pla o ms (e.g., Twi e ) we e conside ed g ea ly by he go e nmen al agency in
cha ge o he na ional open da a po al (In e iew 1, F ance). The e o e, ci izens played an indi ec
ole in se ing he open da a collec ion agenda.
Ano he mo i a ion o da a sha ing is he need o ill da a gaps. In he con ex o he Co id-19
pandemic, F ance hea ily elied on p i a e ac o s o p o ide da a on he s ock o accines a ailable
and accine appoin men s (In e iew 2, F ance). To ill da a gaps, he Minis y o Solida i y and
Heal h s a ed a collabo a ion wi h he accine p oduce s o p o ide da a on he s ock and he
logis ics o Co id-19 accines (In e iew 2, F ance). Also, he Minis y o Heal h and Solida i y
en e ed a pa ne ship wi h Doc olib - a p i a e company ma ke leade in managing medical
appoin men s, allowing he company o hos , and collec , accina ion appoin men da a (Bo ho el
e al., 2020). Finally, go e nmen s can also be mo i a ed by he willingness o collabo a e o
p ojec s ini ia ed by o he ac o s. In F ance, E alab wo ked in coo dina ion wi h a ci il socie y
ini ia i e called “Open COVID19”, which buil a dashboa d aimed a Co id-19 da a isualiza ion
(In e iew 1, F ance). The Go e nmen ʼs Communica ion and In o ma ion Se ice pa ne ed wi h
he p ojec so ha all ci izens could access in o ma ion h ough he dashboa d made a ailable on
he F ench go e nmen ʼs websi e in Ma ch 2020 (In e iew 1, F ance). I mus also be no ed ha
some coun ies ha e manda o y eedback p o ision mechanisms o co ec e o s. Fo example,
in he Ne he lands go e nmen use s o he base egis ies (
basis egis a ies
) a e by law equi ed
o epo e o s in he da a. The da a p o ide s a e obliged o esea ch hese e o s, epo back
o he use and i necessa y, ix he e o .
7.4 Conclusions
Go e nmen s can be mo i a ed by bo h in insic and ex insic mo i a ions o con ibu e alue o
open da a ecosys ems as summa ize in Table 7. Ex insic mo i a ions include legal manda es, he
need o p o ide ac ual in o ma ion o ci izens and policymake s, and he need o illing da a gaps.
In insic mo i a ions encompass he willingness o collabo a e and o sa is y he demand o open
da a.
Table 7. Ex insic and in insic mo i a ions o open da a sha ing o cen al go e nmen s.
Ex insic Mo i a ions
In insic Mo i a ions
Legal manda e
Willingness o collabo a e
Legal obliga ion
P o ide ac ual in o ma ion o ci izens and
policymake s
Sa is y he demand o open da a
Fill da a gaps

D3.3 Closing he cycle: P omo ing open da a use sʼ con ibu ion om a go e nance pe spec i e
33
8 Comme cial use s open da a alue mo i a ion
8.1 In oduc ion
Comme cial use s a e de ined as hose whose goal is o make an economic p o i . This is illus a ed
in con as o use s who in end non-comme cial use, which C ea i e Commons (C ea i e
Commons, 2023) de ines as “means no p ima ily in ended o o di ec ed owa ds comme cial
ad an age o mone a y compensa ion.” Comme cial use s may ha e di e en mo i a ions o
con ibu e o open da a ecosys ems, depending on hei ield and own necessi ies. In his case we
a e ocusing on he speci ic example o Geospa ial open da a ecosys ems, and in pa icula on he
OpenS ee Map ecosys em. OpenS ee Map is a communi y-led (Pa k e al., 2020) pla o m, whe e
comme cial use s also ake a p oduce ole as pa o he b oade communi y (Ande son e al.,
2019 and OpenS ee Map Founda ion, 2023). OpenS ee Map can be classi ied as a success ul
ini ia i e whe e s akeholde s o di e en ypes all use i s da a and con ibu e o he ecosys em
e.g. collec ing, main aining, and upda ing da a. Addi ionally, hey u ilize amewo ks such as a
cen alized da abase o pla o m. Addi ionally, hey u ilize amewo ks such as a cen alized
da abase o pla o m.
8.2 Me hodology
A quali a i e semi-s uc u ed in e iew was conduc ed wi h comme cial use s, o igu e ou he
mo i a ion and ba ie s o con ibu ion o he OpenS ee Map ecosys em. Employees in 25
companies we e in e iewed, including 7 big co po a ions and 18 SMEs (acco ding o he
Eu opean Commission (2003), SMEs a e hose companies wi h less han 250 employees). Keywo ds
we e ex ac ed om he answe s and agg ega ed in o di e en mo i a ions, which allowed he
quali a i e da a o be measu ed in a quan i a i e way. The mo i a ions a e hen classi ied
acco ding o he sel de e mina ion heo y, explained in chap e 2, in o in insic and ex insic
mo i a ions.
8.3 Resul s and analysis
The in e iews disco e ed ha no all ac o s con ibu e jus wi h da a, bu also wi h unding o
OpenS ee Map- ela ed e en s and/o he OpenS ee Map Founda ion, con ibu ing o he
de elopmen o ools ha handle OpenS ee Map da a, and wi h communi y-building ini ia i es.
I was e ealed ha big co po a ions con ibu e on se e al o all on s, possibly because o hei
bigge pool o esou ces, bo h human and inancial. SMEs on he o he hand, p e e o concen a e
hei con ibu ions on one o wo on s, depending on wha is mo e bene icial o hei business,
and he pe sonal mo i a ions o he wo ke s, who a e usually qui e amilia wi h OpenS ee Map
on a pe sonal le el. The mo i a ions o con ibu e o each o he on s a e ound o be simila
be ween big co po a ions and SMEs.
Rega ding he mo i a ions o con ibu ing da a o he p ojec , mos in e iewees o o ganiza ions
who con ibu e da a men ioned imp o ing he da a quali y as he bigges mo i a ion, as hey use
OpenS ee Map as a sou ce da ase o hei own p ojec s. O he men ioned mo i a ions we e he
alignmen o OpenS ee Map o hei own p i a e da ase , s anda diza ion o he schema in
OpenS ee Map, communi y building, and being g a e ul o he p ojec and wan ing o gi e back.
Mos o he mo i a ions a e he e o e ound o be ex insic, ha is o achie e an ex e nal ewa d
(Ryan & Deci, 2000a), which in he case o OpenS ee Map is imp o ed da a, which comme cial
use s can imp o e hei se ices wi h. This is logical, conside ing comme cial use s' aim o
maximizing economic p o i .
D3.3 Closing he cycle: P omo ing open da a use sʼ con ibu ion om a go e nance pe spec i e
34
Table 8. Classi ica ion o he mo i a ions o comme cial use s o con ibu ing o a ci cula
open da a ecosys em.
In insic Mo i a ions
Ex insic Mo i a ions
Alignmen o OSM o hei da ase
Imp o ing he da a quali y (as OSM is used
by he o ganiza ion)
Communi y building (in a opic/domain
he comme cial use is in e es ed in)
S anda diza ion o he OSM schema
Being g a e ul and wan ing o gi e back
Some o hem also ound ba ie s in con ibu ing da a o OpenS ee Map, wi h he mos
men ioned being he license, as all sou ces mus comply wi h i . O he men ioned ba ie s we e
he es ic i e impo ing guidelines, he di icul y o in eg a ing wi h hei own da ase s and lack
o ooling o ha case, lack o manpowe o unding, and lack o g ound u h abou he p oduced
da ase . In he case o SMEs, p esen ba ie s mean ha hey p e e ed o ei he di ec hei clien s
wi h sugges ed da a imp o emen s di ec ly o OpenS ee Map so hey become con ibu o s, as
hey ha e he g ound u h o hei p oposed changes, o o ocus hei esou ces on con ibu ing
on non-da a on s. Big co po a ions, meanwhile, decided o launch a new pla o m called
O e u e Maps, whe e hey o e come some o he ba ie s imposed by OpenS ee Map, as well
as some de ici s like da a he e ogenei y o OpenS ee Map. In O e u e Maps hey can elease
da a in a mo e pe missi e Communi y Da a License Ag eemen license, oge he wi h mo e loose
impo ing guidelines, adap ing be e o he big co po a ionsʼ da a pipelines, as well as da a in
homogeneous schemes and wi h unique iden i ie s. This pla o m is supposed o be
complemen a y o OpenS ee Map, being also OpenS ee Map one o he da a sou ces o he
p ojec , and mo e di ec ed o sol e so wa e de elope sʼ p oblems wi h OpenS ee Map da a
quali y and s anda diza ion bu has spa ked c i ique on he OpenS ee Map communi y o
possible a ec ions i could ha e o he OpenS ee Map p ojec , and lack o communica ion
be ween he O e u e Maps and OpenS ee Map communi ies (Z e ik, 2023).
Abou non-da a con ibu ions o he OpenS ee Map ecosys em, mos men ioned communi y
building as he main d i ing o ce, wi h ool imp o emen -including ools he comme cial use s
u ilize-, b and isibili y, and achie ing less push om he communi y owa ds co po a e use s as
o he mo i a ions o con ibu e o non-da a on s. The non-da a con ibu ions he e o e also
show ex insic mo i a ions as he main mo ing o ce.
I is ele an o men ion ha all he in e iewed comme cial o ganiza ions ha e employees wi h
s ong so wa e de elopmen skills, bo h SMEs and big co po a ions. Tha could indica e a ba ie
o en y o use and con ibu e o OpenS ee Map om non- ech-sa y comme cial use s.
8.4 Conclusion
The open na u e o OSM as a digi al da a common has allowed u ning comme cial use sʼ sel -
mo i a ions (e.g. o imp o e da a quali y in a sou ce he company uses) in o public alue (be e
quali y and up- o-da e da a quali y o all use s). This go e nance mechanism has managed o
c ea e a pla o m whe e non-go e nmen al ac o s eel com o able o sha e hei da a, a ole
p e iously mos ly ese ed o go e nmen al ac o s.
Howe e , p oblems can a ise. Comme cial use s s ill see ba ie s o he con ibu ion: legal, o he
s akeholde sʼ a i udes, lack o esou ces, and echnical. This has esul ed in big co po a ions
c ea ing he O e u e Maps pla o m o i hei un esol ed needs.
D3.3 Closing he cycle: P omo ing open da a use sʼ con ibu ion om a go e nance pe spec i e
35
OSM has o ensu e i s sus ainabili y by con inuing o be a welcoming pla o m o all s akeholde
ypes, and wo k on esol ing he s ill exis ing ba ie s, while no alling a he same ime in he
agedy o he commons, main aining a c i ical use base and ensu ing no ac o domina es he
landscape.
Fu he esea ch could be done on how o mo i a e non- echnologically p o icien comme cial
use s o pa icipa e in he OSM Ecosys em, o achie e a mo e di e se comme cial s akeholde
landscape, as well as how o main ain he O e u e Maps and OSM communi ies connec ed.
Ano he ele an esea ch would be o compa e he mo i a ions o non-comme cial and
comme cial use s o con ibu e o he p ojec .
D3.3 Closing he cycle: P omo ing open da a use sʼ con ibu ion om a go e nance pe spec i e
36
9 Open da a in e media iesʼ open da a alue mo i a ion
9.1 In oduc ion
Open da a in e media ies a e ins umen al in add essing ba ie s o alue gene a ion om open
da a. They a e “ hi d-pa y ac o s who p o ide specialised esou ces and capabili ies o (i) enhance
he supply, low, and/o use o open da a and/o (ii) s eng hen he ela ionships among a ious
open da a s akeholde s” (Shaha udin e al., 2023). Examples a e de elope s who p ocess and
include open da a in apps/so wa e, c owdsou cing pla o ms ha ga he and publish da a as
open da a, and o ganisa ions ha ans o m open da a in o easily diges ible in o ma ion such as
isual o ms. Open da a in e media ies can be in a ious shapes and o ms, such as public
o ganisa ions, companies, ci il socie y o ganisa ions, and esea ch o ganisa ions.
Open da a in e media ies ca y ou a ious asks depending on hei specialised esou ces and
capabili ies and, hus, deli e alue o open da a ecosys ems h ough a ious con ibu ions (as
p esen ed in K is akis e al. (2023). Se e al exis ing con ibu ions o open da a in e media ies as
use s o open go e nmen da a, as cap u ed in he li e a u e, include de eloping open
go e nmen da a-based applica ions, p o iding ad iso y se ices o he implemen a ion o open
go e nmen da a, ini ia ing o leading engagemen and in e ac ion be ween open go e nmen
da a s akeholde s, and p o iding open go e nmen da a-based con ex ual ma e ials o ci izens
such as a icles and isualisa ions. In addi ion o hei exis ing con ibu ions, some po en ial
con ibu ions o open da a in e media ies ha could be explo ed (as sugges ed in K is akis e al.
(2023) include de eloping open-sou ce so wa e wi h in-buil p e-p ocessed open go e nmen
da a, o e ing open go e nmen da a pla o ms based on ede a ed a chi ec u e especially o
c oss-domains in e ope abili y, ans o ming open go e nmen da a in o speci ic indus y
s anda ds, in eg a ing a o mal eedback mechanism on so wa e/pla o m, showcasing mo e use
cases o open go e nmen da a ia a ious means, and unning open go e nmen da a-based
incuba o p og ammes.
9.2 Me hodology
We in e iewed open da a in e media ies, p o ide s, and use s o explo e he (po en ial)
mo i a ions o open da a in e media ies o deli e alue back o open da a ecosys ems. The able
below summa ises he me hod employed. These mo i a ions may no be explici ly e e ed o as
“mo i a ions” by he in e iewees, bu hey a e implied based on he incen i es cu en ly in place
o he bene i s o open da a in e media ies o con ibu e in ce ain ways in open da a ecosys ems.
Beyond analysing how hese mo i a ions may d i e open da a in e media ies o ca y ou exis ing
con ibu ions, we also explo e how hey may be shaped o d i e open da a in e media ies o ca y
ou po en ial con ibu ions o he bene i o he whole ecosys em.
Table 9. Me hods and pa icipan s in he in e media ies case.
Me hod
Pa icipan s
Desc ip ion
Semi-s uc u ed
in e iews: Ques ions
a ound he business
models, challenges, and
expec a ions om open
da a in e media ies
In e iew g oups: Open da a
in e media ies, open da a
p o ide s, and open da a use s
No. o in e iews: 48
Mode: Online
Pe iod: Ap il 2023 - Augus
2023 & Decembe 2023 -
Feb ua y 2024
D3.3 Closing he cycle: P omo ing open da a use sʼ con ibu ion om a go e nance pe spec i e
37
9.3 Resul s
Open da a in e media ies can be mo i a ed by in insic o ex insic mo i a ions in con ibu ing
alue o open da a ecosys ems. Ce ain open da a in e media ies may be d i en by p o i
gene a ion. These open da a in e media ies would ypically p o ide web/mobile applica ions
based on open go e nmen da a, con ex ual ma e ials such as news con en , consul ancy se ices,
o da a pla o ms cus omised o speci ic audiences/domains. They ob ain mone a y e u ns om
p o iding hese p oduc s and se ices by cha ging end-use s di ec ly o c ea ing an appeal o
hei co e p oduc ha is supplemen ed wi h open go e nmen da a-based ea u es o
unc ionali ies. Some open da a in e media ies may also un (ci ic) echnology incuba o
p og ammes and in es in o he open da a-based companies, collec ing some sha e o he p o i
as hose companies g ow.
Some open da a in e media ies may also be mo i a ed by po en ial sel -lea ning and capaci y-
building h ough he use o open go e nmen da a. By p ocessing open go e nmen da a, hey
lea n by doing and gain knowledge abou open go e nmen da a o e ime, which is used o
imp o e hei p oduc o i open go e nmen da a use and o p o ide consul a ion o hei
cus ome s in using open go e nmen da a. As no ed by one o he open da a in e media ies
in e iewed, by using open go e nmen da a hemsel es, hey use hei p oduc “as i [ hey] a e
he cus ome s [ hemsel es]”. This mo i a ion, al hough i does no necessa ily b ing mone a y
e u ns immedia ely, is a way o open da a in e media ies o s eng hen hei posi ion as he go-
o expe s in he open da a ecosys em.
Open da a in e media ies ocusing on social goals such as media anspa ency, public sec o
accoun abili y, and en i onmen al moni o ing may be mo i a ed by al uism in doing good o
hei communi y and socie y. They may likely be non-p o i o ganisa ions ha con ibu e
con ex ual ma e ials and ad iso y se ices ela ed o issues o hei conce n using open
go e nmen da a. They may also be open da a ad oca o s, showcasing he use cases o open
go e nmen da a, o open sou ce ad oca o s, de eloping open sou ce so wa e ha acili a es he
use o open go e nmen da a, especially o o ganisa ions ha canno a o d p op ie a y so wa e.
Ce ain open da a in e media ies may con ibu e o open da a ecosys ems o ul il legal
obliga ions. Fo example, an open da a in e media y wi hin he public sec o may de elop and
main ain a da a pla o m based on ede a ed a chi ec u e o acili a e open da a publica ion by
di e en agencies wi hin he public sec o ha a e obliga ed o implemen open da a. Legal
obliga ions may also be conside ed o d i e open da a in e media ies o ca y ou asks hey may
no o he wise ha e incen i es, such as deli e ing p e-p ocessed open da a in open s anda ds and
licenses whe e possible.
Some open da a in e media ies may be d i en by isibili y enhancemen , whe e hey conside
con ibu ing o open da a ecosys ems, such as by showing how hey use open go e nmen da a
in hei wo k o dissemina ing open go e nmen da a ha hey ha e p e-p ocessed, may inc ease
hei isibili y. By connec ing and ela ing o he open da a communi y, such as by p esen ing in
open da a e en s o by joining open da a use g oups, hey may be able o p omo e hei
o ganisa ion and p oduc s e en hough hey do no necessa ily gain immedia e bene i s om
using open go e nmen da a.
Open da a in e media ies may also be incen i ised o con ibu e o open da a ecosys ems h ough
collabo a ions ini ia ed by o he s akeholde s. Fo example, public agencies ha p o ide open
go e nmen da a may in i e ce ain open da a in e media ies o ca y ou open go e nmen da a-
based p ojec s o ini ia i es, such as de eloping ci ic apps/pla o ms and o ganising hacka hons
o ci ic ech incuba o p og ammes. These open da a in e media ies may be compensa ed

D3.3 Closing he cycle: P omo ing open da a use sʼ con ibu ion om a go e nance pe spec i e
38
mone a ily, such as h ough di ec paymen o sha es in he companies unde he incuba o
p og amme, o hey may be in i ed as sponso s, gi ing hem isibili y in e u n.
9.4 Conclusion
In summa y, he mo i a ions o open da a in e media ies o con ibu e alue o open da a
ecosys ems can be g ouped in o in insic and ex insic mo i a ions, ollowing he sel -
de e mina ion heo y, as shown in he able below.
Table 10. Iden i ied mo i a ions o in e media ies.
In insic mo i a ions
Ex insic mo i a ions
P o i gene a ion
Ful il legal obliga ions
Po en ial sel -lea ning and capaci y
building
Collabo a ions ini ia ed by o he s akeholde s
Al uism o hei communi y and socie y
Visibili y enhancemen
D3.3 Closing he cycle: P omo ing open da a use sʼ con ibu ion om a go e nance pe spec i e
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10 Non-expe use sʼ open da a alue mo i a ions
10.1 In oduc ion
In analysing he mo i a ions o non-expe use s o pa icipa e in open da a ecosys ems, we ocus
on a pa icula se ing o pa icipa ion: open da a hacka hons. We ocus on open da a hacka hons
because hey ha e shi ed om being ech- ocused e en s designed a ound so wa e
de elopmen , o mo e open ge - oge he s welcoming he con ibu ions o non-expe use s
(End issa & Islam, 2022). P e ious esea ch ound ha he main alue o hacka hons is in c ea ing
communi ies, a he han in he echnical solu ions p oduced (End issa & Islam, 2022). Hacka hon
pa icipan s no only build and es new solu ions, bu also es new ways o collabo a ing a ound
sha ed ideas (B iscoe & Mulligan, 2014). Jaskiewicz e al. (2019) simila ly ound ha open da a
hacka hons can con ibu e o communi y capaci y building, wi h pa icipan s de eloping sha ed
men al models a ound common issues. These p e ious indings show ha hacka hons can
con ibu e he goal o mo e inclusi e open da a ecosys ems and is why we choose hacka hons as
he ocus o ou esea ch. Open da a hacka hons a e e en s las ing 1-3 days whe e he objec i e
is o euse open da ase s o sol e a challenge. The hacka hon (hacking ma a hons) audience is
shi ing om an exclusi ely echnical one, o a mo e balanced mix o expe and non-expe use s.
Hacka hon p io i ies a e no anymo e o only de elop imp essi e echnical solu ions, bu also o
de elop use ul solu ions, which add ess eal wo ld challenges, hence he need o “non-expe ”
use pa icipa ion. We de ine non-expe use s as ci izens who a e no da a p o essionals (i.e.
employed as da a analys s, o e ing comme cial se ices which ely on open da a, e c.), bu who
may possess domain expe ise.
This chap e p esen s a sys ema ic li e a u e e iew on he mo i a ion o open da a hacka hons
a endees. We apply he axonomy by Ryan & Deci (2000a) o ex insic and in insic mo i a ions
and e eal a a ie y o mo i a ing ac o s. In he nex chap e , we explain he me hodology used
o ind, il e , and analyse he pape s, we hen show he esul s o he esea ch, and, inally,
summa ize ou conclusions.
10.2 Me hodology
We conduc ed a sys ema ic li e a u e e iew. We sea ched o he e ms “open da a” AND
“hacka hon” in he i le and abs ac o a icles in he ollowing da abases: Scopus (46 eco ds),
Web o Science (26 eco ds), IEE Explo e (12 eco ds). Some a icles we e p esen in mul iple
da abases, so we il e ed 57 unique eco ds. We hen emo ed i ele an a icles by looking a he
i le and abs ac . We emo ed a icles clea ly un ela ed o open da a hacka hons. Fo example,
some pape s desc ibe open da a solu ions de eloped du ing a hacka hon, bu no he hacka hon
i sel , and he e o e do no con ain in o ma ion on pa icipan sʼ mo i a ion o a end. We emo ed
eco ds clea ly un ela ed o non-expe o ci izen use pa icipa ion ( o example jou nalism
hacka hons, o academic hacka hons). We also emo ed sho u o ials and e iews. A e he
il e ing based on i le and abs ac , we ob ained 31 eco ds. In he las s ep o il e ing, we scanned
he pape sʼ ull ex , and emo ed a icles ha did no discuss pa icipan sʼ mo i a ion o a end.
Only 9 i ems we e included in he analysis, om he ini ial 56 unique eco ds. Fo each o hese
unique eco ds, we sea ched he ex o insigh s on he mo i a ions o pa icipan s and classi ied
hem acco ding o he axonomy by Ryan & Deci (2000a).
10.3 Resul s
Anslow e al. (2016) pe o med a case s udy o a hacka hon d i en by social good o ganiza ions
(SGOs) and a gued ha “The SGO also b ings hei mission and alues, encou aging pa icipan s
who migh no be mo i a ed by o he ac o s (e.g., p izes, expe ience)” (Anslow e al., 2016, p.
617). In he case o a hacka hon in ol ing communi y membe s (olde adul s) wo king on local
wa e quali y da a, Ca oll & Beck (2019, p. 67) obse ed ha “seem eage o sha e hei
D3.3 Closing he cycle: P omo ing open da a use sʼ con ibu ion om a go e nance pe spec i e
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expe iences and pe sonally mo i a ed o expand he model o hei g oups mo e gene ally
h oughou he communi y”. In a su ey o pa icipan s o h ee hacka hons, he op mo i a ions
we e “lea ning and de eloping new skills”, “pe o ming eamwo k”, and “engaging in he
esolu ion o ci il p oblems” (Gama, 2017). This is con e gen wi h he indings o Jaskiewicz e al.
(2019), whe e he op mo i a ions o hacka hon pa icipan s we e “ o p omo e bo om-up
eme gence o inno a ions”, “ o in eg a e my o ganiza ion in an exis ing pa ne ship” and “ o
explo e he po en ial o open da a in a ce ain domain”. O ganize s o en use p izes such as
oppo uni ies o a el ab oad and compe e in u he e en s, and en u e capi al (Ki sios &
Kama io ou, 2019). Ki sios & Kama io ou (2022, p. 11) a gues ha while p izes and ewa ds a e
signi ican mo i a o s, o he ac o s a e igno ed “such as ne wo king, new knowledge, aining,
un, and suppo o he c ea ion o s a ups”. I is also impo an o no e ha using p izes as
mo i a ional ools will “in luence bo h he ypes o pa icipan s who sign up o he con es and
hei abili y o pe se e e h oughou he con es ʼs du a ion” (Ki sios & Kama io ou, 2023, p. 4). In
an ea lie s udy Ki sios & Kama io ou (2018) also no ed ha he suppo o u he de elop he
solu ion u he a e he hacka hon is a signi ican mo i a o , hough his mos ly applies o
so wa e de elope s. In an adjacen sys ema ic e iew o he engagemen ac o s o open da a
hacka hons, Pu wan o e al. (2018) ound wo in insic mo i a ions (“ un and enjoymen ” and
“in ellec ual challenge”) as well as h ee ex insic mo i a ions (“pe o mance expec ancy/ ela i e
ad an age”, “lea ning and de eloping new skills”, and “ne wo king”). Ano he in e es ing ace o
pa icipan mo i a ion is he ype o a i ac ha hey a e in i ed o c ea e. In he hacka hon
desc ibed by Temiz (2021, p. 7): “ o each challenge ca ego y he “concep s” ack is included o
mo i a e non- echnical people o pa icipa e”. This is simila o he “in ellec ual challenge”
men ioned by (Pu wan o e al., 2018).
Table 11. Summa y o he mo i a ions o non-expe use ound in he li e a u e.
Ex insic Mo i a ions
In insic Mo i a ions
Ne wo king and eamwo k
(Ca oll & Beck, 2019; Gama, 2017; Jaskiewicz
e al., 2019; Ki sios & Kama io ou, 2018, 2022,
2023; Pu wan o e al., 2018)
Lea ning
(Gama, 2017; Jaskiewicz e al., 2019;
Ki sios & Kama io ou, 2018, 2022, 2023;
Pu wan o e al., 2018)
Business de elopmen suppo
(Jaskiewicz e al., 2019; Ki sios & Kama io ou,
2018, 2019, 2022, 2023)
Hacka hon challenge
(Anslow e al., 2016; Gama, 2017;
Jaskiewicz e al., 2019; Ki sios &
Kama io ou, 2018; Temiz, 2021)
Fun
(Ki sios & Kama io ou, 2018, 2022, 2023;
Pu wan o e al., 2018)
10.4 Conclusions
Wi h adequa e sca olding, hacka hons can welcome non-expe use pa icipa ion and ac as an
in e ace o open da a ecosys ems. In his s udy we in es iga e a endeesʼ mo i a ions o
pa icipa e in open da a hacka hons, inding wo ex insic mo i a ions (ne wo king and eamwo k,
business de elopmen suppo ) and h ee in insic ones (lea ning, hacka hon challenge, and un).
The alidi y o his s uc u ed li e a u e e iew is limi ed by he na ow se o pape s e iewed, and
he limi ed da a a ailable on pa icipan sʼ mo i a ions. We ied o exclude s udies desc ibing
highly echnical hacka hons. Bu we also acknowledge ha , in a hacka hon con ex , i is ha d o
dis inguish be ween “non-expe ” and “expe ” use s. Open da a hacka hon o ganize s should
ake in o conside a ion he mo i a ing ac o s o non-expe use s and design he sca olding o
he e en acco dingly.
D3.3 Closing he cycle: P omo ing open da a use sʼ con ibu ion om a go e nance pe spec i e
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11 Nex i e a ion o D2.3 wi h ocus on use sʼ mo i a ion
11.1 In oduc ion
The ocus in his chap e is o p o ide he nex i e a ion o he commons-based go e nance model
o open da a Ecosys ems om Deli e able 2.3 wi h ocus on use mo i a ion (see Cazacu e al.,
2024).
The i s e sion o he model was gene a ed in Task 2.3 and is based on he combina ion o he
li e a u e e iew and he empi ical da a ob ained om he a ious ODECO pa ne s and a
ansla ion o he commons-based design p inciples in o six ac ion p inciples conce ning:
1. Bounda y-making in ela ion o open da a ecosys ems,
2. Suppo ing communi ies o open da a ecosys ems,
3. Encou aging pa icipa ion and sha ed decision-making,
4. Conside ing app op ia e legal mechanisms,
5. Designing an ecology o in e ope able p ojec s, and
6. Ensu ing sus ainabili y o open da a ecosys ems.
In his epo , we seek o en e he nex i e a ion o he de elopmen o he model based on he
analysis o use mo i a ion p esen ed in he p e ious chap e s. The sec ions below hus con ain
analysis o Ac ion P inciple 1 – 6 om he pe spec i e o use mo i a ion in he a ious esea ch
cases desc ibed in he p e ious chap e s.
No e ha no all ac ion p inciples a e ele an o all esea ch cases, and ha some esea ch cases
(e.g. jou nalis s) he e o e do no ha e a subs an ial con ibu ion o he nex i e a ion o e e y
ac ion p inciple.
11.2 De eloping he nex i e a ion o Ac ion P inciple 1
Ac ion p inciple 1 conce ns he making o bounda ies in ela ion o open da a ecosys ems.
Ac ion P inciple 1: Bounda y-making in ela ion o open da a Ecosys ems
“To de ine he bounda ies o an open da a ecosys em, ac o s should be awa e o he
socio- echnical condi ions whe e hei in e ac ions wi h o he ac o s ake place. These
condi ions e e on one hand o social componen s such as his o ical, geog aphical
aspec s, social and cul u al no ms, o ganiza ion no ms and communi y a ilia ions, as well
as p ac ices, adi ions, pe sonal mo i a ions and alues. On he o he hand, he echnical
aspec s include so and ha d da a in as uc u es, in e ope abili y p ac ices, s anda ds,
laws and egula ions. Ecosys em mapping can be done using ools om he discipline o
design hinking and heo e ical p inciples om he discipline o in o ma ion isualiza ion
and communica ion.” (Cazacu e al., 2024, p. 38)
11.2.1 Nex i e a ion o Ac ion P inciple 1
In se e al o he desc ibed esea ch cases use mo i a ions ela e o he bounda y making in ac ion
p inciple 1.
S uden s ha e he mo i a ion o in eg a ing in he local con ex i s ly by "helping he communi y
a ound he school" and secondly by sha ing hei wo k and "being p oud o hei wo k". This could
suppo he collabo a ion and o ganic de elopmen o he ecosys em. In his dynamic, s uden s
could adop dis inc oles as consume s, p o ide s, and in e media ies o open da a acco ding o
di e en lea ning objec i es. Al hough he school can se e as a physical pla o m o in e ac ion,
he e is a weakness in ela ion o he echnical condi ions whe e da a in e ac ion ake place.
D3.3 Closing he cycle: P omo ing open da a use sʼ con ibu ion om a go e nance pe spec i e
48
gaps by add essing he needs o he less ep esen ed g oups. I can also enable he eme gence
o collec i e esponsibili y ha could inspi e and mo i a e municipali ies o upda e and main ain
da a. The collabo a ions eme ging om conside ing a polycen ic app oach could also con ibu e
o an e ol ing da a epe oi e. Howe e , while a collabo a i e and decen alised app oach o
leade ship migh be aluable, he absence o an explici leade ship s uc u e may pose challenges
in ela ion o decision-making and coo dina ion. This can lead o challenges on da a main enance
and agmen a ion.
A polycen ic app oach o open da a sha ing is undamen al o co ec he imbalances be ween
esou ce ul ac o s such as egional and na ional go e nmen s who ac i ely pa icipa e o he
open da a ecosys em and hose who a e le ou due o a ious easons. Indeed, i is impo an o
ca e ully design go e nance mechanisms i o gua an eeing he pa icipa ion o he less
p i ileged o he open da a ecosys ems. We a e cu en ly wo king on he design o solu ions o
encou aging polycen ici y ha encompass: (1) os e ing pa icipa ion o unde ep esen ed
popula ion o open da a policies design and go e nance; (2) unde s anding how he inancing o
open da a ini ia i es impac disad an aged g oups; (3) e alua e how he ou come o open da a
p og ams bene i di e en ly he a ious ac o s o open da a ecosys ems.
The applica ion o ac ion p inciple 3 should ensu e ha comme cial oices a e hea d in he
go e nance o ODECOs. The challenge can be ha when comme cial use s a e gi en powe in
decision-making, he bigge co po a ions hold all he powe , and he SMEs ha e no oice. Inside
a gi en s akeholde g oup, powe s uggles can happen oo. The e should be ocus on who
ep esen s he comme cial use s who ep esen s he ci izens. A sugges ion o de eloping he nex
i e a ion can be o ensu e mi iga ions o in a-s akeholde ype powe s uggle.
Open da a in e media ies: The concep and applica ion o polycen ici y has been long deba ed,
bu one o he de ini ions o polycen ici y is a “social sys em o many decision cen es ha ing
limi ed and au onomous p e oga i es and ope a ing unde an o e a ching se o ules” (Aligica &
Ta ko, 2012). So, i is no appa en om he desc ip ion o he ac ion p inciple how pa icipa ion
and collabo a i e decision making can encou age “polycen ici y”. How do limi ed and
au onomous p e oga i es eme ge? Wha is he o e a ching se o ules? Ul ima ely, i is unclea
why “polycen ici y” is conside ed one o he ac ion p inciples.
Tha being said, in e ms o p ac icali y, his ac ion p inciple may be mo e easible o public
ins i u ions and ci il socie y o ganiza ions as social expec a ions owa ds hem exis . On he
con a y, mos businesses a e p ima ily d i en by p o i . Fo businesses o “ensu e ha hose
ypically wi h less powe […] being ac i ely encou aged o communica e hei eedback, needs
and conce ns”, he e may need o be an ex insic mo i a ion (e.g., laws and egula ions) equi ing
hem o do so unless doing so is aligned wi h hei business in e es s (e.g., o o e be e
p oduc s). I is di icul o imagine easons o businesses o empowe he less ep esen ed and
disad an aged g oups “ o ac i ely con ibu e o he c ea ion o s a egies and plans, p ac ices and
assessmen s, p oduc s and se ices” since hese a e in e nal business decisions.
Open da a in e media ies may acili a e eedback be ween ac o s in he open da a ecosys em, o
example, by pu ing eedback ea u es in hei so wa e/pla o m o collec ing and communica ing
eedback on behal o o he s di ec ly o he ele an pa ies. They may also ini ia e
mul is akeholde collabo a ions ha a e aligned wi h hei in e es s.
The nex i e a ion o he ac ion p inciple should be eph ased o be less abs ac and a oid using
e ms ha may ha e o be u he de ined. Fo example, his ac ion p inciple can ins ead
emphasize eedback and collabo a ion.

D3.3 Closing he cycle: P omo ing open da a use sʼ con ibu ion om a go e nance pe spec i e
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Non-expe use s: Open da a hacka hons can be used as an in e ace o unde s and ci izensʼ
needs and conce ns. The discussions and concep s de eloped by pa icipan s can se e as
indica ion o he communi yʼs p io i ies and needs.
I no designed app op ia ely, hacka hons can gi e he imp ession ha complex socie al p oblems
can be esol ed wi h simple echnical solu ions. I can also happen ha , du ing an open da a
hacka hon, pa icipan s disco e he need o mo e o di e en open da ase s, which a e no ye
a ailable. To enable pa icipa ion, ins i u ions ha suppo he hacka hon p ocess should be
a ailable o sha e mo e da a du ing o a e he e en .
Nex i e a ion: The nex i e a ion o ac ion p inciple 3 needs o conside s uc u es o decision-
making and coo dina ion. In his chap e i has been sugges ed o encou age polycen ici y
h ough pa icipa ion and collabo a i e decision-making in open da a ecosys em. This is o os e
sha ed lea ning objec i es, allowing o icials o gain insigh s in o ci izensʼ needs. A polycen ic
app oach howe e needs explici leade ship s uc u es o s eng hen decision-making and
coo dina ion and mee challenges on da a main enance and agmen a ion. Leade ship s uc u es
o c ea ing collabo a i e decision-making he e o e needs o be explici ly add essed in he nex
i e a ion o ac ion p inciple 3.
11.5 De eloping he nex i e a ion o Ac ion P inciple 4
Ac ion p inciple conce ns he legal mechanisms in open da a Ecosys ems.
Ac ion p inciple 4: “To encou age he use o open licenses – including open da a licenses
o da abases, C ea i e Commons licenses o con en , and open sou ce so wa e licenses
o so wa e code and o he so wa e a e ac s. Licenses ha e been cen al o he c ea ion
and con inua ion o knowledge, in o ma ion and da a commons. Whe e he da a in
ques ion does no ela e o any pe sonal o sensi i e in o ma ion, b oad licenses should
be used ha impose li le o no es ic ion on euse. Fu he , go e nmen s should, o he
ex en possible and subjec o secu i y conce ns, p ocu e open sou ce in as uc u es o
open da a echnologies. He e, he open licenses also se e o ins il a cul u e o
communing.” (Cazacu e al., 2024, p. 41)
11.5.1 Nex i e a ion o Ac ion P inciple 4
Ac ion p inciple 4 does ela es o use mo i a ion in some o he esea ch cases and less o o he s.
NGOs a e o en mo i a ed by he belie in he bene i s o openness and anspa ency, so hey
p omo e, suppo , and push o app op ia e legal mechanisms o open da a. Howe e , he
con ibu ion o NGOs is limi ed o he in luence hey ha e o e o he s akeholde s. The bes
p ac ices may no be implemen ed o p omo ed i he e is insu icien powe dis ibu ion be ween
ac o s in he ecosys em.
The ac ion p inciples 4 and 5 (Conside ing app op ia e legal mechanisms and designing an
ecology o in e ope able p ojec s) a e mo e di icul o ela e o he mo i a ions mapped in
elemen a y school s uden s. In gene al, he awa eness and knowledge abou open da a in
school is low he e o e connec ing o hese wo p inciples is mo e complex. Pe haps, hese could
be add essed conside ing school adminis a ion and educa ional policies.
Rega ding ac ion p inciple ou , encou aging he use o open licenses, including open da a
licenses o da abases, in he con ex o local open go e nmen geog aphical da a eposi o ies
p esen s se e al mo i a ions o local go e nmen s. Fo example, local go e nmen o icials
engage wi h open da a o lea n abou in as uc u e needs, ga he use p e e ences, and p omo e
inclusi eness. Collabo a ion wi h businesses and o he s akeholde s helps imp o e ou ism
D3.3 Closing he cycle: P omo ing open da a use sʼ con ibu ion om a go e nance pe spec i e
50
planning, s a egy, and decision-making. They also c ea e communi ies ha sha e pu poses ac oss
domains, such as cycling in as uc u e, leisu e ac i i ies, ou doo acili ies, and inclusi e ou doo
expe iences. In hose con ex s, hey need o in eg a e di e en ypes o da a, sha e ac oss sec o s,
ensu e use - iendly in e aces, and p omo e da a accessibili y, which con ibu es o building us
wi hin collabo a i e pa ne ships. Open licenses could be a ool o le e age hose collabo a ions,
enabling access o new ways o sha ing da a, such as eal- ime da a. Open licensing could also
enable he in eg a ion o open geog aphical da a wi h di e en domains, c ea ing a
comp ehensi e open da a ecosys em ha add esses socie al issues like clima e change and
acili a es collabo a ion ac oss sec o s.
The challenges ela ed o his p inciple could be he lack o da a li e acy and unde s anding, as
some local go e nmen o icials may ace challenges in unde s anding and e ec i ely u ilising
da a, limi ing hei capaci y o add ess da a-d i en ini ia i es wi hin he municipali ies; hey may
also ace esou ce cons ain s o p io i ise hese e o s, o hey may ace compe ing p io i ies
wi hin he local go e nmen s. Da a li e acy and awa eness a e needed o his p inciple.
Regional and na ional go e nmen s can be ‘locked-inʼ he use o comme cial so wa e due o
a ious easons, such as con enience, da a li e acy, e c. While i is impo an o encou age he use
o open sou ce so wa e, he applica ion o ac ion p inciple 4 needs a s a egical app oach on how
o e ec i ely encou age go e nmen s o ansi ion o open sou ce so wa e.
In ega d o applica ion wi h comme cial use s, he p inciple is al eady applied in OpenS ee Map
by using an open license (ODbL) which has a sha e-alike clause, and allows comme cial use. The
challenge o applica ion o he p inciple can be ha unclea licensing o da abases may se a
ba ie o use o con ibu ion o i . Ano he challenge is di e se opinions o he in ol ed
s akeholde s in which license o use, and whe he o include sha e-alike and comme cial use. a
sugges ion o de elopmen o he p inciple can be ha OpenS ee Map is swi ched om a
C ea i e Commons license in 2012 o an Open Da abase License (ODbL). C ea i e Commons
licenses a e hough o a is ic wo ks mo e han da abases. I is sugges ed o eph ase he ac ion
p inciple o add speci ic da abase licensing.
Open da a in e media ies: Many (i no mos ) open da a in e media ies ely on making hei
p oduc s (e.g., augmen ed da a, so wa e, pla o m) unde p op ie a y license o gene a e p o i
om hei open da a in e media ion ac i i ies unless hose open da a in e media ies a e
sponso ed by public o p i a e unde s. The e o e, while his ac ion p inciple may sound ideal on
pape , he challenge is, wha a e sus ainable business models o open da a in e media ies whe e
hey do no ha e o ely on sponso ship and simul aneously use open licenses o hei p oduc s?
Fo ins ance, Es i p e-p ocesses open da a om a ious sou ces and pu s hem in hei p op ie a y
so wa e. They enhance he use o open da a while gaining p o i by selling hei so wa e. How
can he so wa e gene a e p o i i i has o be unde open license? Likewise, i he p e-p ocessed
open da a is p o ided unde an open license, and e e yone else can use i wi hou using Es iʼs
so wa e, why would Es i p e-p ocess he da a in he i s place since he e is no business case o
i ?
Whe e possible, open da a in e media ies could p o ide hei p oduc s unde open licenses i i is
no a ec ing hei business model.
This ac ion p inciple may nega i ely impac he sus ainabili y o some open da a in e media iesʼ
business models and, ul ima ely, he sus ainabili y o he open da a ecosys em. Hence, he
necessi y o his ac ion p inciple should be econside ed.
D3.3 Closing he cycle: P omo ing open da a use sʼ con ibu ion om a go e nance pe spec i e
51
Non-expe use s: Open da a sha ed be o e o a he beginning o he hacka hon e en should
be sha ed wi h a CC license.
Comme cial and ins i u ional pa ne s migh no be willing o sha e hei da a and solu ions unde
a CC license. Some imes his is also ue o hacka hon pa icipan s who migh wan o de elop
comme cial solu ions. Open da a hacka hons need o acknowledge he need o p o ec
comme cial in e es s o some o he ac o s in ol ed.
Nex i e a ion: The nex i e a ion o he de elopmen o ac ion p inciple 4 should add ess wo
challenges. Fi s he nex i e a ion needs o add ess challenges ela ed o lack o da a li e acy and
unde s anding o licensing, as some local go e nmen o icials may ace challenges in
unde s anding and e ec i ely u ilising da a, limi ing hei capaci y o add ess da a-d i en
ini ia i es wi hin he municipali ies. Second he u u e de elopmen needs o add ess he
challenge on wha ypes o sus ainable business models he e a e o open da a in e media ies
whe e hey do no ha e o ely on sponso ship and simul aneously use open licenses o hei
p oduc s. The ac ion p inciple may nega i ely impac he sus ainabili y o some open da a
in e media iesʼ business models and, ul ima ely, he sus ainabili y o he open da a ecosys em and
i could he e o e be necessa y o econside he necessi y o his ac ion p inciple.
11.6 De eloping he nex i e a ion o Ac ion P inciple 5
Ac ion p inciple 5 conce ns he design o and ecology o in e ope a ional p ojec s. Bounda ies o
an (open) da a ecosys em a e luid and con ex ual and he e a e o e laps be ween a ious open
da a Ecosys ems as well as ela ionships be ween hese ecosys ems and collabo a ions be ween
ac o s ac oss di e en open da a Ecosys ems. The p inciple hus conce ns how go e nance
amewo ks can encou age c oss-collabo a ions and c oss-in e ac ions among di e en ac o s.
Ac ion P inciple 5: “To ocus on in e ope abili y and da a po abili y, and ha e a b oad
unde s anding o hese concep s. In pa icula , e o s o in e ope abili y should
encompass echnical in e ope abili y ( h ough, o example, seman ic and syn ac ic
in e ope abili y o open da a sys ems/po als and h ough s anda dised o ma s o
(open) da a, as also no ed in he empi ical da a collec ed) as well as gene a i e
in e ope abili y ( h ough adop ion o policies aimed a nu u ing public spaces o
decision-making in ela ion o open da a needs and challenges). Suppo should be
p o ided o egula o y measu es aimed a b oad in e ope abili y and po abili y, h ough
ad ocacy and poli ical ac ion.” (Cazacu e al., 2024, p. 41)
11.6.1 Nex i e a ion o Ac ion P inciple 5
The p inciple on designing and ecology o in e -ope a ional p ojec s a e highly ele an o se e al
o he cases o use mo i a ion bu - as desc ibed abo e - no o o he s.
As NGOsʼ mo i a ion also comes om pe sonal in e es and enjoymen , i hei employees a e
ac i e in he open da a mo emen , hey al eady ad oca e o imp o ed in e ope abili y. Howe e ,
he limi ed esou ces o he NGOs should be conside ed as o how hey can be suppo ed in hei
implemen a ion and push o be e in e ope abili y.
In ela ion o ac ion p inciple 5, ocusing on in e ope abili y and da a po abili y would acili a e
mo e e ec i e collabo a ion be ween go e nmen o icials, businesses, NGOs, and ci izens. I
would allow o a seamless da a exchange and join inqui y, os e ing inno a ion in ou ism
planning, s a egy, and decision-making. In e ope abili y also acili a es he in eg a ion o di e se
da ase s, p o iding a comp ehensi e iew o local go e nmen o icials. This con ibu es o
e idence-based decision-making, helping in a eas like local go e nmen planning p ocesses,
p ojec p io i isa ion, and iden i ying in as uc u e gaps. Fo example, combining ec ea ional and
D3.3 Closing he cycle: P omo ing open da a use sʼ con ibu ion om a go e nance pe spec i e
52
anspo a ion da a c ea es a mo e comple e open da a ecosys em o planne s. Da a po abili y
ensu es ha da a is easily accessible and use - iendly. This s eng hens social alue wi hin he
communi y, as use s can access and use da a ac oss di e en in e aces seamlessly. Finally,
in e ope abili y helps add ess knowledge gaps wi hin collabo a ions o local go e nmen s wi h
di e en pa icipan s on open da a ecosys em, and he abili y o in eg a e di e en da a ypes
and sha e in o ma ion ac oss sec o s con ibu es o a mo e comp ehensi e unde s anding o
in as uc u e needs and p io i ies. Fo example, in eg a ing da a on cycling in as uc u e
planning and ou ism can lead o a be e unde s anding o sha ed pu poses and collabo a ion.
Rega ding he challenges, local go e nmen s may ace esou ce cons ain s in p io i ising
in e ope abili y, pa icula ly due o he challenges o da a main enance o he compe ing p io i ies
wi hin hei o ganisa ions. Local go e nmen s may be eluc an o in eg a e in e ope abili y
p ac ices due o he lack o s anda dised p ac ices and p o ocols o because hey ollow a ied
me hods, s anda ds, and amewo ks. I may also be di icul o ace secu i y and p i acy conce ns
ela ed o da a po abili y.
This p inciple needs o conside esou ces cons ains and guidelines o da a secu i y and p i acy.
Regional and egional go e nmen s: In e ope abili y and da a po abili y a e wo undamen al
pilla s o alue c ea ion h ough open da a. Indeed, da a combina ion allows o conduc ine-
g ained analysis and o mi iga e po en ial da a bias. In e ope abili y and da a po abili y a e also
a he cen e o he EU agenda (e.g., EU Da a Ac ). Howe e , go e nmen s ace budge cons ain s
and do no always p io i ize da a cu a ion and he co ec implemen a ion o in e ope abili y
s anda ds. I is he e o e impo an o aise awa eness on he ele ance o in e ope abili y and
da a po abili y h ough: (1) ad hoc ainings o go e nmen al o icials; (2) simple and accessible
s ep-by-s ep guides o go e nmen al o icials and ci izens on in e ope abili y; (3) designing
go e nance s a egies ha ake in o accoun o ganiza ional in e ope abili y challenges.
In e ope abili y is no g ea ly applied in OpenS ee Map, causing ba ie s o i s da a use by
comme cial use s, as shown in he in e iews. OpenS ee Map da a can be ambiguous in i s
meaning, and he same eal-wo ld scena io could be ep esen ed in a ious ways on he da a. The
challenge in he applica ion could be an inc eased ba ie o non- echnical use s o con ibu e
da a o a gi en ecosys em, i use - iendly ools o i donʼ exis . A sugges ion o he de elopmen
o he ac ion p inciple could be o men ion ha he implemen a ion mus be simple enough o
no cause u u e ba ie s o s akeholde s.
Open da a in e media ies: Wha does da a po abili y mean he e? Acco ding o he OECD, da a
po abili y e e s o “ he abili y (some imes desc ibed as a igh ) o a na u al o legal pe son o
eques ha a da a holde ans e o he pe son, o o a speci ic hi d pa y, da a conce ning ha
pe son in a s uc u ed, commonly used and machine- eadable o ma on an ad-hoc o con inuous
basis” (OECD, 2021). I is unclea how da a po abili y applies o open da a since open da a should
no include pe sonal da a. Hence, mo e cla i y on wha da a po abili y means (in p ac ice)
conce ning open da a is necessa y.
Wha does gene a i e in e ope abili y mean in p ac ice o open da a? Fo example, a e Web
S anda ds (h ps://www.w3.o g/s anda ds/) o Open Geospa ial Conso ium s anda ds
(h ps://www.ogc.o g/) conside ed gene a i e in e ope abili y? Does “gene a i e in e ope abili y”,
as a e m, ha e a dis inc i e applica ion in p ac ice, di e en han o he known ypes o
in e ope abili y [see (In e ope able Eu ope, n.d.)], o is i a buzzwo d?
Open da a in e media ies who ha e long es ablished and ans e ed da a in speci ic o ma s may
be eluc an o adop new in e ope able o ma s because o he s akeholde s wi hin hei
ecosys em may al eady be amilia wi h he p op ie a y o ma s. Fo ins ance, mos Es i use s a e
D3.3 Closing he cycle: P omo ing open da a use sʼ con ibu ion om a go e nance pe spec i e
53
mo e amilia wi h he shape ile o ma e en hough i is no an in e ope able o ma . Me ely as
an illus a ion: mo e people a e sha ing wo d p ocessing documen s in .doc o ma ins ead o .od ,
e en hough he o me is a p op ie a y o ma , while he la e is an in e ope able o ma .
Open da a in e media ies could p o ide da a in di e se o ma s, including in e ope able o ma s,
whe e possible.
Reph ase he ac ion p inciple o be less abs ac and a oid using e ms ha may ha e o be u he
de ined. Fo example, his ac ion p inciple can ins ead emphasize he adop ion o in e ope able
o ma s/s anda ds.
Non-expe use s: This ac ion p inciple has limi ed applica ion o open da a hacka hons. Da a
sha ed by pa ne s be o e and du ing he hacka hon should ollow in e ope abili y s anda ds.
Nex i e a ion: The e a e se e al challenges ha needs o be add essed in he u u e
de elopmen o he ac ion p inciple. Fi s he p inciple needs o be eph ased o be less abs ac
and a oid using e ms ha may ha e o be u he de ined. Fo example, his ac ion p inciple can
ins ead emphasize he adop ion o in e ope able o ma s/s anda ds. Secondly his p inciple also
needs o conside esou ces, cons ains and guidelines o da a secu i y and p i acy. Thi dly i is
impo an o aise awa eness on he ele ance o in e ope abili y and da a po abili y h ough: (1)
ad hoc ainings o go e nmen al o icials; (2) simple and accessible s ep-by-s ep guides o
go e nmen al o icials and ci izens on in e ope abili y; (3) designing go e nance s a egies ha
ake in o accoun o ganiza ional in e ope abili y challenges. Las ly, he u u e de elopmen o he
p inciple needs o add ess he challenge o an inc eased ba ie o non- echnical use s o
con ibu e da a o a gi en ecosys em, i use - iendly ools o i donʼ exis . I is sugges ed o
men ion ha he implemen a ion mus be simple enough o no cause u u e ba ie s o
s akeholde s.
11.7 De eloping he nex i e a ion o Ac ion P inciple 6
Ac ion p inciple 6 conce ns ensu ing sus ainabili y o open da a ecosys ems o main enance o
da a in as uc u es. The p inciple speaks o bo h economic sus ainabili y as well as social suppo
o ensu e he sus ainabili y o open da a ecosys ems.
Ac ion P inciple 6: “In e ms o economic sus ainabili y o open da a Ecosys ems,
ad ocacy o a ailabili y o public unds can be accompanied wi h insigh s om economic
and business models o digi al commons/in o ma ion commons/da a commons p ojec s,
in pa icula om collabo a i e pee p oduc ion. Con ibu ions o social sus ainabili y can
be ensu ed h ough he adop ion o c i ically si ua ed app oaches o pa icipa ion om
c i ical da a s udies.” (Cazacu e al., 2024, p. 42)
11.7.1 Nex i e a ion o Ac ion P inciple 6
Economic and social sus ainabili y is cen al in se e al o he esea ch cases.
Ecosys ems economic sus ainabili y is pi o al o jou nalis s' use o open da a. I is clea ha open
da a ha e been used ei he by e y la ge media o ganiza ions ha ha e he esou ces o o ganize
and un da a jou nalism depa men s o by small, independen jou nalis ic eams ha ely on EU
o go e nmen al subsidies o be unded. This signi ican disc epancy needs o be co ec ed i
jou nalis s a e o ha e a cen al ole in he open da a ecosys em. The explo a ion and u iliza ion
o di e en inancial models o media o ganiza ions is needed so jou nalis s can ha e he
esou ces (money and ime) o wo k wi h open da a.

D3.3 Closing he cycle: P omo ing open da a use sʼ con ibu ion om a go e nance pe spec i e
54
The "mo i a ion o making he wo ld a be e place" could also lead o he long- e m sus ainabili y
o open da a ecosys ems in ol ing s uden s, schools, and local communi ies. Building he
ne wo ks and o ming communi ies a ound he use o open da a o sol e eal p oblems con ibu e
o social sus ainabili y.
NGOs a e no mo i a ed by p o i , bu hey a e mo i a ed by he wo k hey do and by how i can
help o he s. Thus, he unding is o conce n o hem. This ac ion p inciple implemen a ion would
suppo NGOs o be mo i a ed o con ibu e back o he open da a ecosys em. Howe e , unding
can c ea e biases in he mo i a ions o NGOs as o which p ojec s o p io i ise and how o
con ibu e back. Thus, he ac ion p inciple should be app oached cau iously, and mechanisms o
his issue should be conside ed.
In ela ion o ac ion p inciple 6, i is c ucial o local go e nmen s in ol ed in open da a ini ia i es
o ad oca e o economic sus ainabili y and he a ailabili y o unds. This will encou age he
de elopmen o open da a ecosys ems, which a ac businesses, en ep eneu s, and in es o s
who see economic po en ial in le e aging he a ailable da a. Fo example, local businesses could
use local open go e nmen da a o ou ism planning and ma ke ing, con ibu ing o economic
g ow h. Public unds should be ad oca ed o o encou age collabo a ion wi h he p i a e sec o .
Economic sus ainabili y can ensu e a s able sou ce o unds o main aining and expanding open
da a ecosys ems. By secu ing public-p i a e pa ne ships, local go e nmen s can le e age
combined esou ces o mobilise unds o suppo in as uc u e needs, da a main enance, and
u u e enhancemen s o sus aining and expanding open da a ecosys ems. Resou ces could be
alloca ed o echnology upg ades, da a quali y assu ance, and use - iendly in e aces. A
sus ainable open da a ecosys em could also lead o job c ea ion and economic impac as
businesses and s a ups h i e on open da a, con ibu ing o employmen oppo uni ies and
economic bene i s o hei e i o ies.
Howe e , secu ing public unds o open da a ini ia i es may be challenging, especially when local
go e nmen s ha e limi ed budge s. Compe ing p io i ies o public spending could esul in
inadequa e inancial suppo o sus aining open da a ini ia i es. Local go e nmen s may ace
challenges a demons a ing he di ec economic e u ns o open da a ini ia i es. Quan i ying
economic impac and bene i s o jus i y public spending can be complex. S iking a balance
be ween public and p i a e in e es s in open da a ini ia i es can be challenging and ensu ing ha
p i a e sec o in ol emen aligns wi h public goals and bene i s he en i e communi y equi es
ca e ul conside a ion. They may need o de elop a sus ainable unding model o open da a
ecosys ems, which equi es ca e ul planning. Local go e nmen s may ace challenges in c ea ing
a long- e m s a egy ha add esses ongoing ope a ional cos s and u u e expansion needs, and
economic sus ainabili y e o s should ensu e ha open da a emains accessible o a di e se se
o use s, including hose wi h limi ed esou ces. Exclusiona y economic models may hinde he
o e all inclusi i y o open da a ecosys em. The s a egies should also conside he need o s ay
upda ed and alloca e esou ces o echnological ad ancemen s.
This p inciple needs o conside inclusi i y and accessibili y in economic sus ainabili y e o s and
long- e m planning capaci y.
Regional and egional go e nmen s: Economic sus ainabili y o open da a ecosys ems is o en
a neglec ed opic o in es iga ion. Open da ase s a e o en sha ed wi hou a ho ough planning
and e lec ion on how hey can con ibu e (economically o socie ally) o he open da a ecosys em.
Since esou ces alloca ion is one o he compe ences ha cha ac e ize na ional and egional
go e nmen s, i is impo an o in ol e hem and make hem awa e o he missed oppo uni ies
o sho -sigh ed open da a inancial planning. None heless, go e nmen s a e o en challenged by
esou ce cons ain s. The e o e, collec ing, sha ing, and ad e ising success ul business models
D3.3 Closing he cycle: P omo ing open da a use sʼ con ibu ion om a go e nance pe spec i e
55
om digi al commons p ojec s is key o channel esou ces owa ds he economic sus ainabili y o
open da a ecosys ems. To his ex en , i is also impo an o map in es men s om local, egional,
and na ional go e nmen s in he open da a ecosys ems.
As seen in he OpenS ee Map case s udy, comme cial use s can con ibu e inancially o he
sus ainabili y o an open da a Ecosys em, as i is also in hei in e es ha he p ojec is kep ali e.
S akeholde s can con ibu e oo and co-p oduce ODECOs in se e al ways: da a, social alue and
economically. All ha e o be so ed and a good balance o s akeholde s has o be achie ed o
his o happen, as s akeholde s may con ibu e in he way(s) ha a e in hei bes in e es . The
challenge in he applica ion can be an unbalanced sus ainabili y (da a and social alue bu no
economic sus ain, o any o he o he combina ions). In he de elopmen o he ac ion p inciple
we sugges adding he idea o balance o he di e en sus ainabili y alues.
The ac ion p inciples de ined in D2.3 a e de i ed om he go e nance o da a commons. As
OpenS ee Map is conside ed a da a commons, hey align co ec ly wi h he comme cial use s'
con ibu ions o i . Howe e , he in e iews wi h comme cial use s can be used o de i e a new
ac ion p inciple. While some a e mo i a ed by he social alue hey can gi e o open da a and
da a commons pla o ms such as OpenS ee Map, comme cial use s a e p ima ily mo i a ed by
hei own in e es s. This coincides wi h hei goal o being economically p o i able. An ac ion
p inciple is p oposed, whe e open da a Ecosys ems should be go e ned in such a way ha
pe sonal o own s akeholde mo i a ions (e.g. comme cial use s who wan o imp o e he da a in
hei own opic o a ea, because i di ec ly bene i s he da a quali y in hei o e ed se ices) can
be u ned in o social alues and bene i s o he whole communi y.
Open da a in e media ies: This ac ion p inciple is ead as a call o mo e esea ch and
de elopmen o he business models in he open da a ecosys em. Howe e , i is unclea why
“digi al commons/in o ma ion commons/da a commons p ojec s, in pa icula om collabo a i e
pee p oduc ion” a e singled ou . A e o he ypes o business models no sus ainable?
Open da a in e media ies may p o ide suppo o o he ac o s in he open da a ecosys em o
design and implemen ce ain business models, o example, h ough incuba o p og ams whe e
hey p o ide inancial in es men s and aining and ne wo king suppo .
The nex i e a ion o he ac ion p inciple can econside singling ou “digi al commons/in o ma ion
commons/da a commons p ojec s, in pa icula om collabo a i e pee p oduc ion”. I may no
be necessa y.
Non-expe use s: Hacka hon e en s ypically ely on public and p i a e unding. P i a e unding
o en implies he p omo ion o comme cial solu ions o da a analysis. Public unding migh
equi e ime consuming bu eauc a ic p ocesses.
Challenges: Al e na i e business models also equi e signi ican e o and ime o se up and
would no p o ide much addi ional bene i s compa ed o adi ional unding sou ces. Open da a
hacka hons ake a e y small budge o o ganise, so i is unclea whe he he e is a need o
al e na i e business models.
Feedback: acknowledge he ade-o s o al e na i e business models, which hold po en ial o
p ojec ha s uggle o a ac adi ional unding, bu also equi e signi ican ime and
in es men .
Nex i e a ion: The e a e se e al challenges ha needs o be add essed in his ac ion p inciple.
Fi s i is men ioned ha he p inciple needs o conside inclusi i y and accessibili y in economic
D3.3 Closing he cycle: P omo ing open da a use sʼ con ibu ion om a go e nance pe spec i e
56
sus ainabili y e o s and long- e m planning capaci y. Funding can c ea e biases in he
mo i a ions o NGOs as o which p ojec s o p io i ise and how o con ibu e back. Thus, he ac ion
p inciple should be app oached cau iously, and mechanisms o his issue should be conside ed.
Secondly wi h comme cial use s he applica ion can be an unbalanced sus ainabili y (da a and
social alue bu no economic sus ain, o any o he o he combina ions). In he de elopmen o
he u u e de elopmen o he ac ion p inciple i is sugges ed o add he idea o balance o he
di e en sus ainabili y alues. Thi dly an ac ion p inciple is p oposed as a esul o da a om
in e iews wi h comme cial use s. While comme cial use s a e mo i a ed by he social alue hey
can gi e o open da a and da a commons pla o ms, comme cial use s a e p ima ily mo i a ed by
hei own in e es s. This coincides wi h hei goal o being economically p o i able. Las ly i is
sugges ed o pay a en ion o di e en ypes o business models in he u u e de elopmen o he
ac ion p inciple. I is unclea why “digi al commons/in o ma ion commons/da a commons
p ojec s, in pa icula om collabo a i e pee p oduc ion” a e singled ou . I should be conside ed
i o he ypes o business models a e sus ainable.
11.8 Summa y
In a b oad pe spec i e, he ac ion p inciples om deli e able 2.3 (Cazacu e al., 2024) can be
applied o many, bu no all, use cases o open da a use s. Wi h a mo e speci ic ocus on he use
mo i a ion o any pa icula use g oup, some ac ion p inciples a e mo e impo an han o he s in
each case.
This chap e has explo ed which ac ion p inciples a e ele an and applicable in each case in
ela ion o wha may mo i a e open da a use s o con ibu e o he open da a ecosys em. In
chap e 12 below we summa ise he mo i a ions o di e en use ypes, and he elemen s in he
ac ion p inciples ha needs o be adap ed mo i e di e en ypes o use s.
D3.3 Closing he cycle: P omo ing open da a use sʼ con ibu ion om a go e nance pe spec i e
57
12 Conclusion
Task 3.3 ocused on he ques ion: Wha mo i a ions o deli e ing alue back o open da a
ecosys ems do he di e en open da a s akeholde g oups ha e? The i s objec i e in his epo
has hus been o answe his esea ch ques ion om he pe spec i e o di e en use g oups. The
second objec i e has been o p o ide he nex i e a ion o he commons-based go e nance model
o open da a Ecosys ems om Deli e able 2.3 (Cazacu e al., 2024) wi h ocus on he de ec ed
use mo i a ion. In his chap e wo ables a e p esen ed as concluding answe s o he wo
objec i es: Table 12 is a summa y o he mo i a ions o di e en use ypes, and
Table 13 is a summa y o elemen s in he ac ion p inciples ha needs o be adap ed o mo i e
di e en ypes o use s.
The mo i a ion o use g oups o deli e alue back o open da a ecosys ems has been analysed
in chap e 3 – 10. A summa y o his is p esen ed Table 12 below.
Table 12. Types o mo i a ion o di e en use ypes
Use Types
In insic mo i a ion
Ex insic mo i a ion
Communi ies o
P ac ice
Jou nalis s
•
P omo ing he
quali y o hei
wo k
• P omo ing
democ a ic alues
and anspa ency
•
Access o mo e
open da a
• C edibili y and
ecogni ion
• Financial
compensa ion
Elemen a y school
s uden s
•
Being p oud o
hei wo k
• No lis en bu do i
hemsel es
• Use in eal wo ld
wha hey do in
school
• Thei ideas being
hea d
• Engage wi h
some hing ha is
ele an o hem
•
Help he
communi y a ound
he school
• Making he wo ld
a be e place
• Pass he exams
NGO use s
•
C ea ing alue
p oducing p ojec s
using open da a
• F eedom o
p opose and
pu sue own opic
o in e es
• To ha e a a ie y in
open da a and
app oaches
owa ds alue
c ea ion and
sha ing
•
C ea ion o p o i
oppo uni ies o
o he ac o s in he
ecosys em
• Do poli ically
impac ul wo k
• Pu sui o he
anspa ency and
democ acy
D3.3 Closing he cycle: P omo ing open da a use sʼ con ibu ion om a go e nance pe spec i e
64
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