2 OS Models Copy igh Ou e OS Inne OS Inne OS 2 I o y la land Mic o-bibliog aphy
Science as “a p oblem no ye ully esol ed”:
uni e si ies and he public use o eason be ween
Kan and Humbold
Ma ia Chia a Pie a olo
AISA and Uni e si à di Pisa
ma[email p o ec ed]
21 No embe 2025
Colloque in oclio.ch 2025: Open Science in His o y - Be n
This wo k is licensed unde a C ea i e Commons by-sa license
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2 OS Models Copy igh Ou e OS Inne OS Inne OS 2 I o y la land Mic o-bibliog aphy
Summa y
1Two models o open science
2Au ho ’s igh as pe sonal igh
3Open science and ins i u ions: he ou side
4The con lic wi hin he uni e si y (De S ei de Fakul ä en)
5Wilhelm on Humbold : uni e si y as a p oblem no ye ully
esol ed
6I o y la land
7Mic o-bibliog aphy
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2 OS Models Copy igh Ou e OS Inne OS Inne OS 2 I o y la land Mic o-bibliog aphy
Two models o open science
Robe o Caso: wha is he ela ionship be ween he ideal o open
science and he ”in as uc u al s a us quo” o copy igh law and
esea ch ins i u ions?
1adminis a i e (o manage ial) model: i accep s he s a us
quo and a emp s o mi iga e o o comp omise wi h i .
2sub e si e model: i aims o ebuild he scien i ic commons by
ci cum en ing comme cial publishing and bibliome ic
e alua ion.(*)
(*) F ee licenses ha e e ses copy igh may be seen as belonging o his
model, i hey a e mean as a subs i u e o adical copy igh e o m.
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2 OS Models Copy igh Ou e OS Inne OS Inne OS 2 I o y la land Mic o-bibliog aphy
Richa d Poynde ’s (oblique) challenge
Why he OA mo emen ailed [Ande son, 2023]
Bu in ligh o esea che s’ con inued eluc ance o make hei
wo ks open access, uni e si ies and unde s began o in oduce
inc easingly bu eauc a ic ules, sanc ions, and epo ing ools
o ensu e compliance, and o manage he mo e complex billing
a angemen s ha OA has in oduced.
So, wha had been concei ed as a bo om-up mo emen
ounded on p inciples o olun a ism mo phed in o a op-down
sys em o command and con ol, and open access e ol ed in o an
opp essi e bu eauc a ic p ocess ha has ailed o add ess ei he
he a o dabili y o equi y p oblems
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2 OS Models Copy igh Ou e OS Inne OS Inne OS 2 I o y la land Mic o-bibliog aphy
His o y as backwa ds explo a ion o al e na i e possibili ies
1copy igh au ho ’s igh wi hou in ellec ual p ope y (Kan )
2uni e si ies as inhe en ly sub e si e ins i u ions (Kan , W. .
Humbold )
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2 OS Models Copy igh Ou e OS Inne OS Inne OS 2 I o y la land Mic o-bibliog aphy
Kan , Von de Un ech mäßigkei des Büche nachd ucks
(1785)
books, as au ho s’ speeches o he public, a e ac ions a he
han hings
au ho ized publishe s a e au ho s’ spokespe sons o agen
hey ul ill hei manda e i and only i hey con ey au ho s’
”speeches” o he public
and hei igh s a e jus i ied and upheld i and only i
hey help au ho s o each he public
i hey don’ , he public may compel hem
because pe sonal igh s a e abou con olling on human
ac ions and di ec ly in ol e human eedom
while IP, as simila o he ius eale, would ea books as
alienable hings a he han as human ac ions
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2 OS Models Copy igh Ou e OS Inne OS Inne OS 2 I o y la land Mic o-bibliog aphy
Wha i we had copy igh wi hou in ellec ual p ope y?
In an en i onmen whe e Kan had p e ailed and copy igh was
concei ed as an au ho ’s pe sonal igh a he han as ”in ellec ual
p ope y”, au ho s and he public could ha e o e come he
p op ie a y g ip o comme cial publishe s as soon as ICT
ende ed p in ing obsole e and he monopolies ha we e somehow
jus i ied in i s echnological con ex became i ele an . Much o
he ins i u ional model o open science would ha e been
unnecessa y.
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2 OS Models Copy igh Ou e OS Inne OS Inne OS 2 I o y la land Mic o-bibliog aphy
Kan ’s Enligh enmen essay (1783-4)
The eedom o make public use o eason and speak as
schola s o a public o eade s is connec ed o a oca ion
[Be u ] o hink o onesel ha calls e e yone, no only
uni e si y p o esso s (AK VIII, 36) - as human emancipa ion
Ou side his wo k, any kind o employee o official should be
ee o make a public use o eason, e en i hei use o eason
is limi ed, a wo k, o wha he ins i u ional mechanism
equi es.
he ealm o he public use o eason belongs o a i ual
space ou side he ins i u ions
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2 OS Models Copy igh Ou e OS Inne OS Inne OS 2 I o y la land Mic o-bibliog aphy
F ee - bu i ual - communi ies
Gemeines Wesen and Wel bü ge gesellscha
Bu in so a as his o ha indi idual who ac s as a pa o he
machine also conside s himsel as a membe o a comple e
commonweal h o e en o he cosmopoli an socie y
[Wel bü ge gesellscha ], and hence as a man o lea ning who may
h ough his w i ings, add ess a public in he ues sense o he
wo d, he may indeed a gue, wi hou ha ming he a ai s in which
he is employed o some ime in a passi e capaci y (AK VIII, 37)
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2 OS Models Copy igh Ou e OS Inne OS Inne OS 2 I o y la land Mic o-bibliog aphy
Concluding ques ions
Is designing ins i u ions o hos open science a consis en
idea o a con adic ion ha isks educing esea ch o an
emp y collec ion o bu eauc a ic manda es, unde an
adminis a i e powe ha is a h ea o i s e y way o
unc ioning?
Wha is he condi ion h ough which ins i u ions ha we e
designed o be inhe en ly sub e si e can emain so? Bo h
Kan and Humbold elied on b oade spaces o he public
use o eason, ou side uni e si ies. Can such a space exis
only i ually o heo e ically, in philosophe s’ minds? How
could uni e si ies and academies p ese e he open-endedness
o science i his space we e an i o y la land (i.e. a e e se
i o y owe )?
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Caso, Robe o (2020)
La i oluzione incompiu a.La scienza ape a a di i o d’au o e e p op ie à in elle uale
h ps://www.ledizioni.i /p odo o/la- i oluzione-incompiu a/
Ande son, Rick (2023)
Whe e Did he Open Access Mo emen Go W ong?: An In e iew wi h Richa d Poynde
h ps://schola lyki chen.sspne .o g/2023/12/07/whe e-did- he-open-access-mo emen -go-w o
ng-an-in e iew-wi h- icha d-poynde /
on Humbold , Wilhelm on (1809-10)
Übe die inne e und äusse e O ganisa ion de höhe en wissenscha lichen Ans al en in Be lin
Übe dieinne eundäusse eO ganisa ionde höhe enwissenscha lichenAns al eninBe lin
Pie a olo, Ma ia Chia a (2008)
Publicness and P i a e In ellec ual P ope y in Kan ’s Poli ical Though
h ps://www.seman icschola .o g/pape /Publicness-and-P i a e-In ellec ual-P ope y-in-Pie
a olo/7a595e3ec5ec6262902d69b47a8b7a058759a889
Pie a olo, Ma ia Chia a (2017-2025)
Wilhelm on Humbold : un ammen o di uni e si à
h ps://b p.sp.unipi.i /dida/humbold /
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