Gene a ion o Radially o Azimu hally Pola ized
Lase Beams in a Yb:YAG Thin-disc Lase
Ye Jin Oh1,2,3, In Chul Pa k1,2, Eun Kyoung Pa k1,2, Ji i Muzik3, Yuya Koshiba3,
Pawel Sikocinski3, Ma in Sm z3, Tomas Mocek3, Hoon Jeong4, and Ji Won Kim1,2**
1Depa men o Pho onics and Nanoelec onics, Hanyang Uni e si y ERICA, Ansan 15588, Ko ea
2BK21 FOUR ERICA-ACE Cen e , Hanyang Uni e si y, Ansan 15588, Ko ea
3HiLASE Cen e, Ins i u e o Physics o he Czech Academy o Sciences,
Dolní Břežany 252 41, Czech Republic
4Ko ea Ins i u e o Indus ial Technology, Cheonan 31056, Ko ea
(Recei ed Ap il 8, 2024 : e ised June 27, 2024 : accep ed June 29, 2024)
A high-powe Yb:YAG hin-disc lase wi h adial o azimu hal pola iza ion inco po a ing an in aca -
i y S-wa epla e is epo ed. Depending on he o a ional angle o he S-wa epla e placed in he ca i y, a
Yb:YAG hin-disc lase yields 10.8 W and 10.2 W o con inuous-wa e ou pu s wi h adial and azimu h-
al pola iza ion o an inciden pump powe o 131 W, co esponding o slope e iciencies o 22.9% and
23.7%, espec i ely. The ou pu cha ac e is ics o each pola iza ion s a e we e in es iga ed in de ail by
analyzing he inse ion loss and he mode o e lap e iciency due o he S-wa epla e. Fu he p ospec s
o powe scaling will be discussed.
Keywo ds : Pola iza ion con e sion, Radial and azimu hal pola iza ion, S-wa epla e, Thin-disc lase
OCIS codes : (140.0140) Lase s and lase op ics; (140.3480) Lase , diode-pumped; (140.3615)
Lase s, y e bium; (230.5440) Pola iza ion-selec i e de ices
*Co esponding au ho : [email p o ec ed], ORCID 0000-0002-9451-1789
Colo e sions o one o mo e o he igu es in his pape a e a ailable online.
This is an Open Access a icle dis ibu ed unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion Non-Comme cial License (h p://c ea i ecommons.
o g/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which pe mi s un es ic ed non-comme cial use, dis ibu ion, and ep oduc ion in any medium, p o ided he o iginal wo k
is p ope ly ci ed.
Copy igh © 2024 Cu en Op ics and Pho onics
I. INTRODUCTION
A lase beam wi h axially symme ic pola iza ion, i.e.,
adial o azimu hal pola iza ion, has a ac ed conside able
in e es due o i s unique p ope ies, including a donu -
shaped in ensi y p o ile, uni o m abso p ion in a ma e ial,
gene a ion o a longi udinal elec ic ield componen unde
igh ocusing, and mi iga ion o he mally induced abe a-
ions [1–3]. I is o en e e ed o as a cylind ical ec o (CV)
beam and has been used in nume ous applica ions such as
op ical apping and manipula ion o pa icles, pa icle ac-
cele a ion, lase ma e ial p ocessing, high-p ecision mic os-
copy, and op ical li hog aphy [4–7].
A a ie y o me hods ha e been de eloped o gene a e
CV beams. The mos s aigh o wa d app oach is o con e
a linea ly (o ci cula ly) pola ized beam o a CV beam us-
ing special op ical componen s such as a bi e ingen ma e-
ial [8], a q-pla e [9], a sub-wa eleng h nanog a ing [10], a
me a-su ace de ice [11], a holog aphic liquid-c ys al po-
la iza ion con e e [12], o an in e e ome ic de ice [13].
These me hods a e simple and easy o implemen , bu su -
e om a low pu i y o he pola iza ion s a e. Al e na i ely,
a CV beam can be gene a ed di ec ly om a lase esona o
inco po a ing specially ab ica ed in aca i y op ical com-
ponen s, such as a q-pla e [14], a conical B ews e p ism
[15], a mul ilaye pola iza ion g a ing mi o [16], o he -
mally induced bi e ingen ma e ials [17, 18]. Di ec gene -
a ion allows a beam o ha e a pola iza ion s a e wi h a high
deg ee o pu i y, bu lase ope a ion is sensi i e o ca i y
condi ions and lase alignmen . Among hese componen s
o CV beam gene a ion, he S-wa epla e is a p omising
candida e due o i s ease o use, lexibili y, and high lase
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Cu en Op ics and Pho onics
pISSN: 2508-7266 / eISSN: 2508-7274
Vol. 8, No. 4, Augus 2024, pp. 416–420
Regula Pape
h ps://doi.o g/10.3807/COPP.2024.8.4.416
Cu en Op ics and Pho onics, Vol. 8, No. 4, Augus 2024 417417
damage h eshold [19–22]. I is a sub-wa eleng h nanog a -
ing de ice w i en in a used silica subs a e wi h g a ing di-
ec ions ha a e dependen on he azimu hal angle, so i can
con e a linea ly pola ized beam o a CV beam simply by
passing a Gaussian beam h ough i . This can also be used
as a pola iza ion selec o when i is placed in a lase ca i y.
Lin e al. [21] epo ed a cladding-pumped Yb ibe lase
wi h >30 W o adially pola ized ou pu using an in aca -
i y S-wa epla e. Al hough i could success ully gene a e a
high ou pu powe , he mul i-mode ibe lase con igu a ion
used, comp ising a ee-space ex e nal eedback ca i y wi h
he S-wa epla e, makes i di icul o exci e and main ain
he ou high-o de ec o modes in he LP11 mode g oup
o he ibe wa eguide, so he lase sys em is e y sensi i e
o ope a ing condi ions and en i onmen including bend-
ing, empe a u e, p essu e, and so on. Ou g oup p e i-
ously epo ed he di ec gene a ion o a CV beam om an
Nd:YVO4 lase inco po a ing an in aca i y S-wa epla e
[22]. Howe e , he ou pu powe was limi ed o less han 1
W due o he he mal lensing e ec o Nd:YVO4, exace -
ba ed by he inse ion loss o he S-wa epla e. The e o e,
i is expec ed ha ou pu powe scaling can be achie ed by
employing a lase con igu a ion wi h minimized he mal
lensing, such as a hin-disc lase con igu a ion.
A hin-disc lase uses a hin, disc-shaped ac i e gain me-
dium wi h a ypical hickness o 100 μm o 250 μm, which
is cooled by one o he la aces o he disc [23–25]. Due o
i s excellen hea dissipa ion capaci y, a hin-disc lase can
p oduce up o se e al kilowa s o a e age ou pu powe
while minimizing de imen al he mal e ec s including
he mal lensing. A signi ican ly highe ou pu powe o up
o 750 W has been epo ed in a hin-disc lase wi h adial
pola iza ion [26]. They used a nano-w i en ci cula g a -
ing wa eguide ou pu couple o o ce he pola iza ion s a e
so ha i s ou pu pola iza ion was ixed and could no be
swi ched o he o he pola iza ion s a e, i.e., he azimu hal
pola iza ion s a e. Thus, we aim o build a hin-disc lase
wi h swi chable pola iza ion, ei he adial o azimu hal po-
la iza ion.
He e, we epo on an Yb:YAG hin-disc lase wi h adi-
ally o azimu hally pola ized ou pu s a 1,030 nm inco po-
a ing an in aca i y S-wa epla e. We could easily selec
ei he adial o azimu hal pola iza ion s a es by adjus ing
he o a ion angle o he S-wa epla e, p oducing >10 W o
CW ou pu o bo h pola iza ion s a es.
II. EXPERIMENTS AND RESULTS
The expe imen al se -up o he Yb:YAG hin-disc lase
is schema ically shown in Fig. 1(a). We used a 7.2 a .%
Yb:YAG hin-disc wi h a hickness o 215 μm and a di-
ame e o 12 mm as he gain medium. The on ace o
he disc was an i- e lec ion (AR) coa ed and he ea ace
was high- e lec ion (HR) coa ed a bo h pump and lase
wa eleng hs. The disc was bonded o a wa e -cooled CuW
hea sink main ained a 15 ℃. Pump ligh was p o ided by
a ib e-coupled high-powe lase diode s ack wa eleng h-
locked a 969 nm. The pump beam was imaged on o he
hin-disc wi h a beam size o 4.0 mm, using a collima ion
op ic and a pa abolic mi o a e a beam homogenize . The
unabso bed pump beam e lec ed om he ea ace o he
(a)
(b)
(c)
FIG. 1. Expe imen al se up and condi ions. (a) Expe imen al
se up o he hin-disc lase , (b) pump beam p o ile and
luo escence om he Yb:YAG hin-disc measu ed by CCD
came a (inse ), and (c) TEM00 mode size as a unc ion o he
posi ion om he HR mi o . HR mi o , High e lec ance
mi o ; TD, hin-disc module; CC, conca e mi o ; CX,
con ex mi o ; OC, ou pu couple ; SW, S-wa epla e; TFP,
hin ilm pola ize ; CCD, cha ge-coupled de ice.
Cu en Op ics and Pho onics, Vol. 8, No. 4, Augus 2024418418
disc was collima ed again by he pa abolic mi o and edi-
ec ed o he disc using wo mi o s and ano he pa o he
pa abolic mi o while ha ing he same beam size as he
inciden beam on he disc. Wi h hese condi ions, he pump
beam passed h ough he Yb:YAG disc 24 imes, esul ing
in a pump abso p ion e iciency o ~95%.
Figu e 1(b) shows he pump beam p o ile and i s luo-
escence ( he inse ) measu ed om he Yb:YAG hin-disc
unde pumping, con i ming a homogeneous pump beam
p o ile. The lase esona o comp ised an HR mi o p o-
iding eedback o lasing a one end o he esona o , a
hin- ilm pola ize , a conca e mi o (CC) wi h a adius o
cu a u e (ROC) o 3,000 mm, a con ex mi o (CX) wi h
a ROC o 1,000 mm, wo HR mi o s o olding he beam
pa h, and a plana ou pu couple wi h 93% e lec ance a
he lasing wa eleng h. The leng hs o he a ms in Fig. 1(a)
we e ~300 mm, ~400 mm, ~400 mm, and ~400 mm o
he HR-TD, TD-CC, CC-CX, and CX-OC, espec i ely.
The o al leng h o he esona o was ~1,500 mm, esul ing
in a calcula ed TEM00 mode diame e o ~2.9 mm a he
disc. The mode size as a unc ion o he posi ion om he
HR mi o is shown in Fig. 1(c). Wi h hese condi ions, he
Yb:YAG hin-disc lase yielded 157 W o CW ou pu o an
inciden pump powe o 357 W, co esponding o a slope
e iciency o 54.2%. The ou pu was linea ly pola ized, and
i s pola iza ion ex inc ion a io was measu ed o be ~30
dB. The ou pu powe as a unc ion o he pump powe is
shown in Fig. 2. The inse in Fig. 2 also shows he ans-
e se ou pu beam p o ile, and he measu ed beam quali ies
we e 1.1 (x-axis) and 1.2 (y-axis) a he maximum ou pu
powe , con i ming ha he ou pu was a nea ly di ac ion-
limi ed TEM00 mode.
To gene a e lase ou pu wi h adial o azimu hal po-
la iza ion, he S-wa epla e was inse ed in he ca i y, as
shown in Fig. 1(a). In [22], ou g oup demons a ed, bo h
heo e ically and expe imen ally, ha he S-wa epla e in
he lase ca i y allows he lase ou pu o ha e a adial o
azimu hal pola iza ion s a e. The S-wa epla e used in ou
expe imen had a clea ape u e o 4 mm and was ab ica ed
o ligh in a wa eleng h egime o 1,030 ± 20 nm. As he
S-wa epla e is ecommended o a collima ed beam ha
is >1 mm in diame e , i was placed in he icini y o he
plana ou pu couple , which had a calcula ed TEM00 mode
size o ~1.1 mm. The pola iza ion s a e ( adial o azimu hal
pola iza ion s a e) could be selec ed by o a ing he S-wa e-
pla e.
Wi h hese condi ions, he Yb:YAG hin-disc lase
yielded 10.8 W and 10.2 W o CW ou pu s wi h adial and
azimu hal pola iza ion, espec i ely, o an inciden pump
powe o 131 W, as shown in Fig. 3. The slope e iciencies
we e calcula ed o be 22.9% and 23.7% o he ou pu s wi h
adial and azimu hal pola iza ion, espec i ely. The sligh
di e ence in lase ou pu s be ween he wo pola iza ion
s a es can be a ibu ed o he alignmen sensi i i y when
o a ing he S-wa epla e. A highe pump powe le els, i
was di icul o main ain he adial o azimu hal pola iza ion
s a e due o he mal lensing, which was exace ba ed by he
low lase e iciency. The e o e, we limi ed he pump powe
o 131 W, al hough he ou pu in Fig. 3 did no show signs
o ollo e . Figu e 4 shows he ou pu beam p o iles o he
Yb:YAG hin-disc lase and i s pola iza ion s a es. Bo h
adially and azimu hally pola ized beams had donu -shaped
in ensi y dis ibu ions ( he inse s), which a e in good ag ee-
men wi h he heo e ical cu e o he i s -o de Lague e-
Gaussian (LG01) mode. The beam quali ies (M2) we e also
measu ed o be ~2.2 (x-axis) and ~2.3 (y-axis) o bo h
pola iza ion s a es, p o ing ha he ou pu s we e he LG01
mode [27]. The pola iza ion s a e was con i med by he
beam p o iles a e passing he beam h ough a cube pola -
ize , shown in Fig. 4 ha he lase ou pu had adial o azi-
mu hal pola iza ion s a es. The pu i ies o he pola iza ion
s a es we e calcula ed o be 92.1% and 96.4% o he adial
and azimu hal pola iza ion s a es, espec i ely, con i ming
ha he lase ou pu had he high-pu i y pola iza ion s a e as
expec ed.
Al hough we success ully gene a ed lase ou pu s wi h
adial o azimu hal pola iza ion wi h powe s ~17 imes
highe han ha o he Nd:YVO4 lase in a p e ious expe i-
FIG. 2. Yb:YAG hin-disc lase ou pu powe wi h linea
pola iza ion as a unc ion o he inciden pump powe . The
inse is he measu ed ans e se beam p o ile.
FIG. 3. Yb:YAG hin-disc lase ou pu powe wi h adial o
azimu hal pola iza ion as a unc ion o he inciden pump
powe .
Cu en Op ics and Pho onics, Vol. 8, No. 4, Augus 2024 419419
men [22], he lase e iciency was s ill much lowe han
expec ed, limi ing he maximum achie able ou pu powe .
We i s assumed ha his low slope e iciency was caused
by a high ound- ip loss due o he in aca i y S-wa epla e.
We oughly calcula ed he ound- ip loss due o he S-
wa epla e om he ollowing equa ion o he slope e i-
ciency
η
as [28]
Qo
T
L
T
η
ηηη
=
+
,(1)
whe e T is he ansmi ance o he ou pu couple , L is
he ound- ip loss,
η
Q is he quan um e iciency,
η
o is he
pump-TEM00 mode o e lap e iciency, and
η
abs is he ab-
so p ion e iciency. Using T = 0.07,
η
Q = 0.94,
η
o = 0.725,
and
η
abs = 0.95, he addi ional ound- ip loss due o he S-
wa epla e was oughly calcula ed o be ~11% based on
Eq. (1) using slope e iciencies o 54.2% and 23% o he
lase s wi h and wi hou he S-wa epla e, espec i ely, i we
a ibu e he low lase e iciency o he inse ion loss o he
S-wa epla e. This loss was oo high conside ing ha he
ansmission o he AR-coa ed S-wa epla e a ~1 μm was
measu ed o be o e 99%, so we belie e ha he e should
be o he ac o s o he low lase e iciency. We a ibu e
one o he o he dominan ac o s o he mode misma ch
be ween he TEM00 and LG01 modes in he esona o , since
he S-wa epla e was designed o pola iza ion con e sion
a he han mode ans o ma ion. We measu ed he ans-
o med LG01 mode beam size a e he S-wa epla e and
ound ha i was nea ly he same as ha o he inciden
TEM00 mode beam. Since he esona ing LG mode size in
he ca i y should be
√
2 imes la ge han he TEM00 mode
a he wais posi ion [29], he LG01 mode size ans o med
by he S-wa epla e was smalle han he beam size equi ed
o esona ing in he ca i y, esul ing in a mode misma ch
and hence lowe lase e iciency. By simple calcula ion [28,
29], he o e lap e iciency be ween he ideal LG01 mode
and he ans o med LG01 mode was 0.79. The e o e, we
expec a mo e e icien lase ope a ion by o cing a ans-
o med LG01 mode beam o sa is y he esonance condi ion
in he ca i y along wi h a educed ound- ip loss, which is
an ongoing wo k.
III. CONCLUSION
We ha e success ully demons a ed he high-powe ope -
a ion o an Yb:YAG hin-disc lase wi h adial o azimu hal
pola ized ou pu inco po a ing an in aca i y S-wa epla e.
The Yb:YAG hin-disc lase yielded 10.8 W o adially po-
la ized ou pu and 10.2 W o azimu hally pola ized ou pu
a 1,030 nm o an inciden pump powe o 131 W a 969
nm. The maximum ou pu was limi ed by low lase e i-
ciency due o inse ion loss and mode misma ching due o
he S-wa epla e in he ca i y. The e o e, he use o a mode-
ans o ma ion-op imized S-wa epla e in combina ion wi h
a ca e ul ca i y design should lead o an imp o emen in
lase e iciency, opening up he p ospec o adially o azi-
mu hally pola ized Yb:YAG hin-disc lase ou pu powe on
he le el o ens o hund eds o wa s.
FUNDING
Na ional Resea ch Founda ion o Ko ea (NRF) (G an
no. 2021R1A2C1007277); Eu opean Union and he s a e
budge o he Czech Republic unde he p ojec LasApp
(G an no. CZ.02.01.01/00/22_008/0004573).
(a)
(b)
FIG. 4. Calcula ed (solid lines) and measu ed (symbols)
ans e se in ensi y p o iles o he lase ou pu s wi h (a)
adial, o (b) azimu hal pola iza ion measu ed a each
maximum ou pu powe . The inse pic u es in he g aphs a e
he ans e se in ensi y p o iles o he ou pu s and he bo om
pic u es show he ansmi ed beam p o ile a e he cube
pola ize . The a ows indica e he di ec ion o he pola ize .
The beam p o iles we e moni o ed by silicon CCD came a
(SP620U; Ophi -Spi icon LLC., Je usalem, Is ael).
Cu en Op ics and Pho onics, Vol. 8, No. 4, Augus 2024420420
DISCLOSURES
The au ho s decla e ha hey ha e no known compe ing
inancial in e es s o pe sonal ela ionships ha could ha e
appea ed o in luence he wo k epo ed in his pape .
DATA AVAILABILITY
Da a unde lying he esul s p esen ed in his pape a e
no publicly a ailable a he ime o publica ion, bu may be
ob ained om he au ho s upon easonable eques .
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