Na u al His o y Sciences. A i Soc. i . Sci. na . Museo ci . S o . na . Milano, 11 (1): 15-20, 2024 DOI: 10.4081/nhs.2024.701
Fi s desc ip ion o he b eeding biology and beha iou o he
nea h ea ened no he n soo y woodpecke Mulle ipicus uneb is
(Valenciennes 1826) (Pici o mes: Picidae) in Luzon Island, Philippines
Vince Angelo G. Gica aya1,3*, Ca mela P. Española2,3
1 Ins i u e o En i onmen al Science and Me eo ology, Uni e si y
o he Philippines, J3XC+74J, P. Velasquez S ee , Diliman,
Quezon Ci y, 1101 Me o Manila, Philippines.
2 Ins i u e o Biology, Uni e si y o he Philippines, Diliman,
Quezon Ci y, Philippines.
3 The Ca i y Nes ing Bi d P ojec , Te es ial Resea ch in Ecology
and E olu ion Labo a o y, Ins i u e o Biology, Uni e si y
o he Philippines, Diliman, Quezon Ci y and Biodi e si y
Managemen Bu eau, Depa men o En i onmen and Na u al
Resou ces, Quezon Ci y, Philippines.
* Co esponding au ho : [email p o ec ed]
© 2024 Vince Angelo G. Gica aya, Ca mela P. Española
Recei ed o publica ion: 14 June 2023
Accep ed o publica ion: 25 Sep embe 2023
Online publica ion: 10 Ap il 2024
Abs ac - Al hough gene ally ega ded as keys one species
wi hin o es communi ies, woodpecke s (Picidae) emain unde -
s udied in he Philippines. We desc ibe o he i s ime he b eeding
biology and beha iou o he IUCN Nea Th ea ened no he n soo y
woodpecke Mulle ipicus uneb is based on obse a ions om a
single ac i e nes ound in a s anding dead Pa kia imo iana ee
a he Subic Wa e shed Fo es Rese e, Zambales, Luzon, Philip-
pines. The nes was obse ed om la e Feb ua y o May 2022 o a
o al o 63.7 hou s. The ca i y was 16.4 m om he g ound and had
opening dimensions (L x W) o 9.0 x 8.0 cm and a dep h o 37.0 cm.
B eeding o M. uneb is las ed ≈76-83 days om nes exca a ion
(≈27 days) o ledging. The b ood size was wo. Bo h pa en s we e
in ol ed in nes building and chick- ea ing ac i i ies. The male
M. uneb is con ibu ed mo e hou s du ing nes building and diu -
nal incuba ion whe eas he emale domina ed eeding o nes lings
and nes sani a ion du ing he ime o ledging. We ecommend he
e en ion o s anding dead ees as nes ing si es o woodpecke s and
al eady exis ing holes o o he ca i y-nes ing auna.
Keywo ds: Asian woodpecke s, na u al his o y, nes ing ecol-
ogy, nes ling p o isioning, pa en al ca e, Subic Bay.
Riassun o: P ima desc izione della biologia ip odu i a e del
compo amen o del picchio uligginoso Mulle ipicus uneb is (Pici-
o mes: Picidae), quasi minaccia o, nell’isola di Luzon, Filippine.
Sebbene siano gene almen e conside a i specie chia e all’in-
e no delle comuni à o es ali, i picchi (Picidae) sono anco a poco
s udia i nelle Filippine. Desc i iamo pe la p ima ol a la biologia e
il compo amen o ip odu i o del picchio uligginoso Mulle ipicus
uneb is, classi ica o da IUCN come quasi minaccia o, basandoci
sulle osse azioni di un singolo nido a i o o a o in un albe o
mo o di Pa kia imo iana nella Subic Wa e shed Fo es Rese e,
a Zambales, Luzon, Filippine. Il nido è s a o osse a o da ine eb-
b aio a maggio 2022 pe un o ale di 63,7 o e. La ca i à si o a a
a 16,4 m dal suolo e a e a un’ape u a di di 9 x 8 cm e una p o-
ondi à di 37 cm. La ip oduzione di M. uneb is è du a a ≈76-83
gio ni, dallo sca o del nido (≈27 gio ni) alla nasci a. La dimensione
della co a a e a di due uo a. En ambi i geni o i hanno pa ecipa o
alla cos uzione del nido e all’alle amen o dei pulcini. Il maschio
di M. uneb is ha con ibui o pe un maggio nume o di o e alla
cos uzione del nido e all’incubazione diu na, men e la emmina ha
p e also nell’alimen azione dei nidiacei e la pulizia del nido du an e
il pe iodo di alle amen o. Si accomanda di conse a e gli albe i
mo i come si i di nidi icazione pe i picchi e le ca i à già esis en i
pe al e specie di nidi ican i in ca i à.
Pa ole chia e: app o igionamen o dei nidiacei, cu e pa en ali,
ecologia della nidi icazione, picchi asia ici, s o ia na u ale, Subic
Bay.
INTRODUCTION
Woodpecke s (Picidae) a e p ima y exca a-
o s ha c ea e hei own ca i ies on ees o ne-
s ing. Fo his eason, hey a e o en ega ded as
keys one species in o es communi ies (Ma -
in & Eadie, 1999) as hey p o ide nes ing holes
and oos ing si es o obliga e seconda y ca i y-
nes ing bi ds and o he non-exca a ing auna. Thei
dependence on ees o bo h o aging and exca a ion
makes hem especially sensi i e o habi a quali y and
o es co e change (Iba a e al., 2017). Thus, hey a e
excellen indica o s o o es heal h (Mikusiński, 2006)
and o he di e si y o seconda y ca i y-nes ing bi ds
(D e e e al., 2008). Howe e , despi e he indispu a-
ble impo ance o woodpecke s in o es ecosys ems,
basic ecological and li e his o y s udies emain sca ce
o many woodpecke species, especially in Asia whe-
e mos h ea ened woodpecke s in he wo ld a e ound
(Mikusiński, 2006; Lamme ink, 2014).
In he Philippines, woodpecke endemism is high wi h
nine endemic woodpecke s ou o 11 occu ing species
(Allen, 2020). Un o una ely, i e species a e al eady
h ea ened unde he Philippine Red Lis (BMB-DENR,
2020). Ala mingly, ecological and biological s udies, and
na u al his o y obse a ions on Philippine woodpecke s
a e no a ailable, e en o he h ea ened island endemics.
16
The Luzon-endemic no he n soo y woodpecke Mulle-
ipicus uneb is is a ela i ely la ge woodpecke (30-32
cm) (Allen, 2020; Winkle & Ch is ie, 2020) ha h i es
in bo h p ima y and seconda y o es s, edges, and pine o-
es s up o 1000 m asl (Allen, 2020). As he name implies,
he species is mos ly soo y black wi h a whi e-do ed black
head and ho n-yellow beak. I is sexually dimo phic wi h
males ha ing a bu gundy-colou ed ace up o he o ehead
and o ec own which he emales lack (Allen, 2020; Win-
kle & Ch is ie, 2020). The no he n soo y woodpecke
co-exis s wi h wo o he la ge woodpecke s wi hin i s
ange (Allen, 2020): he whi e-bellied woodpecke D yo-
copus ja ensis and he Luzon lameback Ch ysocolap es
haema ibon.
In his pape , we desc ibe o he i s ime he b ee-
ding biology and nes ing beha iou o he nea h ea ened
no he n soo y woodpecke based on obse a ions om a
single ac i e nes . This epo also se es as he i s docu-
men a ion o he nes o he said species.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
S udy Si e
Ou s udy was conduc ed a he Subic Wa e shed Fo-
es Rese e (SWFR), Zambales, Luzon, Philippines,
om Feb ua y o May 2022. SWFR is one o he ew e-
maining undis u bed lowland dip e oca p o es s in We-
s e n Luzon, bo de ed by he Ba aan Na u al Pa k in he
sou heas and he Philippine Sea in he wes . As a key bio-
di e si y a ea, he ese e ha bou s a a ie y o h ea ened
species, some o which a e es ic ed o he Luzon bioge-
og aphic egion (Bi dLi e In e na ional, 2023). Howe e ,
indus ializa ion su ounding he ese e con inually h e-
a ens ungua ded a eas, pa icula ly hose nea ag icul u al
si es and human se lemen s.
Field P ocedu es
A single ac i e nes was obse ed o a o al o 63.7
hou s on 13 sepa a e occasions om he da e o disco-
e y un il he ime o led ging. Obse a ions we e made
om a dis ance o a ound 15 m om he nes ee, using
a KOWA spo ing scope (TSN-60). We ook no e o he
gene al b eeding beha iou including sex oles and pa-
en al ca e s a egies and con ibu ions (i.e., equency o
eeding and aecal sac emo al). Nes wa ches we e done
ei he ea ly in he mo ning (05:30/06:00) o la e in he
a e noon (16:00) o 1-2 hou s. A ull dayligh obse a-
ion (06:00-18:00) was also conduc ed once pe nes ing
s age. All obse a ions we e pooled oge he o desc ibe
he b eeding beha iou o he species. Howe e , o p e-
en bias and mis ep esen a ion o pa en al e o s due
o cumula i e pa ial obse a ions, only he ull dayligh
da a pe b eeding s age we e analysed o e lec diu nal
pa en al con ibu ions.
Nes T ee and Ca i y Measu emen s
Pos ledging, nes ee and ca i y cha ac e is ics we e
measu ed ollowing Gica aya & Española (2023): gi h
VINCE ANGELO G. GICARAYA, CARMELA P. ESPAÑOLA
a b eas heigh , gi h a nes heigh , ca i y opening di-
mensions (leng h and wid h), e ical dep h, ho izon al
dep h, dep h, and sill wid h. Because he ca i y was in
a snag, he ee was accessed h ough Ty olean a e se-
ho izon al p og ession echnique ins ead o single ope
climbing echniques o minimize climbing haza ds and
ensu e he sa e y o he climbe . This was done by ins al-
ling a ope on ees ha s ood on he le and igh side
o he nes ee such ha he ope passed ho izon ally 1-2
me e s abo e he ca i y. This ope was hen used by ou
a bo is o ge o he ca i y, e y much like how a zipline
wo ks.
RESULTS
Nes T ee and Ca i y
A pai o no he n soo y woodpecke was ound a-
king u ns exca a ing a ca i y in he unk o a Kupang
Pa kia imo iana (DC.) Me . snag on 23 Feb ua y
2022. The nes ee was si ua ed a a o es edge su -
ounded by se e al la ge-gi hed ees (≈ 2.5-4.0 m)
and was app oxima ely 5 m om a oad. The nes ee
has a gi h a b eas heigh o 181 cm. The ca i y was
exca a ed 16.4 m om he g ound wi h a gi h a nes
heigh o 109 cm. The ca i y en ance (Fig. 1a) had
opening dimensions (L x W) o 9.0 x 8.0 cm; ho izon-
al dep h (measu ed om he opening im o he wall
o he ca i y) o 18 cm; e ical dep h (measu ed om
he ceiling o he ca i y loo ) o 44 cm; and dep h
(measu ed om he opening im o he ca i y loo ) o
37 cm. Aside om ine wood chips and se e al down
ea he s, no o he ma e ials we e ound lining he nes
(Fig. 1b).
BEHAVIOURAL OBSERVATIONS
Nes Exca a ion
A he ime o disco e y, a male no he n soo y wo-
odpecke was exca a ing a hole es ima ed o be 5-10 cm
deep: implying ha exca a ion may ha e s a ed jus 2-3
days p io o disco e y. A e 40 minu es o exca a ion,
he male swi ched oles wi h he emale. The emale
hen exca a ed o a leas 10 minu es be o e lea ing.
On 10 Ma ch 2022, almos 3 ⁄ 4 o he woodpecke ’s bo-
dy could now i in o he ca i y wi h he ail p o uding
a a sha p angle, indica ing he ongoing e ical deepe-
ning o he nes . On 18 May 2022, bo h he male and
emale ully en e ed he nes on sepa a e occasions and
exca a ed om he inside. We obse ed he p ocess o
nes exca a ion o a o al o 20.72 hou s on six di e en
days om 23 Feb ua y o 18 Ma ch 2022. Exca a ion
sessions las ed be ween 9 o 72 minu es be o e one o
he pai le and he o he ook o e he du y. We no ed
ha he exca a ing indi idual usually called once o wi-
ce be o e swi ching oles wi h i s pa ne . Bo h membe s
o he nes ing pai con ibu ed o nes building: he male
howe e , exca a ed he ca i y se en imes longe in a
day (4.97 hou s) compa ed o he emale (0.67 hou s)
(Fig. 2).
17
BREEDING BIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOUR OF MULLERIPICUS FUNEBRIS IN THE PHILIPPINES
Fig. 1 - Ca i y nes exca a ed by he no he n soo y woodpecke : a) nes en ance; b) nes con en s. / Nido sca a o dal picchio uliggi-
noso: a) ing esso del nido; b) con enu o del nido. (Pho o: / Fo o: E win S. Quijano, 29 May 2022).
a b
Diu nal Incuba ion/B ooding
Obse a ions om 11-12, 15 & 17 Ap il 2022 (16.02
hou s), e ealed ha bo h pa en s con ibu e o diu nal
incuba ion/b ooding as e iden om he obse ed p o-
longed s ays o he adul s inside he ca i y. Du ing a
ull day obse a ion (06:00-18:00) on 11 Ap il, we e-
co ded ha he male s ayed inside he ca i y o 4.12
hou s whe eas he emale o 3.42 hou s. On 14 Ap il,
a 18:31, he male was las seen en e ing he ca i y and
may ha e been he one incuba ing du ing he nigh , as
is he case wi h mos woodpecke species (Winkle &
Ch is ie, 2020).
Nes ling P o isioning and Nes Sani a ion
On 4-5 May 2022 (16.92 hou s), we obse ed wo
nes lings peeking om he ca i y opening (Fig. 3). The
nes lings we e black and ully ea he ed wi h a sligh ly
whi ish b eas a ea. They ha e sho , s u dy, yellowish
whi e bills, and whi ish lo es, au icula s, and supe cilia.
Du ing his ime, bo h adul woodpecke s we e ac i ely
deli e ing ood o he nes lings. Food deli e y was done
h ough egu gi a ion while he adul was pe ched a he
im o he ca i y. On 5 May (06:00-18:00), we eco ded
11 eeding ins ances; i e we e done by he male and
six by he emale. Pe eeding e en , we obse ed bo h
adul pa en s ully en e ing he ca i y and exi ing 2-3
minu es la e wi h a aecal sac in he bill. We eco ded
eigh ins ances o aecal sac emo al; i e we e done by
he emale and h ee by he male (Fig. 2). On 14 May a
05:45, he nes was al eady inac i e. We posi ha he
woodpecke s ledged be ween 6 and 13 May. Du ing his
ime, we also no ed a pai o g een acque - ail pa o s
P ioni u us luconensis inspec ing he emp y ca i y nes
o app oxima ely 20 minu es.
DISCUSSION
Woodpecke s ypically exca a e hei nes s on dead
ees o ee sec ions so enough o exca a ion (Ma suo-
ka, 2008). The nes o he no he n soo y woodpecke de-
sc ibed he e, ound in he uppe mos pa o a snag was
ypical o a picid nes (Winkle & Ch is ie, 2020): cylin-
d ical, deep, and lined wi h no ma e ials o he han wood
chips. The species has a b ood size o wo, wi hin ange o
he clu ch sizes o wo congene species ashy woodpecke
M. ul us (2-3 eggs; Winkle & Ch is ie, 2020) and g e-
a sla y woodpecke M. pul e ulen us (2-4 eggs; Wells,
1999). Because only a single nes was in es iga ed, u -
he s udies a e needed o es ablish he clu ch size and he
uppe limi o he b ood size. The nes lings esembled he
ypical adul o m o he species bu we e gene ally dulle .
18
We no ed ha bo h nes lings appea ed emale, as hey did
no ha e he p ominen ed colo a ion on he ace o an
adul male. Sex dimo phism in nes lings may be expec ed,
conside ing ha in he congene ic g ea sla y woodpecke
such dimo phism occu s in nes lings (Lamme ink, 2004).
The obse ed b eeding season o he species wi hin ou
si e (Feb ua y o May) coincides wi h he in o ma ion e-
po ed by Winkle and Ch is ie (2020) o he species in
Luzon and Polillo Islands.
Based on ou da a, nes exca a ion was ≈27 days and
egg laying o ledging was ≈49-56 days. Assuming exca-
a ion commenced on 20 Feb ua y and he nes lings led-
ged a ound 6-13 May, we es ima e he o al nes ing cycle
du a ion o be ≈76-83 days. In e ms o beha iou , bo h
sexes we e in ol ed in nes building and chick- ea ing.
As o pa en al con ibu ions, he male domina ed nes
exca a ion whe eas he emale con ibu ed mo e o nes
sani a ion, much like in Hai y Woodpecke s D yoba es
illosus (S aeble , 1949). Bo h sexes con ibu ed ela-
i ely equal e o s o diu nal incuba ion and eeding o
nes lings a ound he ime o ledging. Ou indings ag ee
wi h known beha iou al pa e ns o mos woodpecke s:
males gene ally con ibu e mo e o equally sha e diu nal
pa en al ca e o emales (Bock, 1970; Sho , 1982; Wik-
ande e al., 2000; Chaza e a e al., 2011; Koenig &
Wal e s, 2011; Kozma & K oll, 2013; Winkle & Ch is ie,
2020) on op o hei noc u nal incuba ion and b ooding
du ies (Ligon, 1999). None heless, we ecommend u u e
s udies on he no he n soo y woodpecke o include mo e
nes ing pai s and ull dayligh obse a ions o u he co -
obo a e pa en al con ibu ions epo ed he e.
We also no e ha he no he n soo y woodpecke ap-
pea s o be a non-coope a i e b eede , unlike i s con-
gene g ea sla y woodpecke (Lamme ink, 2004). This
is e iden om he absence o helpe s du ing ou nes
wa ches and sigh ings o no he n soo y woodpecke s as
ei he soli a y o in pai s and on no occasion in la ge
g oups.
To ou knowledge, his is he i s epo on he b ee-
ding biology and na u al his o y o he no he n soo y
woodpecke . Unde s anding i s na u al his o y allows
us o app ecia e he species be e and aid o i s conse -
a ion. Ou inding o an ac i e nes ee nea a highly
dis u bed oad sugges s a deg ee o ole ance owa ds
human dis u bance o a selec ion pa e n based on me-
e nes si e a ailabili y – in o ma ion ha may guide
conse a ion planning and sil icul u al p ac ices. Al-
hough limi ed in obse a ion hou s and sample size,
ou indings add in o ma ion o he sca ce knowledge
on woodpecke ecology in he Philippines. Ou beha-
iou al obse a ions con ibu e o baseline in o ma ion
in unde s anding picid e olu iona y adap a ions in he
Philippines, whe e geog aphically sepa a ed popula-
ions and species exis . We ecommend he e en ion o
s anding dead ees as nes ing si es o woodpecke s and
exis ing woodpecke ca i ies o use o obliga e secon-
da y ca i y-nes ing bi ds like he Cole o Sa cops cal us,
O ien al Dolla bi d Eu ys omus o ien alis, Philippine
Falcone Mic ohie ax e y h ogenys and Blue-naped Pa -
o Tanygna hus lucionensis and o he non-exca a ing
auna such as ba s and oden s. Based on ou obse a-
ions o a pai o g een acque - ail pa o s inspec ing a
no he n soo y woodpecke ca i y, we hypo hesize ha
ca i ies exca a ed by his woodpecke may be used by
his unde s udied Luzon-endemic IUCN Endange ed
pa o , and his wa an s u he s udies.
Fig. 2 - Con ibu ion o male and emale no he n soo y woodpecke o di e en b eeding ac i i ies in one ull dayligh obse a ion
pe iod (06:00-18:00). Nes building and b ooding e o s we e exp essed as p opo ions o ime spen (%) om o al obse a ion hou s
whe eas eeding and aecal sac emo al as p opo ions o coun s (%) om o al numbe o incidences. / Con ibu o del maschio e della
emmina di picchio uligginoso alle di e se a i i à ip odu i e du an e un in e o pe iodo di osse azione diu na (06:00-18:00). Lo
s o zo pe la cos uzione del nido e la co a è s a o esp esso come p opo zione del empo asco so (%) ispe o al o ale delle o e di
osse azione, men e l’alimen azione e la imozione delle sacche ecali come p opo zione dei con eggi (%) ispe o al nume o o ale
di incidenze.
VINCE ANGELO G. GICARAYA, CARMELA P. ESPAÑOLA
19
Fig. 3 - No he n soo y woodpecke nes lings peeking a he en ance o he ca i y nes on 5 May 2022. / Nidiacei di picchio uliggi-
noso che sbi ciano dall’ing esso della ca i à del nido il 5 maggio 2022. (Pho o: / Fo o: Jhaynhell Fidelino).
BREEDING BIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOUR OF MULLERIPICUS FUNEBRIS IN THE PHILIPPINES
20
Acknowledgmen s
We hank E win S. Quijano, Joel Tumin, Lakay Di-
mandiman, Jhaynhell Fidelino, Aminah G ace Ambe-
ong, and Angel Gab iel Pineda o assis ing us in he
da a collec ion and ieldwo k. We also hank he Subic
Bay Me opoli an Au ho i y (SBMA) Ecology Cen e o
p ocessing ou pe mi s and o he logis ical suppo . This
wo k was pa o a s udy unded by he Depa men o En-
i onmen and Na u al Resou ces Fo eign-Assis ed and
Special P ojec s Se ice (DENR-FASPS) h ough he col-
labo a i e e o s o Ka he ine So iano o he Biodi e si y
Managemen Bu eau (BMB) and he Ins i u e o Biology,
Uni e si y o he Philippines, Diliman.
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VINCE ANGELO G. GICARAYA, CARMELA P. ESPAÑOLA
