Russian En omol. J. 33(3): 401–406 © RUSSIAN ENTOMOLOGICAL JOURNAL, 2024
ABSTRACT. The biology o Ace ocnema b e ise a
(Ze e s ed , 1846) was s udied. La ae we e collec ed in
Moscow Region (Russia) in May by he way o so ing
he seeds o Co ydalis solida (Papa e aceae). Ma u e
la ae a ha momen le he ui s be o e pupa ion. The
mo phology o he hi d ins a la a and pupa ium was
s udied and desc ibed o he i s ime o he genus and
species.
РЕЗЮМЕ. Изучена биология мухи-скатофагиды
Ace ocnema b e ise a (Ze e s ed , 1846). Личинки
были обнаружены при сортировке семян хохлатки
плотной Co ydalis solida (Papa e aceae). Взрослые
личинки в тот момент покидали плоды перед
окукливанием. Изучена морфология личинки 3-го
возраста и пупария, которые впервые для рода и вида
описываются в данной работе.
In oduc ion
Ace ocnema Becke , 1894 is one o he small gene a
wi hin he amily Sca hophagidae, which un il he
p esen ime has comp ised 15 species dis ibu ed in he
Hola c ic Region [Iwasa, 2014; Oze o , K i osheina,
2018; Chagnon, Sinclai , 2021]. Nine species a e
egis e ed in Russia [Oze o , K i osheina, 2023].
The da a on he biology o Ace ocnema species a e
e y poo . Adul s we e mainly cap u ed on l owe ing
Co ydalis plan s bu only o Ace ocnema mac oce a
(Meigen, 1826) emales o iposi ing eggs on ui s o
Co ydalis solida we e obse ed in Eu ope [Mo elmans,
De ille s, 2014].
Ou s udy is ela ed o he desc ip ion o he hi d
ins a la a and pupa ium o he Ace ocnema b e ise a
(Ze e s ed , 1846), which is done o he i s ime o
he genus and species.
Te minology ollows Zimin [1948] and Teskey
[1981].
Ma e ial and Me hods
The collec ion o he imaginal ma e ial ook place in 2012,
2019, 2023 and 2024 in he Moscow egion (Shakho skoy
dis ic , ou ski s o And ee skoe illage (55.9815°N 35.5972°E),
Bu se o icini y (55.9814°N 35.5972°E) and he ou ski s o
Rozhdes eno illage (55.9349°N 35.6289°E), as well as in
Moscow in File sky Pa k (55.7424°N, 37.4 392°E) on l owe ing
plan s o Co ydalis solida (Papa e aceae) o nea hem. In o al,
12 ♂♂ and 13 ♀♀ we e collec ed. All adul s o bo h sexes we e
de e mined as Ace ocnema b e ise a (Figs 1–3).
The i s 6 la ae we e collec ed 15.V.2023 in Moscow
egion, Bu se o icini y (55.9814°N 35.5972°E)) du ing
so ing o seeds o Co ydalis solida; 5 la ae pupa ed; one la a
and one pupa ium we e i xed in alcohol [alcohol 1]. On he
17.V.2023, a he same place, h ee mo e la ae we e added o
his es ube wi h a la a in alcohol. Two mo e la ae we e ound
in Moscow egion, en . Rozhdes enno (55.9349°N 35.6289°E)
on he 18.V.2023. One o he la ae was ea ing a Co ydalis seed
(Fig. 12); bo h la ae we e i xed in alcohol [alcohol 2].
On he nigh o 30.VI.2023 ou o ou pupa ia, wo we e
placed in he e ige a o (uppe compa men in he doo ,
To he biology o Ace ocnema b e ise a (Ze e s ed , 1846)
(Dip e a: Sca hophagidae), wi h desc ip ion o imma u e s ages
Ê áèîëîãèè Ace ocnema b e ise a (Ze e s ed , 1846) (Dip e a:
Sca hophagidae), ñ îïèñàíèåì ïðåèìàãèíàëüíûõ ñòàäèé
A.L. Oze o 1*, M.G. K i osheina2
À.Ë. Îçåðîâ1*, Ì.Ã. Êðèâîøåèíà2
1 Zoological Museum, Moscow Lomonoso S a e Uni e si y, Bol’shaya Niki skaya 2, Moscow 125009, Russia.
1 Зоологический музей, Московский государственный университет им. М.В. Ломоносова, Большая Никитская ул., 2, Москва 125009, Россия.
2 A.N. Se e so Ins i u e o Ecology and E olu ion, Russian Academy o Sciences, Leninsky p ospec , 33, Moscow 119071 Russia.
2 Институт проблем экологии и эволюции им. А.Н. Северцова РАН, Ленинский проспект, 33, Москва 119071 Россия.
And ei Oze o oze o 2455@ amble . u ORCID 0000-0003-0889-5024
Ma ina K i osheina dip e ama ina@ amble . u ORCID 0000-0001-9064-1378
*co esponding au ho
KEY WORDS: Dip e a, Sca hophagidae, Ace ocnema, b e ise a, la a, pupa ium, desc ip ion, biology.
КЛЮЧЕВЫЕ СЛОВА: Dip e a, Sca hophagidae, Ace ocnema, b e ise a, личинка, пупарий, описание, биология.
How o ci e his a icle: Oze o A.L., K i osheina M.G. 2024. To he biology o Ace ocnema b e ise a (Ze e s ed ,
1846) (Dip e a: Sca hophagidae), wi h desc ip ion o imma u e s ages // Russian En omol. J. Vol.33. No.3. P.401–406.
doi: 10.15298/ usen j.33.3.13
A.L. Oze o , M.G. K i osheina
402
° = 4.8–5.8 °C), he o he wo we e le in es ubes in a oom
a a empe a u e o ~20 °C.
On he 16.VII.2023 pupa ia om he e ige a o ( wo
pupa ia) we e mo ed o he eeze ( ° = –15 … –18 °C) o a
pe iod o 4 weeks (un il 13.VIII.2023).
On he 13.VIII.2023 he pupa ia om he eeze we e
mo ed below o a compa men wi h a empe a u e o 4.8–5.8 °C
o a pe iod o 4 mon hs (un il 13.XII.2023). Then he la ae
we e kep a empe a u e 23–25 °C. Special ca e was aken
o ensu e ha he subs a e in which he la ae we e loca ed
(Sphagnum sp.) was mois .
We managed o ha ch only one l y which eme ged on he
13.I.2024 and was de e mined as Ace ocnema b e ise a.
Resul s
BIOLOGY. Adul s o bo h sexes (Figs 1–3) a e ound
du ing sp ing (las Ap il – ea ly May). The l ies a e
encoun e ed in places wi h Co ydalis solida (L.) Clai ., 1811
( am. Papa e aceae) (Figs 4–6).
The li e his o y o his species can be summa ized as
ollows: adul s eme ge om o e win e ing pupae om
he middle o Ap il and, a e ma ing, lay eggs o seeds o
Co ydalis solida om he la e o Ap il o ea ly o May. La ae
appa en ly pene a e he seed o Co ydalis solida (Fig. 4) o
consume i s con en s h ough he mic opyle (Fig. 12).
Ma u e ( h ee ins a ) la ae lea e he ui and o m hei
pupa ia in we soil. The e is only one gene a ion a yea ; pupa ia
a e o med in middle–la e May and o e win e a his s age.
DESCRIPTION OF IMMATURE STAGES. Thi d ins a
la a. Body leng h 4.7 mm, maximal wid h 1.2 mm. Body shape
cylind ical, ape ing an e io ly. C eamy whi e, in egumen
egula ly co e ed wi h anspa en spinules (Fig. 11). C eeping
wel s a e no de eloped. An e io spi acles bico nua e, each
co nu wi h 7–8 papillae (Fig. 9). Cephalopha yngeal skele on
s ongly scle o ized and massi e (Fig. 8). Mandibles la ge
wi hou accesso y den s. Hypopha ynx sho . Pha yngeal
scle i e wi h do sal co nu longe han he en al. Do sal co nu
wi h na ow hin long window. Ven al co nu wi h la ge open
window.
Te minal segmen o he body wi h wo sho espi a o y
ubes. Spi acula pla es l a wi hou de eloped spines, each
wi h h ee iden ical adial spi acula openings (Fig. 10).
Te minal segmen wi h 5 pai s o ube cles. Pe ianal pad
ans e se, anus is si ua ed in a longi udinal cle .
Pupa ium. Body leng h 4.0 mm, maximal wid h 1.1 mm.
Body shape cylind ical, ape ing and bilobed an e io ly
(Fig. 16). B own, in egumen egula ly co e ed wi h da k
spinules. C eeping wel s a e no de eloped. An e io spi acles
bico nua e, each co nu wi h 7–8 papillae. Cephalopha yngeal
skele on as in hi d ins a la a (Fig.8). Te minal segmen o he
body (Figs 13–15) wi h wo sho espi a o y ubes. Spi acula
pla es l a wi hou de eloped spines, each wi h h ee adial
spi acula openings (Fig. 10). Te minal segmen wi h 5 pai s
ube cles 4 o hem (do sal, la e al, sub en al, subanal) a e
la ge and l eshy, en al ube cles a e small (Figs 13–15).
Pe ianal pad b own, ans e se, anus is si ua ed in a longi udinal
cle (Figs 15, 16).
Figs 1–3. Ace ocnema b e ise a (Ze e s ed ), adul s: 1 — male (collec ion specimen), la e al iew; 2 — male on a s em o Co ydalis solida;
3 — emale in g ass nea Co ydalis solida.
Рис. 1–3. Ace ocnema b e ise a (Ze e s ed ), имаго: 1 — самец (коллекционный экземпляр), сбоку; 2 — самец на стебле Co ydalis solida;
3 — самка на траве около Co ydalis solida.
To he biology o Ace ocnema b e ise a (Dip e a: Sca hophagidae) 403
Figs 4–7. Co ydalis solida (L.) Clai .: 4 — gene al iew; 5 — in l o escence wi h l owe s; 6 — same, wi h ui s; 7 — ui s (on he le , an open
ui wi h seeds).
Рис. 4–7. Co ydalis solida (L.) Clai .: 4 — общий вид; 5 — соцветие с цветками; 6 — то же, с плодами; 7 — плоды (слева вскрытый плод
с семенами).
A.L. Oze o , M.G. K i osheina
404
Discussion
Despi e he name o he amily Sca hophagidae,
o “dung l ies”, la ae only om gene a Sca hophaga
Meigen, 1803 and Sca omyza Fallén, 1810 li e in dung;
he known ep esen a i es o he o he gene a a e mainly
phy ophagous [Fe a , 1987].
La ae o he genus Co dilu a Fallén, 1810 in
i s ins a a e phy ophagous, bu in second and hi d
ins a s a e sap ophagous [Wallace, Ne , 1971]; some
la ae, o example Cleigas a apicalis (Meigen, 1826),
inhabi ing unnels o o he insec s, a e supposed o be
sap ophagous, al hough some au ho s conside hem o
be sca enge s o p eda o s [Fe a , 1987; G ochowska,
2006]; la ae o Cosme opus longus a e de i ophagous
[Fe a , 1987]; la ae o he genus Spazipho a Rondani,
1856 a e p edaceous [Fe a , 1987].
Depending on he ype o die and li e habi s, he
la ae ha e mo phological di e ences in he s uc u e o
he cephalopha yngeal skele on and gene al mo phology.
Figs 8–12. Ace ocnema b e ise a (Ze e s ed ), hi d ins a la a: 8 — cephalopha yngeal skele on; 9 — cephalic segmen , en al iew;
10 — pos e io spi acles; 11 — gene al iew, la e ally; 12 — la a ea ing he seed o Co ydalis solida.
Рис. 8–12. Ace ocnema b e ise a (Ze e s ed ), личинка 3-го возраста: 8 — ротоглоточный скелет; 9 — передний конец тела, снизу;
10 — задние дыхальца; 11 — общий вид, сбоку; 12 — личинка, поедающая семя хохлатки Co ydalis solida.
To he biology o Ace ocnema b e ise a (Dip e a: Sca hophagidae) 405
La ae o A. b e ise a a e ca pophagous and sha e
mos o he mo phological cha ac e s wi h phy ophagous
la ae o he amily Sca hophagidae. An e io
spi acles o A. b e ise a a e o a shape close o hose
o No ellisoma spinimanum (Fallén, 1819), di e ing
om i by he numbe o papillae: 7–8 on each co nu
in A. b e ise a and 13 in N. spinimanum [Fe a , 1987].
Massi e mou hhooks a e ypical o many phy ophagous
la ae, such as Neochi osia a i ons (Coquille ,
1910), mos species o Co dilu a, Cleigas a a milla a
(Ze e s ed , 1846), N. spinimanum. Species o i s
h ee gene a ha e addi ional oo h on he mou h hooks
Figs 13–16. Ace ocnema b e ise a (Ze e s ed ), pupa ium: 13 — e minal segmen , la e al iew; 14 — same, pos e io iew; 15 — same, en al
iew; 16 — gene al iew, en ally. Abb e ia ions: an pl — anal pla e; do ub — do sal ube cle; la ub — la e al ube cle; suban ub — subanal
ube cle; sub ub — sub en al ube cle; en ub — en al ube cle.
Рис. 13–16. Ace ocnema b e ise a (Ze e s ed ), пупарий: 13 — задний конец тела, сбоку; 14 — то же, сзади; 15 — то же, снизу;
16 — общий вид, снизу. Сокращения: an pl — анальная пластинка; do ub — дорсальный бугорок; la ub — латеральный бугорок;
suban ub — субанальный бугорок; sub en ub — субвентральный бугорок; en ub — вентральный бугорок.
A.L. Oze o , M.G. K i osheina
406
[Fe a , 1987]. Mou hhooks o A. b e ise a la ae lack
such oo h and his cha ac e makes hem simila o he
la ae o N. spinimanum. Howe e en al co nua o
pha yngeal scle i e in A. b e ise a a e ela i ely sho e
and less massi e, han in N. spinimanum, and wi h
open, no closed, window. Spi acula pla es o pos e io
spi acles a e wi hou spines, each wi h h ee iden ical
adial spi acula openings (Fig. 10). The pupa ium
is cylind ical in shape, uni o mly ape ing an e io ly,
and is mos simila o pupa ia o he genus Co dilu a
Fallén, 1810. Simila shape o he pupa ia is known
also o Cleigas a apicalis, desc ibed by G ochowska
[2006]. Howe e he pupa ia di e in he mo phology
o c eeping wel s, well de eloped in C. apicalis, bu
absen in A. b e ise a. This can be explained due o
he di e ences in he la ae habi s: C. apicalis mo e
ac i ely inside unnels o o he insec s and A. b e ise a
leads a semisubme ged mode o li e.
Compe ing in e es s. The au ho s decla e no compe ing
in e es s.
Acknowledgemen s. The in es iga ion was ul i lled
wi hin he S a e p ojec o Lomonoso Moscow S a e
Uni e si y No 121032300105-0 (A.L. Oze o ) and he s a e
p ojec o he Ins i u e o he Ecology and E olu ion RAS
(M.G. K i osheina).
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