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WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES AMONG
INFORMAL URBAN SETTLER HOUSEHOLDS
A hena Jo A. A ila
Chona B. Desie o
Daniel J. Median e
Ma ica A. Re onel
Jayzon A. Tongcaling
G adua e S uden s, College o De elopmen Managemen G adua e P og am, Uni e si y o
Sou heas e n Philippines, Min al Campus, Da ao Ci y, Philippines
___________________________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT
This s udy examines ac o s a ec ing was ewa e managemen and disposal p ac ices among in o mal se le
households, ocusing on how hese a ec managemen and he en i onmen . The s udy u ilizes Explo a o y Fac o
Analysis (EFA) in a non-expe imen al quan i a i e design. This assesses he alidi y and eliabili y o ins umen s
designed o measu e handling p ac ices, d awing on a sample o 150 esponden s. A comp ehensi e su ey was
conduc ed o ga he da a on a ious aspec s and unco e unde lying in luences wi hin his popula ion.
The esea che s de e mined i e dimensions: Awa eness and Responsibili y, In as uc u e De iciency, Financial
Cons ain s, Communi y and Household Ac ion, and Go e nmen and En i onmen al Impac s. These dimensions
in luence he p ac ices o he esponden s and p o ide insigh s in o hei beha io s. This knowledge enables hem
o make mo e in o med decisions abou en i onmen al impac s and enhance hei economic well-being.
Keywo ds:
Was ewa e Managemen , In o mal Se le s
___________________________________________________________________________
INTRODUCTION
Globally, 4.2 billion people lack access o sa ely managed sani a ion. Fu he mo e, 80 pe cen o he wo ld's
was ewa e lows back in o he ecosys em wi hou being ea ed o eused, posing a h ea o access o sa ely
managed d inking wa e . [1] Tha is why one o he Sus ainable De elopmen Goals o he Uni ed Na ions is SDG
6, which aims o ensu e clean wa e and sani a ion among i s membe s a es. In he Philippines, hi y- h ee pe cen
o wa e pollu ion comes om domes ic sou ces. [2] he e ha e been imp o emen s. Compa ed o he 42.9% o
household wa e ha was sa ely ea ed in 2020, UN s udies show ha 66.6% o household wa e was ea ed in
2022. Despi e hese imp o emen s, he e a e s ill obs acles o he Philippines’ adop ion o p ope wa e disposal
me hods. As a de eloping coun y, he p esence o po e y and he exis ence o in o mal se lemen s make
comp ehensi e wa e disposal a challenge.
Acco ding o he Philippine S a is ics Au ho i y, slum o in o mal se lemen s a e de ined as households
occupying housing uni s/lo s wi hou he owne ’s consen . [3] In o mal se le amilies (ISFs) a e es ima ed a
a ound 3.7 million and ha e inadequa e in as uc u e and se ice deli e y, including wa e and sani a ion. [4]
While many s udies ha e al eady ecognized ha he e is a ela ionship be ween he u ban popula ion o in o mal
se le s and access o wa e and sani a ion, he e a e s ill many gaps o be illed when i comes o unde s anding
localized wa e disposal p ac ices. Da ao Ci y, which is conside ed he six h among highly u banized ci ies in he
Philippines [5], should be s udied ega ding he wa e disposal p ac ices o i s esiden s, especially among he ISFs.
Thus, his s udy aims o help localize he s udies o u he unde s and he ci y’s con ibu ion o he bigge goal o
achie ing Sus ainable De elopmen Goal 6 (SDG 6), which ocuses on ensu ing he a ailabili y and sus ainable
managemen o wa e and sani a ion o all.
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
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This s udy in ends o de e mine he dimensions o was ewa e managemen p ac ices among in o mal se le s. The
iden i ied ac o s a e analyzed and u ilized o de elop a amewo k. In addi ion, he s udy seeks o p o ide insigh s
in o how in o mal se le households manage hei was ewa e and disposal, and inancial cons ain s.
The s udy employed Explo a o y Fac o Analysis (EFA) and su eyed a sample o 150 in o mal se le households
in Da ao Ci y. A esea che -designed, 30-i em ques ionnai e using a 5-poin Like scale was adminis e ed, wi h
each i em cen e ed on explo ing was e disposal p ac ices o domes ic wa e s among his demog aphic. The
collec ed da a we e sys ema ically allied, summa ized, and s a is ically analyzed using SPSS S a is ics, a so wa e
sui e ailo ed o da a managemen , complex analysis, mul i a ia e assessmen s, business in elligence, and
c iminal in es iga ion. Among he analy ical me hods applied, he Kaise -Meye -Olkin (KMO) es was used o
measu e he adequacy o pa ial co ela ions be ween a iables, and he co ela ion ma ix's iden i y was e i ied
h ough Ba le ’s es o sphe ici y (Noo a Sh es ha, 2021). In addi ion, he Sc ee Plo and Sc ee Tes we e
employed, p o iding a line plo o eigen alues ha isualizes he ange o ac o s analyzed (Geo ge Thomas
Lewi h, 20.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This sec ion p esen s he ac o analysis indings conduc ed on he 30-i em was ewa e managemen su ey, using
s a is ical echniques such as he Kaise -Meye -Olkin (KMO) measu e and Ba le ’s Tes o Sphe ici y. This
sec ion displays he analysis and in e p e a ion o da a.
KMO and Ba le 's Tes
Table 1 displays he esul s o he Kaise -Meye -Olkin (KMO) measu e and Ba le 's Tes o Sphe ici y o
illus a e he sui abili y o he da ase o ac o analysis. The KMO (Kaise -Meye -Olkin) measu e o sampling
adequacy gene a ed a alue o 0.707, which, acco ding o Kaise , e lec s ha he da a has “good” ac o abili y
and acili a es ac o analysis. Chi-Squa e = 1887.892, wi h deg ees o eedom a 435; p- alue = 0 acco ding o
Ba le 's Tes o Sphe ici y, indica ing ha his co ela ion ma ix was no an iden i y ma ix. The esul s indica e
ha ac o analysis is app op ia e o assessing unde lying cons uc s among he obse able ac o s.
Kaise -Meye -Olkin Measu e o Sampling Adequacy
0.707
Ba le ’s Tes o Sphe ici y
App ox. Chi-Squa e
1887.892
D
435
Sig.
.000
Table 1. KMO and Ba le ’s Tes
Sc ee Plo
The sc ee plo depic s he eigen alues o he 30 su ey componen s, no ing he poin o diminishing e u ns in
explaining a iance. A sha p d op occu s in he i s i e elemen s, hen he line begins o le el o ; his is an
“elbow” in he line a Componen 5. This indica es ha he mos impo an a iance in he da a is easonably
cap u ed by he i s i e componen s, in line wi h he Kaise c i e ion ha s a es i is app op ia e o e ain ac o s
wi h an eigen alue g ea e han 1. The ed dashed line on he plo indica es his h eshold, and he componen s
beyond i o e only a ma ginal con ibu ion. The e o e, he sc ee plo suppo s he e en ion o i e p incipal
componen s, which align wi h he o al a iance explained and s eng hen he s uc u e o ac o s gene a ed om
he analysis.
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Figu e 1. Sc ee Plo Ro a ed Componen Ma ix
Analysis o Va iance Pe cen age
The To al Va iance Explained able illus a es he i e componen s we e ex ac ed h ough P incipal Componen
Analysis (PCA) using Va imax o a ion. Each o hese componen s p o ided mo e han one eigen alue and
explained 50.88% o he da a a iabili y. The p opo ions o explained a iance (50.88%) ul ill he accep ed
s anda ds o social and beha io al sciences o cons uc s ha ea u e mul idimensional complexi y. The
applica ion o he Va imax o a ion echnique esul ed in imp o ed ac o analysis in e p e abili y because i
maximized he ela ionship be ween a iables ha belong o he same componen wi hou c ea ing unwan ed
o e laps be ween di e en componen s. This dis ibu ion pa e n demons a es an o de ly and balanced model,
which e eals ha was ewa e managemen p ac ices and a i udes o pa icipan s ex ended in o i e dis inc
ca ego ies: awa eness (12.22%), in as uc u e (11.96%), inancial capaci y (9.95%), communi y ac ion (9.04%),
and go e nance (7.71%). These collec i ely accoun o mo e han hal o he a iabili y in esponses, making he
model bo h s a is ically obus and p ac ically meaning ul. As a esul , he indings can be used con iden ly o
in o m in e en ions, p og ams, and policies aimed a imp o ing was ewa e managemen among in o mal
se le s.
Componen
Ini ial
Eigen alues
Ex ac ion Sums o Squa ed
Loadings
Ro a ion Sums o Squa ed Loadings
To al
To al
% o
Va iance
Cumula i e
%
To al
% o
Va iance
Cumula i e
%
1
6.15
6.15
20.51
20.51
3.67
12.22
12.22
2
3.74
3.74
12.47
32.98
3.59
11.96
24.19
3
2.05
2.05
6.82
39.81
2.99
9.95
34.14
4
1.69
1.69
5.63
45.44
2.71
9.04
43.17
5
1.63
1.63
5.44
50.88
2.31
7.71
50.88
*Ex ac ion Me hod: P incipal Componen Analysis (PCA)
Table 2. To al Va iance Explained
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Ro a ed Componen Ma ix
Awa eness and Responsibili y. Table 3 displays he ac o loadings o se en su ey i ems ha belong o he i s
dimension, awa eness & esponsibili y, a hyb id hema ic ac o e lec ing he esponden s' en i onmen al
awa eness and pe cei ed ci ic du y ega ding was ewa e disposal beha io . The i em “The go e nmen should
s ic ly en o ce ules on was ewa e disposal” ecei ed he highes loading coe icien o 0.732. The i em “When
was ewa e is no p ope ly disposed o , i causes heal h p oblems in ou communi y” ecei ed a loading coe icien
o 0.701. The s a emen “I unde s and ha h owing was ewa e anywhe e can cause heal h p oblems” ecei ed
0.580. The i em “I hink was ewa e should go h ough ea men be o e being eleased in o i e s and lakes”
ecei ed 0.574. The i em “I wo y ha was ewa e migh be con amina ing ou d inking wa e ” ecei ed 0.557.
Las ly, wi hin he awa eness and esponsibili y dimension, he i ems “I we had inancial suppo om he
go e nmen , we would imp o e ou was ewa e disposal sys em” and “I belie e was ewa e should be ea ed
be o e being eleased in o he en i onmen ” bo h ecei ed 0.522.
Fac o
A ibu es
Loading
Awa eness and
Responsibili y
I em 29 - The go e nmen should s ic ly en o ce ules on was ewa e
disposal.
.732
I em 24 - When was ewa e is no p ope ly disposed o , i causes heal h
p oblems in ou communi y.
.701
I em 09 - I unde s and ha h owing was ewa e anywhe e can cause heal h
p oblems.
.580
I em 26 - I hink was ewa e should go h ough ea men be o e being
eleased in o i e s o lakes.
.574
I em 25 - I wo y ha was ewa e migh be con amina ing ou d inking
wa e .
.557
I em 21 - I we had inancial suppo om he go e nmen , we would
imp o e ou was ewa e disposal sys em.
.522
I em 11 - I belie e was ewa e should be ea ed be o e being eleased in o
he en i onmen .
.522
Table 3: Ro a ed Componen Ma ix wi h G ouped A ibu es o Awa eness and
Responsibili y
Ou indings e eal ha in o mal se le s unde s and he go e nmen 's need o en o ce was ewa e managemen
and disposal egula ions s ic ly. They ecognize ha imp ope disposal can lead o heal h issues wi hin he
communi y, which is why hey know hey should no dispose o i ca elessly. Fu he mo e, hey belie e ha
was ewa e should unde go ea men be o e being eleased in o i e s, lakes, and he en i onmen . They
unde s and ha un ea ed wa e can con amina e wa e sou ces and hei d inking wa e . Consequen ly, hey a e
seeking inancial suppo om he go e nmen o a be e was ewa e managemen sys em.
This s udy suppo s Ama ille and Balomaga's (2023) s udy, no ing ha wo- hi ds o hei esponden s pe cei e
ha hei local go e nmen uni mus manage o imp o e wa e quali y and ea domes ic was ewa e . They
obse ed ha he awa eness among Su igao esponden s s ems om a ea o wa e - ela ed diseases a ec ing hei
esiden s.
In as uc u e De iciency. Table 4 ou lines he esul s o he ac o analysis, iden i ying in as uc u e de iciency
as a key dimension a ec ing was ewa e p ac ices. This ac o b ings oge he i e i ems ha e lec he ecu ing
challenges communi ies ace due o poo o absen sani a ion in as uc u e. Leading his g oup is he s a emen
“The lack o d ainage o ces us o ind ou own ways o ge id o was ewa e ,” which shows he highes ac o
loading a 0.827. This is ollowed by “We o en deal wi h clogged o o e lowing d ains in ou a ea,” wi h a
loading o 0.764, poin ing o pe sis en blockages ha dis up p ope disposal. The hi d i em, “We some imes
ha e o c ea e makeshi solu ions (like small canals o pi s) o dispose o ou used wa e ,” has a loading o 0.680,
emphasizing how esiden s’ eso o empo a y and po en ially unsa e disposal p ac ices.
Ano he i em, “Since we don’ ha e access o p ope disposal, was ewa e o en jus ends up in he s ee s o open
a eas,” wi h a ac o loading o 0.642, u he illus a es how un ea ed wa e is discha ged in public spaces due
o lack o al e na i es. Finally, he i em “Ou home is a om any was ewa e disposal sys em, making i di icul
o manage used wa e ” ecei ed a ac o loading o 0.576, highligh ing spa ial exclusion as a co e issue.
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Fac o
A ibu es
Loading
In as uc u e
De iciency
I em 05 - The lack o d ainage o ces us o ind ou own ways o ge id o
was ewa e .
.827
I em 03 - We o en deal wi h clogged o o e lowing d ains in ou a ea.
.764
I em 06 - We some imes ha e o c ea e makeshi solu ions (like small
canals o pi s) o dispose o ou used wa e .
.680
I em 08 - Since we don’ ha e access o p ope disposal, was ewa e o en
jus ends up in he s ee s o open a eas.
.642
I em 02 - Ou home is a om any was ewa e disposal sys em, making i
di icul o manage used wa e .
.576
Table 4: Ro a ed Componen Ma ix wi h G ouped A ibu es o In as uc u e
De iciency
The lack o in as uc u e is common among in o mal se lemen s. Based on ou s udy’s esul s, he absence o
d ainage o ces in o mal se le amilies o ind c ea i e ways o dispose o was ewa e . They o en con end wi h
clogged o o e lowing d ains, leading hem o cons uc makeshi solu ions o disposing o wa e was e.
Howe e , was ewa e is no always managed e ec i ely, esul ing in he was ewa e ending up in he s ee s o
open a eas. Consequen ly, managing used wa e in hese a eas p o es o be challenging.
The esul s on in as uc u e de iciency align wi h indings by Co puz (2025), who emphasized ha he
widesp ead discha ge o un ea ed was ewa e and g oundwa e con amina ion in he Philippines a e di ec
consequences o a lack o was ewa e in as uc u e. This a i ms ha inadequa e d ainage and dis an access o
disposal sys ems o ce communi ies o eso o unsa e p ac ices, inc easing public heal h isks. Simila ly, Kebede
and Tadesse (2023) ound ha in se e al owns in E hiopia, he absence o in eg a ed sani a ion planning and
coo dina ion among s akeholde s leads o unmanaged was ewa e and solid was e being dumped in o s o m d ains,
u he suppo ing he sys emic na u e o he p oblem. Mo eo e , Rahman and Sul ana (2022) s essed ha in
Bangladesh, in as uc u al limi a ions o ce esiden s o ely on makeshi disposal me hods due o he absence
o mode n sewage sys ems and p ope sludge ea men acili ies. These s udies collec i ely ein o ce he claim
ha in as uc u al ba ie s, a he han jus a lack o awa eness, a e majo d i e s o unsa e was ewa e beha io s
in unde se ed communi ies, and esol ing hem equi es signi ican in as uc u e in es men and inclusi e u ban
planning.
Financial Cons ain s. Table 5 shows i e (5) i ems ha all unde he hi d dimension, he inancial cons ain s
o in o mal se le s, and hei co esponding loading coe icien s. As shown, he i em “Ou communi y would like
o ha e a sha ed was ewa e acili y, bu we can’ a o d i .' ob ained he highes loading coe icien o 0.761. This
is suppo ed by he succeeding i ems on he challenges a ec ing inancial.
The i em “I he e we e cheape op ions o ea ing was ewa e , we would use hem” ob ained a loading
coe icien o 0.733. The i em “Paying o p ope was ewa e disposal se ices is oo expensi e o us” ob ained
a loading coe icien o 0.601. The i em “We would like o ins all a sep ic ank o p ope d ainage, bu i cos s
oo much” ob ains a loading coe icien o 0.594. Mo eo e , he i em “Ou daily expenses come i s , so
was ewa e managemen is no a p io i y” ob ained a 0.550 loading coe icien .
Fac o
A ibu es
Loading
Financial
Cons ain s
I em 18 - Ou communi y would like o ha e a sha ed was ewa e acili y,
bu we can’ a o d i .
.761
I em 17 - I he e we e cheape op ions o ea ing was ewa e , we would
use hem.
.733
I em 16 - Paying o p ope was ewa e disposal se ices is oo expensi e
o us.
.601
I em 20 - We would like o ins all a sep ic ank o p ope d ainage, bu i
cos s oo much.
.594
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I em 19 - Ou daily expenses come i s , so was ewa e managemen is no
a p io i y.
.550
Table 5: Ro a ed Componen Ma ix wi h G ouped A ibu es o Financial
Cons ain s
Acco ding o ou indings, he in o mal se le s a e open o sha ing a was ewa e ea men acili y, bu inancial
cons ain s hinde hei abili y o pu sue his ini ia i e. I hey can disco e mo e a o dable op ions, hey would
p e e hose. Howe e , p ope was ewa e disposal se ices a e expensi e o hem. While hey would bene i
om sui able sep ic anks o adequa e d ainage, hese solu ions a e beyond hei inancial each. They p e e o
concen a e on managing hei daily expenses and iew was ewa e managemen as a lowe p io i y.
The esul s on inancial cons ain s ag ee wi h Chai kin e al. (2022), who s a ed ha he demand o wa e and
sani a ion se ices o he unde se ed equi es uni e sal and equi able access o sa e and a o dable se ices, bu
public, co po a e, and dono unding is insu icien o co e capi al, ope a ional, and main enance expenses.
Fu he mo e, popula ion g ow h, u baniza ion, clima e change, and en i onmen al deg ada ion will inc ease he
inancial gap, s aining wa e esou ces (Li e al., 2022).
Communi y & Household Ac ion. Table 6 shows he Ro a ed Componen Ma ix wi h g ouped a ibu es o
Communi y and Household Ac ion whe e a signi ican co e ac o among he h ee pa ame e s exp esses
communi y- ela ed was ewa e managemen p ac ices. The measu emen esul s h ough ac o loadings indica e
he highes coe icien o 0.705 o he i em “I belie e i is my esponsibili y o p ope ly manage was ewa e in
my household”. Followed by he i em, “I ha e lea ned abou p ope was ewa e disposal om communi y
p og ams, news, o social media”. Ob ained a loading coe icien o 0.670. This uni ied pa e n om 0.589 o
0.705 de ines pe sonal esponsibili ies in addi ion o in o mal lea ning and adap i e euse p ac ices, showing
ex ensi e household esponsibili y o was ewa e con ol and how communi y p og ams, along wi h media
se ices, unc ion as dissemina o s o was ewa e managemen knowledge. The i em “To sa e money, we
some imes euse was ewa e (e.g., o cleaning o wa e ing plan s)”, ob aining a loading coe icien o 0.589,
shows ha people's p ac ice o sa ing cos s h ough wa e ecycling.
Fac o
A ibu es
Loading
Communi y &
Household Ac ion
I em 30 - I belie e i is my esponsibili y o p ope ly manage
was ewa e in my household.
.705
I em 10 - I ha e lea ned abou p ope was ewa e disposal om
communi y p og ams, news, o social media.
.670
I em 23 - To sa e money, we some imes euse was ewa e (e.g., o
cleaning o wa e ing plan s).
.589
Table 6: Ro a ed Componen Ma ix wi h g ouped a ibu es o Communi y and
Household Ac ion
Looking a he esul s, esiden s o in o mal se lemen s in Da ao Ci y belie e hey a e esponsible o p ope ly
managing was ewa e in hei households. They lea n he p ope me hods o was ewa e managemen and
disposal h ough communi y p og ams, news, o e en social media. One p ac ice hey engage in wi hin hei
communi y is conse ing wa e by eusing i o cleaning o wa e ing plan s.
The Uni ed Na ions En i onmen P og amme (UNEP, 2022) suppo s he indings ha localized ac ions,
pa icula ly a he household le el, can signi ican ly educe en i onmen al bu dens when suppo ed by in o mal
educa ion and g ass oo s ini ia i es. Simila ly, UNEP (2022) emphasizes ha e ec i e knowledge exchange
h ough digi al and communi y channels is key o encou aging beha io change. Mo eo e , he p ac ice o eusing
was ewa e o sa e money e lec s a g owing end o domes ic wa e ecycling, which he Wo ld Heal h
O ganiza ion (WHO) acknowledges as an eme ging adap i e s a egy in low- esou ce se ings (WHO & UNICEF,
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2021). These indings show ha a cul u e o in o med ci izens, empowe ed h ough bo h o mal and in o mal
a enues, can help imp o e sus ainable home was ewa e p ac ices.
Go e nmen & En i onmen al Impac s. Th ee i ems in Table 7 wi h he g oup A ibu es o Go e nmen &
En i onmen al Impac s” e eal he impo ance o ins i u ional backing and in as uc u e in was ewa e
managemen sys ems. The i em “The go e nmen has p o ided some help in se ing up d ainage o was ewa e
disposal sys ems he e’ ecei ed he highes loading coe icien o 0.753. Followed by he i em “Ou communi y
has been in o med abou how o handle was ewa e p ope ly.” ecei ed a loading coe icien o 0.536. And i em
“We ha e a p ope d ainage sys em whe e ou was ewa e can sa ely low” ob ained a 0.506 loading coe icien .
These ac o loadings indica e ha he la en cons uc is co ela ed mode a ely o s ongly wi h he measu ed
i ems be ween 0.506 and 0.753. Indi iduals acknowledged go e nmen was ewa e sys em de elopmen e o s
h ough I em 07 based on he high alue o i s ac o loading (.753). I em 13 shows how was ewa e handling
in o ma ion sp eads among he communi y, whe eas I em 01 indica es he exis ence o p ope d ainage
in as uc u e.
Fac o
A ibu es
Loading
Go e nmen &
En i onmen al Impac s
I em 07 - The go e nmen has p o ided some help in se ing
up d ainage o was ewa e disposal sys ems he e.
.753
I em 13 - Ou communi y has been in o med abou how o
handle was ewa e p ope ly.
.536
I em 01 - We ha e a p ope d ainage sys em whe e ou
was ewa e can sa ely low.
.506
Table 7: Ro a ed Componen Ma ix wi h G ouped A ibu es o Go e nmen &
En i onmen al Impac s
The s udy shows ha in o mal se le s belie e he go e nmen has p o ided some assis ance in es ablishing
d ainage o was ewa e disposal in hei communi ies. They also eel ha hei communi y is educa ed on how o
manage was ewa e p ope ly. Addi ionally, he e is an e ec i e d ainage sys em in place ha allows hei
was ewa e o low sa ely. These indings indica e ha hey ecognize he go e nmen 's suppo , and some o he
in as uc u e de eloped by he go e nmen is u ilized o was ewa e managemen .
Thus, his elemen demons a es social awa eness abou how go e nmen ac i ism, alongside in as uc u e
implemen a ions, sus ains p ope was ewa e unc ions. The Wo ld Heal h O ganiza ion, in pa ne ship wi h
UNICEF, indica es ha access o p ope sani a ion and d ainage se es as bo h a public heal h ounda ion and a
majo sus ainabili y elemen (WHO & UNICEF, 2021). As ag eed by Du an and Ma iñas (2024), hei s udy
demons a ed ha ins i u ional suppo is c ucial in in eg a ing sus ainabili y in o highe educa ion cu icula,
indica ing ha us in educa ional ins i u ions enhances he adop ion o sus ainable p ac ices. Fu he mo e, s udy
esul s also con i m he pi o al ole o public in o ma ion campaigns in enhancing communi y compliance wi h
en i onmen al no ms, pa icula ly in was ewa e managemen . In he Philippines, Dela Rosa (2024) emphasizes
he necessi y o communi y-based managemen p og ams and public awa eness o add ess he coun y's
was ewa e challenges.
F amewo k based on he Findings
P esen ed in Figu e 2 is he amewo k de eloped based on he indings. The esea che s ound ou ha he i e
majo de e minan s in luencing was ewa e managemen and disposal p ac ices among in o mal se le s a e (1)
Awa eness and Responsibili y, (2) In as uc u e De iciency, (3) Financial Cons ain s, (4) Communi y and
Household Ac ion, and (5) Go e nmen and En i onmen al Impac s. These in e connec ed ac o s e lec bo h
indi idual-le el beha io s and s uc u al limi a ions, o e ing a holis ic iew o he challenges su ounding
was ewa e managemen in ma ginalized communi ies.
Volume-09 Issue 05, May-2025 ISSN: 2456-9348
Impac Fac o : 8.232
In e na ional Jou nal o Enginee ing Technology Resea ch & Managemen
Published By:
h ps://www.ije m.com/
IJETRM (h p://ije m.com/) [384]
The amewo k isually emphasizes ha was ewa e managemen and disposal p ac ices a e shaped by in e nal
(awa eness, esponsibili y, household ac ion) and ex e nal (go e nmen suppo , in as uc u e access,
a o dabili y) ac o s o condi ions. I emphasizes how each ac o signi ican ly a ec s was ewa e p ac ices. This
sugges s ha long- e m solu ions mus be mul isec o al in imp o ing sys ems and empowe ing households wi h
knowledge and he means o ac sus ainably.
Figu e 2. F amewo k De eloped Based on Findings
CONCLUSION
Based on he indings, he esea che s concluded ha he ac o s a ec ing he was ewa e managemen and
disposal p ac ices among in o mal se le households a e: Awa eness and Responsibili y, In as uc u e
De iciency, Financial Cons ain s, Communi y and Household Ac ion, and Go e nmen and En i onmen al
Impac s.
RECOMMENDATION
The indings o his analysis deli e an ex ensi e pe spec i e abou was ewa e managemen and disposal
beha io s wi hin esiden communi ies. En i onmen al and heal h- ela ed awa eness exis s a a high le el in he
a ea, bu he in as uc u e limi a ions and inancial cons ain s c ea e impo an gaps. Fo e ec i e was ewa e
managemen p og ams in low-income o in o mal se lemen s, all componen s a e necessa y, including
in as uc u e de elopmen , oge he wi h inancial help and communi y awa eness e o s suppo ed by clea
policy implemen a ion. The esea ch indings suppo communi y engagemen in decision-making p ocesses
because local ini ia i es espond e ec i ely o in o ma ion-based inpu when unde aken wi hin suppo i e
se ings.
Fu u e p og ams should adop hese hemes o de elop sus ainable in e en ions o loca ions wi h comp omised
sewage in as uc u e and si ua ions whe e home p ac ices ma e mos in en i onmen al e ec s.
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h ps://www.ije m.com/
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