Eu opean Summi on In e disciplina y Resea ch and De elopmen - An In e na ional Resea ch Con e ence
Published By C ys al Pen Publica ion, Pe ambalu , Tamil Nadu, India - www.c ys alpen.in
ESIRD - 2025 P oceedings, Da e: No embe 30, 2025, ISBN Numbe : 978-93-49435-80-3
65
REVIEW ON BIOACTIVE CONSTITUENTS AND ANTI-
HYPERGLYCEMIC MECHANISMS OF SEA BUCKTHORN:
FROM ETHNO PHARMACOLOGY TO EVIDENCE-BASED
APPLICATION
A nee Kau Maan*, Laxmi Maha ana**, Ba sha Dassa ma* &
Sa yaji T ipa hy*
* Depa men o Physiology and Allied Sciences, Ami y Ins i u e o Heal h Allied Sciences, Ami y Uni e si y,
U a P adesh, India
** Depa men o K iya Sha i , All India Ins i u e o Ayu eda, New Delhi, India
Ci e This A icle: A nee Kau Maan, Laxmi Maha ana, Ba sha Dassa ma, Sa yaji T ipa hy. (No embe
2025). Re iew on Bioac i e Cons i uen s and An i-Hype glycemic Mechanisms o Sea Buck ho n: F om E hno
Pha macology o E idence-Based Applica ion. In P oceedings o he Eu opean Summi on In e disciplina y
Resea ch and De elopmen (pp. 65-73). Pe ambalu , Tamil Nadu, India: C ys al Pen Publica ion.
ISBN: 978-93-49435-80-3
Publishe Websi e: www.c ys alpen.in
Copy Righ : © 2025 C ys al Pen Publica ion (CPP). All igh s ese ed. This is an open access a icle
dis ibu ed unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion License (CC BY), which pe mi s un es ic ed
use, dis ibu ion, and ep oduc ion in any medium, p o ided he o iginal wo k is p ope ly ci ed.
DOI:
Abs ac :
Sea buck ho n (Hippophae hamnoides L.) has been ecognized o i s po en ial o manage
hype glycemia. This e iew syn hesizes indings om a ious s udies on he an i-hype glycemic e ec s o sea
buck ho n ex ac s and oils. Animal models ha e shown ha sea buck ho n can signi ican ly lowe blood
glucose le els and imp o e insulin sensi i i y. Mechanisms include enhancemen o insulin signaling, inhibi ion
o glucose abso p ion in he in es ines, and modula ion o glucose anspo e p o eins. Human s udies
co obo a e hese indings, demons a ing imp o emen s in pos p andial glycemic con ol and educ ions in
as ing plasma glucose le els a e sea buck ho n consump ion. The bioac i e compounds, such as la onoids
and a y acids, con ibu e o hese e ec s h ough an ioxidan ac i i y and ee adical sca enging. O e all, sea
buck ho n p esen s a p omising na u al he apeu ic op ion o diabe es managemen , wa an ing u he esea ch
o elucida e i s bene i s and applica ions ully.
Key Wo ds: Sea Buck ho n; Type 2 Diabe es Melli us; GLUT4; Hype glycemia; Phy ocompounds
In oduc ion:
India emains he coun y wi h he la ges diabe ic popula ion globally. Acco ding o ecen indings
published in The Lance , app oxima ely 101 million indi iduals in India, accoun ing o 11.4% o he
popula ion, a e cu en ly li ing wi h diabe es [1]. Managing ype 2 diabe es melli us (T2DM) emains a c i ical
global heal h conce n, especially conside ing i s high p e alence eaching 8.5% acco ding o he Wo ld Heal h
O ganiza ion (WHO) epo om 2016 [2]. P ediabe es, cha ac e ized by impai ed glucose egula ion (IGR),
encompasses condi ions such as impai ed glucose ole ance (IGT) and impai ed as ing glycemia (IFG). These
c i ical in e media e s a es o en p ecede he onse o T2DM [3].
A iable he apeu ic s a egy o mi iga ing pos p andial hype glycemia in diabe ic pa ien s in ol es
inhibi ing ca bohyd a e abso p ion a e meals. Alpha-glucosidase is an enzyme esponsible o b eaking down
glycosidic bonds in oligosaccha ides. Inhibi o s o his enzyme can hus play a c ucial ole in educing
pos p andial hype glycemia by slowing he con e sion o ca bohyd a es in o glucose [4].
Plan ex ac s ha e been adi ionally u ilized in a ious medicinal sys ems o ea ing diabe es and a e
now ecognized as iable al e na i es o diabe ic he apy. Howe e , he mechanisms h ough which many o
hese ex ac s unc ion emain unclea . Na u al α-glucosidase inhibi o s de i ed om plan s a e p omising o
managing pos p andial hype glycemia [5].
Diabe es melli us is associa ed wi h dis up ions in an ioxidan de ense mechanisms [6]. Using
an ioxidan s as pa o he ea men can help in p e en ing and delaying diabe ic complica ions [7]. This aligns
wi h he "uni ying hypo hesis," which sugges s ha oxida i e s ess induced by hype glycemia may be he
unde lying cause o all diabe ic complica ions [8]. Hence, alongside blood glucose con ol, managing oxida i e
s ess p esen s ano he pa hway o ea ing diabe es.
Eu opean Summi on In e disciplina y Resea ch and De elopmen - An In e na ional Resea ch Con e ence
Published By C ys al Pen Publica ion, Pe ambalu , Tamil Nadu, India - www.c ys alpen.in
ESIRD - 2025 P oceedings, Da e: No embe 30, 2025, ISBN Numbe : 978-93-49435-80-3
66
Figu e 1: Sea buck ho n oil, seeds and plan (Sou ce: Pin e es )
Seabuck ho n (Hippophae hamnoides L.), a spiny deciduous sh ub, has i s o igins in Eu ope, Cen al
Asia, and he empe a e zones o Sou h Asia, encompassing India and China [9]. Wi hin India, i lou ishes in he
a id, high-al i ude egions o Himachal P adesh, Jammu Kashmi , and U a akhand [5].
Recen esea ch has highligh ed he po en ial bene i s o seabuck ho n be ies in glycemic con ol.
Animal s udies ha e demons a ed ha seabuck ho n p o ein and ui oil ex ac s can lowe blood glucose le els
and imp o e insulin esis ance [10, 11, 12]. Acco ding o e iews by Padwad e al., seabuck ho n is ich in bioac i e
compounds such as a -soluble i amins (A, E, and K) and la onoids (iso hamne in, kaemp e ol, my ice in,
que ce in) [13]. These la onoids may help manage blood suga by dec easing glucose abso p ion, boos ing
insulin sec e ion and sensi i i y, and egula ing hepa ic glucose ou pu [14, 15]. Fu he mo e, seabuck ho n may
in luence neu oendoc ine, immune, an ioxidan , and an i-in lamma o y pa hways [16, 17, 18], which could
con ibu e o be e glycemic con ol.
This e iew aims o consolida e cu en esea ch on he an ihype glycemic e ec s o sea buck ho n,
highligh ing i s mechanisms o ac ion, e icacy in animal and human s udies, and po en ial applica ions in
diabe es managemen . By explo ing he bioac i e compounds and hei impac on glucose me abolism, his
e iew seeks o p o ide a comp ehensi e unde s anding o how sea buck ho n can be u ilized as a na u al
emedy o con olling blood suga le els and imp o ing o e all me abolic heal h.
Ma e ials and Me hods:
Li e a u e Sea ch:
A comp ehensi e li e a u e e iew was conduc ed using a ious scien i ic da abases, including
PubMed, ScienceDi ec , and Google Schola , o ga he ele an in o ma ion on he an i-diabe ic and an i-
hype glycemic e ec s o Sea Buck ho n (Hippophae hamnoides L.). Keywo ds used in he sea ch included
"Sea Buck ho n," "Hippophae hamnoides," "an i-diabe ic," "an i-hype glycemic," "e hnopha macology," and
"medicinal plan s." S udies published om he yea 1990 o 2024 we e included o ensu e he inclusion o he
mos ecen indings.
Inclusion and Exclusion C i e ia:
A icles we e selec ed based on hei ele ance o he e hno pha macological p ope ies o Sea
Buck ho n, speci ically ocusing on i s ole in managing diabe es and hype glycemia. S udies ha de ailed he
phy ochemical composi ion, mechanisms o ac ion, and clinical o p eclinical e alua ions o Sea Buck ho n
ex ac s we e included. Exclusion c i e ia in ol ed s udies ha did no ocus on he an i-diabe ic o an i-
hype glycemic e ec s o lacked su icien da a o suppo hei indings.
Da a Ex ac ion:
The da a ex ac ion p ocess in ol ed e iewing he selec ed a icles o ga he in o ma ion on he
phy ochemical cons i uen s o Sea Buck ho n, i s mechanisms o ac ion agains diabe es, and any epo ed
clinical o p eclinical ou comes. Pa icula a en ion was paid o s udies ha e alua ed he e ec s o Sea
Buck ho n on glucose me abolism, insulin sensi i i y, and oxida i e s ess.
Da a Syn hesis:
The ex ac ed da a we e syn hesized o p o ide a comp ehensi e o e iew o he e hno
pha macological po en ial o Sea Buck ho n in diabe es managemen . The syn hesis in ol ed ca ego izing he
Eu opean Summi on In e disciplina y Resea ch and De elopmen - An In e na ional Resea ch Con e ence
Published By C ys al Pen Publica ion, Pe ambalu , Tamil Nadu, India - www.c ys alpen.in
ESIRD - 2025 P oceedings, Da e: No embe 30, 2025, ISBN Numbe : 978-93-49435-80-3
67
indings based on he ype o s udy (e.g., in i o, in i o, clinical ials) and he speci ic an i-diabe ic and an i-
hype glycemic e ec s obse ed.
Role o Hippophae hamnoides L. in Modula ing Hype glycemia:
An i-Diabe ic and An i-Hype glycemic E ec s o Bioac i e Compounds:
Diabe es is a diso de o he endoc ine sys em cha ac e ized by abno mal me abolism o ca bohyd a es,
a s, and p o eins due o issues wi h insulin sec e ion o ac ion [19]. When diabe es emains uncon olled, i can
gi e ise o a ious complica ions, including hype lipidemia, hype ension, a he oscle osis, hype insulinemia,
e inopa hy, kidney disease, and pe iphe al neu opa hy [20]. Resea che s ha e del ed in o he po en ial o sea
buck ho n as a managemen s a egy o diabe es.
The he b sea buck ho n, which has long been u ilized o i s many heal h ad an ages, has shown
p omise in he managemen o diabe es. Eme ging esea ch highligh s he po en ial an i-diabe ic e ec s o sea
buck ho n. This ema kable plan appea s o impac glucose me abolism and insulin sec e ion. Mo eo e , sea
buck ho n seed p o ein (SSP) shows p omise in imp o ing o al glucose ole ance, enhancing insulin sensi i i y,
and in luencing li e glucose me abolism genes ia he AMPK/SIRT1 pa hway in diabe ic mice. Addi ionally,
sea buck ho n ui ex ac s exhibi inhibi o y e ec s on α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes esponsible o
b eaking down polysaccha ides in o glucose hus po en ially educing pos p andial blood glucose le els. In
indi iduals wi h impai ed glucose egula ion (IGR) o p e-diabe es, sea buck ho n ui pu ee may sligh ly lowe
as ing blood suga le els [21, 22].
Recen s udies in es iga ing he an idiabe ic e ec s o sea buck ho n pulp oil in human isle cells e eal
ha his oil boos s insulin sec e ion in esponse o glucose. I achie es his by ac i a ing G p o ein-coupled
ecep o s wi hin panc ea ic β-cells, wi h palmi oleic acid eme ging as he key ac i e a y acid componen [23].
The an ioxidan cha ac e is ics and α-glucosidase inhibi o y ac i i ies o sea buck ho n lea ex ac s
we e in es iga ed by Kim and colleagues [24]. Six compounds we e iden i ied, which include 1- e uloyl-β-D-
glucopy anoside, iso hamne in-3-O-glucoside, iso hamne in-3-O- u inoside, kaemp e ol-3-O-β-D-(6''-O-
couma yl) glycoside, que ce in 3-O-β-D-glucopy anoside, que ce in 3-O-β-D-glucopy anosyl-7-O-α-L-
hamnopy anoside. The bu anol ac ion, ich in phenolic compounds, exhibi ed he highes adical-sca enging
ac i i y and he s onges α-glucosidase inhibi o y e ec [24, 25].
Sea buck ho n seed p o eins ha e been shown o include ou di e en b anched-chain amino acid
polypep ides: Asp-Leu/Ile-Val-Gly-Glu, Leu/Ile-P o, Leu/Ile-P o-Glu-Asp-P o, Leu/Ile-P o-Leu/Ile[26].
Sea buck ho n p o eins also in luence gu mic obio a. In mu ine s udies, hese p o eins play a
signi ican ole in educing body weigh and blood glucose le els. No ably, hey es o e he balance o bene icial
gu bac e ia, including Bi idobac e ium, Lac obacillus, Bacillus, and Clos idium globula is. Me agenomic
sequencing u he e eals ha sea buck ho n ea men leads o al e a ions in he in es inal mic obial
communi y, wi h ARDRA (Ampli ied Ribosomal DNA Res ic ion Analysis) con i ming heigh ened mic obial
di e si y e idenced by inc eased Shannon (H) and Simpson (E) indices [27].
Combining sea buck ho n wi h o he be ies can enhance i s bene icial e ec s. S udies ha e shown ha
child en wi h ype I diabe es who consumed a concen a e o bluebe y and sea buck ho n expe ienced
imp o emen s in blood suga and lipid le els. This combina ion may be e ec i e in p e en ing ca dio ascula
diseases, diabe es, and ela ed complica ions [28].
The e icacy o polyphenols in ea ing ype 2 diabe es is no solely due o he polyphenols hemsel es
bu also hei bioa ailabili y, which is in luenced by hei chemical s uc u e, he ma ix hey a e pa o , dosage,
and die [29]. Polyphenol- ich ex ac s ha e been e ec i e in lowe ing blood glucose le els and impac ing gu
mic obio a [30]. Thei syne gis ic e ec can educe he abundance o Fi micu es, Clos idiales, and
Lachnospi aceae while inc easing bu y a e concen a ions. In a s udy conduc ed by Roopchand and colleagues
[31], die a y polyphenols we e ound o ha e se e al bene icial e ec s. No ably, hey educed he exp ession o
in lamma o y ma ke s and glucose abso p ion genes (such as Glu 2) in he in es ines. Addi ionally, hese
polyphenols in luenced he gu mic obio a by inc easing he abundance o Akke mansia muciniphila while
dec easing he Fi micu es- o-Bac e oide es a io.
Va ious bioac i e compounds ound in sea buck ho n, such as polyphenols like iso hamne in, que ce in,
and epica echin, con ibu e o i s abili y o amelio a e dis u bed glucose me abolism by s imula ing GLUT4
ansloca ion o he plasma memb ane, enhancing glucose clea ance om ci cula ion, and lowe ing ci cula ing
glucose le els by app oxima ely 10% [32, 33].
Addi ionally, sea buck ho n's polyphenol ac ion has been shown o imp o e glycemic con ol and
egula e key me aboli es, demons a ing i s po en ial in ea ing me abolic synd ome, including hype glycemia
[34, 33]. I also sugges s ha sea buck ho n migh play a ole in p e en ing diabe ic complica ions associa ed wi h
hype lipidemia and oxida i e s ess [35].
These indings highligh he p omising ole o sea buck ho n phy ochemicals in managing
hype glycemia and suppo ing o e all me abolic heal h.
Nume ous esea ch s udies ha e in es iga ed he po en ial o sea buck ho n supplemen a ion in
managing diabe es (Table 1-5).
Eu opean Summi on In e disciplina y Resea ch and De elopmen - An In e na ional Resea ch Con e ence
Published By C ys al Pen Publica ion, Pe ambalu , Tamil Nadu, India - www.c ys alpen.in
ESIRD - 2025 P oceedings, Da e: No embe 30, 2025, ISBN Numbe : 978-93-49435-80-3
68
Animal S udies: Table 1: The The apeu ic E ec o Sea buck ho n be ies
Model
Ac i e
Compounds
T ea men / G oups
Findings
E ec s/ Mechanisms
Re e ences
db/db mice
Fla anol
glycosides in sea
buck ho n juice
O al adminis a ion o sea
buck ho n juice 5 mL/kg/day
and sea buck ho n juice wi h
25, 50, 100 mg/kg/day L-
queb achi ol o 10 weeks
Lowe s ood
in ake, weigh
gain, and blood
glucose le els
Dec eases exp ession o
insulin ecep o β in he
li e ; Enhances glucose
ole ance and panc ea ic
issue in eg i y.
[36]
Alloxan-
induced
diabe ic mice
Fla onoids
O al adminis a ion o
e hanol-ex ac ed sea
buck ho n 2, 20, 40
mg/kg/day o 4 weeks
Lowe s blood
suga le els and
BUN con en
Boos s insulin le el, li e
(muscle) glycogen
con en , and mal ase le el.
[37]
Ra s
L-queb achi ol
Sea buck ho n juice
(en iched and non-en iched
wi h L-queb achi ol)
Lowe ed andom
blood glucose,
weigh g ow h,
ood in ake, and
li e exp ession o
insulin ecep o β;
Inc eased as ing
plasma insulin
le els
Posi i e e ec s on glucose
ole ance and panc ea ic
issue in eg i y
[36]
Table 2: The The apeu ic E ec o Sea buck ho n lea es
Model
Ac i e
Compounds
T ea men / G oups
Findings
E ec s/ Mechanisms
Re e
ences
Alloxan-
induced
diabe ic
Wis a a s
Polyphenol
O al adminis a ion o
me hanol-ex ac ed sea
buck ho n lea es 200, 400
mg/kg/day o 45 days
Enhances endogenous
an ioxidan enzymes (SOD,
GSH pe oxidase le els);
Lowe s malondialdehyde le el
Imp o es an ioxidan
de ense agains eac i e
oxygen species.
[38]
Insulin-
esis an
HepG2 cells
L- es e a ol
Incuba ion wi h 200 μL sea
buck ho n lea L- es e a ol
ex ac (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0
mg/mL, dilu ed wi h
DMEM)
Reduces exp ession o
G6Pase; Enhances exp ession
o PPARα; Inhibi s α-amylase
ac i i y
Boos s glucose
consump ion;
Dec eases TG and
NEFA.
[39]
High-suga
die - ed mice
SB subsp.
chinensis
Rousi
polysaccha ide
O al adminis a ion o
e hanol-ex ac ed sea
buck ho n lea es 240, 480,
960 mg/kg/day o 4 days
Inc eases α-glucosidase
inhibi o y e ec
Imp o es glucose
ole ance; Reduces
blood glucose le el.
[40]
No mal and
alloxan-
induced
diabe ic
Wis a a s
Me hanol
ex ac
No mal con ol, Diabe ic
con ol, Diabe ic + Sea
buck ho n lea me hanol
ex ac
Reduced as ing blood
glucose; Inc eased SOD and
GSH; Dec eased
malondialdehyde
Enhanced an ioxidan
de enses, educed
oxida i e s ess
[38]
Insulin-
esis an (IR)
cells
L- es e a ol
ex ac (SQE),
L- es e a ol
s anda d (QS)
-
Po en inhibi o y e ec s
agains α-amylase, enhanced
glucose up ake, educed TG
and NEFA le els
Compe i i e inhibi ion
o α-amylase,
up egula ed PPARα,
down egula ed glucose
6-phospha ase
[39]
Table 3: The The apeu ic E ec o Sea buck ho n seeds
Model
Ac i e
Compounds
T ea men / G oups
Findings
E ec s/ Mechanisms
Re e e
nces
6−8 weeks
old db/db
mice
Hyd ophobic
b anched chain
amino acid
polypep ide
O al adminis a ion o
pu i ied sea buck ho n seed
meal 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg/day o 8
weeks
Lowe s as ing blood
suga le els, weigh , and
insulin esis ance.
Inc eases GLUT4 and PI3K
p o ein le els; Lowe s AKT,
GSK-3β, and PI3K/Ak p o ein
exp ession; Boos s glycogen
syn hase ac i i y and muscle
glycogen con en
[26]
S ep ozo
ocin-
induced
diabe ic
mice
P o ein
O al adminis a ion o
pu i ied sea buck ho n seed
50, 100, 200 mg/kg/day o
4 weeks
Lowe s body weigh and
blood glucose le el;
Inc eases gu mic obial
di e si y (H) and
Simpson index alue
(E).
Reco e s Bi idobac e ium,
Lac obacillus, Bac e oides,
Clos idium coccoides colony
[27]
S ep ozoc
in-induced
diabe ic
ICR mice
P o ein
O al adminis a ion o
pu i ied sea buck ho n seed
50, 100, 200 mg/kg/d o 4
weeks
Dec eases weigh ;
Lowe s FBG
Lowe s CRP, IL-6, TNF-α, and
NF-κ B le els; Reduces
in lamma o y ac o s and lipid
le el.
[11]
S ep ozo
ocin-
induced
diabe ic
a s
Seed esidue
ex ac
No mal con ol, Diabe ic
con ol, Diabe ic +
Glybu ide (5 mg/kg),
Diabe ic + Sea buck ho n
seed esidue ex ac (400
mg/kg)
Reduced blood glucose,
iglyce ides, and ni ic
oxide; Inc eased SOD
ac i i y and GSH le els
Hypoglycemic e ec s, lipid-
lowe ing p ope ies, an ioxidan
ac i i y
[12]
Eu opean Summi on In e disciplina y Resea ch and De elopmen - An In e na ional Resea ch Con e ence
Published By C ys al Pen Publica ion, Pe ambalu , Tamil Nadu, India - www.c ys alpen.in
ESIRD - 2025 P oceedings, Da e: No embe 30, 2025, ISBN Numbe : 978-93-49435-80-3
69
db/db
mice wi h
ype 2
diabe es
Speci ic
polypep ides
-
Reduced as ing blood
glucose, inc eased
muscle glycogen con en
Up egula ed GLUT4,
down egula ed AKT and GSK-
3β, enhanced GS ac i i y,
ele a ed PI3K p o ein le els
[26]
S ep ozo
ocin
(STZ)-
induced
diabe ic
ICR mice
Sea buck ho n
seed p o ein
(SSP)
Diabe ic con ol, Diabe ic +
Sea buck ho n seed p o ein
(SSP)
Dec eased insulin le els,
in lamma o y ma ke s,
body weigh , and as ing
blood glucose (FBG)
-
[11]
Table 4: The The apeu ic E ec o Sea buck ho n oil
Model
Adminis a ion
Ac i e Compounds
Findings
E ec s/ Mechanisms
Re e ences
High- a die -
ed SD a s
and HepG2
cells
Incuba ion wi h sea
buck ho n ui oil (50,
100, 200, 400 μM, dilu ed
wi h DMEM)
Palmi oleic acid
om sea buck ho n
seed oil
-
Boos s he exp ession o
PI3K and GS; Inhibi s
GSK-3β exp ession
[10]
High- a die -
ed SD a s
and HepG2
cells
O al adminis a ion o sea
buck ho n ui oil 50,
100, 150 mg/kg/day o 4
weeks
Palmi oleic acid
om sea buck ho n
seed oil
Imp o es insulin
indices.
Enhances glucose up ake;
Lowe s blood glucose;
[10]
High- a and
suga die - ed
SD a s
O al adminis a ion o
pu i ied sea buck ho n
ui oil 50, 100, 150
mg/kg/day o 4 weeks
Palmi oleic acid
Enhances GS in
skele al muscle;
Relie es insulin
esis ance;
Ac i a es he PI3K
pa hway; Lowe s blood
glucose.
[41]
Diabe ic a s
and HepG2
cells
-
F ui oil ex ac
Enhanced glucose
abso p ion in
insulin- esis an
cells, educed blood
glucose and insulin
le els
Modi ied PI3K/Ak
signaling pa hway,
p omo ed PI3K and
glycogen syn hesis (GS)
exp ession, supp essed
GSK-3β exp ession
[10]
Human S udies: Table 5: Sea Buck ho n imp o es glucose me abolism in humans
Pa icipan s/ S udy
Model
Ac i e Compounds
Adminis a ion
Findings
Re e ences
Randomized, con olled,
c osso e s udy on
O e weigh and obese
male subjec s
Danish sea buck ho n
be ies
-
Dec eased and delayed insulin
esponse, imp o ed glycemic
p o ile ollowing a suc ose-
con aining meal
[42]
Clinical ials
onIndi iduals wi h
impai ed glucose
egula ion (IGR)
-
-
Imp o ed o al glucose ole ance
es (OGTT) esul s, po en ial as a
die a y supplemen o managing
glucose le els
[43]
S udy on O e weigh and
obese indi idual
Lea ex ac and
la onoid glycoside
ex ac
-
Imp o ed insulin sensi i i y,
educed ma ke s o in lamma ion
[35]
Glucose- ea ed human
isle EndoC-be aH1 cells
Palmi oleic acid om
sea buck ho n pulp oil
Incuba ion wi h sea
buck ho n pulp oil (10
μM, dilu ed wi h DMEM)
Ac i a es G p o ein-coupled
ecep o s in panc ea ic β-cells;
Inc eases glucose-induced insulin
sec e ion.
[23]
Type I diabe ic child en
-
Die a y supplemen o sea
buck ho n and bluebe y
concen a es
Dec eased glyca ed hemoglobin,
inc eased C pep ide concen a ions
[44]
Po en ial Mechanisms o Ac ion:
The an i-hype glycemic e ec s o sea buck ho n appea o be media ed h ough mul iple mechanisms,
including:
Delaying and educing pos p andial insulin esponse [42]
Imp o ing glucose clea ance om he bloods eam [42]
Enhancing insulin sensi i i y [35]
Reducing in lamma ion associa ed wi h insulin esis ance [35]
Compa a i e E ec i eness o Sea Buck ho n wi h O he Hypoglycemic Agen s:
The e ec i eness o sea buck ho n as a hypoglycemic agen has also been compa ed wi h o he known
hypoglycemic agen s. The indings indica e ha sea buck ho n p oduc s, including oils and ex ac s, show
p omising hypoglycemic e ec s. These e ec s a e compa able o some adi ional hypoglycemic agen s, making
sea buck ho n a po en ial na u al al e na i e o managing blood glucose le els. The compa a i e s udies
highligh sea buck ho n's po en ial o educe blood glucose le els and imp o e insulin sensi i i y, he eby
suppo ing i s use as a hypoglycemic supplemen [42].
Eu opean Summi on In e disciplina y Resea ch and De elopmen - An In e na ional Resea ch Con e ence
Published By C ys al Pen Publica ion, Pe ambalu , Tamil Nadu, India - www.c ys alpen.in
ESIRD - 2025 P oceedings, Da e: No embe 30, 2025, ISBN Numbe : 978-93-49435-80-3
70
P omising o Diabe es Managemen :
The esea ch indica es ha sea buck ho n and i s bioac i e compounds, such as la onoids and a y
acids, ha e he po en ial o be de eloped in o nu i ional supplemen s o unc ional oods o he
managemen o diabe es and p ediabe ic condi ions.
The unique mechanisms o ac ion, compa ed o many an i-diabe ic d ugs, make sea buck ho n a
p omising complemen a y app oach o imp o ing glucose me abolism.
Discussion:
The comp ehensi e body o esea ch analyzed in his e iew unde sco es he signi ican po en ial o
Hippophae hamnoides L. (Sea Buck ho n) as an e ec i e na u al he apeu ic agen o managing
hype glycemia and diabe es. The consis en indings ac oss a ious in i o, in i o, and clinical s udies e eal
ha sea buck ho n, pa icula ly i s bioac i e compounds such as la onoids [13], a y acids, and polysaccha ides,
play a c ucial ole in modula ing glucose me abolism and enhancing insulin sensi i i y [14, 15].
One o he key mechanisms h ough which sea buck ho n exe s i s an i-diabe ic e ec s is by
in luencing glucose homeos asis. The bioac i e compounds in sea buck ho n, including iso hamne in and
que ce in, ha e been shown o enhance he ansloca ion o GLUT4 o he plasma memb ane, he eby inc easing
glucose up ake in muscle cells and educing blood glucose le els [32, 33]. Addi ionally, he inhibi ion o enzymes
like α-amylase and α-glucosidase by sea buck ho n ex ac s helps o slow down ca bohyd a e diges ion and
abso p ion, which is c ucial in managing pos p andial glucose spikes [21, 22, 24, 25].
Mo eo e , sea buck ho n's abili y o modula e insulin sec e ion and imp o e panc ea ic unc ion u he
suppo s i s ole as an an i-diabe ic agen . A majo componen o sea buck ho n oil, palmi oleic acid, has been
demons a ed o ac i a e G p o ein-coupled ecep o s in panc ea ic β-cells, enhancing insulin p oduc ion in
esponse o glucose. This makes he oil e y help ul o hose who a e insulin- esis an [23].
The an ioxidan p ope ies o sea buck ho n also con ibu e o i s e icacy in diabe es managemen . By
neu alizing ee adicals and educing oxida i e s ess, sea buck ho n helps p o ec agains diabe es- ela ed
complica ions such as neu opa hy, e inopa hy, and ca dio ascula diseases. This aligns wi h he hypo hesis ha
oxida i e s ess is a cen al ac o in he pa hogenesis o diabe ic complica ions [20].
Fu he mo e, sea buck ho n's impac on he gu mic obio a highligh s ano he p omising a enue o
diabe es managemen . S udies ha e shown ha sea buck ho n supplemen a ion can es o e he balance o
bene icial gu bac e ia, which is o en dis up ed in diabe ic condi ions. This, in u n, may lead o imp o ed
me abolic heal h and be e glycemic con ol [27, 30, 31].
While he cu en esea ch p o ides compelling e idence o he an i-diabe ic po en ial o sea
buck ho n, he e is a need o mo e ex ensi e clinical ials o es ablish s anda dized dosages, long- e m sa e y,
and e icacy in di e se popula ions. Addi ionally, u u e esea ch should ocus on isola ing and cha ac e izing
speci ic bioac i e compounds om sea buck ho n ha con ibu e o i s an i-hype glycemic e ec s, which could
lead o he de elopmen o mo e a ge ed he apies.
Fu u e P ospec s:
The p ospec s o s udying he an ihype glycemic e ec s o sea buck ho n a e p omising, d i en by i s
po en ial o manage diabe es and ela ed me abolic diso de s. Fu u e esea ch di ec ions should ocus on
add essing hese gaps. He e a e se e al key a eas o u u e esea ch:
S anda dized, well-con olled clinical ials a e needed o es ablish e ec i e dosing egimens and
e alua e long- e m ou comes. Mechanis ic s udies should u he elucida e he molecula pa hways h ough
which sea buck ho n exe s i s an ihype glycemic e ec s, po en ially leading o he de elopmen o a ge ed
he apies. In es iga ing he syne gis ic e ec s o sea buck ho n compounds and hei in e ac ions wi h
con en ional an idiabe ic medica ions could also yield aluable insigh s o in eg a i e ea men app oaches.
Isola ing and cha ac e izing speci ic bioac i e compounds om sea buck ho n ha con ibu e o i s
an ihype glycemic p ope ies can lead o he de elopmen o a ge ed he apies. This can also in ol e s udying
he syne gis ic e ec s o hese compounds. De eloping no el o mula ions and deli e y sys ems o sea
buck ho n ex ac s o enhance bioa ailabili y and e icacy. This includes explo ing nano o mula ions,
encapsula ion echniques, and o he ad anced deli e y me hods. Conduc ing compa a i e s udies o e alua e he
e icacy o sea buck ho n agains s anda d an idiabe ic medica ions can p o ide aluable in o ma ion on i s
po en ial as an al e na i e o complemen a y he apy. Long- e m s udies o assess he sus ained e ec s and
sa e y o sea buck ho n supplemen a ion o e ex ended pe iods, will help in unde s anding i s ole in ch onic
diabe es managemen and p e en ion o complica ions. In es iga ing he e ec s o sea buck ho n on gu
mic obio a composi ion and i s implica ions o glucose me abolism and o e all me abolic heal h can p o ide
insigh s in o he p ebio ic po en ial o sea buck ho n. By add essing hese u u e esea ch di ec ions, he ull
he apeu ic po en ial o sea buck ho n in managing hype glycemia and diabe es can be be e unde s ood and
u ilized.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, he body o esea ch on sea buck ho n (Hippophae hamnoides L.) sugges s i s
signi ican po en ial as an an ihype glycemic agen . Nume ous in es iga ions in ol ing in i o, in i o, and
Eu opean Summi on In e disciplina y Resea ch and De elopmen - An In e na ional Resea ch Con e ence
Published By C ys al Pen Publica ion, Pe ambalu , Tamil Nadu, India - www.c ys alpen.in
ESIRD - 2025 P oceedings, Da e: No embe 30, 2025, ISBN Numbe : 978-93-49435-80-3
71
clinical ials ha e p o en he e icaciousness o sea buck ho n and i s ex ac s in modula ing blood glucose
homeos asis and enhancing insulin sensi i i y. The bioac i e compounds, such as la onoids and a y acids,
ound in sea buck ho n play c ucial oles in modula ing glucose me abolism and enhancing insulin ac ion.
Sea buck ho n's mul i ace ed app oach o comba ing hype glycemia includes educing ood in ake,
dec easing weigh gain, imp o ing panc ea ic unc ion, and e e sing insulin esis ance. These e ec s a e
a ibu ed o he syne gis ic ac ion o i s di e se phy ochemicals, which collec i ely enhance an ioxidan
de ense, modula e in lamma o y esponses, and op imize me abolic pa hways ela ed o glucose and lipid
me abolism.
Despi e he p omising esul s, u he esea ch is wa an ed o ully elucida e he mechanisms o ac ion
and es ablish s anda dized dosing egimens. La ge-scale, long- e m clinical ials a e essen ial o con i m he
e icacy and sa e y o sea buck ho n in human popula ions. Mo eo e , add essing he a iabili y in p oduc
quali y and ensu ing consis ency ac oss s udies will be c i ical o he eliable applica ion o sea buck ho n as a
he apeu ic op ion o diabe es managemen . O e all, he in eg a ion o sea buck ho n in o die a y and
he apeu ic s a egies o e s a p omising a enue o enhancing he managemen o diabe es and imp o ing
me abolic heal h.
Re e ences:
1. h ps://www.bbc.com/news/wo ld-asia-india-65852551
2. Wo ld Heal h O ganiza ion. Global Repo on Diabe es. A ailable online: h ps://www.who.in /diabe e
s/global- epo /en/
3. F. Abbasi, P. J. Te n, G. M Rea en, Plasma glucose concen a ion 60 min pos o al glucose load and
isk o ype 2 diabe es and ca dio ascula disease: Pa hophysiological implica ions, Diabe es Vasc. Dis.
Res. 16 (2019) 337-343. h ps://doi.o g/10.1177/1479164119827239
4. Y. M. Kim, M. H. Wang, H I Rhee, A no el alpha-glucosidase inhibi o om pine ba k, Ca bohyd .
Res. 339 (2004) 715-717. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.ca es.2003.11.005
5. P. Bha dwaj, C. Va shneya, K. Kais ha e al., In i o e alua ion o an idiabe ic and an ioxidan ac i i y
o Seabuck ho n (Hippophae hamnoides L.) lea es, J. Med. Plan Res. 9 (2015) 929-932. h ps://d
oi.o g/10.5897/JMPR2015.5416
6. J J S ain, Dis u bances o mic onu ien and an ioxidan s a us in diabe es, P oc. Nu . Soc. 50 (1991)
591-604. h ps://doi.o g/10.1079/pns19910073
7. A.M. A ms ong, J.E. Ches nu , M.J. Go mley, e al., The e ec o die a y ea men on lipid
pe oxida ion and an ioxidan s a us in newly diagnosed noninsulin dependen diabe es, F ee Radic.
Biol. Med. 21 (1996) 719-726. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/0891-5849(96)00120-4
8. M. B ownlee, Biochemis y and molecula cell biology o diabe ic complica ions, Na u e 414 (2001)
813-820. h ps://doi.o g/10.1038/414813a
9. A. Rousi, The genus Hippophae L. A axonomic s udy, Ann. Bo . Fennici 8 (1971) 177-227. h p://w
ww.js o .o g/s able/23724624
10. S. Gao, Q. Guo, C. Qin, e al., Sea buck ho n ui oil ex ac alle ia es insulin esis ance h ough he
PI3K/Ak signaling pa hway in ype 2 diabe es melli us cells and a s, J. Ag ic. Food Chem. 65 (2017)
1328-1336. h ps://doi.o g/10.1021/acs.ja c.6b05152
11. H. Yuan, X. Zhu, W. Wang, e al., Hypoglycemic and an i-in lamma o y e ec s o seabuck ho n seed
p o ein in diabe ic ICR mice, Food Func . 7 (2016) 1610-1615. h ps://doi.o g/10.1039/C6FO00003B
12. W. Zhang, J. Zhao, J. Wang, e al., Hypoglycemic e ec o aqueous ex ac o seabuck ho n
(Hippophae hamnoides L.) seed esidues in s ep ozo ocin-induced diabe ic a s, Phy o he . Res. 24
(2010) 228-232. h ps://doi.o g/10.1002/p .2921
13. Y. Padwad, L. Ganju, M. Jain, e al., E ec o lea ex ac o seabuck ho n on lipopolysaccha ide
induced in lamma o y esponse in mu ine mac ophages, In . Immunopha macol. 6 (2006) 46-52.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.in imp.2005.07.015
14. K. Hanhine a, R. Tö önen, I. Bondia-Pons, e al., Impac o die a y polyphenols on ca bohyd a e
me abolism, In . J. Mol. Sci. 11 (2010) 1365-1402. h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/ijms11041365
15. S. D agan, F. And ica, M.C. Se ban, R. Tima , Polyphenols- ich na u al p oduc s o ea men o
diabe es, Cu . Med. Chem. 22 (2015) 14-22. h ps://doi.o g/10.2174/0929867322014151126150505
16. D. Dannenbe ge , M. Tuchsche e , G. Nü nbe g, e al., Sea buck ho n pomace supplemen a ion in he
die o g owing pigs e ec s on a y acid me abolism, HPA ac i i y and immune s a us, In . J. Mol. Sci.
19 (2018) 596. h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/ijms19020596
17. B. Olas, The bene icial heal h aspec s o sea buck ho n (Elaeagnus hamnoides (L.) A. Nelson) oil, J.
E hnopha macol. 213 (2018) 183-190. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.jep.2017.09.017
18. K. Tkacz, A. Wojdyło, I.P. Tu kiewicz, P. Nowicka, An i-diabe ic, an i-cholines e ase, and an ioxidan
po en ial, chemical composi ion and senso y e alua ion o no el sea buck ho n-based smoo hies, Food
Chem. 338 (2021) 128105. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j. oodchem.2020.128105
Eu opean Summi on In e disciplina y Resea ch and De elopmen - An In e na ional Resea ch Con e ence
Published By C ys al Pen Publica ion, Pe ambalu , Tamil Nadu, India - www.c ys alpen.in
ESIRD - 2025 P oceedings, Da e: No embe 30, 2025, ISBN Numbe : 978-93-49435-80-3
72
19. F. Muselin, D. B ezo an, J. Sa ici, e al., The use o sea buck ho n (Hippophae hamnoides L.) and
milk his le (Silybum ma ianum L.) in alloxan induced diabe es melli us in a s, Sci. Pap. Anim. Sci.
Bio echnol. 49 (2016) 280-280.
20. X. Feng, A. Su eda, S. Ja a i, e al., Be be ine in ca dio ascula and me abolic diseases: om
mechanisms o he apeu ics, The anos ics 9 (2019) 1923-1942. h ps://doi.o g/10.7150/ hno.31653
21. H. Fukao, Y. Iji i, M. Miu a, e al., E ec o ans- es e a ol on he h ombogenici y and
a he ogenici y in apolipop o ein E-de icien and low-densi y lipop o ein ecep o -de icien mice, Blood
Coagul. Fib inolysis 15 (2004) 441-446. h ps://doi.o g/10.1097/01.mbc.0000132878.15341.1a
22. R.K. Dubey, S. Shukla, V. Shukla, S. Singh, Sea buck ho n: A po en ial die a y supplemen wi h
mul i ace ed he apeu ic ac i i ies, In ell. Pha m. (2023) 22 Dec. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.ipha.2023.1
2.003
23. E. Ko kus, G. Dąb owski, M. Szus ak, e al., E alua ion o he an i-diabe ic ac i i y o sea buck ho n
pulp oils p epa ed wi h di e en ex ac ion me hods in human isle EndoC-be aH1 cells, NFS J. 27
(2022) 54-66. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.n s.2022.06.001
24. J.S. Kim, Y.S. Kwon, Y.J. Sa, M.J. Kim, Isola ion and iden i ica ion o sea buck ho n (Hippophae
hamnoides) phenolics wi h an ioxidan ac i i y and α-glucosidase inhibi o y e ec , J. Ag ic. Food
Chem. 59 (2011) 138-144. h ps://doi.o g/10.1021/j 103311k
25. A. Jaśniewska, A. Diowksz, Wide spec um o ac i e compounds in sea buck ho n (Hippophae
hamnoides) o disease p e en ion and ood p oduc ion, An ioxidan s 10 (2021) 1279.
h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/an iox10081279
26. X. Zhu, W. Wang, C. Cui, Hypoglycemic e ec o hyd ophobic BCAA pep ides is associa ed wi h
al e ed PI3K/Ak p o ein exp ession, J. Ag ic. Food Chem. 69 (2021) 4446-4452. h ps://doi.o g/
10.1021/acs.ja c.0c07705
27. H. Yuan, F. Shi, L. Meng, W. Wang, E ec o sea buck ho n p o ein on he in es inal mic obial
communi y in s ep ozo ocin-induced diabe ic mice, In . J. Biol. Mac omol. 107 (2018) 1168-1174.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.09.099
28. D.S. Bu ke, C.R. Smid , L.T. Vuong, Momo dica cochinchinensis, Rosa oxbu ghii, wol be y, and sea
buck ho n highly nu i ional ui s suppo ed by adi ion and science, Cu . Top. Nu . Res. 3 (2005)
259-268.
29. E. Vamanu, F. Ga ea, Co ela ions be ween mic obio a bioac i i y and bioa ailabili y o unc ional
compounds: A mini- e iew, Biomedicines 8 (2020) 39. h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/biomedicines8020039
30. Q. Li, F. Liu, J. Liu, S. Liao, Y. Zou, Mulbe y lea polyphenols and ibe induce syne gis ic an iobesi y
and display a modula ion e ec on gu mic obio a and me aboli es, Nu ien s 11 (2019) 1017.
h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/nu11051017
31. D.E. Roopchand, R.N. Ca mody, P. Kuhn, e al., Die a y polyphenols p omo e g ow h o he gu
bac e ium Akke mansia muciniphila and a enua e high- a die –induced me abolic synd ome, Diabe es
64 (2015) 2847-2858. h ps://doi.o g/10.2337/db14-1916
32. Q. Ouyang, X. Li, Y. Liang, R. Liu, Sea buck ho n polysaccha ide amelio a es coli is, Nu ien s 16
(2024) 1280. h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/nu16091280
33. R. Danielski, F. Shahidi, Phenolic composi ion and bioac i i ies o sea buck ho n (Hippophae
hamnoides L.) ui and seeds: an uncon en ional sou ce o na u al an ioxidan s in No h Ame ica, J.
Sci. Food Ag ic. 104 (2024) 5553-5564. h ps://doi.o g/10.1002/js a.12345
34. L. Yuan, W. Zhang, W. Fang, e al., Sea buck ho n polyphenols alle ia e high- a -die -induced
me abolic diso de s in mice ia ep og amming hepa ic lipid homeos asis owing o di ec ly a ge ing
a y acid syn hase, J. Ag ic. Food Chem. 72 (2024) 8632-8649. h ps://doi.o g/10.1021/acs.ja c.4c
00000
35. Y. Chen, Y. Cai, K. Wang, Y. Wang, Bioac i e compounds in sea buck ho n and hei e icacy in
p e en ing and ea ing me abolic synd ome, Foods 12 (2023) 1985. h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/ oods121
01985
36. Y. Xue, Q. Miao, A. Zhao, e al., E ec s o sea buck ho n (Hippophaë hamnoides) juice and L-
queb achi ol on ype 2 diabe es melli us in db/db mice, J. Func . Foods 16 (2015) 223-233. h ps://
doi.o g/10.1016/j.j .2015.04.001
37. J. Yi, Z. Wang, H. Bai, L. Zuo, J. Gao, Hypoglycemic e ec o la onoids and a ious componen s
om Hippophae hamnoides L. in ICR mice wi h alloxan-induced diabe es, Sci. Technol. Food Ind. 35
(2014) 347-350.
38. S.K. Middha, T. Usha, B.C. Basis ha, A.K. Goyal, Amelio a ion o an ioxidan po en ial, oxici y, and
an ihype glycemic ac i i y o Hippophae salici olia D. Don lea ex ac s in alloxan-induced diabe ic
a s, 3 Bio ech 9 (2019) 1-8. h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/s13205-019-1742-0
Eu opean Summi on In e disciplina y Resea ch and De elopmen - An In e na ional Resea ch Con e ence
Published By C ys al Pen Publica ion, Pe ambalu , Tamil Nadu, India - www.c ys alpen.in
ESIRD - 2025 P oceedings, Da e: No embe 30, 2025, ISBN Numbe : 978-93-49435-80-3
73
39. Y. Mu, C. Tao, W. Yuan, Z.L. L , Sea buck ho n lea L-queb achi ol ex ac o imp o ed glucose and
lipid me abolism in insulin- esis an HepG2 cells, Bio esou ces 17 (2022) 527. h ps://doi.o g/10.
15376/bio es.17.1.527-539
40. F.X. Guo, Y. Zeng, J.P. Li, Z.N. Chen, J.X. Ma, E ec s o Hippophae hamnoides L. subsp. chinensis
Rousi polysaccha ide on alpha-glucosidase enzyme ac i i y and le el o blood glucose, Ac a Pha m.
Sin. 48 (2013) 604-608. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/S1875-5364(14)60012-8
41. S. Gao, X. Liu, J. Wang, C. Qin, Z. Zhang, Resea ch o sea buck ho n palmi ic acid ex ac on
egula ing muscle glycogen syn hesis and alle ia ing insulin esis ance in ype 2 diabe es melli us a s,
China Food Addi . 165 (2017) 51-57.
42. N. Ollinge , C. Neuhause , B. Schwa zinge , e al., An i‐hype glycemic e ec s o oils and ex ac s
de i ed om sea buck ho n–a comp ehensi e analysis u ilizing in i o and in i o models, Mol. Nu .
Food Res. 66 (2022) 2101133. h ps://doi.o g/10.1002/mn .202101133
43. Z. Ren, H. Gong, A. Zhao, e al., E ec o sea buck ho n on plasma glucose in indi iduals wi h
impai ed glucose egula ion: A wo-s age andomized c osso e in e en ion s udy, Foods 10 (2021)
804. h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/ oods10040804
44. E. Nemes-Nagy, T. Szocs-Molná , I. Dunca, e al., E ec o a die a y supplemen con aining bluebe y
and sea buck ho n concen a e on an ioxidan capaci y in ype 1 diabe ic child en, Ac a Physiol. Hung.
95 (2008) 383-393. h ps://doi.o g/10.1556/APhysiol.95.2008.4.8
