ETM Equipment, Technologies, Materials

EQUIPMENT
TECHNOLOGIES
MATERIALS
ISSN: 2663-8770, E-ISSN: 2733-2055, DOI: 10.36962/ETM
AVADANLI Q L A R , T E X N O L O G İ Y A L A R , M A T E R İ A L L A R
VOLUME 31 (07) ISSUE 07 2025 CİLD 31 (07) BURAXILIŞ 07 2025
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EQUİPMENT
TECHNOLOGİES
MATERİALS
ISSN: 2663-8770, E-ISSN: 2733-2055, DOI: 10.36962/ETM
AVADANLI Q L A R , T E X N O L O G İ Y A L A R , M A T E R İ A L L A R
VOLUME 31 (07) ISSUE 07 2025 CİLD 31 (07) BURAXILIŞ 07 2025
AZERBAIJAN BAKU 2025
The beau i ul hing abou lea ning is nobody can ake i away om you—B. B. King
CROSSREF
FREESIA ISDSJ
DISSEMINATION SCORES 2023 – 4.77
QUALITY FACTOR 2023 – 1.3
OAJIF – 1.5 (2023)
2
VOLUME 31 (07) ISSUE 07 2025
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ISSN: 2663-8770, E-ISSN: 2733-2055, UDC: 62 (051) (0.034)
EQUIPMENT TECHNOLOGIES MATERIALS
Accep ed o publica ion in his edi ion 20.11.2025
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VOLUME 31 (07) ISSUE 07 2025
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Sholpan Umbe o a, Maa i Yusi o , Asa Mammado
OPTIMIZATION OF CONTROL IN NON-STATIONARY FLOW CONDITIONS DURING THE
RECONSTRUCTION PHASE OF COMPLEX GAS NETWORK ……………………………….……….... 05-18
Shahla Zeynalo a, Mi sadi Mus a aye
MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGIES OF ORGANIC SENSORS ……………………………………..... 19-28
A i No uzo , Rashad Ali zaye
STRATEGIC DIRECTIONS FOR IMPROVING ENTERPRISE COMPETITIVENESS IN THE CONTEXT OF
MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT PRIORITIES ………………………..... 29-38
Abusalam Mukh a o
ASSESSMENT OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY PROSPECTS IN AZERBAIJAN: A COMPARATIVE
ANALYSIS WITH GLOBAL HOT SPRING AND GEOTHERMAL RESOURCE REGIONS …………… 39-45
Rau Guliye
AN OVERVIEW OF THE AIR DATA INERTIAL REFERENCE SYSTEM (ADIRS) AND ITS INTEGRATION
IN MODERN AIRCRAFT AVIONICS ………………………………………………………………………… 46-54
Zаmaddin Allakh e diye , La i a Kazimo a
CORROSION PROTECTION ASSURANCE IN THE CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION OF TRUNK
PIPELINES ………………………………………………………………………………………………..….… 55-65
Axı a Sul ano a
DETERMINATION OF OIL POLLUTION OF WATER SURFACE USING AN UNMANNED AERIAL
VEHICLE (UAV) .................................................................................................................................... 66-73
Tamilla Khankishiye a, Ja id Mus a aye
INVESTIGATION OF THERMAL EFFICIENCY AND OPERATIONAL CHALLENGES IN REFINERY
FURNACES …………………………………………………………………………………………………..… 74-82
Ye geniya Mammado a, Emin Makhmudo
METHOD OF ANTIPHASE OPERATION OF PRODUCTION AND INJECTION WELLS ………......… 83-91
Mahammed Shi ino , Vadim Bogopolsky, Azad Bagi o
ECONOMIC RISKS IN MODERN SOCIETY ....................................................................................... 92-100
Mehpa a Adygezalo a
RESEARCH UNIVERSAL COMBINED INHIBITOR FOR THE OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY ….…….. 101-109
Abusalam Mukh a o
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY RECOVERY FROM ABANDONED OIL AND GAS WELLS: AN INTEGRATED
ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL AND APPLICATIONS ………………………………………….……. 110-116
Rugiya Aske o a
ON THE USE OF POLYETHYLENE PIPES IN LAYING GAS DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS ….….. 117-124
Ri a Huseyno a, Ru a Hajialiye
MODERN CHALLENGES OF OFFSHORE HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING STRUCTURES AND METHODS
FOR THEIR ELIMINATION …………………………………………………………………………..……. 125-134
Ga a Ismayilo , Mahabba Agasenli, Gulna a Zeynalo a
ON THE INFLUENCE OF STRUCTURAL CHANGES ON PRESSURE LOSSES IN MULTIPHASE
GRAVITATIONAL FLOWS ………………………………………..……………………………………..… 135-141
Rasim Bashi o , Demi el Ramazano
INVESTIGATION OF MECHANISMS FOR MACHINING INTERNAL CYLINDRICAL SURFACES BY
PLASTIC DEFORMATION ………………………………………………………...………………………. 142-147
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VOLUME 31 (07) ISSUE 07 2025
Konul Ami ma o a, Gunay Aliye a
THE ROLE OF Ag ALLOYING IN MODIFYING THE STRUCTURE AND CORROSION RESISTANCE OF
Mg–Zn ALLOYS ………………………………………………………..…………………………………… 148-154
Nazile Rahimo a, Se il Huseyno a
PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATION OF CRYPTOGRAPHIC DATA PROTECTION IN IT
SERVICES …...……………………………………………………………………………………………… 155-166
Baha Asga o , Fe eh Veyisli
ANALYSIS OF CYBER THREATS TARGETING CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE AND ASSESSMENT OF
EXISTING APPROACHES TO PROTECTION …………………………………………………...…...… 167-176
Ay en Aliye a, Leyla Yusi o a
THE ROLE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN DETECTING CYBERATTACKS IN MEDICINE AND
EDUCATION ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 177-188
Ali Hikma Ahmado , Gulshad Qasimo a
MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF PACKER SEALS USED IN WELL REPAIR …………...………... 189-195
Mahammad So iye , Ro shana Aliye a
THE ANALYSIS OF OPERATION OF A DIRECT-FLOW GATE VALVE OF A WELL
EQUIPMENT …………………………………………………………………………………..…………….. 196-201
Ja ida Dami o a
ALCULATION OF THE LOAD ON THE ROD SUSPENSION DURING UNSTEADY OSCILLATORY
MOTION OF THE RODS OF A WELL PUMPING INSTALLATION …………………………………… 202-213
Gulbala Aleske o , Yasin Suleymanli, Rugiya Aske o a
INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT FOR TRANSPORTING HIGH-VISCOSITY OIL ….………... 214-224
Yasin Suleymanli, Rugiya Aske o a
ASSESSMENT OF ECOLOGICAL IMPACTS IN THE TRANSPORTATION OF HIGH-VISCOSITY OILS
AND INTEGRATION OF BIOREMEDIAL STRATEGIES ………………………………………..……... 225-234

VOLUME 31 (07) ISSUE 07 2025
5
OPTIMIZATION OF CONTROL IN NON-STATIONARY FLOW
CONDITIONS DURING THE RECONSTRUCTION PHASE OF COMPLEX
GAS NETWORK
Sholpan Umbe o a¹, Maa i Yusi o 2, Asa Mammado 2
1Ko ky A a Kyzylo da Uni e si y, Kazakhs an, Kyzylo da,
2Aze baijan Uni e si y o A chi ec u e and Cons uc ion, Depa men o Ope a ion and Recons uc ion o Buildings
and S uc u es, Baku, Aze baijan. h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0002-5015-8354
E-mails: 1umbe o a[email p o ec ed], 2m[email p o ec ed], 3ase memmedo [email protected]
ABSTRACT
This pape p esen s a new app oach o he ma hema ical modeling o uns eady low p ocesses in
gas pipelines and he de e mina ion o au oma ic al e closu e ime. As a esul o he modeling,
an analy ical unc ion desc ibing he ime-dependen p essu e a ia ion was de i ed, and a gene al
me hodological amewo k was de eloped o calcula ing he closu e ime by aking in o accoun
he leakage loca ion and he a enua ion coe icien . Two main c i e ia o al e ac ua ion we e
conside ed: when he a e o p essu e dec ease exceeds he c i ical h eshold, o when he p essu e
d ops by a leas 20% om i s ini ial le el. The calcula ions showed ha he a e c i e ion is
p ac ically sa is ied immedia ely, while he decisi e ac o is he 20% ela i e d op c i e ion.
Example calcula ions demons a ed ha , o a leakage a a dis ance o 40 km, he al e closu e
ime is app oxima ely 6.8 minu es. A sho e dis ances, his ime is sho e ; a longe dis ances, i
becomes longe , and in some cases he equi ed 20% educ ion does no occu wi hin he gi en
ime window. In addi ion, a powe -law dependence o he a enua ion coe icien as a unc ion o
dis ance was es ablished, and he a ia ion o closu e ime wi h dis ance was isualized. The
p oposed model has p ac ical signi icance o de ec ing leakages in gas pipelines and op imizing
au oma ic al e mechanisms in eme gency si ua ions. The esul s con i m ha coo dina ed al e
closu e educes gas loss and inc eases sa e y.
Keywo ds: Uns eady gas low; Pipeline econs uc ion; Eme gency al e con ol; Cen alized
moni o ing; P essu e dynamics.
In oduc ion
The econs uc ion o gas supply sys ems p ima ily in ol es he mode niza ion o exis ing
pipeline in as uc u e, enhancemen o gas ansmission capaci y, assu ance o high ope a ional
eliabili y, and imp o emen o equipmen e iciency. One o he mos e ec i e app oaches o
econs uc ion is he eplacemen o mo ally and physically ou da ed equipmen wi h mode n,
high-e iciency, and sa e sys ems ha comply wi h cu en indus ial s anda ds. This s a egy is
05-18
Publica ion his o y
A icle ecei ed: 06.10.2025
A icle accep ed: 03.11.2025
A icle published online: 20.11.2025
DOI: 10.36962/ETM31072025-05
6
VOLUME 31 (07) ISSUE 07 2025
aimed a inc easing pipeline p oduc i i y and also en ails he implemen a ion o new ope a ional
componen s [1, 2, 10].
Among hese componen s, special a en ion is de o ed o he au oma ic eme gency shu -o al es
(AESVs) used in main gas pipelines. Thei main unc ion is o p e en po en ially ca as ophic
e en s in he e en o sudden pipeline up u es. The ope a ing p inciple o such al es is based on
moni o ing he a e o p essu e d op. Speci ically, when he p essu e dec ease exceeds 0.1 MPa
pe minu e, he co esponding con ol al e au oma ically igge s he shu -o mechanism. This
p essu e educ ion is calcula ed as he di e ence be ween he ini ial s eady-s a e p essu e and he
p essu e dec ease o e ime ollowing a comple e up u e [14, 15].
Empi ical obse a ions ha e shown ha , du ing se e e up u es, he a e o p essu e dec ease can
each 0.2–0.5 MPa pe minu e. Consequen ly, he de elopmen o new ope a ing p inciples ha
ensu e eliable unc ioning o AESVs e en a lowe p essu e d op a es is an u gen ask,
pa icula ly in he econs uc ion o complex gas pipeline sys ems [7, 8]. Al hough con en ional
mechanical shu -o al es do no ely on ex e nal powe sou ces, hey equi e high main enance
and calib a ion cos s. Mode n elec onic shu -o al es, on he o he hand, a e mo e cos -
e ec i e, equipped wi h IoT-based con inuous p essu e senso s, and p o ide su icien ly eliable
pe o mance. Howe e , since hei ac i a ion is s ill based solely on local p essu e educ ion,
delayed o ine icien esponses may occu in complex ne wo k opologies.
Recen s udies ha e emphasized he impo ance o ad anced and adap i e con ol sys ems. Fo
example, Zhao e al. [3] de eloped a mul i-objec i e op imiza ion me hod o na u al gas pipeline
ou e selec ion, highligh ing he signi icance o eal- ime ope a ional c i e ia a he planning s age.
Qiao e al. [5] p esen ed a comp ehensi e e iew o gas demand o ecas ing, demons a ing he
impo ance o in eg a ing dynamic p edic ion and sys em esponse in mode n pipeline
managemen . Fu he mo e, esea ch on b anched and pa ially loaded ne wo ks [7, 9], as well as
he con ol o non-s a iona y egimes [13], has con i med he ele ance o ad anced modeling
echniques o ea ly leak de ec ion and eliable ope a ion unde a iable demand condi ions.
A numbe o esea che s ha e ocused on modeling p essu e dynamics and gas low unde
uns eady condi ions, which cons i u es a undamen al p e equisi e o pipeline sys em
econs uc ion and dispa ch op imiza ion [6, 8, 12]. In pa icula , dynamic low modeling [9, 13],
au oma ion o con ol sys ems [11], and op imiza ion unde a ying demand condi ions [12] ha e
laid he g oundwo k o imp o ing gas dis ibu ion eliabili y.
The esea ch p esen ed in his pape aims o o e come he limi a ions o adi ional AESV
ope a ion p inciples. The no el y lies in ede ining he ac i a ion logic o he al es: ins ead o
elying on isola ed senso s, i is p oposed ha he al es loca ed on bo h sides o he leak poin be
simul aneously closed based on a cen alized p essu e impulse signal. This app oach enables
as e isola ion o he damaged sec ion and ensu es unin e up ed gas deli e y o consume s
h ough pa allel pipelines.
To suppo his concep , an analy ical amewo k based on non-s a iona y gas dynamics has been
de eloped. This amewo k combines a sys em o di e en ial equa ions desc ibing a ia ions in
p essu e and mass low wi h Laplace ans o m me hods and empi ical alida ion. The model
allows he compu a ion o closing ime, p essu e dis ibu ion, and calib a ion pa ame e s o ensu e
eliable al e ope a ion.
VOLUME 31 (07) ISSUE 07 2025
7
Thus, his s udy p o ides bo h heo e ical and p ac ical ounda ions o imp o ing he
managemen o econs uc ed gas pipeline sys ems, minimizing gas losses, and enhancing sa e y
and con inui y unde eme gency condi ions.
Ma e ials and me hods
This sec ion p esen s he heo e ical amewo k, ma hema ical model, and simula ion pa ame e s
used o analyze he beha io o complex gas pipeline sys ems unde leakage condi ions.
Theo e ical model and concep ual amewo k
In con en ional linea gas pipelines, au oma ic eme gency shu -o al es (AESVs) ypically
ope a e independen ly, igge ed solely by he local a e o p essu e d op. Howe e , such an
app oach is no su icien ly e ec i e in complex gas dis ibu ion ne wo ks consis ing o b anched
and pa allel pipelines, pa icula ly unde uns eady low condi ions. In hese ne wo ks, coo dina ed
esponse s a egies a e equi ed o p e en excessi e gas loss and ensu e unin e up ed supply o
consume s.
The model p oposed in his s udy in oduces a new concep ha akes in o accoun he dynamic
in e ac ions be ween pa allel gas pipelines. As illus a ed in Figu e 1, he pa allel pipeline sys em
is equipped wi h AESVs and in e connec ing lines ins alled a a ious s a egic loca ions.
As seen in he igu e, apa om he in e connec ions loca ed a he beginning and he end o he
pipeline, each in e media e connec ing line (o junc ion) is equipped wi h wo au oma ic al es -
one on he igh and one on he le . In case o an eme gency, howe e , he ope a ion o only one
al e on a gi en side is no su icien . To minimize gas losses, bo h al es loca ed on ei he side
o he leakage poin mus be closed simul aneously. The e o e, he adi ional app oach - whe e
each al e ope a es independen ly based on i s own local p essu e d op - is inadequa e. The
p essu e senso s o he AESVs should be linked in a cen alized manne , so ha when a leak
occu s, bo h al es on ei he side o he damaged segmen a e ac i a ed simul aneously.
Figu e 1: Schema ic diag am o he e icien a angemen o au oma ic eme gency shu -o al es
in complex gas pipeline sys ems.
1 – pipeline o he pa allel gas main; 2 – in e connec ing line o he pa allel pipelines;
3 – al es ha igge he ope a ion o he au oma ic shu -o sys em; 4 – au oma ic eme gency
shu -o al es (AESV); L – o al leng h o he gas pipeline; ℓ – dis ance om he pipeline inle o
he al e loca ed ups eam o he acciden ; ℓ₁ – dis ance om he pipeline inle o he leakage
1
1
2
2
2
3
4
5
3
4
5
3
4
5
3
4
5
3
4
3
4
3
4
5
3
4
5
5
4
5
4
5
4
L
1
Gu
P1
P1
P2
P2
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VOLUME 31 (07) ISSUE 07 2025
poin ; Gu – mass o gas leaking om he up u ed sec ion a poin (x = ℓ₁); P₁ and P₂ – gas
p essu es a he inle and ou le o he pipeline, espec i ely, unde s eady-s a e low condi ions.
Based on Figu e 1, he e ec i e ope a ion o AESVs equi es he synch onized ac i a ion o he
igh -hand al e o one in e connec ing line and he le -hand al e o he subsequen line,
s a ing om he inle o he pipeline. This synch oniza ion is essen ial o ensu e ha bo h sides o
he damaged segmen a e simul aneously closed, main aining unin e up ed gas supply o
consume s.
I a leak occu s a a ce ain poin ℓ₁, he con ol logic ensu es ha he wo al es loca ed o he le
and igh o his poin close simul aneously, he eby isola ing he damaged segmen . Unlike
adi ional app oaches, his con ol mechanism does no ely solely on he local p essu e d op
de ec ed by each al e. Ins ead, i is go e ned by an impulse signal om cen alized senso s
placed nea he pipeline inle . Consequen ly, he sys em de ec s he p essu e impulse gene a ed by
he leakage and igge s he simul aneous closu e o bo h al es.
The model is based on he ollowing assump ions:
- The pa allel pipelines ha e iden ical diame e s and ope a e in a quasi-s eady-s a e egime p io
o he occu ence o he acciden .
- The ini ial pa ame e s - mass low a e G0 and inle p essu e P1 - a e known.
- The empo al a ia ions in p essu e and mass low a e desc ibed by exponen ial decay
unc ions.
- The p essu e dynamics a e modeled using he linea ized o m o I.A.Che ny’s equa ions o
uns eady gas low.
To suppo he econs uc ion s a egy, he model inco po a es he synch onized ope a ion o he
AESV pai s loca ed a each in e connec ing line. Thus, he al es si ua ed o he le and igh o
he in e connec ion closes o he leakage poin a e closed simul aneously, ensu ing sa e isola ion
o he damaged segmen .
This concep ual amewo k also in oduces he idea o ime-cons ained al e ac i a ion, whe e
he al e closu e du a ion is de e mined by bo h he a e o p essu e dec ease and he maximum
delay ime 1 beyond which he acciden may become uncon ollable. Analy ical exp essions o
his delay a e de i ed based on he Laplace ans o m o he p essu e unc ions wi hin he
pipeline.
Hence, he p oposed model esol es he inconsis encies be ween adi ional AESV ope a ion
p inciples and he equi emen s o mode n gas dis ibu ion sys ems, enabling he implemen a ion
o in elligen and apid con ol s a egies.
Ma hema ical model and bounda y condi ions
In complex gas pipeline sys ems, he dynamic beha io o gas low du ing eme gency si ua ions is
go e ned by non-s a iona y p ocesses. These p ocesses a e modeled using a sys em o linea
di e en ial equa ions, while he physical phenomena - such as leakage and al e ac i a ion -a e
ep esen ed h ough app op ia e bounda y and ini ial condi ions.
Go e ning equa ions
Fo each segmen o he pipeline, he p essu e P(x, ) and mass low a e G(x, ) a e desc ibed by
he linea ized o m o he uns eady gas low equa ions:
VOLUME 31 (07) ISSUE 07 2025
15
The a ia ion o he a enua ion coe icien wi h dis ance was in e pola ed based on expe imen al
poin s and he dependence β(ℓ)=kℓm was es ablished (m≈−0.36m, k≈0.16). This dependence
allows us o p edic he closing ime o he al es in ad ance.
In he exempla y calcula ions, he closing ime o a dis ance o ℓ=40 km is de e mined as
1≈6.8 min. A small dis ances, his ime is sho e , a la ge dis ances i is longe , and in some
cases he 20% d op does no occu in he gi en ime window.
The g aphs and calcula ion ables p epa ed based on he p oposed model a e o g ea impo ance
in p ac ical applica ions (SCADA sys ems, placemen and calib a ion o au oma ic al es o
eme gency si ua ions). Using he algo i hm and calcula ion me hods de eloped based on he
esul s o he analysis, we will achie e e ec i e solu ions o he econs uc ion o complex main
gas pipelines, aking in o accoun he non-s a iona y egime.
Decla a ions
The manusc ip has no been submi ed o any o he jou nal o con e ence.
S udy Limi a ions
The e a e no limi a ions ha could a ec he esul s o he s udy.
Acknowledgmen s
The au ho would like o hank o he suppo s a and expe ienced people who pa icipa ed in
his s udy by sha ing hei in aluable knowledge and expe ience. Thei coope a ion and openness
con ibu ed g ea ly o he dep h and ichness o he esea ch esul s.
Compe ing In e es s
The au ho s decla e no compe ing in e es s.
Funding Sou ce
This esea ch was conduc ed wi hou suppo om ex e nal unding.
E hical S anda ds
The esea ch mee s all e hical guidelines, including adhe ence o he legal equi emen s o he
s udy coun y.
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anspo sys ems. Moscow: Oil and Gas Publishing House.
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10. Aliye I.G., Yusi o M.Z., Alizade N.I. (2024) Technological ounda ions o
econs uc ion o pa allel gas pipelines. Elmi əsə lə / Scien i ic Wo ks, AzUAC, 1, 49-57.
h ps://swjou nal.az/index.php/sw/a icle/ iew/44/43
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(2025). “Uns eady gas dynamics modeling o leakage de ec ion in pa allel pipelines,”
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demand condi ions. Jou nal o Ene gy and Powe Enginee ing, 16(2), 83–91.
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13. Rakhmano , T.I. (2018). Con ol o uns eady egimes in pipeline ne wo ks. Chemical and
Pe oleum Enginee ing, 54(5-6), 325–331. h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/s10556-018-0421-z
14. Zen i a Huseynli, Calal Babazade, Gulna Hamido a, Niyaz Zeynalo .(2023).S udy o he
cause o ailu e o main elemen s o he ga e al e and e ec i e solu ion ways. Equipmen
Technologies and Ma e ials, Volume 14.1, ISSUE 02, pp 31-38. ISSN: 2663-8770, E-
ISSN: 2733-2055.
15. Sabi Babae , Ib ahim Habibo , Zoh a Abiye a. (2021) E olu ion o he quali y o high-
p essu e al es du ing he pe iod o hei in ensi e de elopmen . Equipmen Technologies
and Ma e ials, Volume 05, ISSUE 01, pp 4-10. ISSN: 2663-8770, E-ISSN: 2733-2055,
MÜRƏKKƏB QAZ ŞƏBƏKƏLƏRİNİN REKONSTRUKSİYASI MƏRHƏLƏSİNDƏ
QEYRİ-STASİONAR AXIN ŞƏRAİTİNDƏ İDARƏ OLUNMASININ
OPTIMALLAŞDIRILMASI
VOLUME 31 (07) ISSUE 07 2025
17
Sholpan Umbe o a1, Maa i Yusi o 2, Asə Məmmədo 2
1Qazaxıs an, Kyzylo da, Ko ku A a adına KızılO da Uni e si e i, 2Bakı, Azə baycan Mema lıq ə İnşaa
Uni e si e i, “Bina ə qu ğula ın is isma ı ə ekons uksiyası” ka ed ası. h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0002-5015-8354,
E-mail: 1umbe o a-3[email p o ec ed], 2maa i [email p o ec ed], 3ase memmedo [email protected]
XÜLASƏ
Bu məqalədə qaz kəmə lə ində qey i-s asiona axın p oseslə inin iyazi modelləşdi ilməsi ə
klapanla ın a oma ik bağlanma ax ının əyini üz ə yeni yanaşma əqdim olunu . Modelləşdi mə
nə icəsində əzyiqin zamana gö ə dəyişməsini əks e di ən anali ik unksiya əldə edilmiş, sızma
nöq əsinin məsa əsi ə zəi lə mə əmsalı nəzə ə alına aq bağlanma ax ının hesablanması üçün
ümumi me odoloji çə çi ə o malaşdı ılmışdı .
Klapanla ın işə düşməsi üçün iki əsas meya nəzə dən keçi ilmişdi : əzyiqin azalmasının sü ə i
k i ik həddi aşdıqda ə ya əzyiqin başlanğıc sə iyyəsindən azı 20% azalması baş e dikdə.
Hesablamala gös ə mişdi ki, sü ə meya ı demək ola ki, də hal əmin olunu , lakin əsas
həlledici amil 20%-lik nisbi düşüm meya ıdı . Nümunə i hesablamala gös ə mişdi ki, 40 km
məsa ədə sızma üçün bağlanma ax ı əxminən 6,8 dəqiqə əşkil edi . Daha yaxın məsa ələ də bu
ax daha qısa, uzaq məsa ələ də isə daha uzun olu ə bəzi halla da e ilmiş zaman pəncə əsində
ələb olunan 20%-lik azalma baş e mi . Əla ə ola aq, məsa ədən asılı zəi lə mə əmsalı üçün güc
ipli asılılıq qu ulmuş ə məsa ə üz ə bağlanma ax ının dəyişməsi q a ikləşdi ilmişdi . Təkli
olunan model qaz kəmə lə ində sızmala ın aşka lanması ə qəza halla ında a oma ik bağlanma
mexanizmlə inin op imallaşdı ılması baxımından p ak ik əhəmiyyə daşıyı . Nə icələ əsdiq edi
ki, klapanla ın koo dinasiyalı bağlanması qaz i kisini azaldı ə eləcə də, əhlükəsizliyi a ı ı .
Aça sözlə : Qey i-s asiona qaz axını; Qaz kəmə inin ekons uksiyası; Qəza klapan nəza ə i;
Mə kəzləşdi ilmiş moni o inq; Təzyiq dinamikası
ОПТИМИЗАЦИЯ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ В УСЛОВИЯХ НЕСТАЦИОНАРНОГО ПОТОКА
НА ЭТАПЕ РЕКОНСТРУКЦИИ СЛОЖНЫХ ГАЗОВЫХ СЕТЕЙ
Чолпан Умбетова¹, Маариф Юсифов2, Асеф Мамедов2
¹Кызылординский государственный университет имени Коркыт Ата, Кызылорда, Казаксктан,
2Азербайджанский университет архитектуры и строительства, кафедра эксплуатации и реконструкции
зданий и сооружений, Баку, Азербайджан. h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0002-5015-8354
Email: umbe o a-37@mail. u, maa i .yusi o[email p o ec ed].az, ase memmedo [email protected]
РЕЗЮМЕ
В данной статье представлен новый подход к математическому моделированию
нестационарных процессов течения в газопроводах и определению времени
автоматического закрытия клапанов. В результате моделирования получена аналитическая
функция, описывающая изменение давления во времени, и разработана общая
методологическая основа для расчета времени закрытия с учетом расстояния до места
утечки и коэффициента затухания. Рассмотрены два основных критерия срабатывания
клапанов: когда скорость снижения давления превышает критический порог, или когда
давление уменьшается не менее чем на 20% от исходного уровня. Расчеты показали, что
критерий скорости выполняется практически мгновенно, в то время как решающим
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фактором является критерий 20%-ного относительного снижения. Примерные вычисления
показали, что при утечке на расстоянии 40 км время закрытия клапана составляет
примерно 6,8 минуты. На меньших расстояниях это время короче, на больших -дольше, и в
некоторых случаях требуемое 20%-ное снижение не достигается в пределах заданного
временного окна. Кроме того, установлена степенная зависимость коэффициента затухания
от расстояния и построены графики зависимости времени закрытия от расстояния.
Предложенная модель имеет практическое значение для выявления утечек в газопроводах
и оптимизации работы автоматических клапанов в аварийных ситуациях. Полученные
результаты подтверждают, что координированное закрытие клапанов снижает потери газа
и повышает безопасность.
Ключевые слова: Нестационарный газовый поток; Реконструкция газопроводов;
Аварийное управление клапанами; Централизованный мониторинг; Динамика давления.
VOLUME 31 (07) ISSUE 07 2025
19
MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGIES OF ORGANIC SENSORS
Shahla Zeynalo a1, Mi sadi Mus a aye 2
1Docen , Na ional A ia ion Academy. E-mail: shzeynalo [email protected]
2Phd s uden , Na ional A ia ion Academy. E-mail: mi sedimus a aye @gmail.com
ABSTRACT
The de elopmen o o ganic senso s has accele a ed apidly owing o hei mechanical lexibili y,
biocompa ibili y, and cos -e ec i e ab ica ion po en ial. Howe e , hei la ge-scale
implemen a ion c i ically depends on mas e ing eliable manu ac u ing p ocesses capable o
p oducing uni o m and high-pe o mance laye s. This s udy sys ema ically analyzes he p incipal
ab ica ion echnologies applied o o ganic senso p oduc ion—pa icula ly lexog aphy, g a u e,
sc een, and inkje p in ing, as well as spin coa ing. Each me hod is examined in e ms o i s
p ocess sequence, p ecision, and adap abili y o lexible subs a es. The compa ison shows ha
con ac p in ing echniques ensu e high h oughpu and mul ilaye capabili y, whe eas non-con ac
digi al p in ing enables selec i e, mask-less deposi ion wi h minimal ma e ial was e. Coa ing
app oaches u he e ine ilm uni o mi y and s uc u al con inui y, imp o ing he s abili y and
in eg i y o unc ional laye s. In eg a ing hese addi i e and solu ion-based ou es es ablishes a
scalable amewo k o low-cos and en i onmen ally compa ible de ice ab ica ion. The indings
emphasize ha oll- o- oll and inkje p ocesses connec labo a o y expe imen a ion wi h indus ial
p oduc ion, de ining he echnological basis o nex -gene a ion lexible, ligh weigh , and
sus ainable senso sys ems ha combine unc ional eliabili y wi h manu ac u able simplici y.
Keywo ds: o ganic senso , p in ing echnique, subs a e, lexible elec onics, laye , ab ica ion,
p ocess.
In oduc ion
O ganic senso s ha e eme ged as a p omising class o de ices ha le e age ca bon-based
ma e ials o de ec en i onmen al, chemical, o biological signals. They o e ad an ages like
mechanical lexibili y, low-cos ab ica ion, and biocompa ibili y, enabling applica ions om
wea able heal h moni o s o en i onmen al de ec o s. Howe e , ealizing hese bene i s a scale
depends c i ically on he de elopmen o sui able manu ac u ing echnologies. Unlike
con en ional silicon senso ab ica ion, which elies on igid subs a es and sub ac i e
li hog aphy, o ganic senso s can be p oduced h ough addi i e manu ac u ing echniques ha
deposi unc ional ma e ials di ec ly on o lexible pla o ms [3]. This app oach a oids complex
masking and e ching s eps, esul ing in a cleane p ocess wi h less ma e ial was e.
A a ie y o p in ed elec onics me hods ha e been adap ed o o ganic senso ab ica ion. The
wo main ca ego ies a e con ac p in ing and non-con ac p in ing. In con ac p in ing me hods
19-28
Publica ion his o y
A icle ecei ed: 06.10.2025
A icle accep ed: 03.11.2025
A icle published online: 20.11.2025
DOI: 10.36962/ETM31072025-19
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(such as g a u e, sc een, and lexog aphy), pa e ned olls o s encils ans e conduc i e o
sensing ink on o he subs a e h ough di ec physical con ac [1]. These echniques a e
compa ible wi h high- h oughpu oll- o- oll p oduc ion, allowing con inuous p in ing on lexible
subs a es. Non-con ac p in ing me hods like inkje p in ing ejec d ople s o ink in p ecise
pa e ns wi hou ouching he subs a e [2]. Inkje is especially use ul o apid p o o yping and
complex o mul i-ma e ial designs, since i is a digi al, mask-less p ocess. Alongside p in ing,
solu ion-based coa ing echniques (e.g. spin coa ing, slo -die coa ing, blade coa ing) a e employed
o deposi uni o m hin ilms o o ganic semiconduc o s o sensing laye s. Addi ionally, lase
pa e ning and o he ad anced s uc u ing me hods can de ine ine ea u es o emo e ma e ial o
c ea e senso pa e ns wi hou physical masks. Toge he , hese manu ac u ing echnologies
p o ide a oolbox o ab ica ing he a ious laye s and componen s o an o ganic senso on
plas ic, pape , o ex ile subs a es.
The adop ion o p in ing and coa ing echniques in senso manu ac u ing has opened he pa h
owa d scalable p oduc ion o lexible senso sys ems. Roll- o- oll p in ing on la ge-a ea
subs a es enables high- h oughpu ab ica ion o cos -e ec i e senso s unde ambien condi ions
[4]. This means ha hund eds o housands o o ganic senso de ices can be p in ed in a single
ba ch, d ama ically lowe ing uni cos s and suppo ing disposable o ubiqui ous senso
applica ions. The p in ed senso s e ain pe o mance on cu ed o s e chable su aces, which is
di icul o achie e wi h adi ional igid elec onics. Indeed, a wide ange o physical and
chemical senso ypes – including s ain gauges, op ical senso s, p essu e senso s, and
elec ochemical gas senso s – ha e al eady been ealized using hese p in able echnologies. Such
demons a ions unde sco e he e sa ili y o mode n manu ac u ing echniques in he o ganic
elec onics domain.
In he ollowing, we ocus on he key manu ac u ing echnologies o o ganic senso s and hei
p inciples, capabili ies, and cu en de elopmen s. P in ing echniques like lexog aphy, g a u e,
sc een, and inkje p in ing a e e iewed wi h ega d o how hey pa e n senso componen s and
he quali y o de ices hey p oduce. We also examine coa ing p ocesses (spin coa ing, slo -die,
e c.) o o ming uni o m o ganic laye s, and lase pa e ning me hods o ine- esolu ion
s uc u ing. By aligning wi h he s a e-o - he-a p ac ices in p in ed and lexible elec onics, his
o e iew highligh s how each ab ica ion app oach con ibu es o he o e all goal o p oducing
eliable, high-pe o mance o ganic senso s. The main objec i e is o ou line hese manu ac u ing
me hods and discuss hei ad an ages, limi a ions, and oles in ad ancing o ganic senso
echnology, he eby se ing he s age o de ailed explo a ion in subsequen sec ions.
Resea ch pu pose
To examine and sys ema ize con empo a y manu ac u ing echnologies applied in o ganic senso
p oduc ion, unco e ing how ab ica ion pa ame e s shape s uc u al p ecision, unc ional
e iciency, and eliabili y, and o es ablish a scien i ically g ounded amewo k o de eloping
inno a i e, scalable, and high- ideli y manu ac u ing app oaches ha ede ine u u e di ec ions in
o ganic senso enginee ing.
Flexog aphy. Flexog aphy is a o a y p in ing echnique in which quick-d ying inks a e
ans e ed on o a a ie y o subs a es using lexible pla es made o ubbe o o he elas ome ic
ma e ials [7]. The inks employed in his p ocess ypically d y h ough apid e apo a ion, enabling
e icien and con inuous p in ing ac oss di e se su aces [1]. Figu e 1 illus a es p inciple o

VOLUME 31 (07) ISSUE 07 2025
21
lexog aphy. The inking sys em comp ises a luid ese oi coupled wi h an anilox olle , while
he p in ing sec ion consis s o a pla e cylinde and an imp ession cylinde .
Ini ially, he p in ing luid is o mula ed, and i s iscosi y is p ecisely adjus ed du ing he
condi ioning s age (0). The luid, held wi hin a ese oi , is hen applied o he o a ing anilox
olle in he luid acquisi ion phase (1). A e emo al o excess luid, a con olled quan i y
emains wi hin he olle ’s eng a ed cells, ep esen ing he p edosing s ep (2). Subsequen ly, he
luid is ans e ed om he anilox olle o he p in ing pla e—moun ed on he pla e cylinde and
con aining he image design—du ing he dosing s age (3).
As is cha ac e is ic o all elie p in ing p ocesses, he image a eas a e ele a ed ela i e o he non-
image a eas. The ink is hen ans e ed (4) om hese aised egions on o he subs a e, which is
p essed agains he pla e by he imp ession cylinde . This sequence in ol es wo dis inc ink-
spli ing ac ions. Finally, he p ocess concludes wi h he elaxa ion (5) and d ying (6) s ages,
ensu ing s abiliza ion and ixa ion o he p in ed laye .
Figu e 1: P inciple o lexog aphy.
Cha ac e is ics o p in equipmen . The anilox olle consis s o a s eel co e coa ed wi h a
ce amic (Fig. 2 igh ) o me allic su ace con aining p ecisely eng a ed mic ocells. I ep esen s a
c i ical componen o he inking uni , as i ensu es he deli e y o a well-de ined and uni o m
quan i y o ink o he p in ing pla e. In ce amic anilox olle s, he cells esponsible o luid up ake
and ans e a e p oduced h ough lase g a u e echnology. Compa ed wi h ch ome-pla ed
cylinde s ab ica ed mainly by mechanical eng a ing, ce amic cylinde s exhibi supe io
du abili y, wea esis ance, and ope a ional s abili y, esul ing in an ex ended se ice li e ime and
imp o ed p in ing consis ency.
The g a u e angle de ines he o ien a ion o he eng a ed cells on he su ace o he anilox olle
ela i e o i s o a ional axis and ypically anges be ween 30° and 90° (Fig. 2 le ).
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Figu e 2: Ce amic olle s( igh ) and hexagonally pa e ned anilox olle illus a ing sc een
equency and eng a ing angle.
Key ope a ional pa ame e s o he anilox olle include he sc een equency (measu ed in lines
pe cen ime e ) and he pickup olume (exp essed in cubic cen ime e s pe squa e me e ). The
pickup olume ep esen s he o al olume o all cells wi hin a speci ied su ace a ea; howe e , i
is impo an o no e ha only a po ion o his heo e ical olume is e ec i ely ans e ed du ing
he p in ing p ocess.
Du ing he ans e s age, he subs a e is gen ly p essed agains he p in ing pla e o ensu e p ope
con ac . The esul ing p in ing p essu e c i ically in luences p in quali y and is adjus ed as
ollows: he imp ession cylinde and pla e cylinde a e i s mo ed oge he un il hey ligh ly
ouch—a condi ion known as kiss p in ing, whe e he lexible pla e emains unde o med. The
dis ance be ween he cylinde s is hen sligh ly educed o es ablish an op imal con ac a ea, o nip,
h ough con olled de o ma ion o he pla e, a phase e e ed o as engagemen (see Fig. 3). This
low-p essu e con igu a ion is pa icula ly sui able o mul ilaye p in ing. Du ing ope a ion, he
p in ing pla e olls o e he subs a e in a con inuous o a y mo ion, enabling he adhesion o he
ink ilm. The p ocess concludes wi h he elaxa ion and d ying s ages, which s abilize and ix he
p in ed image on he subs a e.
Figu e 3: In lexog aphy, engagemen is he comp ession be ween cylinde s, and he nip is he
con ac poin whe e ink ans e s o he subs a e.
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Figu e 4: Scheme o o og a u e p ocess.
G a u e p in ing. G a u e p in ing is a cos -e ec i e, high- esolu ion echnique compa ible wi h
a wide ange o unc ional inks, making i well-sui ed o he pa e ned deposi ion o o ganic
semiconduc ing and dielec ic laye s. Owing o i s excellen con ol o e ilm hickness and
uni o mi y, his me hod is inc easingly employed in he ab ica ion o lexible and high-
pe o mance o ganic senso s. G a u e p in ing, also e e ed o as o og a u e, is a high-speed
and la ge-scale in aglio p in ing echnique in which he image is p ecisely eng a ed on o a me al
cylinde [5]. Du ing he p in ing p ocess, he inked cylinde ans e s he eng a ed pa e n on o
he subs a e—commonly polyme ic o elas ic ma e ials such as PET, PEN, o PDMS—enabling
con inuous, high-quali y ab ica ion sui able o lexible and la ge-a ea applica ions. Typical
o og a u e p esses (as illus a ed in Fig. 4) a e composed o an ink ese oi , a g a u e cylinde
con aining eng a ed cells ha o m he p in ing pa e n, and an imp ession cylinde . Unlike
le e p ess echniques, g a u e p in ing employs ecessed image a eas incised in o he cylinde
su ace, whe e ink is e ained and subsequen ly ans e ed o he subs a e unde con olled
p essu e, enabling uni o m and high- ideli y ep oduc ion.
Du ing g a u e p in ing, he condi ioned unc ional luid (0) is usually s o ed in an ink pan, whe e
he g a u e cylinde is pa ially imme sed. As he cylinde o a es, i s eng a ed cells a e illed
wi h he luid— his s age is known as luid acquisi ion (1). Once he illed cells lea e he
ese oi , he cylinde su ace becomes co e ed wi h a hin, uni o m liquid laye , ep esen ing he
p edosing s age (2). Subsequen ly, a doc o blade emo es excess luid om he non-image a eas,
lea ing uni o mly illed cells ha con ain he p ecise olume equi ed o ans e — his is he
dosing s ep (3). The me e ed luid is hen ans e ed (4) on o he subs a e h ough he p essu e
exe ed be ween he g a u e and imp ession cylinde s, in ol ing a single ink-spli ing e en . As in
all p in ing p ocesses, he ans e ed laye hen unde goes elaxa ion (5) and d ying (6), o ming
a s able and uni o m coa ing. In he con ex o o ganic senso ab ica ion, his con olled sequence
ensu es accu a e laye de ini ion, ilm uni o mi y, and compa ibili y wi h polyme ic o elas ic
subs a es used in lexible elec onic de ices.
P ocess Desc ip ion. İn a ypical o og a u e p ess, he ink pan is posi ioned benea h he g a u e
cylinde , allowing he cylinde su ace o be coa ed as i o a es h ough he unc ional luid. In
labo a o y-scale sys ems, howe e , he ink is o en applied manually using a sy inge o pipe e. In
such se ups, he g a u e cylinde is no con inuously imme sed, which can cause sol en
e apo a ion and ink d ying on he su ace—an e ec ha al e s p in ing quali y. To mi iga e his,
sol en aps a e employed, and he ime in e als be ween coa ing s eps (la ency imes) a e kep
minimal.
A e passing benea h he doc o blade, a p ecisely me e ed olume o ink emains wi hin he
eng a ed cells and is subsequen ly ans e ed on o he subs a e. The e iciency o cell emp ying
du ing ans e is p ima ily de e mined by wo ac o s: he cell geome y—de ined by he
eng a ing dep h and sc een angle—and he p ocess pa ame e s, such as p in ing p essu e and
cylinde eloci y. While highe p essu es p omo e mo e comple e ink ans e , his se ing is
sui able mainly o ough pape in g aphic p in ing. In con as , o p in ed and o ganic elec onics
applica ions, he p essu e mus be minimized—ideally app oaching ze o— o p e en mechanical
de o ma ion o damage o he polyme ic o elas ic subs a e.
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İnkje p in ing. İnkje p in e s di e undamen ally om adi ional p in ing p esses in bo h
s uc u e and ope a ion. Thei key dis inc ions a e he con ac - ee ink ans e —classi ying hem
as non-impac p in ing (NIP) sys ems—and he absence o a physical p in ing pla e. The main
componen , called he p in head, con ains p ecision nozzles and elec onic ci cui s esponsible o
ejec ing ink d ople s (Fig. 5). İn indus ial se ups, he p in head is ypically connec ed o an
ex e nal ink ank, while smalle labo a o y o o ice p in e s use sealed ca idges moun ed
di ec ly on o he p in head.
Figu e 5: P inciple o a DOD piezo inkje .
Two p incipal mechanisms go e n d ople o ma ion in inkje echnology: d op-on-demand
(DOD) and con inuous inkje . In he DOD app oach, d ople s a e ejec ed only when equi ed,
ensu ing p ecise ma e ial deposi ion. By con as , he con inuous me hod gene a es a s eady
s eam o d ople s, di e ing he excess ones be o e hey each he subs a e. Bo h concep s
employ a ious ac ua ion mechanisms—mos commonly piezoelec ic o he mal d i e s— o
induce luid exci a ion and con ol he d ople ejec ion p ocess.
İn a DOD piezo inkje p in head, se e al subp ocesses occu in sequence. Fi s , he ink is
condi ioned (0)—homogenized and adjus ed o iscosi y— hen acqui ed (1) by he p in head
om he ca idge. Nex , a piezo elemen de o ms o gene a e p essu e a ia ions ha p opel he
ink. Du ing p edosing (2), a p ecise olume o ink is d awn owa d he nozzle, ollowed by dosing
(3), whe e p essu e wa es d i e i h ough he channel o he o i ice, ini ia ing d ople o ma ion.
Once de ached, he d ople ans e s (4) o he subs a e, whe e i unde goes elaxa ion (5), hen
d ying and solidi ica ion (6), o ming he p in ed ea u e.
P ocess desc ip ion. İnkje p in ing begins wi h luid condi ioning, whe e he ink is emixed and
de-gassed o p e en nozzle clogging om pa icle agglome a es o ai bubbles. A e loading he
ca idge and connec ing i o he p in head, he ha dwa e is eady, while he so wa e is
p og ammed wi h he layou , ac ua o signals, and cleaning cycles.
İn d op-on-demand (DOD) sys ems, d ople s a e ejec ed by c ea ing p essu e inside he ink
chambe —ei he by hea ing and apo izing he luid ( he mal DOD) o by piezoelec ic
de o ma ion [6]. The la e uses a ailo ed wa e o m o ol age pulses con olling d ople
o ma ion and is a o ed o unc ional ma e ials, as i a oids he mal damage.
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31
o he p oduc ion p ocess and os e s a posi i e image o bo h he p oduc and he en e p ise as a
whole.
Scien is s belie e ha he in oduc ion o digi al echnologies in o p oduc li ecycle managemen
p ocesses is one o he key s a egic benchma ks o de eloping compe i i eness in he con ex o
he challenges acing Russian indus y. Digi al p oduc li ecycle managemen (DPLM) is
becoming a comp ehensi e concep ha eplaces he linea p ocesses o adi ional li ecycle
managemen wi h cyclical ones, in eg a ing da a om all s ages, om design o ope a ion. The
key cha ac e is ics o DPLM a e lexibili y (adap a ion o eal- ime ma ke changes), scalabili y
( apid expansion o con ac ion o p oduc ion), in elligence (use o analy ics and AI o an icipa e
needs), and connec i i y (da a synch oniza ion be ween de ices, use s, and pa ne s) [Ge be e
al., 2022]. In implemen ing his concep , a key ole is gi en o "li ing" de ices, which op imize
ope a ional p ocesses and ensu e hype -pe sonaliza ion o he consume expe ience. Cu en ly,
he connec ion be ween digi aliza ion and en e p ise pe o mance is mani es ed no only in he
addi ional bene i s o i s implemen a ion bu also in he losses om igno ing digi al echnologies.
In o he wo ds, digi al ans o ma ion o he p oduc li ecycle is no a choice, bu a necessi y o
he su i al o en e p ises in he con ex o "indus ial consume ism" and g owing demands o
pe sonaliza ion. I is also impo an ha he close in eg a ion o isola ed depa men s (R&D,
ma ke ing, p oduc ion) is e en mo e necessa y han decades ago. O ganiza ional changes in ol e
no only e aining employees bu also engaging new s akeholde s (consume s, pa ne s). K.S.
Mayo o a and E.S. Balasho a no e ha digi aliza ion equi es a ansi ion om isola ed p ojec s
o in eg a ion in o c oss-indus y "sma " ecosys ems ha uni e en e p ises, supplie s, cus ome s,
pa ne s, and o he s akeholde s. Such ecosys ems accele a e inno a ion, inc ease lexibili y in
esponding o ma ke changes, p o ide access o sha ed esou ces, enable en e p ises o c ea e
pe sonalized se ices, inc ease ecu ing e enue, and emain compe i i e in he digi al economy
[Mayo o a, Balasho a, 2021].
The key s a egic benchma ks o de eloping he compe i i eness o indus ial en e p ises
ou lined in he analyzed sou ces a e summa ized in Table 1.
The esea che s iden i y s uc u al imbalances, he high cos o echnology, and he lack o a
me hodology o managing b eak h ough de elopmen as he main challenges o inc easing he
compe i i eness o indus ial en e p ises.
.
In summa y, he au ho s igh ly highligh digi al ans o ma ion (DPLM, pla o ms, ecosys ems)
as a key d i e o compe i i eness. Howe e , he hype - ocus on echnology may obscu e
sys emic issues such as he digi al di ide be ween la ge and small businesses ( he implemen a ion
o AI, "li ing" de ices, and sma ecosys ems equi es signi ican in es men , which is
una o dable o many Russian companies, especially in egions wi h high asse dep ecia ion);
digi aliza ion imbalances ( he se ice sec o 's dominance in echnology demand indica es
indus y's weak adap a ion o new eali ies); and he human ac o ( he ansi ion o cyclical
DPLM p ocesses equi es no only employee e aining bu also a change in co po a e cul u e,
which ine i ably leads o employee esis ance).
Conside ing he con o e sial aspec s no ed, we belie e ha enhancing he compe i i eness o
indus y equi es a syne gis ic app oach combining echnological, ins i u ional, and social
ans o ma ions:

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1. Digi aliza ion mus be implemen ed in a ealis ic manne : p io i y should be gi en o he
mode niza ion o ixed asse s and he de elopmen o digi al pla o ms o SMEs wi h s a e
suppo .
2. Changes d i en by he ocus on ESG and Indus y 5.0 should be e olu iona y, no
e olu iona y. EICSG implemen a ion should occu in s ages h ough pilo p ojec s in highly
p o i able indus ies (pe ochemicals, me allu gy), whe e en i onmen al and social in es men s
will ha e a as e e u n on in es men . ESG c i e ia could be in eg a ed in o public p ocu emen
and expo s anda ds.
3. Impo subs i u ion should be based on global in eg a ion. Fo example, i would be ad isable
o c ea e clus e s no as closed sys ems, bu as nodes in in e na ional alue chains (as in he case
o coope a ion wi h he EAEU in IT and pha maceu icals). S imula ing o eign di ec in es men
in R&D h ough special economic zones could also be conside ed
Table 1. Summa y o s a egic guidelines o de eloping he compe i i eness o indus ial
en e p ises.
A benchma k o he
g ow h o en e p ise
compe i i eness
Key asks and challenges o de eloping
compe i i eness
Recommenda ions o achie ing compe i i eness
g ow h objec i es
1
2
4
Digi aliza ion and
DPLM
Replacing linea p ocesses wi h cyclical ones
(DPLM);
Flexibili y, scalabili y, in elligence (AI),
connec i i y;
The need o in eg a e depa men s and
s akeholde s.
- ansi ion o c oss-indus y sma ecosys ems;
- implemen a ion o digi al pla o ms o business
p ocess in eg a ion.
Indus y 5.0 and
ESG
- Syne gy be ween Indus y 5.0 (human-
cen ici y, sus ainabili y) and ESG;
- Challenges: in as uc u e, egula o y
ba ie s, R&D cos s.
expansion o ESG o EICSG;
ocus on a "g een" agenda o compe i i eness in
global ma ke s.
Mode niza ion o
ixed asse s
- high wea and ea (o e 50% in he mining
indus y);
- low enewal and e i emen a es;
- une en dis ibu ion ac oss egions.
- mode niza ion o asse s, especially in he mining
sec o ;
- an adap i e s a egy o educe dep ecia ion.
Impo subs i u ion
- Dependence on impo s (49.2% –
machine y, 18.3% – chemical p oduc s);
- Success ul examples o localiza ion.
- c ea ion o clus e s;
- educ ion o he key a e o 4%, subsidies o
digi aliza ion.
Ra ional p oposals o inc easing en e p ise compe i i eness based on o he ools also p esen
ce ain challenges. Fo example, he p oposal o syn hesize he EICSG app oach appea s
inno a i e, bu i s implemen a ion in he Russian indus ial con ex aises doub s due o
in as uc u al limi a ions, including dep ecia ion o ixed asse s and low enewal a es, making
he in oduc ion o "sus ainable" echnologies cos ly and ime-consuming. The iden i ied sys emic
p oblems and limi a ions o cu en app oaches o imp o ing he compe i i eness o indus ial
en e p ises a e e lec ed in Table 2.
In o he wo ds, a compe i i eness enhancemen s a egy mus be adap i e and ake in o accoun
bo h global ends (digi aliza ion, ESG) and he speci ics o Russian indus y (asse dep ecia ion,
egional dispa i ies). The key challenge is o e coming he "pa ial solu ions ap," whe eby
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isola ed measu es (digi aliza ion o ma ke ing, p e e en ial loans) a e no suppo ed by sys emic
changes (in as uc u e, educa ion, ins i u ions). Wi hou his, e en echnologically ad anced
companies will emain islands in an ocean o ou da ed p ac ices (Table 3).
Table 2. Sys emic p oblems and limi a ions o cu en app oaches o imp o ing compe i i eness.
P oblem
Cha ac e is ic
Examples / Consequences
Digi al di ide
Une en echnology adop ion
be ween la ge and small businesses
due o high cos s.
Small businesses in egions wi h
dep ecia ing asse s canno implemen
AI, “li ing” de ices, and sma
ecosys ems.
Digi aliza ion imbalance
The se ice sec o domina es
demand o digi al echnologies,
while manu ac u ing lags behind..
Dec eased adap a ion o indus y o
new ma ke eali ies.
Human ac o
Resis ance o co po a e cul u e
change and s a e aining du ing
he ansi ion o DPLM.
Slowing down digi al ans o ma ion
p ocesses.
Implemen a ion o he EICSG
app oach
In as uc u e cons ain s (asse
dep ecia ion) and egula o y ba ie s
(lack o ESG s anda ds).
High cos and long lead imes o
implemen ing sus ainable
echnologies.
P oblems o impo subs i u ion
Localiza ion does no gua an ee
quali y, and go e nmen subsidies
c ea e a “go e nmen p ocu emen
ma ke ,” educing compe i ion..
Risk o a dec ease in inno a ion
ac i i y and p oduc quali y.
Table 3. Au ho 's p oposals o a syne gis ic app oach o inc easing he compe i i eness o
indus ial en e p ises.
Di ec ion
Con en
No el y o app oach
Digi aliza ion in line wi h eali ies
P io i y o mode niza ion o unds.
Focus on adap ing echnologies o
in as uc u e cons ain s a he han
blindly implemen ing hem.
E olu iona y ESG implemen a ion
A phased ansi ion h ough pilo
p ojec s in highly p o i able
indus ies (pe ochemicals,
me allu gy), in eg a ing ESG c i e ia
in o public p ocu emen .
Abandonmen o e olu iona y
changes in a o o g adual
ans o ma ion aking in o accoun
economic easibili y.
Global in eg a ion
C ea ing clus e s as nodes in
in e na ional chains.
Impo subs i u ion no as isola ion,
bu as in eg a ion in o global alue
chains.
Syne gy is achie ed by a oiding a sole ocus on echnological change, which mus be
accompanied by ins i u ional change.
The ollowing can be highligh ed as p ospec s o inc easing compe i i eness and ac o s
de e mining he o ma ion o sus ainable compe i i e ad an ages o key sec o s:
1. The oil and gas sec o , wi h i s leading posi ions in p oduc ion and de eloped
in as uc u e, is dependen on aw ma e ial p ices, sanc ions, and en i onmen al isks.
Di e si ica ion h ough LNG p oduc ion and he implemen a ion o ca bon cap u e
echnologies is an a ea o s eng hening compe i i eness.
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VOLUME 31 (07) ISSUE 07 2025
Sus ainable compe i i eness
Syne gis ic app oach
Socie y
Ins i u es
Technologies
2. The me allu gy and chemical indus ies, while highly compe i i e in he global ma ke ,
ace isks om high ene gy cos s and s ic e en i onmen al egula ions in he EU. He e,
compe i i eness g ow h is also associa ed wi h he educ ion o key isks.
3. Mechanical enginee ing and he mili a y-indus ial complex ha e a high le el o
inno a i e de elopmen hanks o go e nmen con ac s (d ones, elec onics). Howe e , ci il
enginee ing lags in digi aliza ion and he quali y o i s componen base, which a e becoming
key a eas o imp o emen ..
A balance is needed be ween digi aliza ion and add essing sys emic issues (asse
dep ecia ion, egional dispa i ies). Fu he mo e, compe i i eness enhancemen s a egies
mus be adap i e, emphasizing he e olu iona y, a he han e olu iona y, implemen a ion o
s a egic guidelines acing indus y. We also no e he p io i y o p ese ing and enhancing
human capi al in implemen ing ans o ma ions. A gene al amewo k o achie ing
indus ial en e p ise compe i i eness is p esen ed in Figu e 1.
Figu e 1: Elemen s o a syne gis ic app oach o achie ing indus ial en e p ise compe i i eness.
The gene al s a egic di ec ions o inc easing he compe i i eness o indus ial en e p ises a e
de e mined by he p io i ies iden i ied abo e. These include he ollowing:
1. Digi al ans o ma ion h ough he implemen a ion o IoT, big da a, AI, obo ics, and digi al
wins o p ocess au oma ion. This app oach aligns wi h na ional p io i ies, p o iding access o
go e nmen unding. The p ac ical applica ion o his compe i i eness enhancemen ool educes
cos s, imp o es planning accu acy, and inc eases he speed o esponse o ma ke changes.
2. De elopmen o R&D and inno a i e p oduc s h ough inc eased in es men in R&D and he
c ea ion o high-added- alue p oduc s. This app oach is also suppo ed by s a e p og ams,
s imula ing he de elopmen o c i ical echnologies, enabling impo subs i u ion, educing
dependence on sanc ions, and building a compe i i e ad an age h ough p oduc uniqueness.
3. G eening p oduc ion h ough he implemen a ion o ESG s anda ds and he ansi ion o g een
echnologies and enewable ene gy sou ces. This app oach aligns wi h global ends and expo
ma ke equi emen s, p o ides access o incen i es ( ax holidays o "g een" p ojec s), and
p omo es p o i abili y.
4. Op imiza ion o logis ics and localiza ion o supply chains h ough he c ea ion o supplie
clus e s and he de elopmen o domes ic aw ma e ials and componen s. Sanc ions make
localiza ion c i ically impo an , which helps build esilience o dis up ions in global supply
chains.
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5. In es men s in human capi al o ain pe sonnel o high- ech wo k and e ain employees.
Ad anced aining p o ides a compe i i e ad an age. The in oduc ion o digi al skills con ibu es
o a signi ican inc ease in labo p oduc i i y.
6. Expo expansion and ma ke di e si ica ion, in pa icula access o ma ke s in Asia, he Middle
Eas , and A ica h ough pa icipa ion in go e nmen expo suppo p og ams. Implemen ing his
app oach o inc easing compe i i eness o e s he po en ial o compensa ion o up o 80% o
ce i ica ion and o he cos s, educing dependence on adi ional ma ke s. 7. Coope a ion wi h
scien i ic and indus y clus e s, which p o ides access o g an s o join p ojec s and inno a ions
( o example, KAMAZ's coope a ion wi h KNITU-KAI led o he c ea ion o an elec ic uck).
8. S eng hening he b and and building loyal y. The p ospec s o his a ea o compe i i e g ow h
a e linked o le e aging he pos -sanc ions end owa d
"pa io ic consume s" and c ea ing an emo ional connec ion h ough s o y elling (b and his o y,
suppo o local communi ies). Fo example, he shoe b and Te olina launched he "Made o
Ou Own" campaign, inc easing b and awa eness by 40%.
9. In eg a ion in o ecosys ems and collabo a ions. Fo example, pa ne ships wi h IT companies
( o example, he in oduc ion o sma ea u es in o echnology h ough an alliance wi h Yandex
o Sbe ) and collabo a ions wi h designe s and blogge s o inc ease engagemen wi h young
audiences can be conside ed signi ican a eas o inc easing compe i i eness in B2C ma ke s.
10. La ge-scale mode niza ion o indus ial capi al asse s.
S a egic app oaches o inc easing he compe i i eness o Russian indus ial en e p ises a e based
on he p inciples o lexibili y and he combina ion o s a e p io i ies (impo subs i u ion,
digi aliza ion) wi h ma ke oppo uni ies.
Conclusion
The s udy concluded ha he s a egic a eas o imp o ing compe i i eness include digi al
ans o ma ion, R&D and inno a ion, g eening and ESG, supply chain localiza ion, expo
di e si ica ion, and in es men s in human capi al. Key success ac o s include syne gies be ween
go e nmen p og ams (na ional p ojec s, expo suppo ) and ma ke oppo uni ies, a ocus on
R&D and in eg a ion in o in e na ional alue chains, and he e olu iona y implemen a ion o ESG
p inciples and digi al echnologies, aking in o accoun in as uc u e eali ies. Companies ha
combine adap abili y, inno a ion, and coope a ion will be able o s eng hen hei posi ions in he
domes ic ma ke and en e new niches globally.
Necessa y condi ions o implemen ing s a egic a eas o inc easing he compe i i eness o
indus ial en e p ises include a sys ems app oach, go e nmen suppo , and a balance be ween
global ends and local speci ics. I is also necessa y o o e come he digi al di ide, egula o y
ba ie s, he isk o c ea ing a "go e nmen p ocu emen ma ke " wi h low inno a ion ac i i y,
and egional imbalances.
Decla a ions
The manusc ip has no been submi ed o any o he jou nal o con e ence.
S udy Limi a ions
The e a e no limi a ions ha could a ec he esul s o he s udy.
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VOLUME 31 (07) ISSUE 07 2025
Acknowledgmen s
The au ho would like o hank o he suppo s a and expe ienced people who pa icipa ed in
his s udy by sha ing hei in aluable knowledge and expe ience. Thei coope a ion and openness
con ibu ed g ea ly o he dep h and ichness o he esea ch esul s.
Compe ing In e es s
The au ho s decla e no compe ing in e es s.
Funding Sou ce
This esea ch was conduc ed wi hou suppo om ex e nal unding.
E hical S anda ds
The esea ch mee s all e hical guidelines, including adhe ence o he legal equi emen s o he
s udy coun y.
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1613–1624.
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in e ms o echnology digi aliza ion. In e na ional esea ch jou nal, 7-3(109): 123–132.
6. Kan emi o a M.A., Dzakoe Z.L. S a egic app oach o he de elopmen o en e p ises in
he egional p ocessing sec o // Fundamen al esea ch. 2015. No. 6-2. pp. 355–36
7. Mayo o a K.S., Balasho a E.S. Digi al ansi ion o indus ial en e p ises o a "sma "
ecosys em. Indus ial economics, 14(4): 433–444.
8. Spi idono A.A., Fadee a M.L., Tols ykh T.O. 2023. S a egic p io i ies o s a e suppo
o impo subs i u ion in indus y. Indus ial Economics, 16(2): 166–175.
СТРАТЕГИЧЕСКИЕ НАПРАВЛЕНИЯ ПОВЫШЕНИЯ
КОНКУРЕНТОСПОСОБНОСТИ ПРЕДПРИЯТИЙ В КОНТЕКСТЕ ПРИОРИТЕТОВ
ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОГО РАЗВИТИЯ ОБРАБАТЫВАЮЩЕЙ ПРОМЫШЛЕННОСТИ
Атиф Новрузов1, Рашад Алирзаев2
1Кандидат наук, доцент, Кафедра менеджмент, АГУНП. E-mail:[email p o ec ed]u
a i .no [email p o ec ed]
2Специальность Менеджмент. E-mail: esadeli zaye [email p o ec ed]m
РЕЗЮМЕ

VOLUME 31 (07) ISSUE 07 2025
37
Без повышения конкурентоспособности предприятия невозможно привлечь клиентов,
получить необходимую выручку, сохранить устойчивое положение на рынке и даже
существовать. Конкуренция заставляет каждое предприятие понимать потребительскую
привлекательность своей продукции, ее качество, цены и послепродажное обслуживание.
Конкуренцию следует рассматривать как определяющий фактор стабилизации цен, стимул
к инновациям и средство вытеснения с рынка неэффективных хозяйствующих субъектов.
Поэтому обеспечение необходимого уровня конкурентоспособности следует оценивать не
только как функцию системы управления предприятием, но и как потенциальный результат
эффективного функционирования всех его подразделений и подразделений. Ключевым
фактором, способным защитить конкурентные позиции предприятия на рынке, является
способность координировать взаимодействие всех его подразделений, что требует
соответствующих подходов к планированию их деятельности. Компании, обладающие
передовыми технологиями и инструментами управления, сегодня обладают большей
рыночной властью, чем те, кто контролирует ресурсы. Поэтому конкурентоспособность
предприятия необходимо управлять и планировать, обеспечивая ее эффективность и
результативность. Перерабатывающие предприятия региона нуждаются в
методологическом переходе от планирования преимущественно внутренних показателей
эффективности и процессов к стратегическому планированию с учетом обеспечения
конкурентоспособности на соответствующий период. Цель исследования – выявление
стратегических направлений повышения конкурентоспособности промышленных
предприятий в условиях внешних вызовов (санкций, технологических ограничений) и
внутренних ограничений (износа активов, дефицита рабочей силы). Методология основана
на анализе научных публикаций за 2020–2024 годы с использованием ключевых слов,
связанных с развитием промышленности, и системного подхода к формулированию
рекомендаций. Результаты показали, что ключевыми направлениями являются цифровая
трансформация (внедрение IoT, AI и цифровых двойников), интеграция принципов ESG с
Индустрией 5.0, локализация цепочек поставок, развитие НИОКР и сотрудничество с
научными кластерами. Особое внимание уделено необходимости преодоления цифрового
разрыва между крупными и малыми предприятиями, а также системным изменениям в
инфраструктуре и управлении. В исследовании подчеркивается, что успех зависит от
синергии технологических, институциональных и социальных преобразований,
поддерживаемых государственными программами и адаптированных к мировым
тенденциям.
Ключевые слова: факторы конкурентоспособности предприятий, промышленность,
приоритеты развития промышленности, экономика промышленности, стратегия роста
конкурентоспособности.
EMAL SƏNAYESİNİN İQTİSADİ İNKİŞAFININ PRİORİTETLƏRİ KONTEKSTİNDƏ
MÜƏSSİSƏLƏRİN RƏQABƏT QABİLİYYƏTİNİN ARTIRILMASININ STRATEJİ
İSTİQAMƏTLƏRİ
A i No uzo 2, Rashad Ali zaye 2
1PhD, Dosen , Menecmen ka ed ası, ADNSU. E-mail: a i _no uzo[email p o ec ed]
a i .no [email p o ec ed].az
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VOLUME 31 (07) ISSUE 07 2025
2Menecmen ix isası. E-mail: esadeli zay[email p o ec ed]m
XÜLASƏ
Rəqabə qabiliyyə ini a ı madan müş ə ilə i cəlb e mək, lazımi gəli əldə e mək, sabi baza
mö qeyini saxlamaq, hə a mö cud olmaq mümkün deyil. Rəqabə hə bi müəssisəni öz
məhsulla ının is ehlakçı cəlbediciliyini, key iyyə ini, qiymə lə ini ə sa ışdan son akı xidmə i
başa düşməyə məcbu edi . Rəqabə qiymə lə in sabi ləşməsinin müəyyənedici amili, inno asiya
üçün s imul ə səmə əsiz əsə ü a subyek lə ini baza dan çıxa maq asi əsi kimi nəzə dən
keçi ilməlidi . Buna gö ə də, əqabə qabiliyyə liliyin zə u i sə iyyəsinin əmin edilməsi əkcə
müəssisənin ida əe mə sis eminin unksiyası kimi deyil, həm də onun bü ün bölmə ə şöbələ inin
səmə əli əaliyyə inin po ensial nə icəsi kimi qiymə ləndi ilməlidi . Müəssisənin baza da əqabə
mö qeyinin qo unmasında əsas amil onun bü ün bölmələ inin qa şılıqlı əlaqəsini əlaqələndi mək
baca ığıdı ki, bu da onla ın əaliyyə inin planlaşdı ılmasına mü a iq yanaşmala ələb edi .
Qabaqcıl exnologiyala a ə ida əe mə asi ələ inə malik olan şi kə lə bu gün esu sla a nəza ə
edənlə dən daha çox baza gücünə malikdi lə . Buna gö ə də müəssisənin əqabə qabiliyyə i ida ə
olunmalı ə planlaşdı ılmalı, onun e ek i liyi ə səmə əliliyi əmin edilməlidi . Regionun emal
müəssisələ i ilk nö bədə daxili əaliyyə gös ə icilə i ə p oseslə i planlaşdı maqdan mü a iq
dö üçün əqabə qabiliyyə ini nəzə ə alan s a eji planlaşdı maya me odoloji keçid ələb edi .
Tədqiqa ın məqsədi xa ici çağı ışla (sanksiyala , exnoloji məhdudiyyə lə ) ə daxili
məhdudiyyə lə (ak i lə in köhnəlməsi, işçi qü əsinin ça ışmazlığı) şə ai ində sənaye
müəssisələ inin əqabə qabiliyyə inin a ı ılması üçün s a eji sahələ i müəyyən e məkdi .
Me odologiya sənaye inkişa ı ilə bağlı aça sözlə dən ə ö siyələ in o malaşdı ılmasına sis emli
yanaşmadan is i adə e məklə 2020-2024-cü illə üz ə elmi nəş lə in əhlilinə əsaslanı . Nə icələ
gös ə di ki, əsas sahələ ə əqəmsal ans o masiya (Əşyala ın İn e ne i, AI ə əqəmsal əkizlə in
ə biqi), ESG p insiplə inin Sənaye 5.0 ilə in eq asiyası, əchiza zənci inin lokallaşdı ılması,
R&D inkişa ı ə elmi klas e lə lə əməkdaşlıq daxildi . İ i ə kiçik müəssisələ a asında əqəmsal
ə qin a adan qaldı ılması, in as uk u ə ida əe mədə sis emli dəyişikliklə in apa ılması
zə u ə inə xüsusi diqqə ye i ili . Tədqiqa da uğu un dö lə p oq amla ı ə ə indən dəs əklənən ə
qlobal endensiyala a uyğunlaşdı ılan exnoloji, ins i usional ə sosial ans o masiyala ın
sine jisindən asılı olduğu u ğulanı .
Aça sözlə : müəssisənin əqabə qabiliyyə liliyi amillə i, sənaye, sənaye inkişa ı p io i e lə i,
sənaye iq isadiyya ı, əqabə qabiliyyə inin a ım s a egiyası.
VOLUME 31 (07) ISSUE 07 2025
39
ASSESSMENT OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY PROSPECTS IN
AZERBAIJAN: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS WITH GLOBAL HOT
SPRING AND GEOTHERMAL RESOURCE REGIONS
Abusalam Mukh a o
Aze baijan S a e Oil and Indus y Uni e si y, Powe Enginee ing Depa men , Ene gy P oduc ion Technologies
Facul y, PhD s uden Baku, Aze baijan, mukh a o [email protected]
ABSTRACT
This pape p esen s a comp ehensi e e alua ion o Aze baijan’s geo he mal ene gy po en ial and
compa es i wi h leading global egions ich in ho -sp ing and geo he mal esou ces. The s udy
examines he coun y’s geological and hyd ogeological se ings, he mal g adien s, and spa ial
dis ibu ion o geo he mal ields o de e mine a eas o high po en ial. I u he analyzes cu en
u iliza ion le els, dis inguishing be ween di ec applica ions—such as dis ic hea ing, g eenhouse
ope a ions, and balneological uses—and indi ec uses like elec ici y gene a ion h ough bina y-
cycle sys ems. Special a en ion is gi en o he p omising oppo uni y o epu posing Aze baijan’s
ex ensi e ne wo k o oil and gas wells o geo he mal p oduc ion, o e ing subs an ial educ ions
in explo a ion cos s and en i onmen al impac .
A compa a i e analysis wi h Tu key, Geo gia, Iceland, Japan, and he Philippines e eals key
di e ences in ese oi empe a u es, policy amewo ks, echnological ma u i y, and in es men
en i onmen s shaping geo he mal de elopmen . Resul s indica e ha Aze baijan possesses
conside able po en ial o di ec -use geo he mal p ojec s, pa icula ly in space hea ing and
ag icul u al applica ions, while also showing long- e m p omise o in eg a ing geo he mal wi h
sola ene gy in hyb id sys ems. The s udy concludes ha , wi h he in oduc ion o clea
legisla ion, iscal incen i es, obus in as uc u e planning, and in e na ional echnological
collabo a ion, geo he mal ene gy could become a i al componen o Aze baijan’s sus ainable
ene gy po olio. S eng hening his sec o would no only di e si y na ional ene gy esou ces bu
also con ibu e o signi ican educ ions in g eenhouse gas emissions and dependence on ossil
uels.
Keywo ds: Geo he mal ene gy, Aze baijan, enewable ene gy, ho sp ings, di ec use, indi ec
use, oil and gas wells, geo he mal de elopmen , compa a i e s udy, sus ainable ene gy
In oduc ion
Geo he mal ene gy ep esen s a enewable, en i onmen ally sus ainable, and cons an sou ce o
ene gy de i ed om he Ea h’s in e nal hea . Unlike sola and wind, which a e in e mi en ,
geo he mal ene gy p o ides a s able and p edic able supply, sui able o bo h elec ici y
39-45
Publica ion his o y
A icle ecei ed: 06.10.2025
A icle accep ed: 03.11.2025
A icle published online: 20.11.2025
DOI: 10.36962/ETM31072025-39
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VOLUME 31 (07) ISSUE 07 2025
gene a ion and di ec he mal use. As he global demand o clean ene gy g ows, geo he mal
sys ems a e gaining enewed a en ion as a eliable complemen o o he enewable sou ces [1].
Aze baijan, known p ima ily o i s ich oil and gas ese es, also possesses subs an ial
geo he mal esou ces. The coun y’s posi ion along ac i e ec onic zones and i s abundance o ho
sp ings c ea e p omising condi ions o geo he mal de elopmen . Howe e , compa ed o i s
hyd oca bon sec o , geo he mal ene gy emains unde de eloped. Explo ing his esou ce o e s
Aze baijan an oppo uni y o di e si y i s ene gy mix and educe dependence on ossil uels while
aking ad an age o i s exis ing d illing expe ise and in as uc u e.
This pape e alua es Aze baijan’s geo he mal esou ce po en ial and compa es i wi h se e al ho
sp ing and geo he mal- ich coun ies. The compa ison p o ides insigh in o how Aze baijan can
s a egically de elop geo he mal ene gy o bo h di ec and indi ec uses while main aining
en i onmen al balance and economic sus ainabili y [2].
Geo he mal Ene gy Po en ial o Aze baijan
Aze baijan’s geo he mal esou ces a e closely linked o i s complex geological se ing, which
includes ac i e aul lines, sedimen a y basins, and his o ical olcanic o ma ions. The
Aze baijani Minis y o Ene gy (2025) epo s a o al es ima ed geo he mal po en ial o 571.2
MW ( he mal) and 57.1 MWe (elec ic). The In e na ional Ene gy Agency (2024) es ima es he
echnical po en ial o be as high as 800 MW, wi h 11 known geo he mal zones iden i ied ac oss
he coun y.
These zones include Shamakhi–Gobus an, Masalli–As a a, Kalbaja –Lachin, Nakhchi an, and he
G ea e Caucasus oo hills. Tempe a u es ac oss hese egions a y be ween 30 °C and 150 °C,
wi h he highes g adien s ound in he Kalbaja –Lachin and Ka abakh zones. The combina ion o
ec onic ac i i y and sedimen a y aqui e s makes Aze baijan well sui ed o mode a e-en halpy
geo he mal p ojec s, pa icula ly o di ec -use applica ions like hea ing, spa ou ism, and
g eenhouse a ming [3].
Di ec use o geo he mal ene gy in Aze baijan includes applica ions o dis ic hea ing,
g eenhouse hea ing, ba hing, and spa ou ism. Geo he mal wa e empe a u es in he Masalli–
As a a and Talysh–Lanka an egions ange be ween 30 °C and 64 °C, wi h low a es up o 14,000
m³/day—su icien o la ge-scale hea ing sys ems. S udies ha e shown ha using geo he mal
wa e o g eenhouses can educe ossil uel consump ion by mo e han 30%, helping imp o e
ag icul u al p oduc i i y and sus ainabili y. The Renewable Hea In eg a ion P ojec launched in
2025, suppo ed by he Asian De elopmen Bank, aims o in oduce geo he mal and sola ene gy
in o Aze baijan’s u ban dis ic hea ing sys ems. Such e o s align wi h he na ional ene gy
ansi ion goals and demons a e a g owing ins i u ional in e es in enewable hea . Mo eo e ,
geo he mal spas in egions such as Nakhchi an, Shamakhi, and Kalbaja a e a ac ing domes ic
ou ism, c ea ing economic alue while p omo ing clean ene gy u iliza ion [3,4].
Indi ec Use: Powe Gene a ion
Po en ial
While mos o Aze baijan’s geo he mal esou ces all wi hin mode a e empe a u e anges, ce ain
a eas exhibi condi ions sui able o bina y cycle powe gene a ion. These include geo he mal
zones in Ka abakh, Kalbaja , and Ku dami , whe e empe a u es exceed 100 °C. Bina y plan s a e
VOLUME 31 (07) ISSUE 07 2025
47
The e m “use s”, as illus a ed in Figu e 1, e e s o a ious essen ial ai c a sys ems and
subsys ems ha u ilize ADIRS ou pu s. These include, bu a e no limi ed o, he Fligh Wa ning
Compu e s (FWC), he Sys em Da a Acquisi ion Concen a o (SDAC), and he Fligh
Managemen Sys em (FMS) [1].
The impo ance o ADIRS a ises om he need o con inuous and accu a e ligh in o ma ion
unde all ope a ing condi ions. As ai c a ha e e ol ed owa d ull digi al con ol, he adi ional
independen gy oscopic and pi o -s a ic ins umen s ha e been eplaced by in eg a ed sys ems
capable o p ocessing da a in eal ime and dis ibu ing i h ough digi al communica ion buses.
ADIRS no only calcula es and supplies ligh pa ame e s bu also moni o s hei consis ency and
alidi y, ensu ing ha he ai c a ’s au oma ion sys ems ope a e wi h e i ied and eliable inpu s
[2].
Figu e 1: Simpli ied unc ional layou o he Ai Da a Ine ial Re e ence Sys em (ADIRS).
The Ai Da a Re e ence (ADR) uni wi hin he ADIRU depends on se e al ex e nal senso s
moun ed on he ai c a s uc u e o measu e key a mosphe ic pa ame e s, as illus a ed in Fig. 2
and Fig.3.
Figu e 2: Pi o and S a ic Senso s Used in he Ai Da a Ine ial Re e ence Sys em (ADIRS).
The pi o p obes measu e o al ai p essu e, while he s a ic po s measu e ambien a mosphe ic
p essu e. Toge he , hey enable he compu a ion o ai speed, al i ude, and e ical speed by he
Ai Da a Re e ence (ADR) uni [11].
Pi o P obes: Measu e o al (s agna ion) p essu e c ea ed by he ai c a ’s o wa d mo ion h ough
he ai . Toge he wi h s a ic p essu e, his enables he compu a ion o ai speed.

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VOLUME 31 (07) ISSUE 07 2025
S a ic Po s: Measu e ambien s a ic p essu e ou side he ai low, allowing de e mina ion o
al i ude and e ical speed when p ocessed by he ADR.
Figu e 3: Tempe a u e and Angle-o -A ack Senso s Used in he Ai Da a Ine ial Re e ence
Sys em (ADIRS).
The To al Ai Tempe a u e (TAT) senso s measu e he empe a u e o he ai s eam, while he
Angle-o -A ack (AOA) senso s de ec he angula di e ence be ween he ai low and he
ai c a ’s e e ence line, p o iding c i ical da a o s all p o ec ion and ligh con ol sys ems [4].
To al Ai Tempe a u e (TAT) Senso s: De ec he empe a u e o he ai s eam, co ec ed o
comp essibili y e ec s, which is used o calcula e ue ai speed and Mach numbe [15].
Angle-o -A ack (AOA) Senso s: Sense he angle be ween he ai low and he wing e e ence line,
p o iding c i ical da a o s all wa ning, ligh con ol sys ems, and pe o mance op imiza ion.
These measu emen s a e ansmi ed o he ADR, which con e s he aw p essu es and
empe a u es in o digi al ai da a pa ame e s such as calib a ed ai speed, Mach numbe ,
ba ome ic al i ude, and ai empe a u e. The p ocessed da a a e hen in eg a ed wi h ine ial
in o ma ion om he IR sec ion o he ADIRU, p oducing a comp ehensi e and con inuous se o
ligh pa ame e s used h oughou he ai c a a ionics ne wo k.
In eg a ion wi h o he a ionics sys ems is one o he de ining cha ac e is ics o ADIRS. Da a
p oduced by he sys em is ansmi ed o he P ima y Fligh Display (PFD) and Na iga ion
Display (ND) o pilo e e ence, o he Elec onic Cen alized Ai c a Moni o ing (ECAM)
sys em o wa ning and diagnos ic pu poses, and o he Fligh Managemen and Guidance
Compu e (FMGC) o ligh planning and na iga ion [14]. Fu he mo e, ADIRS p o ides inpu s
o he au opilo and ligh con ol compu e s, allowing he ai c a o main ain s able ligh and
ollow p og ammed ajec o ies wi h high p ecision [2].
Each ADIRU (comp ising ADR and IR componen s) p o ides ligh da a o he Display
Managemen Compu e s (DMCs), Fligh Augmen a ion Compu e s (FACs), Ai T a ic Con ol
(ATC) ansponde s, Wea he Rada (WXR), and cockpi displays such as he P ima y Fligh
Display (PFD), Na iga ion Display (ND), and ECAM sys em. The swi ching panel allows pilo s
o econ igu e da a sou ces in case o a sys em ailu e, ensu ing edundancy and con inued da a
a ailabili y [6].
The pu pose o his pape is o p esen a s uc u ed o e iew o he ADIRS, ocusing on i s
unc ional o ganiza ion, in e connec ion wi h o he key ai c a sys ems, and i s con ibu ion o
ligh sa e y and ope a ional e iciency. The ollowing sec ions desc ibe he sys em’s main
componen s, explain i s ole in da a dis ibu ion and moni o ing, and discuss i s in eg a ion wi h
au opilo , ligh managemen , and display sys ems in mode n comme cial ai c a .
VOLUME 31 (07) ISSUE 07 2025
49
Figu e 4: In e connec ion o he Ai Da a Ine ial Re e ence Uni s (ADIRUs) wi h majo ai c a
a ionics sys ems.
Sys em Desc ip ion
The Ai Da a Ine ial Re e ence Sys em (ADIRS) is one o he co e componen s o mode n
ai c a a ionics. I combines ai da a and ine ial e e ence unc ions wi hin a single amewo k o
p o ide accu a e and con inuous ligh pa ame e s o o he onboa d sys ems. The sys em consis s
o h ee independen Ai Da a Ine ial Re e ence Uni s (ADIRUs), each in eg a ing an Ai Da a
Re e ence (ADR) sec ion and an Ine ial Re e ence (IR) sec ion. A sha ed Con ol and Display
Uni (CDU) allows he ligh c ew o moni o sys em s a us, pe o m alignmen s, and con ol
ope a ional modes [13].
Each ADIRU collec s in o ma ion om a se o ex e nal senso s, including pi o p obes, s a ic
po s, angle o a ack (AOA) senso s, and o al ai empe a u e (TAT) senso s. The ADR sec ion
p ocesses his in o ma ion o compu e pa ame e s such as p essu e al i ude, Mach numbe , ai
empe a u e, and ba ome ic co ec ions. The IR sec ion, on he o he hand, uses gy oscopes and
accele ome e s o de e mine he ai c a ’s a i ude, heading, eloci y, and posi ion [15].
The ou pu s o he ADIRS a e dis ibu ed o se e al ai c a sys ems, including he P ima y Fligh
Display (PFD), Na iga ion Display (ND), Fligh Con ol Compu e s (FCCs), Fligh Managemen
Sys em (FMS), and Elec onic Cen alized Ai c a Moni o ing (ECAM). Th ough digi al da a
buses, he sys em ensu es ha all ele an subsys ems ecei e con inuous, edundan , and
consis en ligh da a o sa e ope a ion [12].
To main ain eliabili y, ADIRS employs a iplex con igu a ion, whe e each ADIRU can
independen ly pe o m all unc ions. In he e en o a ailu e in one uni , he emaining ADIRUs
con inue o supply alida ed in o ma ion o he ai c a ’s a ionics ne wo k. This edundancy is
c i ical o ensu e unin e up ed da a a ailabili y unde all ligh condi ions [4].
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VOLUME 31 (07) ISSUE 07 2025
Figu e 5: Fligh -deck in e aces o ADIRS.
Func ional In eg a ion o ADIRS wi h Ai c a Sys ems
The Ai Da a Ine ial Re e ence Sys em supplies alida ed, con inuous pa ame e s o a ionics
use s ac oss he ai c a . This sec ion summa izes how hose pa ame e s a e consumed by key
sys ems and how edundancy p ese es se ice du ing aul s.
Au opilo and Fligh -Con ol Compu e s: ADIRS p o ides a i ude, angula - a e, heading/ ack,
ba ome ic al i ude, and ai speed/Mach. The au opilo uses ine ial ou pu s o s abilize
pi ch/ oll/yaw loops and ai -da a ou pu s o egula e speed and al i ude. I an ADR o IR channel
is los , c ew swi ching assigns he s andby ADIRU o he a ec ed side so closed-loop con ol
emains a ailable [13,14].
Fligh -Managemen and Guidance (FMS/FMGC): The FMGC uses ine ial posi ion/ eloci y/ ack
om he IR po ion and p essu e-al i ude/ empe a u e om he ADR po ion o na iga ion
solu ions, VNAV/LNAV mode logic, and pe o mance scheduling. Hyb idiza ion wi h o he NAV
inpu s (when a ailable on ype) u he cons ains posi ion, while ADIRS emains he p ima y
a i ude/heading e e ence o guidance cues [13,14].
Figu e 6: Fligh Augmen a ion Compu e (FAC) in eg a ion and con ol pa hs.
Inpu s om ADIRU 1/2/3 (ai -da a and ine ial e e ences) oge he wi h FMGC, ELAC, FWC,
LGCIU and SFCC a e p ocessed by FAC 1/2. FAC ou pu s d i e he udde a el-limi ing uni ,
VOLUME 31 (07) ISSUE 07 2025
51
yaw-dampe ac ua o s and udde - im ac ua o , wi h e ec s p esen ed on he PFD/ECAM; a
mechanical mixe ansmi s commands o he udde and s abilize . ADIRS supplies he
speed/Mach, ba ome ic al i ude, a i ude and a es used o hese unc ions [12,14].
P ima y Fligh Display (PFD) and Na iga ion Display (ND) and ECAM: PFD/ND indica ions—
a i ude, ai speed, al i ude, e ical speed, heading/ ack—a e d i en by ADIRS. Side- o-side
consis ency checks a e suppo ed by he iplex a chi ec u e; loss o one sou ce is mi iga ed by e-
selec ing a heal hy ADIRU o main ain display con inui y. ADIRS pa ame e s eed he ECAM o
wa nings, cau ions, and s a us messages. Typical e ec s include s all/o e speed ale s de i ed
om ai -da a and disc epancy ale s when cap ain and i s -o ice e e ences di e ge. Channel-
speci ic ADR/IR aul s guide he c ew o use he swi ching panel o es o e a consis en sou ce, as
well as P essu e al i ude om ADIRS is o wa ded o he ansponde o Mode C/S epo ing.
Accu a e ba ome ic al i ude is essen ial o sepa a ion se ices and con o mance moni o ing
[13,14].
Table 1. Mapping o ADIRS ou pu s o dependen sys ems.
ADIRS Ou pu
Dependen sys em
P ima y use
A i ude, a es
Au opilo ; Wea he ada
Con ol-loop s abili y; an enna
s abiliza ion
Heading/ ack
FMGC; PFD/ND
La e al guidance; display
Ba ome ic al i ude
PFD/ND; ATC
Al i ude indica ion; Mode C/S
epo ing
CAS/Mach
Au opilo ; Augmen a ion
Speed a ge s; p o ec ions
Tempe a u e
Augmen a ion/Pe o mance
Speed schedule; pe o mance
calcula ion
Ope a ional Conside a ions
IR alignmen is pe o med on he g ound ia he MCDU wi h he IR selec o s se o NAV;
en e ing p esen posi ion and ini ia ing ALIGN IRS comple es he p ocess in app oxima ely 10–
15 minu es depending on la i ude [12].
In no mal ope a ion ADIRU 1 eeds cap ain-side use s, ADIRU 2 eeds i s -o ice -side use s,
and ADIRU 3 is ho s andby. The AIR DATA and ATT/HDG selec o s on he o e head panel
allow apid eassignmen ollowing an ADR o IR aul o p ese e indica ions and au oma ion
[13].
Rep esen a i e ligh -deck e ec s include s all/o e speed ale s, a i ude/heading/al i ude
disc epancy messages be ween sides, and disc e e ADR x FAULT o IR x FAULT ale s wi h
associa ed ECAM p ocedu es and swi ching ac ions [5,14].
Conclusions
The Ai Da a Ine ial Re e ence Sys em o ms he backbone o he ai c a ’s in o ma ion chain by
combining ai -da a sensing and ine ial e e encing wi hin edundan ADIRUs. Th ough
con inuous deli e y o alida ed a i ude, ai speed/Mach, and ba ome ic al i ude—as well as
heading/ ack and posi ion/ eloci y— he sys em enables s able au opilo ope a ion, accu a e
ligh -managemen guidance, and clea pilo si ua ional awa eness on he ligh -deck displays
[7,8,9,10]. I s in eg a ion wi h cen alized moni o ing allows imely de ec ion and isola ion o
aul s, while he iplex a chi ec u e and cockpi swi ching main ain se ice con inui y ollowing a
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VOLUME 31 (07) ISSUE 07 2025
single-channel ailu e. The same ou pu s suppo su eillance and wea he - ada s abiliza ion,
linking ADIRS pe o mance di ec ly o sa e y-o - ligh unc ions.
This pape has desc ibed he unc ional o ganiza ion o ADR and IR, he ole o ex e nal senso s,
and he dis ibu ion o ou pu s o p incipal a ionics use s. The analysis highligh s ha he alue o
ADIRS lies no only in he p ecision o indi idual measu emen s bu also in dependable
a ailabili y and cohe en dis ibu ion ac oss he a ionics ne wo k. Con inued imp o emen s in
in eg a ion and moni o ing can u he enhance dispa ch eliabili y, educe main enance bu den,
and suppo u u e au oma ion ea u es in anspo -ca ego y ai c a .
Decla a ions
The manusc ip has no been submi ed o any o he jou nal o con e ence.
S udy Limi a ions
The e a e no limi a ions ha could a ec he esul s o he s udy.
Acknowledgmen s
The au ho would like o hank o he suppo s a and expe ienced people who pa icipa ed in
his s udy by sha ing hei in aluable knowledge and expe ience. Thei coope a ion and openness
con ibu ed g ea ly o he dep h and ichness o he esea ch esul s.
Compe ing In e es s
The au ho s decla e no compe ing in e es s.
Funding Sou ce
This esea ch was conduc ed wi hou suppo om ex e nal unding.
E hical S anda ds
The esea ch mee s all e hical guidelines, including adhe ence o he legal equi emen s o he
s udy coun y.
REFERENCES
1. C. R. McCla y, “A aul - ole an ai da a/ine ial e e ence sys em,” IEEE Ae ospace and
Elec onic Sys ems Magazine, May 1992.
2. J. R. Ryan, “Pe o mance es esul s o he p oduc ion aul - ole an Ai Da a Ine ial
Re e ence Sys em,” in P oc. IEEE/AIAA 13 h Digi al A ionics Sys ems Con e ence
(DASC), 1994, pp. 371–376.
3. M. D. W. McIn y e and C. A. Gosse , “The Boeing 777 Faul -Tole an Ai Da a and
Ine ial Re e ence Sys em—A new en u e in wo king oge he ,” in P oceedings o IEEE,
1995, pp. 178–183. (Con e ence imp in and page ange as shown in he PDF heade .)
4. Y. C. (Bob) Yeh, “Design conside a ions in Boeing 777 ly-by-wi e compu e s,” IEEE
publica ion, yea and enue no s a ed in he PDF copy. (Ci e as an IEEE con e ence
pape ; include ull enue and yea i you ha e hem.)

VOLUME 31 (07) ISSUE 07 2025
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5. Y. Chen and Z. Li, “Da a hyb idiza ion compu a ion analysis o ai c a Ai Da a Ine ial
Re e ence Sys em,” in IEEE Con e ence P oceedings, 2011, ISBN 978-1-4577-0536-6.
(Au ho s and IEEE imp in shown on he i s page o he PDF.)
6. J. Noom, C. C. de Visse , N. S. Ramesh, and M. Ve haegen, “Simul aneously iden i ying
he sys em dynamics and aul isola ion o ai da a senso ailu es: A con ex app oach,”
IFAC Pape sOnLine, ol. 58, no. 4, pp. 103–108, 2024. doi: 10.1016/j.i acol.2024.07.201.
7. K. R. Rasmussen, J. J. I e sen, and J. Me ison, “The enhanced sensi i i y o pi o ubes a
low Reynolds numbe ,” Flow Measu emen and Ins umen a ion, ol. 101, a . 102750,
No . 2024. doi: 10.1016/j. lowmeasins .2024.102750.
8. M. Balzano, E. Rey, e al., “De ec ion and wa ning o ice c ys als clogging pi o p obes
om o al ai empe a u e anomalies,” Ae ospace Science and Technology, ol. 112, 2021.
9. J. Cole, “Cole- ype pi o ubes and hei applica ion o ae ome ic measu emen s,” Jou nal
o Ins umen a ion and Measu emen Enginee ing, ol. 58, no. 3, 2019.
10. D. Eubank e al., “Failu es o pi o ubes due o icing: Analysis o comme cial inciden s,”
Fligh Sa e y Qua e ly, ol. 65, no. 2, pp. 91–103, 2020.
11. “Re isi ing he pi o -s a ic ubes in he s anda ds,” ICAS Cong ess P oceedings, 2024
(ICAS Pape 0156).
12. R. P. G. Collinson, In oduc ion o A ionics Sys ems, 4 h ed., Sp inge , 2023. (Use chs.
“Ai Da a and Ai Da a Sys ems” and “Fly-By-Wi e” o sys em con ex .)
13. M. Tooley and D. Wya , Ai c a Digi al Elec onic and Compu e Sys ems, 3 d ed., ch. 6
“Compu e s,” CRC P ess/Taylo & F ancis, 2020. doi:10.1201/9781003215516-6.
14. K. Zhang and Z. Zhang, “Ai -da a-compu e simula ion and design c edibili y assessmen
conside ing ADC calcula ion model,” A ia ion (Sciendo), 2024, pp. 1–10.
15. R. Sable, “E olu ion o To al Ai Tempe a u e (TAT) Senso s,” AIP Con e ence
P oceedings, ol. 3230, 130002, 2024. doi:10.1063/5.0234227.
HAVA MƏLUMAT VƏ İNERSİAL REFERANS SİSTEMİ (ADIRS) VƏ ONUN MODERN
TƏYYARƏ AVİONİKALARINDA İNTEQRASİYASI ÜZRƏ ÜMUMİ BAXIŞ
Rau Guliye
Müəllim, Dok o an , Ha a Nəqliyya ı Fakül əsi, A ionika Bölməsi, Milli A iasiya Akademiyası. Bakı, Azə baycan.
E-mail: au .quliye @naa.edu.az O cid ID: 0009-0006-3872-8736
XÜLASƏ
Bu məqalə Ha a Məluma ı İne sial Re e ans Sis emi (ADIRS) ə onun əyya ə əməliyya ındakı
acib olunu nəzə dən keçi i , bu sis em Ha a Məluma ı ə İne sial Re e ans Funksiyala ını Ha a
Məluma ı ə İne sial Re e ans Bi liyində (ADIRU) bi ləşdi i , pi o -s a ik p obla , empe a u
senso la ı, hücum bucağı p obla ı ə ha a məluma ı modulla ından məluma la ı emal edi .
Məqalədə sis emin k i ik pa ame lə i – ha a sü ə i, yüksəklik, mö qe ə is iqamə – kimi
məluma la ı bi neçə əyya ə al sis eminə necə ça dı dığı qeyd olunu . Xüsusi diqqə , bu
məluma la ın düzgün nəza ə ə na iqasiyanı əmin e diyi a opilo , uçuş ida əe mə kompü e i ə
uçuş nəza ə sis emlə i ilə unksional əlaqələ ə ay ılı . Müzaki ə həmçinin sis emin əsas uçuş
ek anla ı ə Elek on Mə kəzləşdi ilmiş Təyya ə Moni o inqi (ECAM) sis emi asi əsilə
kabinədəki gös ə icilə i necə dəs əklədiyini ə digə ahidlə ə, məsələn, ha a ada ına ə Ha a
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VOLUME 31 (07) ISSUE 07 2025
Nəqliyya ının İzləmə T ansponde lə inə məluma e diyini u ğulayı . Eh iya lılıq ə
moni o inqin olu, əməliyya e iba lılığını qo umaqda xüsusi ola aq u ğulanı . Bu məqalənin
məqsədi, ADIRS-in müasi əyya ənin əsas ida əe mə ə moni o inq sis emlə ini bi ləşdi ən ə
dəs əkləyən əsas məluma mənbəyi kimi necə əaliyyə gös ə diyini, dəqiqlik, əhlükəsizlik ə
ümumi uçuş bü ö lüyünü əmin e məsini izah e məkdi .
Aça sözlə : Ha a Məluma ı İne sial Re e ans Sis emi, A opilo , Uçuş İda əe mələ i, Pi o -
S a ik P ob.
ОБЗОР СОВМЕЩЕННОЙ СИСТЕМЫ ВОЗДУШНЫХ СИГНАЛОВ И
ИНЕРЦИАЛЬНОЙ СИСТЕМЫ (ADIRS) И ЕЁ ИНТЕГРАЦИЯ В СОВРЕМЕННЫХ
АВИОНИКАХ САМОЛЕТОВ
Рауф Гулиев
Преподаватель, Докторант, Факультет воздушного транспорта, Кафедра Авионики, Национальная
Авиационная Академия. Баку, Азербайджан. E-mail: au .quliye @naa.edu.az
O cid ID: 0009-0006-3872-8736
РЕЗЮМЕ
В данной работе представлен обзор совмещенной системы воздушных сигналов и
инерциальной системы (ADIRS) и её ключевой роли в эксплуатации самолетов, эта система
объединяет функции инерциальной системы и потока воздушных данных в инерциальном
блоке (ADIRU), обрабатывая информацию от питот-статических датчиков, датчиков
температуры, датчиков угла атаки и аэроданных модулей. В работе подробно описывается,
как система передает критические параметры – такие как воздушная скорость, высота,
положение и курс – в несколько подсистем самолета. Особое внимание уделено её
функциональным связям с ключевыми авионными системами, включая автопилот,
бортовой компьютер управления полетом и системы управления полетом, где данные
ADIRS обеспечивают точное управление и навигацию. В обсуждении также
подчеркивается, как система поддерживает индикации в кабине через основные дисплеи
полета и систему электронного централизованного мониторинга самолета (ECAM),
предоставляя информацию другим единицам, таким как погодный радар и транспондеры
управления воздушным движением. Особое внимание уделяется роли резервирования и
логики мониторинга в поддержании эксплуатационной надежности. Цель этой работы –
описать, как ADIRS функционирует в качестве основного источника данных, который
соединяет и поддерживает основные системы управления и мониторинга современного
самолета, обеспечивая точность, безопасность и общую целостность полета.
Ключевые слова: Система инерциального ссылочного измерения аэроданных, автопилот,
управление полетом, питот-статические датчики.
VOLUME 31 (07) ISSUE 07 2025
55
CORROSION PROTECTION ASSURANCE IN THE CONSTRUCTION
AND OPERATION OF TRUNK PIPELINES
Zаmaddin Allakh e diye 1, La i a Kazimo a2
1, 2Aze baijan S a e Oil and Indus y Uni e si y, Depa men o Indus ial Sa e y and Labo P o ec ion, docen
E-mail: sul [email protected], la i a.ismaylo [email protected] ORCİD: 0000-0002-0254-1746
ABSTRACT
The e m co osion o igina es om he La in wo d “co osio”, meaning e osion o deg ada ion.
Me al co osion e e s o hei de e io a ion and becoming unse iceable as a esul o chemical,
elec ochemical, o biochemical e ec s. Due o he educ ion o he ee ene gy o a cons uc ion
ma e ial, me als exhibi he modynamic ins abili y. In essence, co osion can be de ined as he
des uc ion o me als and alloys unde he in luence o he ex e nal en i onmen .
In some me als, he deg ada ion p ocess occu s no only on he su ace bu also wi hin he
ma e ial. This leads o he dis up ion o he c ys al la ice s uc u e and esul s in he loss o
in insic p ope ies. When impu i ies a e abundan wi hin he me al, gal anic couples may o m
on he su ace, leading o localized poin s o a ack and he de elopmen o pi ing co osion,
which accele a es me al deg ada ion.
The economic damage caused by co osion ac oss di e en coun ies can be illus a ed by se e al
examples. Acco ding o Le Me aye , in 1953 he economic loss o No way due o co osion
amoun ed o 180 million ma ks. In 1964, damages o F ance’s ma ine s uc u es eached 80
million ancs. E e y yea , biological co osion esul s in a loss o 25 million dolla s in Aus alia
and 5 million dolla s in New Zealand. In he Uni ed S a es, bio ouling in he shipping indus y
causes an annual loss o 10 million dolla s, while sul a e- educing bac e ia in unde g ound
pipelines cause damages es ima ed be ween 500–2000 million dolla s annually. To p o ec he
amous Ei el Towe om co osion, 70 ons o special pain and a nish a e applied e e y h ee
yea s.
Gene ally, he su aces o me als in hei no mal s a e and a e co osion di e signi ican ly.
Howe e , ce ain ypes o co osion a e in isible o he naked eye. This phenomenon, known as
in e g anula co osion (me al emb i lemen ), occu s due o he dis up ion o he c ys al la ice
s uc u e o me als. Co osion o me als is obse ed unde a ious en i onmen al condi ions such
as wa e , a mosphe e, soil, acidic, and alkaline media. The elec ochemical co osion p ocess
occu s as a esul o he o ma ion o a double elec ic laye a he me al–en i onmen in e ace.
In some cases, chemical e ec s a e accompanied by physical deg ada ion, which is e med
e osion–co osion o e ing–co osion. In he case o i on and i s alloys, us ing occu s as
hyd a ed co osion p oduc s a e o med om oxides. Non- e ous me als also co ode, al hough
hey do no o m us .
55-65
Publica ion his o y
A icle ecei ed: 07.10.2025
A icle accep ed: 04.11.2025
A icle published online: 20.11.2025
DOI: 10.36962/ETM31072025-55
56
VOLUME 31 (07) ISSUE 07 2025
Du ing he design and cons uc ion o pipelines, he p o ec ion o pipeline s uc u es and
ounda ions o pipes om en i onmen al impac s mus be ensu ed.
Keywo ds: pipeline, me al, en i onmen , p o ec i e coa ing, co osion.
In oduc ion
P o ec ion o pipelines om unde g ound and a mosphe ic co osion.
Du ing he design and cons uc ion o pipelines, issues ela ed o p o ec ing pipeline s uc u es
and ounda ions om he impac o en i onmen al ac o s mus be add essed. When cons uc ing
unde g ound o abo eg ound pipelines, an i-e osion measu es in ol e he use o subsu ace
p o ec i e ma e ials. A he in e sec ion o unde g ound pipelines wi h o he s uc u es, he
ein o ced sec ions o non- looded banks mus be posi ioned a leas 0.5 m abo e he le el o
loods ha occu once e e y 50 yea s, as well as abo e he highes le el o wa e impac on he
sho e.
In addi ion o he slopes o looded banks, o he adjacen sec ions o slopes‒ anging om 1 o 5
me e s in leng h‒mus be ein o ced. The wid h o he ein o ced sho e zone is de e mined in he
design p ocess, depending on geological and hyd ogeological condi ions.
I he pipeline ou e passes h ough landslide-p one a eas, bo h he pipeline and he su ounding
en i onmen mus be p o ec ed by ins alling he pipeline on ele a ed suppo s (piles o pilla s
ins alled h ough exca a ion o d illing).
I he e ain along he pipeline ou e is a ec ed by e osion o co e ed wi h c acks, hese a eas
mus be s abilized p io o cons uc ion. This ensu es ha p e en i e measu es a e implemen ed o
p o ec he su ounding en i onmen in he u u e.
Me hodology
Depending on speci ic cons uc ion and ope a ional condi ions, wo ypes o co osion p o ec ion
coa ings a e used o pipelines: ein o ced and s anda d ypes. The ein o ced coa ing ype is
applied o pipelines wi h a diame e o 1020 mm o o pipelines o any diame e unde he
ollowing condi ions:
* When he pipeline ou e uns om sou h o no h a an angle o app oxima ely 50°;
* When e ile soil in any egion o he coun y is subjec o saliniza ion o alkaliniza ion;
* When he pipeline passes h ough swampy a eas, black soils, o i iga ed lands;
* When he pipeline c osses unde wa e sec ions, i e channels, mo o oads, o ailways;
* When i in e sec s wi h o he pipeline ou es ( he p o ec i e coa ing mus ex end 20 m on bo h
sides o he in e sec ion);
* When c ossing indus ial o domes ic was ewa e discha ge a eas o solid was e dumping zones;
* When in e sec ing wi h pipelines anspo ing liquids a a empe a u e o 313 K (40°C);
* When loca ed less han 1000 m om i e s, canals, lakes, ese oi s, o esiden ial a eas.
To p o ec abo eg ound pipelines om a mosphe ic co osion, a ious coa ings such as a nish
pain s, ea ed ibe glass, me allic co e ings, o consis en g ease-based coa ings a e used. The
o al hickness o a nish pain coa ings mus no be less han 0.2 mm, and hei elec ical
conduc i i y should no exceed 1 kV.
The quali y con ol o pain coa ing hickness is pe o med using ins umen s such as “MT-
41NÜ,” “TU 25-06.2500-83,” and “K ona-1R” (“TU 25-06.2515-83”).
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15. A.M. Kady o , V.S. Sapozhniko . Ne ep omyslo yye komp esso y. Baku,
Azne iizda , 1952, 332s.
16. M.P. Kalinushkin. Gid a licheskiye mashiny i kholodil'nyye us ano ki. M.,
Goss oyizda , 1957, 219s.
17. V.I. Kisele . Nasosy, komp esso y, en ilya o y. M. Me allu gizda , 1961, 400s.
18. Komp esso y ozdushnyye i gazo yye. Ka alog - ka alog. M., Mashgiz, 1954, 166s.
19. Kon o o ich B.V. Nasosy i pne momashiny. M. Me allu gizda , 1956, 166s.
20. Me allicheskiye kons uk sii. Pod ed. Belenia, 1961 g.
21. Me allicheskiye kons uk sii. Pod ed. Belenia, 1985 g.
22. K.P. Selezne i d . Teo iya asche a ubcha ykh komp esso o . M.
«Mashinos oyeniye», 1968, 406 s.
23. K.I. S akho ich i d . Komp esso nyye mashiny. M., Gos o gizda , 1961 g.
24. SNiP 2.05.06-85 Magis al'nyye ubop o ody.
25. SNiP 2.04.12-86 Rasche p ochnos i s al'nykh ubop o odo .
26. G.N. Smi no , B.F. Go yuno , Ye.V. Ku lo ich, S.N. Le ache , A.G. Sido o . Po y i
po o yye soo uzheniya. Mosk a, S oyizda , 1979, 608s.
MAGİSTRAL BORU KƏMƏRLƏRİNİN TİKİNTİSİ VƏ İSTİSMARI DÖVRÜNDƏ
KORROZİYADAN MÜHAFİZƏNİN TƏMİN EDİLMƏSİ
Zaməddin Allah e diye 1, Lə i ə Kazımo a2
1, 2Azə baycan Dö lə Ne ə Sənaye Uni e si e i PHŞ, Sənaye hlükəsizliyi ə əmək müha izəsi ka ed ası, dosen .
E-mail: sul [email protected], la i a.ismaylo [email protected] ORCİD: 0000-0002-0254-1746
XÜLASƏ
Ko oziya – la ınca «Co osio» sözündən gö ü ülüb, mənası yeyilmə, dağılma deməkdi .
Me alla ın ko oziyası – onla ın kimyə i, elek okimyə i, biokimyə i əsi nə icəsində dağıla aq
ya a sız hala düşməsidi . Kons uksiyanın sə bəs ene jisinin azalması hesabına me alla ın
e modinamiki da amsızlığ baş e i . Konk e şəkildə ko oziya– xa ici mühi in əsi i ilə me al ə
ə in ilə inin dağılması deməkdi .
Bəzi me alla da dağılma p osesi əkcə me alın sə hində deyil, onun daxilində də baş e i . Bu isə
me alın k is al qə əsinin dağılması ilə nə icələni ə me al özünəməxsus xassələ i i i i . Me alın
ə kibində qa ışıqla çox olanda onun sə hində qal anik cü lə in ya anması nə icəsində kiçik
nöq ələ əmələ gəli ə pi inq ko oziyası baş e i , me al dağılmaya mə uz qalı .
Ko oziya nə icəsində müx əli ölkələ in iq isadiyya ına dəyən ziyanı bi neçə misalla gös ə ək:
Le Me ayepin məluma ına gö ə 1953-cü ildə No eç iq isadiyya ına ko oziyadan dəyən ziyan
180 milyon ma kaya ça ı dı. 1964-cü ildə F ansanın dəniz qu ğula ına dəyən zə ə 80 milyon
ank olmuşdu . Hə il A s a- liyada bioloji ko oziyadan dəyən zə ə 25milyon dolla , Yeni
Zelandiyada 5 milyon dolla əşkil edi . ABŞ-da bioloji ö üyün gəmiçiliyə u duğu ziyan ildə 10
milyon, ye al ı bo ula da sul a eduksiyaedici mik obla ın u duğu ziyan isə ildə 500-
2000milyon dolla a ça ı . Məşhu Ey el qülləsini ko oziyadan qo umaq üçün hə üç ildən bi 70
on xüsusi lak-boyaq maddəsi is i adə edili .

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Ümumiyyə lə, me alın adi ə ko oziyaya uğ amış sə hlə i kəskin ə qləni . Lakin elə ko oziyala
a ki, onu adi gözlə gö mək mümkün olmu . Bu k is ala ası ko oziya (me alın kö əkləşməsi)
adlanı ə me alı əşkil edən k is al qə əsin pozulması ilə baş e i . Müx əli ekoloji şə ai lə də –
suda, a mos- e da, o paqda, u şuda, qələ idə me alla ın ko oziyaya uğ aması müşahidə olunu .
Elek okimyə i ko oziya p osesi me al – mühi sə həddində ikiqa elek ik əbəqəsinin əmələ
gəlməsi nə icəsində baş e i .
Bəzi halla da kimyə i əsi iziki dağılma ilə müşahidə olunu . Bu ko oziya e oziyası ə ya
e inq-ko oziya adlanı . Dəmi ə onun ə in ilə inin ko oziyası zamanı əmələ gələn
oksidlə inin hid a laşmış ko oziya məhsull a ı hesabına paslanma olu . Əl an me alla
ko oziyaya uğ ayı , lakin paslanmı .
Bo u kəmə lə inin layihələndi ilməsi, çəkilməsi ( ikin isi) zamanı, kəmə in qu ğula ının ə
bo ula ın özüllə inin ə a mühi in əsi indən qo unması məsələlə i öz həllini apmalıdı .
Aça sözlə : bo u kəmə , me al, ə a mühi , qo uyucu ö ük, ko oziya.
ЗАЩИТА ОТ КОРРОЗИИ ПРИ СТРОИТЕЛЬСТВЕ И ЭКСПЛУАТАЦИИ
МАГИСТРАЛЬНЫХ ТРУБОПРОВОДОВ
Замaддин Аллахвердиев1, Латифа Казымова2
1, 2Доцент, Азербайджанский государственный университет нефти и промышленности,
E-mail: sul [email protected], la i a.ismaylo [email protected]
РЕЗЮМЕ
Термин *коррозия* происходит от латинского слова «co osio», что означает разъедание,
разрушение. Коррозия металлов ‒ это их разрушение и потеря эксплуатационной
пригодности в результате химического, электрохимического или биохимического
воздействия. За счёт уменьшения свободной энергии конструкции металлы проявляют
термодинамическую неустойчивость. В сущности, коррозия определяется как разрушение
металлов и сплавов под воздействием внешней среды.
У некоторых металлов процесс разрушения происходит не только на поверхности, но и
внутри материала. Это приводит к нарушению кристаллической решётки и утрате
металлом присущих ему свойств. При большом количестве примесей в металле на его
поверхности возникают гальванические пары, образуются локальные точки разрушения и
развивается питтинговая коррозия, что ускоряет разрушение металла.
Экономический ущерб от коррозии в разных странах можно проиллюстрировать
несколькими примерами. По данным Ле Метайе, в 1953 году ущерб экономике Норвегии от
коррозии составил 180 миллионов марок. В 1964 году ущерб морским сооружениям
Франции достиг 80 миллионов франков. Ежегодно биологическая коррозия наносит убытки
в размере 25 миллионов долларов в Австралии и 5 миллионов долларов в Новой Зеландии.
В США ущерб от биологического обрастания в судоходстве составляет 10 миллионов
долларов в год, а от действия сульфатредуцирующих бактерий в подземных трубопроводах
— от 500 до 2000 миллионов долларов ежегодно. Для защиты знаменитой Эйфелевой
башни от коррозии каждые три года используется 70 тонн специальных лакокрасочных
материалов.
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В целом, поверхность металла в обычном состоянии и после коррозии резко отличается.
Однако существуют виды коррозии, которые невозможно увидеть невооружённым глазом.
Это так называемая межкристаллитная коррозия (охрупчивание металла), возникающая
вследствие нарушения кристаллической решётки металла. Коррозия металлов наблюдается
в различных экологических условиях — в воде, атмосфере, почве, кислотах и щёлочах.
Электрохимическая коррозия протекает в результате образования двойного электрического
слоя на границе металл–среда.
В некоторых случаях химическое воздействие сопровождается физическим разрушением.
Этот процесс называется эрозионной или фреттинг-коррозией. В случае железа и его
сплавов ржавление происходит за счёт образования гидратированных продуктов коррозии
оксидов. Цветные металлы также подвергаются коррозии, хотя не ржавеют.
При проектировании и строительстве магистральных трубопроводов необходимо
обеспечить защиту трубопроводных сооружений и фундаментов труб от воздействия
окружающей среды.
Ключевые слова: трубопровод, металл, окружающая среда, защитное покрытие, коррозия.
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DETERMINATION OF OIL POLLUTION OF WATER SURFACE USING
AN UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE (UAV)
Axı a Sul ano a
Associa e p o esso , Aze baijan S a e Oil and Indus y Uni e si y, Doc o o Philosophy in Technology, Ins i u e o
Con ol Sys ems o ANAS. E-mail: [email p o ec ed]u
ABSTRACT
The a icle p esen s an algo i hm o de e mining oil pollu ion o wa e su aces based on in-
dep h s udy using mul ispec al images ob ained om a came a on unmanned ae ial ehicles
(UAVs).The a icle pays special a en ion o he issues o accu acy and speed o he algo i hm.
The de eloped me hod has a high in o ma ion p ocessing speed and can be success ully applied
in a ious clima ic condi ions. The esul s show ha he p oposed algo i hm is able o
au oma ically de ec e en mino con amina ion o wa e su aces, which makes i possible o
quickly espond o en i onmen al disas e s and minimize hei consequences.
The a icle examines he algo i hm o de ec ing oil pollu ion on he wa e su ace as pa o
ecological moni o ing. The p oblem o de ec ing oil pollu ion by adi ional me hods equi es
signi ican ime and inancial cos s, which educes he e ec i eness o hei ope a ional
moni o ing. Mode n app oaches o moni o ing inc easingly in ol e he use o unmanned ae ial
ehicles (UAVs) wi h mul ispec al came as and deep lea ning algo i hms, which allows o
signi ican ly educe he esponse ime o en i onmen al disas e s. The in eg a ion o deep
lea ning echnologies allows no only o au oma e he p ocess o pollu ion de ec ion, bu also o
inc ease i s accu acy due o he analysis o la ge olumes o da a. The pu pose o his esea ch is
o de elop an e ec i e algo i hm o au oma ed oil pollu ion moni o ing.
Keywo ds: Unmanned Ae ial Vehicle (UAV), moni o ing, mapping, ision sys ems,
geoin o ma ion sys em, machine lea ning, mul ispec al esea ch.
In oduc ion
The sp ead o pe oleum p oduc s and c ude oil in o he en i onmen is one o he mos se ious
h ea s o bo h wa e esou ces and soil. These phenomena occu as a esul o mal unc ions o
anke s, pipelines o oil igs, as well as on wa e su aces due o acciden s. Di icul a mosphe ic
condi ions con ibu e o he unp edic able beha io o oil spills, which equi es he de elopmen
o e ec i e models o p edic hei sp ead. C ea ing a model equi es moni o ing and
en i onmen al impac assessmen . In his ega d, sa elli e pho og aphy, he use o images
ob ained om came as o mode n unmanned ae ial ehicle (UAV) ai c a , has become he main
ool o de ec ing and analyzing he consequences o oil spills. Wi h he de elopmen and
widesp ead use o UAVs and digi al pho og amme ic came as o e he pas 10 yea s, he
66-73
Publica ion his o y
A icle ecei ed: 07.10.2025
A icle accep ed: 04.11.2025
A icle published online: 20.11.2025
DOI: 10.36962/ETM31072025-66
VOLUME 31 (07) ISSUE 07 2025
67
impo ance o pho og amme y has inc eased and become a mo e sui able solu ion ool o map
p oduc ion. UAV pla o ms a e oday an impo an sou ce o in o ma ion in he p oduc ion o
pho og amme ic in o ma ion, allowing inspec ion, con ol and analysis o di e en disciplines
and di e en a eas o applica ion. UAVs make signi ican con ibu ions o a eas such as
mapping, mining, geology, cons uc ion and en i onmen al enginee ing, as hey can be easily
used in e ms o as and cos -e ec i e con ol o mode n da a. Thanks o eme ging
pho og amme ic senso , pla o m and emo e ecep ion echnologies, UAVs a e becoming
inc easingly widesp ead as hey p o ide highe spa ial and empo al esolu ion capabili ies han
classical ae ial pho og amme y. Due o his achie emen in UAV pho og amme y, i is
cu en ly widely used in open-pi mining en e p ises in many ypes o ac i i ies such as
mapping, 3D modeling, quan i ica ion o p oduc ion and decapage, and geological mapping. In
addi ion o hese s udies, UAV pho og amme y began o be used a e 2010 o moni o pla e
mo emen , la ge-scale shi s and de o ma ions.
The a icle discusses an algo i hm o de ec ing oil pollu ion on he wa e su ace in he
amewo k o en i onmen al moni o ing. The p oblem o de ec ing oil spills using adi ional
me hods equi es signi ican ime and inancial cos s, which makes hem less e ec i e o
ope a ional con ol. Mode n moni o ing app oaches inc easingly equi e he use o unmanned
ae ial ehicles (UAVs) using mul ispec al came as and deep lea ning algo i hms, which can
signi ican ly educe he esponse ime o en i onmen al disas e s. The in eg a ion o deep
lea ning echnologies allows no only o au oma e he pollu ion de ec ion p ocess, bu also o
inc ease i s accu acy by analyzing la ge amoun s o da a. This esea ch is aimed a de eloping
an e ec i e algo i hm o au oma ed moni o ing o oil pollu ion.
Models and me hods. The e a e mode n app oaches and a ious me hods wi h unique p ope ies,
ad an ages and limi a ions o de ec ing and con olling wa e su ace pollu ion. T adi ional
moni o ing ools, de eloped o e he yea s, ha e a numbe o signi ican d awbacks in he e a o
global in o ma iza ion. Mode n in e ac i e ools allow you o build maps based on ope a ions
wi h mul idimensional da a (hype cubes), acili a ing he collec ion and p ocessing o
in o ma ion abou he en i onmen . In mode n moni o ing, mos o he ini ial da a used o
analysis is ob ained h ough space obse a ions [1]. In [2], a highly e icien sa elli e acking
model based on emo ely ob ained da a is p oposed. This model was used o ob ain he basic
quali y pa ame e s. [3] demons a es he use o da a p ocessing collec ed in eal ime. Thei
esea ch ocuses on he ela ionship be ween he en i onmen and he digi al p ocessing o he
esul ing g aphics and images. In [4], sa elli e image y was used o ack wa e pollu ion.
Sa elli e moni o ing will make i possible o iden i y he sou ces o pollu ion, measu e i s scale
and p edic he sp ead pa ame e s, which will make i possible o map he sp ead o oil spills [5].
A key aspec o many exis ing s udies is he p ocessing o high-quali y sa elli e images [6]. .
Sa elli e moni o ing makes i possible o de ec and ack pollu ion in la ge a eas. Some sa elli es
a e equipped wi h special senso s ha can de ec a ious ypes o pollu an s. Howe e , his
echnology can be expensi e and equi es complex da a analysis. [6-7].
Sa elli e images do no always mee he moni o ing equi emen s. The use o unmanned ae ial
ehicles elimina es hese disad an ages and can p o ide good condi ions o moni o ing wa e
quali y due o he lexibili y and po abili y o nume ous o highly spec al senso s [7-9]. [10]
desc ibes he de elopmen and applica ion o mul i-pu pose UAVs o oil slick de ec ion and
con ol.
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VOLUME 31 (07) ISSUE 07 2025
In [11-12], a model o a mul id onic sys em o de ec ing oil spills in seawa e is p esen ed. The
sys em includes machine ision and a ligh weigh algo i hm ha p o ides au onomous acking
ia ce i ied d ones.
An algo i hm o de ec ing oil pollu ion. The amoun o wa e pollu ion om oil and
pe oleum p oduc s is qui e high. Millions o ons o oil pollu e he sea wa e s and oceans e e y
yea . Acciden s o oil anke s, acciden s a oil wells, and he discha ge o oil was ewa e in o he
seas lead o pollu ion o ma ine ecological sys ems. Pe oleum p oduc s eleased in o he wa e
unde go chemical pho ochemical and bac e iological decomposi ion. Howe e , i akes a long
ime o na u ally neu alize hem. In o de o p ope ly de ec oil pollu ion, in addi ion o
ob aining high-quali y images, i is necessa y o pe o m image p ocessing o localize he a eas
o in e es . This will a oid oil pollu ion. This will a oid oil pollu ion. All a eas known o be
po en ial oil spills mus be e-checked and con i med. In addi ion o iden i ying p e-
con amina ion si es, esea che s a e asked wi h de e mining he geome ic pa ame e s o spills
in o de o make p omp and e ec i e decisions in en i onmen al moni o ing sys ems. To sol e
hese asks, i is necessa y o de elop an in eg a ed app oach ha will be based on he
applica ion o au oma ed image p ocessing and will include elemen s o machine lea ning. Using
his app oach will inc ease he accu acy o de ec ing oil pollu ion on he wa e su ace. I is also
impo an o conside a ious ac o s such as en i onmen al changes, wea he condi ions, and
ea u es. In addi ion, sys em in eg a ion equi es e i ica ion, which will use addi ional da a,
such as spec al analysis o emo e sensing esul s, o inc ease he eliabili y o e idence o
con amina ion.
To e alua e he e ec i eness o a i icial in elligence models designed o de ec wa e pollu ion,
wo main indica o s a e selec ed: he Dice coe icien and he Jacqua d coe icien . The alue o
he sugges ed sizes anges om 0 o 1. He e 1 shows a comple e ma ch. The Dice coe icien is
he size ha e lec s he simila i y be ween wo samples. In he con ex o image segmen a ion, i
e lec s he ma hema ical ela ionship be ween he p ojec ed mask and he eal ( eal) mask o he
objec : Dice = |X| + |Y|2 × |X ∩ Y|,
In esea ch ela ed o he de elopmen o e ec i e en i onmen al moni o ing sys ems, hese
indica o s a e used o assess he accu acy o models. A i icial in elligence models play an
impo an ole in de e mining he bounda ies o oil spills on he wa e su ace and assessing
quali y. The high alues o he Dice and Jacca d coe icien s indica e he easibili y o he model
and clea ly de ine he bounda ies o he a iance.
The in oduc ion o neu al ne wo ks makes i possible o au oma ically analyze la ge amoun s
o da a ob ained om UAVs using compu e ision echniques and iden i y complex da a.
Mul ispec al images a e used o imp o e ecogni ion accu acy and in o ma i eness. The
mul ispec al images om he UAV include addi ional in o ma ion o ecognizing and
classi ying objec s in he image. Thus, he use o mul ispec al da a signi ican ly imp o es he
accu acy and de ail o segmen a ion (Fig.1).

VOLUME 31 (07) ISSUE 07 2025
69
Figu e 1: In es iga ion o he con amina ed su ace.
Op imiza ion me hods play an impo an ole in a i icial neu al ne wo ks, which signi ican ly
a ec he lea ning p ocess. In he p ocess o aining a neu al ne wo k, he inal accu acy is
de e mined by he a io o he weigh s o a i icial neu ons o he loss unc ion, which mus be
minimized in each cycle. As op imiza ion p oceeds a a apid pace and app oaches a global
minimum, ecogni ion accu acy inc eases and aining ime dec eases. The g aph o he esul ing
image a e aining he neu al ne wo k is shown below (Fig. 2). (The lea ning a e is 0.001
cycles)
Figu e 2: Accu acy g aph a e aining.
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VOLUME 31 (07) ISSUE 07 2025
The neu al ne wo k was ained h ough a da ase c ea ed based on N images. The images a e
images aken du ing ae ial pho og aphy. A con olu ional deep lea ning neu al ne wo k is used o
sol e he p oblems o segmen a ion o images o oil slicks on he su ace o wa e (ocean, sea,
lake).
Conclusion
The esul s o he s udy showed ha he use o unmanned ae ial ehicles (UAVs) and deep
lea ning echnologies makes i possible o e ec i ely and accu a ely iden i y oil pollu ion on
wa e su aces. The a icle analyzes he p oblems o oil spill de ec ion and segmen a ion using
UAVs and deep lea ning s uc u es. The segmen a ion o images ob ained om he UAV is
ca ied ou using a con olu ional neu al ne wo k (CNN).
The p oposed algo i hm has he abili y o quickly espond o acciden s and spills, de ec e en
minimal spills wi h high accu acy, access o emo e and human-haza dous places, he abili y o
collec and analyze la ge amoun s o da a in eal ime, au oma e p ocesses in haza dous a eas
wi hou human pa icipa ion, e c. i has been p o ed ha he e is a need o wide applica ion in
he implemen a ion o such p ocesses. The accu acy o ecogni ion o hese s uc u es on he
wa e su ace demons a es he e ec i eness o he algo i hms used. A new algo i hm has been
p oposed using a mo e complex neu al ne wo k model and image enhancemen echniques
(CNNs).
Decla a ions
The manusc ip has no been submi ed o any o he jou nal o con e ence.
S udy Limi a ions
The e a e no limi a ions ha could a ec he esul s o he s udy.
Acknowledgmen s
The au ho would like o hank o he suppo s a and expe ienced people who pa icipa ed in
his s udy by sha ing hei in aluable knowledge and expe ience. Thei coope a ion and openness
con ibu ed g ea ly o he dep h and ichness o he esea ch esul s.
Compe ing In e es s
The au ho s decla e no compe ing in e es s.
Funding Sou ce
This esea ch was conduc ed wi hou suppo om ex e nal unding.
E hical S anda ds
The esea ch mee s all e hical guidelines, including adhe ence o he legal equi emen s o he
s udy coun y.
REFERENCES
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71
1. Sido yakina V.V. Ma ema icheskaya model' p o sessa asp os aneniya ne yanykh
zag yazneniy p ib ezhnykh mo skikh ekosis emakh.Compu a ional Ma hema ics and
In o ma ion Technologies. 2023;7(4):39–46. h ps://doi.o g/10.23947/2587-8999-2023-7-
4-39-46
2. Pogo elo V. A. Pe spek i y p imeneniya bespilo nykh le a el'nykh appa a o
s oi el's e // Inzhene nyy es nik Dona, 2016, №1. URL:
i don. u/ u/magazine/a chi e/n1y2016/3571.
3. Sande s, D., 2015. Using D ones o Pipeline Ope a ions. The No heas ONG
Ma ke place, pp. 8-9. URL: ongma ke place.com/wpcon en /uploads/2015/08/OG-
Mids eam-Augus -2015-3.pd .
4. Gomez, C., G een, D., 2015. Small-Scale Ai bo ne Pla o ms o Oil and Gas Pipeline
Moni o ing and Mapping. Uni e si y o Abe deen Repo . 54 p. URL:
abdn.ac.uk/geosciences/documen s/UAV_Repo _Redwing_Final_Appendix_Upd a e.pd
5. Ko kishko A. N., Rakhma ullin SH. I., Ka amyshe V. G. Loka siya u echek ne i,
ne ep oduk o i ne yanykh ugle odo odnykh zhidkos ey na magis al'nykh
ubop o odakh // Zhu nal «P oblemy sbo a, podgo o ki i anspo i o ki ne i i
ne ep oduk o », 2011, №2. S. 142-147. URL: elib a y. u/i em.asp?id=16380139
6. Mi yagina M., La o a O. Spu niko yy moni o ing zag yazneniya po e khnos i Che nogo
mo ya // IEEE In e na ional Geoscience and Remo e Sensing Symposium (IGARSS).
2015. С. 2291–2294.
7. O i se o V., Konushin A. Segmen a siya izob azheniy ysokogo az esheniya s
ispol'zo aniyem modeley glubokogo obucheniya // In e na ional Jou nal o Open
In o ma ion Technologies. 2024. Vol. 12 (6). С. 57–64.
8. P ochazka A. e al. Sa elli e image p ocessing and ai pollu ion de ec ion // IEEE
In e na ional Con e ence on Acous ics, Speech, and Signal P ocessing. P oceedings (Ca .
No. 00CH37100). 2000. Vol. 6. Pp. 2282–2285.
9. Cheng K., Chan S., Lee J.H. Remo e sensing o coas al algal blooms using unmanned
ae ial ehicles (UAVs) // Ma ine Pollu ion Bulle in. 2020. Vol. 152. P. 110889.
10. Maash i A., Ghommam J., Saleem A., Nasi i N. A mul id one sys em o oil spill
de ec ion: A simula ion and emula ion pla o m // 22nd In e na ional Con e ence on
Con ol.
11. T. YA. Gladkikh, Obna uzheniye ne yanykh zag yazneniy mo skikh po e khnos ey s
pomoshch'yu BPLA i mul' ispek al'nykh izob azheniy na osno e ekhnologiy glubokogo
obucheniya, Komp. nano ekhnologii., 2024, om 11, ypusk 5, 152–160
12. Mu a o M.V., Kono D.S., Pe o D.I., Pe o I.B. P imeneniye s e ochnykh
ney onnykh se ey dlya poiska i op edeleniya izicheskikh kha ak e is ik neodno odnos ey
geologicheskoy s edy na osno e seysmicheskikh dannykh. Ma ema icheskiye zapiski
SVFU. 2023;30(1):101–113. (Na ussk.). h ps://doi.o g/10.25587/SVFU.2023.87.50.008
PİLOTSUZ UÇUŞ APARATININ (PUA) TƏTBİQİ İLƏ SU SƏTHİNİN NEFTLƏ
ÇİRKLİLİYİNİN MÜƏYYƏNLƏŞDİRİLMƏSİ
Axi ə Sul ano a
Dosen , Azə baycan Dö lə Ne ə Sənaye Uni e si e i, AMEA İda əe mə Sis emlə i İns i u u, exnika elmlə i
namizədi. E-mail: sax[email p o ec ed]
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XÜLASƏ
Məqalədə pilo suz uçuş apa a la ında (İHA) kame adan alınan mul ispek al şəkillə indən
is i adə edə ək də in öy ənmə əsasında su sə hlə inin ne çi kliliyinin müəyyənləşdi ilməsi üçün
bi alqo i m əqdim edi . Məqalədə alqo i min dəqiqliyi ə sü ə i məsələlə inə xüsusi diqqə
ye i ili . Hazı lanmış me od yüksək məluma emal sü ə inə malikdi ə müx əli iqlim şə ai ində
uğu la ə biq oluna bilə . Nə icələ gös ə i ki, əkli olunan alqo i m ekoloji əlakə lə ə ez
eaksiya e məyə ə nə icələ ini minimuma endi məyə imkan e ən su sə hlə inin hə a kiçik
çi klənməsini a oma ik ola aq aşka edə bili .
Məqalədə ə a mühi in moni o inqi çə çi əsində suyun sə hində ne çi kliliyinin aşka lanması
üçün bi alqo i m a aşdı ılı . Ne ləkələ inin ənənə i üsulla la müəyyənləşdi ilməsi p oblemi
əhəmiyyə li ax ələb edi ə maliyyə xə clə i, onla ın əməliyya moni o inqi üçün daha az
əsi li edi . Moni o inq apa ılmasında ə biq olunan müasi yanaşmala ge dikcə çox spek al
kame ala ə də in öy ənmə alqo i mlə indən is i adə edən pilo suz uçuş apa a la ının (İHA)
is i adəsini ələb edi ki, bu da ekoloji əlakə lə ə ca ab müddə ini əhəmiyyə li də əcədə azalda
bili . Də in öy ənmə exnologiyala ının in eq asiyası yalnız çi klənmənin aşka lanması p osesini
a oma laşdı mağa deyil, həm də böyük miqda da məluma la ın əhlili ilə dəqiqliyini
yaxşılaşdı mağa imkan e i . Bu ədqiqa ne çi klənməsinin a oma laşdı ılmış moni o inqi
üçün e ek i bi alqo i m hazı lamağa yönəlmişdi .
Aça sözlə : Pilo suz uçuş apa a ı (PUA), moni o inq ,ka oq am, gö mə sis emlə i,
geoin o masiya sis emi, maşın öy ənmə, mul ispek al ədqiqa .
ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ НЕФТЯНОГО ЗАГРЯЗНЕНИЯ ВОДНОЙ ПОВЕРХНОСТИ С
ПОМОЩЬЮ БЕСПИЛОТНОГО ЛЕТАТЕЛЬНОГО АППАРАТА (БПЛА)
Ахира Султанова
Доцент, Азербайджанский Государственный Университет Нефти и Промышленности, Институт систем
управления НАНА, кандидат технических наук. Эл. aдрес: saxi a@mail. u
РЕЗЮМЕ
В статье представлен алгоритм определения нефтяного загрязнения водных поверхностей
на основе глубокого изучения с использованием мультиспектральных изображений,
полученных с камеры на беспилотных летательных аппаратах (БПЛА). В статье особое
внимание уделено вопросам точности и скорости работы алгоритма. Разработанный
метод имеет высокую скорость обработки информации и может успешно применяться в
различных климатических условиях. Результаты показывают, что предложенный
алгоритм способен автоматически обнаруживать даже незначительное загрязнение
водных поверхностей, что позволяет быстро реагировать на экологические катастрофы и
минимизировать их последствия.
В статье исследуется алгоритм обнаружения нефтяных загрязнений на водной
поверхности в рамках экологического мониторинга. Проблема обнаружения нефтяных
загрязнений традиционными методами требует значительных временных и финансовых
затрат, что снижает эффективность их оперативного мониторинга. Современные подходы
к мониторингу всё чаще предполагают использование беспилотных летательных
VOLUME 31 (07) ISSUE 07 2025
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This s udy examined he he mal and ope a ional cha ac e is ics o h ee e ine y u nace
con igu a ions — box- ype, cylind ical, and win-cell — ocusing on hei hea lux dis ibu ion
pa e ns and majo pe o mance issues.
The Resul s
1. Bu ne Op imiza ion Necessi y. The analysis o he mal beha io ac oss all u nace ypes
con i med ha bu ne con igu a ion and lame geome y play a dominan ole in de e mining
o e all u nace pe o mance.
2. Hea Flux Dis ibu ion as a Key E iciency Indica o . Among all con igu a ions, he mos s able
pe o mance was obse ed when hea lux a ia ion along he ube su ace emained below ±10%
o he mean alue. La ge de ia ions led o measu able e iciency loss and highe ube me al
empe a u es.
3. The mal Imbalance in Twin-Cell Design. The win-cell u nace con igu a ion, while
ad an ageous o edundancy, exhibi ed suscep ibili y o in e -cell hea lux imbalance.
4. Impac on Emission Cha ac e is ics. Regions o ele a ed local empe a u e, pa icula ly nea
lame impingemen o ho spo zones, we e di ec ly co ela ed wi h inc eased he mal Nox
o ma ion.
Table 1. Fu naces ypes, main p oblems and mi iga ions me hods.
Fu nace Type
Typical Applica ion / Max P essu e /
Max Tempe a u e
Main P oblem
Mi iga ion Me hod
Box-Type
Fu nace
Used in c ude hea e s, isb eake eed
hea e s. Max p essu e: 20–30 ba Max
empe a u e: 850–1150 °C
Flame impingemen on
ube walls causing local
o e hea ing and me al
damage.
Adjus bu ne il and
spacing, use lame
shields, implemen low-
Nox bu ne s wi h s aged
ai injec ion.
Cylind ical
(Ve ical)
Fu nace
Common in e o me s, hyd oc acke s,
and hyd ogen uni s. Max p essu e: 35–
45 ba Max empe a u e: 950–1050
°C
Localized ho spo s due
o une en hea lux and
lue gas maldis ibu ion.
Main ain bu ne
symme y, op imize coil
a angemen , apply CFD
modeling o adia ion
uni o mi y.
Twin-Cell
Fu nace
La ge-capaci y c ude o eed hea e s
equi ing edundancy and con inuous
ope a ion. Max p essu e: 25–40 ba
Max empe a u e: 900–1000 °C
In e -cell hea lux
imbalance leading o
unequal ou le
empe a u es and
e iciency loss.
Independen ai / uel
con ol pe cell, d a
balancing, lame imaging
and he mog aphic
moni o ing.
Decla a ions
The manusc ip has no been submi ed o any o he jou nal o con e ence.
S udy Limi a ions
The e a e no limi a ions ha could a ec he esul s o he s udy.
Acknowledgmen s

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The au ho would like o hank o he suppo s a and expe ienced people who pa icipa ed in
his s udy by sha ing hei in aluable knowledge and expe ience. Thei coope a ion and openness
con ibu ed g ea ly o he dep h and ichness o he esea ch esul s.
Compe ing In e es s
The au ho s decla e no compe ing in e es s.
Funding Sou ce
This esea ch was conduc ed wi hou suppo om ex e nal unding.
E hical S anda ds
The esea ch mee s all e hical guidelines, including adhe ence o he legal equi emen s o he
s udy coun y.
REFERENCES
1. API S anda d 560 – Fi ed Hea e s o Gene al Re ine y Se ice, 5 h Edi ion, Ame ican
Pe oleum Ins i u e, Washing on D.C., 2021.
2. V. Ganapa hy, Indus ial Boile s and Hea Reco e y S eam Gene a o s: Design,
Applica ions, and Calcula ions, Ma cel Dekke Inc., New Yo k, 2003.
3. S. Mokha ab, W.A. Poe, and J.Y. Mak, Handbook o Na u al Gas T ansmission and
P ocessing, 4 h Edi ion, Gul P o essional Publishing, 2019.
4. Mus a a Tu a , C. Em e Üs ün e al., “Op imized CFD Modelling and Valida ion o
Radia ion Sec ion o an Indus ial Top-Fi ed SMR Fu nace,” 2025.
5. Y. Zhang e al., “CFD Analysis and Op imiza ion o Fu nace Bu ne s o Nox Reduc ion
in Re ine y Applica ions,” Applied The mal Enginee ing, Vol. 193, 2021, 117023.
ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ТЕПЛОВОЙ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ И ЭКСПЛУАТАЦИОННЫХ
ПРОБЛЕМ ПЕЧЕЙ НЕФТЕПЕРЕРАБАТЫВАЮЩЕЙ ПРОМЫШЛЕННОСТИ
Тамилла Ханкишиева1, Джавид Мустафаев2
1Доктор философии по технике, кафедра «Промышленные машины», Азербайджанский Государственный
Университет Нефти и Промышленности, Email: amilla.khan[email p o ec ed]
2Аспирант, кафедра «Промышленное машиностроение», Азербайджанский Государственный Университет
Нефти и Промышленности, Азербайджан. Эл почты: ja id.a.mu[email p o ec ed]
РЕЗЮМЕ
В этом документе представлен всесторонний обзор литературы, научных исследований и
отраслевых стандартов, относящихся к печи с пламенным нагревом. Печи с пламенным
нагревом играют ключевую роль в нефтеперерабатывающей промышленности,
обеспечивая тепловую энергию, необходимую для таких процессов, как атмосферная и
вакуумная перегонка нефти, каталитический риформинг, гидрокрекинг и термический
крекинг. Поскольку эти установки являются одновременно крупными потребителями
VOLUME 31 (07) ISSUE 07 2025
81
энергии и источниками выбросов, их конструкция и эксплуатационные характеристики
имеют решающее значение для эффективности, безопасности и экологической
устойчивости. Несмотря на широкое применение, такие печи подвержены ряду
эксплуатационных проблем: удар пламени по трубам ( lame impingemen ), неравномерное
распределение теплового потока, закоксовывание труб, разрушение огнеупорной
футеровки и чрезмерное образование оксидов азота (NOx). Эти факторы приводят к
повышенному расходу топлива, сокращению срока службы оборудования и росту
эксплуатационных затрат. В данной работе проведён сравнительный анализ трёх
распространённых типов печей, применяемых на нефтеперерабатывающих заводах:
коробчатого, цилиндрического и двухкамерного. Для каждого типа описаны основные
принципы конструкции и типичные условия работы, а также рассмотрены наиболее часто
встречающиеся эксплуатационные проблемы. В целом результаты исследования
показывают, что систематическая оценка различных типов печей и целенаправленные
инженерные улучшения могут существенно повысить их техническую работоспособность
и энергоэффективность. Совмещение традиционных методов проектирования с
современными технологиями моделирования и материаловедения позволяет снизить
тепловые потери, уменьшить выбросы и продлить срок службы нагревательного
оборудования.
Ключевые слова: Печи нефтепереработки, Коробчатого, Цилиндрическая печь,
Двухкамерная печь, Энергоэффективность, Low-Nox, Удар пламени.
NEFT EMALI SOBALARINDA İSTİLİK SƏMƏRƏLİLİYİNİN VƏ ƏMƏLİYYAT
ÇƏTİNLİKLƏRİNİN TƏDQİQİ
Tamilla Xankişiye a1, Ca id Mus a aye 2
1“Sənaye maşınla ı” ka ed asının müəllimi, Azə baycan Dö lə Ne ə Sənaye Uni e si e i, exnika üz ə əlsə ə
dok o u, Email: amilla.khankishiye a72@mail. u
2Dok o an , "Sənaye maşınla ı" Depa amen i, Azə baycan Ne ə Sənaye Uni e si e i, Azə baycan.
Email id: ja id.a.mus a aye @gmail.com
XÜLASƏ
Bu məqalə ne emalı za odla ında is i adə olunan is ilik sobala ı ba ədə ədəbiyya , a aşdı ma
ma e ialla ı ə sənayə s anda la ı üz ə ə a lı icmalı əks e di i . İs iliklə işləyən sobala ne emalı
sənayesində mühüm ol oynayı ə xam ne in dis illasiyası, ka ali ik e o minq, hid ok aking ə
e miki k aking kimi p oseslə üçün ələb olunan is ilik ene jisini əmin edi . Bu sobala həm
yüksək ene ji is ehlakçıla ı, həm də əhəmiyyə li emissiya mənbələ i olduqla ına gö ə, onla ın
layihələndi ilməsi ə is isma gös ə icilə i ene ji səmə əliliyi, əhlükəsizlik ə ekoloji dayanıqlılıq
baxımından xüsusi əhəmiyyə daşıyı . Geniş ə biq sahəsinə malik olmala ına baxmaya aq, bu
a adanlıqla bi sı a əməliyya p oblemlə inə mə uz qalı : bo u sə hlə inə alo un bi başa əsi i,
is ilik axınının qey i-bə abə paylanması, bo ula da kokslaşma, odada amlı ma e ialla ın
deq adasiyası ə azo oksidlə inin (NOx) həddindən a ıq ya anması. Bu p oblemlə yanacaq
sə iyya ının a masına, a adanlığın is isma müddə inin azalmasına ə exniki xidmə xə clə inin
yüksəlməsinə gə i ib çıxa ı . Bu məqalədə ne emalı müəssisələ ində is i adə olunan üç əsas soba
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kon iqu asiyası – qu u ipli, silind ik ə iki kame alı sobala ın müqayisəli əhlili əqdim olunu .
Hə bi soba nö ü üz ə əsas layihə p insiplə i ə ipik iş şə ai i izah edilmiş, həmçinin əməliyya
zamanı müşahidə olunan əsas p oblemlə əhlil edilmişdi . Ümumilikdə apa ılan ədqiqa gös ə i
ki, soba nö lə inin exniki ə e modinamik xüsusiyyə lə inin sis ema ik qiymə ləndi ilməsi, eləcə
də layihə ə is isma mə hələsində məqsədyönlü op imallaşdı ma ədbi lə inin ə biqi bu
qu ğula ın ene ji səmə əliliyini ə exniki işqabiliyyə ini əhəmiyyə li də əcədə a ı ı . Ənənə i
dizayn yanaşmala ının müasi simulyasiya üsulla ı ə qabaqcıl ma e ial exnologiyala ı ilə
bi ləşdi ilməsi ene ji i kilə inin azaldılmasına, emissiyala ın minimuma endi ilməsinə ə soba
a adanlıqla ının xidmə müddə inin uzadılmasına şə ai ya adı .
Aça sözlə : Ne emalı sobala ı, Qu u ipli soba, Silind ik soba, İki kame alı soba, Ene ji
səmə əliliyi, Aşağı NOx, Alo un bo uya əsi i.
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83
METHOD OF ANTIPHASE OPERATION OF PRODUCTION AND
INJECTION WELLS
Ye geniya Mammado a1, Emin Makhmudo 2
1,2Aze baijan S a e Oil and Indus y Uni e si y,
1,2Depa men o Oil and Gas Enginee ing
1Associa e p o esso , PhD, [email p o ec ed],h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0001-5054-5701
2Mas e , Aze baijan S a e Oil and Indus y Uni e si y
ABSTRACT
This pape examines he echnology o cyclic coun e -phase ope a ion o p oduc ion and injec ion
wells as a logical ex ension o he uns eady wa e looding me hod used o enhance ese oi oil
eco e y. A majo limi ing ac o in he applica ion o con en ional uns eady wa e looding is he
high cu en wa e cu o p oduced luids. The pape p oposes an imp o ed echnology ha
combines cyclic wa e injec ion wi h pe iodic p oduc ion well ope a ion, enabling educ ion o
p oduced wa e olumes and an inc ease in eco e able oil ese es.
I is well ecognized ha uns eady wa e looding (UW) me hods a e mos e ec i e in hick,
laye ed, he e ogeneous ese oi s wi h good hyd odynamic connec i i y be ween laye s, as well
as in ac u ed-po ous sys ems. Acco ding o se e al s udies, cyclic wa e looding is mos
e icien when ese oi oil iscosi y anges om 0.4 o 25.0 mPa·s.
Pa icula ly a o able condi ions o uns eady p ocesses occu in ese oi s con aining gas-
sa u a ed, low- iscosi y oils, as such sys ems exhibi high luid mobili y and inc eased sensi i i y
o changes in low egime. These obse a ions highligh he need o an indi idual app oach o
designing UW echnologies, aking in o accoun ese oi and luid p ope ies, and con i m he
p ospec s o u he esea ch in his a ea.
Hyd odynamic simula ions ha e shown ha his app oach is especially e ec i e o
he e ogeneous ese oi s wi h a wide ange o pe meabili ies. The au ho s no e ha he
echnology’s e iciency la gely epends on he p ope selec ion o ope a ional pa ame e s—cycle
ampli ude and equency—which equi es conside a ion o complex ese oi s uc u e, luid
sa u a ion, and il a ion cha ac e is ics. In pa icula , o ese oi s cha ac e ized by h ee-phase
sys ems (oil, wa e , gas) wi h high-pe meabili y low channels, op imizing cycle equencies
becomes mo e challenging.
Special a en ion is gi en o he applicabili y o he echnology a high wa e cu s (up o 98% and
abo e), which a e ypical o he la e s ages o ield de elopmen .
Keywo ds: oil eco e y, ha d- o- eco e ese es, cyclic injec ion, oil ese oi , injec ion
ampli ude, cycle equency.
83-91
Publica ion his o y
A icle ecei ed: 07.10.2025
A icle accep ed: 04.11.2025
A icle published online: 20.11.2025
DOI: 10.36962/ETM31072025-83
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In oduc ion
Among con empo a y enhanced oil eco e y (EOR) me hods, cyclic wa e looding holds a
dis inc posi ion due o i s high e iciency, b oad applicabili y, and ela i e simplici y o
implemen a ion. In con as o many o he echniques ha equi e complex equipmen o a e
cons ained by na ow ope a ing condi ions, cyclic (pe iodic) wa e looding can be e ec i ely
applied ac oss a wide ange o geological and he moba ic se ings, which makes i a highly
p ac ical solu ion in oil ield de elopmen .
Ex ensi e esea ch and ield expe ience ha e demons a ed ha al e na ing injec ion and
p oduc ion cycles no only s imula e oil eco e y bu also educe wa e cu in he p oduced luids.
This e ec is a ibu ed o he cyclic in luence on he e ogeneous ese oi sys ems, which ini ia es
a edis ibu ion o low: wa e om high-pe meabili y zones is pa ially di e ed in o lowe -
pe meabili y egions, he eby imp o ing sweep e iciency.
This echnology is pa icula ly signi ican in he de elopmen o mul ilaye ed and geologically
complex ese oi s, whe e he selec ion o an op imal de elopmen s a egy mus ake in o
accoun de ailed hyd odynamic in e ac ions be ween laye s as well as he in e nal he e ogenei y o
p oduc i e ho izons. Consequen ly, cyclic wa e looding ep esen s no only an economically
iable bu also a scien i ically subs an ia ed app oach o enhancing he e iciency o de eloping
ha d- o- eco e hyd oca bon ese es.
Analysis o S udies
The in es iga ion o oil eco e y cha ac e is ics om a p oduc i e ese oi unde combined
uns eady wa e looding and pe iodic p oduc ion (UW+PP) was ca ied ou using nume ical
simula ion o h ee-phase low p ocesses. A ma hema ical model was employed ha accoun s o
he simul aneous mo emen o oil, wa e , and gas, wi h he capabili y o de ining a iable
bounda y condi ions e lec ing he cyclic na u e o he p ocess [1,4]. This app oach enables a
mo e comp ehensi e ep esen a ion o phase low dynamics, he impac o ese oi
he e ogenei y, and in e laye hyd odynamic communica ion on hyd oca bon eco e y e iciency
when applying he UW+PP echnology.
As a compu a ional model o a he e ogeneous ese oi , o ma ion “A” was conside ed,
ep esen ed by a h ee-laye sys em cha ac e ized by in e laye pe meabili y a ia ions. All h ee
laye s a e hyd odynamically connec ed and ha e app oxima ely equal hickness. The middle laye
is highly pe meable, wi h pe meabili y ixed a Khp=2,0 µm², se ing as he p ima y luid condui .
The uppe and lowe laye s a e ep esen ed by low-pe meabili y in e als, wi h pe meabili y
coe icien s anging om 0,001 o 0,1 µm² depending on he speci ic ask condi ions. Such a
model adequa ely ep oduces il a ion condi ions in he e ogeneous ese oi s and p o ides an
assessmen o he e ec i eness o uns eady wa e - looding echnology, aking in o accoun low
edis ibu ion be ween zones wi h a ying il a ion capaci ies.
I is assumed ha once he wa e cu o he p oduced luids eaches 95%, he ese oi
de elopmen sys em is swi ched o an uns eady (cyclic) ope a ing mode. Wi hin his egime,
al e na ing pe iods o injec ion and p oduc ion a e implemen ed as ollows:
• a he i s s age, injec ion wells a e shu in o 10 days, while p oduc ion wells emain in
ope a ion;
• a e his pe iod, wa e injec ion is esumed, whe eas p oduc ion is suspended o 10 days.

VOLUME 31 (07) ISSUE 07 2025
85
This cycle o pe iodic in luence con inues un il he wa e cu o he p oduced luids eaches 98%,
a which poin ope a ion o all wells in he conside ed ese oi sec ion is comple ely e mina ed.
Such a scheme makes i possible o model he e ec o al e na ing injec ion and p oduc ion phases
on low edis ibu ion in a he e ogeneous ese oi , as well as on he ul ima e oil eco e y.
Figu e 1: Rese oi pe o mance unde di e en ope a ing egimes: (a) oil a e p o ile; (b) wa e
cu p o ile. Compa ison o he base case wi h uns eady wa e looding wi h pe iodic shu -ins
(pe meabili y o low-pe meabili y laye s assumed o be ~10 mD).
Simila app oaches a e applied a se e al oil ields whe e con en ional wa e looding me hods
p o e ine ec i e due o high ese oi he e ogenei y. Posi i e esul s o implemen ing cyclic
ope a ing modes unde condi ions o highly wa e looded ese oi s ha e been epo ed in he
li e a u e [2,3,6], con i ming he po en ial o he p oposed scheme.
To e alua e he impac o ese oi il a ion-capaci y p ope ies on he e iciency o
he e ogeneous ese oi de elopmen , a se ies o nume ical expe imen s was conduc ed. In he
simula ion model, he pe meabili y o he highly pe meable middle laye was ixed a k ~2000
mD. The pe meabili y alues o he low-pe meabili y uppe and lowe laye s we e a ied and
sequen ially assigned as 100 mD, 50 mD, 10 mD, and 1 mD, which enabled analysis o sys em
beha io o e a wide ange o pe meabili y con as s (Fig. 2).
The ini ial (“s a ing”) wa e cu o he p oduced luids was assumed o be 95%. Fo each
pe meabili y scena io, wo de elopmen egimes we e simula ed:
• Base case, in which all wells ope a e unde a s eady-s a e egime (con inuous injec ion and
p oduc ion);
• Al e na i e case, implemen ing uns eady wa e looding wi h pe iodic wa e injec ion and
coun e -phase luid p oduc ion (UW+PP).
A compa a i e analysis o he esul s allowed assessmen o he impac o cyclic ope a ion on
low edis ibu ion wi hin he he e ogeneous ese oi and on he e iciency o in ol ing low-
pe meabili y zones in p oduc ion.
Analysis o he g aphs in Fig. 1 indica es a posi i e e ec o he UW+PP echnology: compa ed o
he base case, he e is a no iceable inc ease in cu en oil a es and a educ ion in wa e cu . This
sugges s mo e e ec i e engagemen o low-pe meabili y zones due o edis ibu ion o he
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VOLUME 31 (07) ISSUE 07 2025
displacing agen . A he same ime, i should be no ed ha unde he cyclic egime, p oduc ion
wells expe ience down ime pe iods, which may po en ially slow he cumula i e oil eco e y a e
du ing long- e m ese oi ope a ion [5,9].
Figu e 2: Rela i e changes in oil a e (a) and absolu e changes in wa e cu (b) unde uns eady
wa e looding wi h pe iodic p oduc ion (UW+PP) o a ese oi wi h laye ed pe meabili y
he e ogenei y.
Fig. 2 p esen s changes in cu en ope a ional pe o mance induced by he implemen a ion o
uns eady wa e looding wi h pe iodic shu -ins (UW+PP) a he s udied ese oi sec ion o
di e en low-pe meabili y laye alues. Fo cla i y, da a poin s co esponding o empo a y
p oduc ion well shu downs a e excluded om he g aph. I should be no ed ha he analysis is
based on ela i e oil a es, i.e., de ia ions om he base case exp essed as ac ions o i s alue.
α – cu en oil a e o he s udied ese oi sec ion.
Fig. 3 shows he dynamics o ela i e cumula i e oil eco e y inc ease (exp essed as ac ions o
he base case) esul ing om he applica ion o he conside ed echnology o di e en low-
pe meabili y laye alues. The analysis indica es ha he maximum oil inc emen —27.5%—is
achie ed a he lowes pe meabili y o he low-pe meabili y in e als, whe eas a he highes
pe meabili y, he inc emen is only 1.4%. This demons a es he inc eased e iciency o he
echnology unde condi ions o p onounced ese oi he e ogenei y [7].
VOLUME 31 (07) ISSUE 07 2025
87
Figu e 3: Dynamics o ela i e cumula i e oil (a) and luid (b) p oduc ion unde uns eady
wa e looding combined wi h coun e -phase pe iodic ope a ion o p oduc ion wells, depending on
he pe meabili y o low-pe meabili y laye s.
The same igu e also p esen s ela i e changes in cumula i e luid p oduc ion compa ed o he
base scena io. Implemen a ion o he UW+PP echnology is accompanied by a signi ican
educ ion in o al luid p oduc ion— anging om 5% o 14% depending on he pe meabili y o
he low-pe meabili y laye s. This e lec s mo e selec i e de elopmen o p oduc i e in e als and
a educ ion o excessi e wa e in low, which posi i ely impac s o e all ese oi de elopmen
e iciency.
Table 1 p esen s he esul s o model calcula ions o key ope a ional indica o s o di e en
de elopmen scena ios o an oil ese oi wi h a laye ed, pe meabili y-he e ogeneous o ma ion
unde uns eady wa e looding combined wi h pe iodic p oduc ion o wells (UW+PP). The da a
allow e alua ion o he e ec i eness o he conside ed echnology unde ese oi he e ogenei y
and p o ide a compa ison wi h base-case de elopmen scena ios.
Table 1. Resul s o nume ical simula ions.
Pe meabili y o he low-
pe meabili y in e laye ,
mD
Pe meabili y a io o he
laye s
Oil eco e y ac o (ORF)
Inc emen al oil
eco e y ac o
(IORF)
base
UW
100
20
0,623
0,688
0,045
50
40
0,601
0,654
0,053
10
200
0,536
0,614
0,079
1
2000
0,346
0,589
0,242
Conclusion
The applica ion o uns eady wa e looding combined wi h pe iodic p oduc ion o wells (UW+PP)
in ese oi s wi h a high deg ee o laye ed pe meabili y he e ogenei y demons a es a signi ican
inc ease in oil eco e y. The posi i e e ec is obse ed a he ea ly s ages o echnology
implemen a ion, making i pa icula ly e ec i e o accele a ed ese oi deple ion.
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VOLUME 31 (07) ISSUE 07 2025
An addi ional ad an age is a subs an ial educ ion in p oduced wa e olumes, which con ibu es
o highe echnological and economic e iciency o ese oi de elopmen . E en in ela i ely
homogeneous, high-pe meabili y ese oi s, he echnology educes o al luid p oduc ion by
app oxima ely 5%, al hough he co esponding inc ease in oil eco e y is less p onounced—
a ound 1.3%.
Thus, he UW+PP echnology can be conside ed an e ec i e ool o enhancing de elopmen
e iciency bo h in s ongly he e ogeneous ese oi s and in mo e homogeneous o ma ions, whe e
i s main bene i lies in educing wa e cu .
Decla a ions
The manusc ip has no been submi ed o any o he jou nal o con e ence.
S udy Limi a ions
The e a e no limi a ions ha could a ec he esul s o he s udy.
Acknowledgmen s
The au ho would like o hank o he suppo s a and expe ienced people who pa icipa ed in
his s udy by sha ing hei in aluable knowledge and expe ience. Thei coope a ion and openness
con ibu ed g ea ly o he dep h and ichness o he esea ch esul s.
Compe ing In e es s
The au ho s decla e no compe ing in e es s.
Funding Sou ce
This esea ch was conduc ed wi hou suppo om ex e nal unding.
E hical S anda ds
The esea ch mee s all e hical guidelines, including adhe ence o he legal equi emen s o he
s udy coun y.
REFERENCES
1. Abzalo R. E., Malyshe V. L., Ma in S. A. (2020) «Analiz e ek i nos i
nes a siona nogo za odneniya posloyno neodno odnykh plas akh». Molodoy uchonyy,
№ 14 (304), ap el 2020, s. 123–126
2. Ye mukhame o V. L. (2020) «Nes a siona noye za odneniye ezhime ob azo aniya
iskuss ennoy eshchino a os i». Molodoy uchoniy, № 45 (335), No embe 2020, pp. 15–
17.
3. Veliye , E. M. Issledo aniye za isimos i e ek i nos i ekhnologii nes a siona nogo
za odneniya o p odolzhi el'nos i polupe ioda abo y/p os oya nagne a el'nykh sk azhin
sikle p i az abo ke ysokop oduk i nykh neodno odnykh kollek o o malo yazkoy ne i
/ E. M. Veliye // P oblemy sbo a, podgo o ki i anspo a ne i i ne ep oduk o / IPTER.
– U a, 2015. – Vol. 2 (100). – pp. 46-56.
VOLUME 31 (07) ISSUE 07 2025
95
Economic isk is de e mined by he co esponding ype o ac i i y. Signs o economic ac i i y
include:
• belonging o he subjec o Gene al use ul, economic p ac ice (in ou case, he en e p ise);
• he ac o he exis ence o a subjec o ac i i y, con i med by an ac o s a e egis a ion (as a
legal en i y;
• he sphe e o implemen a ion in he ield o economics as a sphe e o economic ac i i y;
• he p esence o ope a ional goals, exp essed, on he one hand, in mee ing he needs o socie y, i s
membe s and employees o he company, and on he o he , in he c ea ion o ma e ial and
in angible bene i s;
• income se es he pu pose o co e ing ma e ial cos s and a ious ypes o expenses incu ed by
he en e p ise.
Economic isks and unce ain y a e closely ela ed. Unde his ca ego y o h ea s, we will
unde s and he likelihood o unpleasan e en s as a esul o a business decision made by he
company's managemen . I is sugges ed ha he posi i e side o he isk should no be aken in o
accoun o he ime being. The unce ain y o he economic en i onmen is, in ac , he main
eason o he e en ha may occu in he u u e [8]. Bu in addi ion o unce ain y, he e is a need
o wo k in all a eas ( inancial, ma e ial, in o ma ion, ime esou ces, e c.).) esou ce limi a ion
a ec s economic isk.
The dange a ises as a esul o a ce ain objec i e p obabili y o unpleasan e en s, and he
decision made o ms subjec i e p e equisi es o hem. In gene al, in economic ela ions, he
subjec i e and objec i e aspec s o any economic ac s and phenomena play one o he main oles.
And he subjec o he ela ionship always makes an e alua i e judgmen abou any p obable
e en in i s dynamics. And since hese ela ionships hemsel es in ol e a leas wo subjec s, we
mus unde s and which o hem is conside ed a isk. To do his, i is p oposed o pay a en ion o
he diag am p esen ed below.
Scheme o in e nal and ex e nal economic ela ions be ween business en i ies [9].
The en e p ise i sel is a subjec o economic ela ions (ER), bu i s owne s and employees
simul aneously ac as subjec s o legal ela ions, Labo Rela ions and, na u ally, ER. Thus, he
subjec s o ER ela e o he objec s o ER exis ing in hem. As objec s o such ela ions, we mean
he o ali y o p ope y and non-p ope y igh s and obliga ions a ising o he ele an subjec s.
All his wo ks bo h wi hin he en e p ise and in ela ion o subjec s ou side i . Fo eign ERS a e
di ec ly ela ed o such ac s and phenomena ha a e o med in complex en ep eneu ial p ac ice
ela ed o making a p o i . Howe e , i economic ac i i y is associa ed no only wi h i , hen he
associa ed isk is much b oade han he dange s o an en ep eneu ial na u e. Risks o a dual
na u e (en ep eneu ial and o he ypes) a e included in he b oade concep o economic isk, o
example [9-10]:
• inancial isk;
• p ope y iski;
• esou ce isk, e c.
And wha ela ionships in he company may no be ela ed o en ep eneu ial ac i i y? Fo
example, Labo Rela ions ela ed o he social sphe e o he en e p ise's li e: o housing and
communal se ices ha a e on he balance shee , i he en e p ise is a ci y-make o wi h
employees wo king in a house o Cul u e, a ec ea ion cen e , e c. The nex example ha we can

96
VOLUME 31 (07) ISSUE 07 2025
name is cha i able ac i i ies. I is he mo emen o inancial esou ces, he acquisi ion o p ope y
and In o ma ion, ime, ma e ials, e c. ela ed o he use o o he esou ces such as. The lis o such
business p ac ices can be con inued.
Figu e 1: The place o economic isk in he ield o p obabili ies.
The di ision o isks associa ed wi h economic ela ions and en ep eneu ship in o he ollowing
ypes
Figu e 2: Classi ica ion o economic isks in he logic o "di e si ica ion" acco ding o h ee
in e nal cha ac e is ics.
The diag am abo e shows he classi ica ion o economic isks in he logic o "di e si ica ion"
acco ding o h ee in e nal cha ac e is ics:
• by he ela ionship o isk wi h ela ions o an economic o non-economic na u e;
• wi h he inclusion o en ep eneu ial ocus in he isk associa ed wi h economic ac i i y;
VOLUME 31 (07) ISSUE 07 2025
97
• ypes o en ep eneu ial isk as he main o m o economic isk.
Indeed, ela ions be ween subjec s a e no only economic in na u e. They a e ela ed o poli ics,
echnology, in e na ional ela ions, e c. can be iden i ied wi h. A he same ime, he ypes o
economic isks, in addi ion o he pu ely business con ex , can include speci ic ypes o uni e sal
isks. These include h ea s ha can ha e consequences no only in e ms o p o i , bu also o
business ini ia i es. Fo example, damage o he inances o employees can occu due o e o s in
calcula ing he income ax o indi iduals o he Social Insu ance Fund ( inancial isk). Nega i e
consequences (p ope y isk) a e also possible o p ope y on i s balance shee in he social
sphe e o he en e p ise.
The concep o isk in he ield o economic ac i i y he e o e has undamen al di e ences om
o he ypes: en ep eneu ial, inancial, in es men , e c. All hese o ms a e included in he
sys emic phenomenon o economic isk, and some in he concep o en ep eneu ial isk. This
happens when hey a e no in ended o be o a di e en na u e han when i comes o making a
p o i . Thus, in es men isk is essen ially a ype o en ep eneu ship, based on he de ini ion o
in es men ac i i y. The same can be said abou c edi isk, bu inancial isk, as we saw ea lie , is
somewha b oade .
We de ine inancial isk as a ype o economic isk ha de e mines he likelihood and
consequences o an unpleasan e en in he o m o loss o inancial esou ces (money) as a esul
o a decision made. In gene al, he possible consequences o isk o he company's economy a e
o med in h ee main di ec ions.
1. Failu e o ob ain he planned bene i in whole o in pa (p o i , Income, s a sa is ac ion,
business capi aliza ion, e c.).
2. Use he esou ces o he company (money, pe sonnel, p ope y, in o ma ion, e c.).) comple e o
pa ial loss.
3. Addi ional inancial and ma e ial cos s ( o example, in case o compensa ion o losses
incu ed).
We ha e essen ially conside ed he p obable consequences o h ea s o he economic complex o
he en e p ise. I seems ha he goal o delimi ing a ious h ea s associa ed wi h he ac i i ies o
a business en i y has been achie ed. This means ha he isk Manage , P ojec Manage o
in es men economis can be e manage he basic concep s o isk managemen based on he
esul ob ained in he a icle. A he same ime, he model o he subjec a ea o he p o essional
sphe e is en iched wi h cla i y ega ding hei impo an dis inguishing ea u es.
The esul
Recen ly, mo e and mo e a en ion has been paid o he ield o esea ch o all ypes o economic
isks. This is con i med by an inc ease in he olume o li e a u e de o ed o he opic, and mos
impo an ly, a no iceable p og ess in he quali y o he p oposed measu es. Mo eo e , he
expe ience o o eign and Russian companies shows ha i ms pay mo e and mo e a en ion and
esou ces o his a ea, special depa men s a e o ganized o analysis, Con ol and Risk Reduc ion,
and an inc easingly ad anced decision-making me hodology is being in oduced o educe he
nega i e consequences o isks.
Bi daha qeyd e mək lazımdı ki, isk sahibka lıq əaliyyə inin ə ümumilikdə iq isadi əaliyyə in
ə kib hissəsidi . I he ac i i y is no accompanied by isk, i is mos likely no a ma ke ac i i y.
The e is no p o i wi hou Risk, and p o i is he goal o any economic ac i i y. The e o e,
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VOLUME 31 (07) ISSUE 07 2025
app op ia e knowledge o isk, i s causes, s uc u al ea u es and managemen me hods inc eases
he e ec i eness o en ep eneu ial ac i i y.
The e a e many me hods o managing isk. A quali ied and ained specialis mus iden i y isks,
analyze hem, il e ou he ha mless, and hen make a decision o educe he nega i e
consequences o isk. I he mos a ional se o ac ions is selec ed, he isk is educed o i s
elimina ion.
Decla a ions
The manusc ip has no been submi ed o any o he jou nal o con e ence.
S udy Limi a ions
The e a e no limi a ions ha could a ec he esul s o he s udy.
Acknowledgmen s
The au ho would like o hank o he suppo s a and expe ienced people who pa icipa ed in
his s udy by sha ing hei in aluable knowledge and expe ience. Thei coope a ion and openness
con ibu ed g ea ly o he dep h and ichness o he esea ch esul s.
Compe ing In e es s
The au ho s decla e no compe ing in e es s.
Funding Sou ce
This esea ch was conduc ed wi hou suppo om ex e nal unding.
E hical S anda ds
The esea ch mee s all e hical guidelines, including adhe ence o he legal equi emen s o he
s udy coun y.
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egula ion [Elec onic esou ce] - URL:h psV/cybe leninka. u/a icle/n/ekonomicheskaya-
ka ego iya- isk-suschnos -i-me ody- eguli o aniya (дата обращения: 21.06.2021).
3. Kan o О.G. Classi ica ion o me hods o quan i a i e assessmen o economic isk
[Elec onic esou ce] – URL:h ps://cybe leninka. u/a icle/nMass ika siya-me odo -
koliches ennoy-o senki-ekonomicheskogo- iska (da e o eques : 20.06.2021).
4. Kuni sina, N.N. Economic dynamics and isks / Kuni sina, N.N. – М.: Economics o
ag icul u al and p ocessing en e p ises, 2002. – 288 p.
5. Blank, I.А. Financial isk managemen / Blank, I.А. – К.: Nika Cen e , 2005. – 600 p.
6. Kuzne so a, N.V. Risk managemen / Kuzne so a, N.V. – Vladi os ok: Fa Eas e n
Uni e si y P ess, 2004. – 168 p.
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7. Hohlo , N.V. Risk managemen : a ex book o uni e si ies / Hohlo , N.V. – М.: UNITY-
DANA, 2001. – 239 p.
8. Naza o a, I.G. Risk managemen in business: a ex book / Naza o a, I.G. – Ukh a: УГТУ,
2003. – 136 p.
9. Shapkin, А.S. Risk heo y and modeling o isky si ua ions: ex book / Shapkin, А.S., V.А.
Shapkin. – М.: Dashko and Co., 2005. – 880 p.
10. Blank, I.A. Financial isk managemen / I.A. Blank. – К.: Nika Cen e , 2005. – 600 p.
MÜASİR CƏMİYYƏTDƏ İQTİSADİ RİSKLƏR
Məhəmməd Şi ino 1, Vadim Boqopolskiy2, Azad Bağı o 3
1Müəllim, Azə baycan Dö lə Ne ə Sənaye Uni e si e i. E-mail: [email p o ec ed]u
2,3 Dosen , Azə baycan Dö lə Ne ə Sənaye Uni e si e i, E-mail:, adim46.[email p o ec ed]2, azad[email p o ec ed]3
XÜLASƏ
Məqalə iq isadi əhlükəsizlik sis eminin mühüm komponen i kimi isk əhlilinin nəzə i ə
me odoloji aspek lə inə həs edilmişdi .
Məqalədə isk anlayışı, isk nö lə i ə onla ın qiymə ləndi ilməsi üsulla ı haqqında məluma la
ümumiləşdi ilmişdi . Bundan əla ə iq isadi isklə in əsas nö lə inin biznesə ə bü ö lükdə
iq isadiyya a əsi ini nəzə dən keçi əcəyik, həmçinin nümunələ ə s a is ika əqdim edəcəyik.
İq isadi sis emlə in nö lə i ə mü a iq isklə in xüsusiyyə lə i məsələsinin yeni müəlli şə hi
əqdim olunu . Riskin qiymə ləndi ilməsi üçün elmi me odologiyanın mak o sə iyyədə ə biq
edilməsinin məqsədəuyğunluğu ba ədə nə icə çıxa ılı .
Aça sözlə : iq isadi isklə , iq isadi sis emlə , iq isadi əhlükəsizlik, isklə in qiymə ləndi ilməsi,
isklə in ida ə edilməsi.
ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИЕ РИСКИ В СОВРЕМЕННОМ ОБЩЕСТВЕ
Магомед Ширинов1 , Вадим Богопольский2, Азад Багиров3
1Преподаватель, Азербайджанский Государственный Университет Нефти и
Промышленности. E-mail: shi ino 46@mail. u
2,3Доцент, Азербайджанский Государственный Университет Нефти и
Промышленности. E-mail: adim46.46@mail. u2 , azad-baqi o @mail. u3
РЕЗЮМЕ
Статья посвящена теоретико-методологическим аспектам анализа рисков как важного
компонента системы обеспечения экономической безопасности.
В статье обобщена информация о понятии риска, о видах рисков и методах их оценки.
Кроме того, мы рассмотрим влияние основных видов экономических рисков на бизнес и
экономику в целом, а также приведем примеры и статистику. Представлена новая
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VOLUME 31 (07) ISSUE 07 2025
авторская интерпретация вопроса о видах экономических систем и специфике
соответствующих рисков. Сделан вывод о целесообразности использования научной
методологии оценки рисков применительно к макроуровню.
Ключевые слова: экономические риски, экономические системы, экономическая
безопасность, оценка риска, управление рисками.

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101
RESEARCH UNIVERSAL COMBINED INHIBITOR FOR THE OIL AND
GAS INDUSTRY
Mehpa a Adygezalo a
Doc o o Technical Sciences, Associa e P o esso o he Depa men o Chemis y and Technology o Ino ganic
Subs ances, Aze baijan S a e Uni e si y o Oil and Indus y. E-mail: mehpa eadigozelo [email protected]
ABSTRACT
The inhibi ing e iciency o a mul i unc ional combined inhibi o agains hyd ogen sul ide and
ca bon dioxide co osion o S 3 ca bon s eel was in es iga ed using he g a ime ic me hod in
model o ma ion wa e MI. Co osion es s we e ca ied ou in sealed essels wi h a olume o 0.5
L using la s eel specimens (S 3) wi h dimensions o 30 × 20 × 1 mm.
A combina ion o gossypol esin and MARZA was used as he mul i unc ional inhibi o , wi h
diesel uel and ke osene se ing as sol en s. I was es ablished ha when ke osene is used as he
sol en , he p o ec i e e iciency o he inhibi o a ies in he ange o 75–96 %, while wi h diesel
uel i eaches 80–100 %.
The s udy demons a ed ha he use o he combined inhibi o in MI wa e con aining hyd ogen
sul ide and ca bon dioxide ensu es a co osion a e o app oxima ely 0.04 g/m²·h du ing 24-hou
es s a an inhibi o concen a ion o no less han 70 mg/L. Wi h inc eased exposu e ime, a
simila le el o co osion esis ance can be achie ed a a lowe inhibi o concen a ion o 50
mg/L. A compa able end was obse ed bo h in ca bon dioxide and in hyd ogen sul ide–ca bon
dioxide en i onmen s.
Keywo ds: imi a ion, hyd ogen sul ide, ca bon dioxide, pola iza ion esis ance, elec ochemical
impedance spec oscopy, s eel duc ili y, solid-phase di usion, inhibi ion, hyd ogen.
In oduc ion
The co osion damage o oil ield equipmen is de e mined by he physicochemical p ope ies o
he aqueous and hyd oca bon componen s o he sys em, hei composi ion, quan i a i e a io, and
he p esence o dissol ed gases such as hyd ogen sul ide, ca bon dioxide, oxygen, and o he s. A
high low eloci ies, which ensu e in ensi e mixing o phases, emulsion sys ems o he oil-in-
wa e o wa e -in-oil ype a e o med. Upon se ling, hese sys ems sepa a e in o wo immiscible
phases. In all cases, howe e , wa e is he p ima y co osi e medium [1–2].
The mos common and c i ical ypes o co osion cu en ly a ec ing he oil indus y a e ca bon
dioxide co osion, hyd ogen sul ide co osion, mic obiologically in luenced co osion (MIC), and
hyd ogen emb i lemen , among o he s [1–4].
A signi ican po ion o me allic co osion damage in bo h na u al and indus ial en i onmen s is
he esul o biological co osion. The dange o bac e ial co osion lies in he abili y o bac e ia o
101-109
Publica ion his o y
A icle ecei ed: 08.10.2025
A icle accep ed: 05.11.2025
A icle published online: 20.11.2025
DOI: 10.36962/ETM31072025-101
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VOLUME 31 (07) ISSUE 07 2025
apidly ep oduce and easily adap o changing physical, chemical, and biological en i onmen al
condi ions. Among hese mic oo ganisms, sul a e- educing bac e ia (SRB) a e he mos
agg essi e owa d me al s uc u es. SRB ac as p oduce s o co osi e agen s, p ima ily hyd ogen
sul ide. The eac ion o hyd ogen sul ide wi h me al esul s in he o ma ion o i on sul ide, which
accumula es on he inne su aces o pipelines and o he equipmen [5].
The in ensi e g ow h o sul a e- educing bac e ia (SRB) leads o a sha p inc ease in he co osion
a e — by app oxima ely 24 imes. The p esence o s agnan zones u he enhances he ac i i y o
SRB, esul ing in a signi ican inc ease in localized co osion a es.
Mic obiologically in luenced co osion (MIC) causes eno mous economic damage o na ional
indus ies. I s impac is pa icula ly se e e in he oil p oduc ion and e ining sec o s. Acco ding o
expe assessmen s, he as majo i y o co osion ailu es in oil ield equipmen a e associa ed
wi h mic obiological ac o s. This p oblem emains highly ele an and has no ye been ully
esol ed.
One o he mos e ec i e me hods o comba his ype o co osion o s uc u al ma e ials is he
use o co osion inhibi o s, pa icula ly uni e sal inhibi o o mula ions.
The e sa ili y o such inhibi o s lies in hei abili y no only o educe he o e all co osion a e
and he se e i y o localized damage bu also o ac as e icien biocides, especially agains
sul a e- educing bac e ia. E en a low (mola -le el) concen a ions, hese addi i es can e ec i ely
supp ess bo h me al co osion and hyd ogen up ake, he eby p e en ing hyd ogen emb i lemen
o equipmen [6].
B i le ailu e occu s ins an aneously in ha d and s ong me als wi h limi ed plas ici y when
c i ical s ess le els a e eached. In con as , so and duc ile s eels begin o delamina e g adually.
Once hese local delamina ions each a ce ain size, hey can me ge o o m la ge- olume ca i ies
ha lie ei he in a single plane o as s epped laye s s acked upon one ano he . Du ing delamina ion
in so s eels, hyd ogen bubbles, o "blis e s," o m nea he su ace a shallow dep hs.
In [7], a heo e ical e alua ion o he des uc i e p essu es exe ed by hyd ogen was conduc ed,
wi h calcula ed alues anging be ween 150 and 200 kg /sm².
The au ho s o [9] pe o med a de ailed s udy on he in luence o ca bon dioxide on hyd ogen
emb i lemen and sul ide s ess co osion c acking (SSCC) in acidic en i onmen s a pH = 4.5,
unde a ying pa ial p essu es o hyd ogen sul ide. A signi ican inc ease in hyd ogen
pe mea ion in o s eel was obse ed when bo h H₂S and CO₂ we e p esen simul aneously. The
e ec o ca bon dioxide diminishes a high hyd ogen sul ide concen a ions.
Thus, he li e a u e analysis p esen ed indica es ha , despi e he wide ange o co osion inhibi o s
a ailable bo h domes ically and in e na ionally, he issue o p o ec ing me allic equipmen in gas
and oil p oduc ion emains highly ele an and un esol ed.
Expe ience in co osion con ol demons a es ha he eliable ope a ion o echnological
equipmen can be ensu ed h ough he use o inhibi o s [11]. Compa ed o o he co osion
p o ec ion me hods, inhibi o echnologies o agg essi e media a e ela i ely simple and do no
equi e signi ican ma e ial o echnical expendi u es.
The addi ion o inhibi o s in small concen a ions o a co osi e en i onmen educes he
co osion a e o e en p ac ically supp esses he p ocess al oge he [12]. Despi e signi ican
p og ess in his ield, many challenges emain un esol ed, including issues ela ed o he
a ailabili y, cos , and en i onmen al sa e y o addi i es. In ensi e esea ch on new inhibi o s is
ongoing and will con inue [12,13].
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One o he p ima y equi emen s o inhibi o s is mul i unc ionali y. They should no only educe
he o e all co osion a e bu also slow down hyd ogen up ake in en i onmen s con aining
hyd ogen sul ide, ca bon dioxide, and hei combina ions, he eby p ese ing he mechanical
p ope ies o me allic s uc u al ma e ials. Addi ionally, inhibi o s should possess su icien
bac e icidal ac i i y and e ec i e p o ec ion in wo-phase aqueous hyd oca bon sys ems, which
depends on a o able dis ibu ion coe icien s o he addi i es.
Cu en ly, such s udies a e being conduc ed in ensi ely, esul ing in a wide ange o inhibi o s.
Howe e , da a on he uni e sali y o hei ac ion emain ex emely limi ed.
The aim o he p esen wo k is o in es iga e he e ec o a mul i unc ional combined inhibi o
on he co osion a e o s eel in en i onmen s con aining hyd ogen sul ide, ca bon dioxide, and
hei combina ion.
Expe imen al Me hodology
Co osion es s we e conduc ed using S 3 s eel samples wi h he ollowing chemical composi ion
(w .%): 0.2% C, 0.5% Mn, 0.15% Si, 0.04% P, 0.05% S, 0.3% C , 0.2% Ni, 0.2% Cu, and 98.36%
Fe.
S eel specimens measu ing 30 × 20 × 1 mm we e g ound wi h ab asi e pape s o a ying g i
sizes un il a b igh , polished su ace was ob ained. Subsequen ly, he samples we e ho oughly
insed wi h wa e and ace one. A e deg easing, all handling was pe o med using weeze s o
il e pape o a oid con amina ion.
To ac i a e he su ace, he samples we e imme sed o one minu e in a 15% hyd ochlo ic acid
solu ion, hen insed ho oughly wi h unning and dis illed wa e . The specimens we e d ied wi h
il e pape , w apped in i , s o ed in a desicca o wi h a mois u e abso be o 24 hou s, and
weighed on an analy ical balance wi h an accu acy o ±0.0001 g [14, 15].
Co osion es ing was pe o med g a ime ically [16] in a model o ma ion wa e MI wi h he
ollowing composi ion (g/L): NaCl – 17, NaHCO₃ – 0.8, MgCl₂·6H₂O – 0.2, CaCl₂ – 0.2.
Highly mine alized solu ions we e sa u a ed sepa a ely and join ly wi h hyd ogen sul ide and
ca bon dioxide gases.
Ca bon dioxide was supplied om a high-p essu e cylinde o a p essu e o 1 a m gauge. The
p essu e in he essels was moni o ed manome ically.
Hyd ogen sul ide was gene a ed in si u by adding s oichiome ic amoun s o sodium sul ide and
hyd ochlo ic acid o he backg ound solu ion. The concen a ion o hyd ogen sul ide was
con olled by he iodome ic back- i a ion me hod [17].
The co osion a e was calcula ed using he o mula:
m
KS


=
(1)
Whe e: Δm is he di e ence in sample mass be o e and a e exposu e, S is he su ace a ea o he
samples, τ is he exposu e ime.
The inhibi ion e iciency coe icien was calcula ed as:
0
.инг
K
K

=
(2)
Whe e: K0 is he co osion a e o he sample in he absence o inhibi o , Kinh is he co osion a e
o he sample in he p esence o inhibi o (g/m²·h).
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The inhibi ion e iciency (p o ec ion e iciency) o he inhibi o was calcula ed using he o mula:
0
0100%
KK
ZK
−
=
(3)
whe e K0 and K a e he co osion a es in uninhibi ed and inhibi ed solu ions, espec i ely.
The co osion pe meabili y was calcula ed using he o mula:
1,12Пк K=
(4)
In he labo a o y s udy, MARZA and gossypol esin we e in es iga ed as inhibi o s.
The exac chemical composi ion o MARZA is no disclosed by he manu ac u e s; he e o e, he
expe imen s we e conduc ed using only i s condi ional name. MARZA is an o ganic chemical
compound whose molecula s uc u e includes a oms o ca bon, hyd ogen, oxygen, and o he s.
The molecule o MARZA con ains a iple co alen bond.
Gossypol esin is a plan -de i ed inhibi o . I is ob ained as an in e media e p oduc du ing he
p oduc ion o co onseed oil [18].
Gossypol esin a ies in colo om ligh b own o black and has a cha ac e is ic odo . I solidi ies
a 50 K and mel s a 435 K. The esin con ains 10–12% ni ogenous compounds and has a densi y
o 0.8600 kg/m³. I has a molecula weigh o 290–300 and is poo ly soluble in wa e bu eadily
soluble in hyd oca bons.
To educe he eezing poin , diesel uel and ke osene we e used as sol en s. The expe imen al
esul s a e p esen ed in Table 3 [18].
Table 3. F eezing poin o gossypol esin a a ious concen a ions.
;№
Sol en
Ra io o eagen o sol en
F eezing poin , °C
11
Diesel uel
1:1
-14
1:2
-16
1:3
-18
22
Ke osene
1:1
-15
1:2
-18
1:3
-25
As shown in he able, inc easing he amoun o sol en educes he eezing poin o he gossypol
esin. The bes e ec was achie ed a a eagen - o-ke osene sol en a io o 1:3.
Resul s and Discussion
The in oduc ion o he combined inhibi o in o he es solu ions consis en ly esul ed in a
dec ease in co osion a e and an inc ease in p o ec i e e iciency wi h inc easing inhibi o
concen a ion. Wi h longe expe imen du a ions, he co osion a e dec eased in bo h inhibi ed
and uninhibi ed solu ions, which is consis en wi h obse a ions epo ed in [19–24]. In he la e
case, his phenomenon indica es he p o ec i e ac ion o co osion p oduc ilms o ming on he
elec ode su ace, which shield he me al subs a e.
The mos signi ican educ ion in co osion a e in en i onmen s con aining ei he hyd ogen
sul ide o ca bon dioxide was obse ed du ing he i s hou a e he expe imen began. I is
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111
p oduc ion, medium- and low- empe a u e ones a e mainly employed o building hea ing,
g eenhouse cul i a ion, and indus ial p ocesses.
The wo ld’s i s geo he mal powe plan was commissioned in I aly in 1904, ma king he s a o
echnological p og ess om high-en halpy s eam sys ems o mode n bina y-cycle uni s capable o
ope a ing a mode a e empe a u es. By 2020, global ins alled capaci y exceeded 15.95 GWe,
hough g ow h has slowed since 2005 due o compe i ion om o he enewables, egula o y
delays, and bu eauc a ic ba ie s [1].
Globally, an es ima ed 20–30 million oil and gas wells ha e been abandoned, o e ing subs an ial
po en ial o geo he mal epu posing. U ilizing abandoned oil and gas wells (AOGWs) can
educe d illing cos s by abou 50%, as he subsu ace da a, casing, cemen , and ubing a e al eady
a ailable. These ac o s make AOGW con e sion an economically and en i onmen ally sound
app oach o geo he mal deploymen [2].
Geo he mal ex ac ion can ely on downhole hea exchange sys ems (DHES), commonly
designed as open- o closed-loop con igu a ions. Open-loop sys ems ci cula e o ma ion luid
be ween p oduc ion and einjec ion wells, whe eas closed-loop designs use sealed pipe ne wo ks
ha a oid con ac wi h he ese oi and mi iga e co osion o scaling. Closed-loop DHESs,
ypically U- ube o coaxial, a e op imized by pa ame e s such as pipe geome y, insula ion, and
luid p ope ies [3].
Rese oi empe a u es o 150–250 °C indica e signi ican geo he mal po en ial in AOGWs. Fo
lowe - empe a u e basins (120–130 °C), elec ici y gene a ion h ough a single- lash geo he mal
cycle in eg a ed wi h a closed-loop DHES is easible. The p esen s udy de elops a
he modynamic model o e alua e such sys ems, pe o ming sensi i i y analyses on ese oi and
design pa ame e s, geo he mal g adien , and insula ion pe o mance. The model aims o deli e a
p elimina y echnical easibili y assessmen o u u e in es men decisions [4, 5].
Desc ip ion o he P oposed Sys em
The sys em p esen ed in his s udy consis s o wo main componen s, as illus a ed in Figu e 1.
The igh sec ion o he igu e ep esen s he Downhole Hea Exchange (DHX), which enables
di ec ex ac ion o hea om subsu ace ock o ma ions. The o he pa co esponds o he
con e sion uni , whe e he eco e ed he mal ene gy is ans o med in o elec ici y.
A coaxial hea exchange con igu a ion was selec ed due o i s lowe p essu e losses and highe
hea - ans e e iciency compa ed o o he designs. To enhance hea ex ac ion, a coun e - low
a angemen is applied o he ci cula ing luid wi hin he DHX. In his se up, he cold wo king
luid en e s h ough he annula pipe, gains hea while descending, and exi s as a hea ed s eam
h ough he inne pipe. To minimize he mal losses du ing ci cula ion, he inne pipe is insula ed
wi h glass wool, main aining empe a u e s abili y h oughou he cycle.

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Figu e 1: Schema ic ep esen a ion o geo he mal ene gy ex ac ion om an abandoned well
(AOGW).
The diag am illus a es he ope a ing p inciple o a geo he mal powe gene a ion sys em. Ho
luid and s eam ex ac ed om he subsu ace a e i s sepa a ed by a sepa a o , a e which he
s eam is di ec ed o a u bine, con e ing he mal ene gy in o mechanical wo k. The u bine d i es
an elec ic gene a o , p oducing elec ici y. The exhaus s eam is hen cooled and condensed in a
condense , and he esul ing liquid is pumped back in o he geo he mal well unde p essu e. This
closed-loop p ocess ensu es con inuous hea exchange be ween he ho and cold s eams, allowing
subsu ace he mal ene gy o be con e ed in o sus ainable, en i onmen ally iendly elec ici y.
Global de elopmen s in his a ea
In he global ansi ion om ossil uels o clean and enewable ene gy sou ces, he euse o
abandoned oil and gas wells (AOGWs) o geo he mal powe gene a ion is a ac ing g owing
a en ion. Millions o inac i e wells wo ldwide in e sec geological o ma ions wi h high he mal
po en ial, o e ing oppo uni ies o e icien esou ce u iliza ion and educed ca bon emissions.
Cu en ly, he Uni ed S a es has app oxima ely 3.7 million abandoned wells, while India has
a ound 13,000, wi h an es ima ed geo he mal po en ial o 10,000 MW. Globally, he po en ial is
assessed a se e al hund ed housand megawa s. Reusing a ac ion o hese wells could enable
new ene gy gene a ion while signi ican ly lowe ing ope a ional cos s [6].
Modeling s udies a he Fo es Rese e ield in T inidad indica e ha a small sys em composed o
se e al wells could p oduce 3–4 MW o elec ici y o e a 25-yea pe iod. Simila ly, pilo es s in
Colo ado and Texas (USA) ha e demons a ed he easibili y o in eg a ing abandoned wells in o
local hea ing and powe ne wo ks. These indings con i m he echnical and economic iabili y o
such p ojec s in he long e m. Technically, his app oach mi iga es one o he main challenges o
con en ional geo he mal p ojec s—d illing cos s—by u ilizing exis ing well in as uc u e and
p e-cha ac e ized geological and hyd odynamic da a. Fu he mo e, i minimizes land dis u bance
and en i onmen al isks [7].
Two p ima y ypes o hea -exchange sys ems a e applied o geo he mal ene gy eco e y: open-
loop and closed-loop con igu a ions. In open-loop sys ems, luid is ex ac ed om he ese oi
and einjec ed a e cooling, which may lead o co osion and scaling issues. In closed-loop
sys ems, hea is ans e ed h ough a sealed piping ne wo k wi hou di ec con ac be ween he
VOLUME 31 (07) ISSUE 07 2025
113
wo king luid and he o ma ion, making i sa e and mo e sui able o epu posed wells. Powe
gene a ion ypically employs he O ganic Rankine Cycle (ORC), which uses low-boiling wo king
luids and is well-sui ed o low- and medium- empe a u e esou ces (80–150 °C). Fac o s such as
d illing dep h, ock he mal conduc i i y, well leng h, and insula ion hickness ha e a di ec
impac on o e all sys em e iciency [9].
Economically, his echnology o e s no able ad an ages. Because no new d illing is equi ed,
ini ial capi al expendi u es can be educed by 40–60%, and pilo s udies show payback pe iods o
5–7 yea s unde a o able condi ions. The educed cos o well abandonmen u he enhances
p ojec a ac i eness. Howe e , se e al echnical and egula o y challenges emain. Deg aded
casing and cemen in eg i y in old wells may cause leakage du ing hea ci cula ion, necessi a ing
addi ional echnical emedia ion. Mo eo e , in many coun ies, egula o y amewo ks o
geo he mal euse o abandoned wells a e s ill unde de eloped.
In summa y, he u iliza ion o AOGWs o geo he mal ene gy is echnically easible,
economically iable, and en i onmen ally bene icial. This app oach suppo s ene gy
deca boniza ion and p omo es esou ce e iciency h ough in as uc u e euse. In he nea u u e,
widesp ead deploymen o his echnology could enable he ein eg a ion o housands o inac i e
wells in o he global ene gy sys em [10].
Conclusion
The indings o his s udy demons a e ha epu posing abandoned oil and gas wells o
geo he mal ene gy gene a ion holds subs an ial po en ial o he sus ainable de elopmen o he
ene gy sec o . This app oach elimina es he need o new d illing, educes p ojec cos s, and
le e ages exis ing geological and p oduc ion da a o minimize echnical isks. Closed-loop
downhole hea -exchange sys ems a e iden i ied as he mos e icien op ion o such wells,
o e ing high he mal pe o mance wi h minimal co osion and scaling. Modeling esul s sugges
ha ese oi s wi hin he 120–130 °C ange can p oduce 3–5 MW o elec ici y. A po en ial 50%
educ ion in d illing cos s imp o es p ojec economics, sho ening payback pe iods o 5–7 yea s.
Op imizing insula ion and well design signi ican ly enhances sys em pe o mance, hough issues
ela ed o casing in eg i y and cemen deg ada ion may inc ease leakage isks. In addi ion, he
absence o comp ehensi e egula o y amewo ks and complex licensing p ocedu es emain key
ba ie s o la ge-scale implemen a ion. Ne e heless, pilo p ojec s in he USA, China, Canada,
and T inidad ha e con i med he p ac ical po en ial o his echnology.
O e all, geo he mal ene gy eco e y om abandoned wells is a s a egically impo an ,
economically sound, and en i onmen ally esponsible pa hway o ad ancing he global ene gy
ansi ion. Fu u e esea ch should ocus on imp o ing hea - ans e modeling, es ing new
insula ion ma e ials, and e alua ing long- e m ope a ional eliabili y.
Decla a ions
The manusc ip has no been submi ed o any o he jou nal o con e ence.
S udy Limi a ions
The e a e no limi a ions ha could a ec he esul s o he s udy.
Acknowledgmen s
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VOLUME 31 (07) ISSUE 07 2025
The au ho would like o hank o he suppo s a and expe ienced people who pa icipa ed in
his s udy by sha ing hei in aluable knowledge and expe ience. Thei coope a ion and openness
con ibu ed g ea ly o he dep h and ichness o he esea ch esul s.
Compe ing In e es s
The au ho s decla e no compe ing in e es s.
Funding Sou ce
This esea ch was conduc ed wi hou suppo om ex e nal unding.
E hical S anda ds
The esea ch mee s all e hical guidelines, including adhe ence o he legal equi emen s o he
s udy coun y.
REFERENCES
1. Ashena, R. (2022). Re o i ing Abandoned Pe oleum Wells o Geo he mal Ene gy
P oduc ion – O e iew Analysis o Some Case S udies and In oduc ion o an Inno a i e
Idea. SSRN.
2. Li, J., Wang, H., Wang, T., Li, H., Guo, C., & Yang, D. (2025). Feasibili y Analysis o
Con e ing Abandoned Oil and Gas Wells in o Geo he mal Wells and Powe Gene a ion.
SSRN.
3. Jello, J., & Base , T. (2022). Repu posing Abandoned Oil and Gas Wells o Geo he mal
Applica ions. Ene gy P oceedings, 25.
4. Usuolo i, B. O., Izuwa, N. C., Ke unwa, A., & Nwogu, N. C. (2025). A S udy o
Geo he mal Ene gy P ospec om Abandoned Oil and Gas Wells in Nige ia. IOGR.
5. Li, X., e al. (2023). Li e Cycle Assessmen o Repu posing Abandoned Onsho e Oil and
Gas Wells o Geo he mal Ene gy. Jou nal o Cleane P oduc ion.
6. Ene gy Technologies O ice (U.S. Depa men o Ene gy). (2024). Wells o Oppo uni y:
Geo he mal P oduc ion om Hyd oca bon Wells.
7. “Reuse o Abandoned Oil and Gas Wells o Geo he mal Ene gy P oduc ion.” (2017).
Renewable Ene gy.
8. “Geo he mal Ene gy Ex ac ion om Abandoned Oil and Gas Wells: Techno-Economic
and Policy Re iew.” (2023). Wiley Ene gy Repo s.
9. “Po en ial o Hea P oduc ion by Re o i ing Abandoned Gas Wells in o Geo he mal
Sys ems.” (2019). PLoS ONE.
10. “Reuse o Oil Wells in Geo he mal Dis ic Hea ing Ne wo ks.” (2022). Ene gies, 17(1),
169.
ВОССТАНОВЛЕНИЕ ГЕОТЕРМАЛЬНОЙ ЭНЕРГИИ ИЗ ЗАБРОШЕННЫХ
НЕФТЯНЫХ И ГАЗОВЫХ СКВАЖИН: КОМПЛЕКСНАЯ ОЦЕНКА ПОТЕНЦИАЛА
И ВОЗМОЖНЫХ ПРИМЕНЕНИЙ
VOLUME 31 (07) ISSUE 07 2025
115
Абусалам Мухтаров
Азербайджанский государственный университет нефти и промышленности, Кафедра энергетических
технологий, Факультет энергетических технологий, аспирант, Баку, Азербайджан, muk[email p o ec ed]m
РЕЗЮМЕ
Ликвидированные нефтяные и газовые скважины могут быть повторно использованы для
извлечения геотермальной энергии, представляя собой перспективную и устойчивую
стратегию использования тепла недр при минимальном воздействии на окружающую
среду. Скважины, расположенные в термально благоприятных геологических структурах,
обеспечивают возможность преобразования тепловой энергии недр в электричество или
прямое тепловое использование для промышленных, жилых и сельскохозяйственных нужд.
Настоящее исследование представляет собой концептуальную оценку извлечения
геотермальной энергии с использованием подземных теплообменных систем, эффективно
функционирующих при средних температурах и низких расходах жидкости.
В рамках исследования была разработана комплексная модель для оценки работы типовой
скважинной системы в различных геологических и эксплуатационных условиях. Анализ
учитывал влияние термических свойств пород, изменения температуры с глубиной,
конструкции теплообменника и параметров теплоизоляции на эффективность
теплопередачи. Кроме того, проводилась оценка долговременного поведения системы для
определения устойчивости и потенциальной выработки энергии в течение всего
эксплуатационного периода.
Результаты показывают, что эффективность извлечения геотермальной энергии из
ликвидированных скважин в первую очередь определяется распределением температуры в
недрах, конструкцией и длиной теплообменной системы, а также тепловыми свойствами
окружающих пород. Исследование демонстрирует, что правильно спроектированные
подземные системы могут стать надежным и экологически безопасным источником
возобновляемой энергии. Результаты подчеркивают потенциал повторного использования
существующей скважинной инфраструктуры для диверсификации энергетического
баланса, снижения зависимости от ископаемого топлива и поддержки перехода к
низкоуглеродным энергетическим системам.
Ключевые слова: Геотермальная энергия, Ликвидированные скважины, bосстановление
тепла, Тепло недр, bозобновляемая энергия, yстойчивое развитие.
LƏĞV EDİLMİŞ NEFT VƏ QAZ QUYULARINDAN GEOTERMAL ENERJİNİN ƏLDƏ
OLUNMASI: POTENSİALIN VƏ TƏTBİQ SAHƏLƏRİNİN İNTEQRASİYALI
QİYMƏTLƏNDİRİLMƏSİ
Əbusalam Mux a o
Azə baycan Dö lə Ne ə Sənaye Uni e si e i, Ene ge ika Fakül əsi, Ene ji İs ehsalı Texnologiyala ı Fakül əsi,
Baku, Azə baycan, PhD ələbəsi, mukh a o [email protected]
XÜLASƏ
116
VOLUME 31 (07) ISSUE 07 2025
Ləğ edilmiş ne ə qaz quyula ının geo e mal ene ji çıxa ılması üçün ək a is i adəsi ye al ı
is iliyi mənimsəmək üçün pe spek i li ə dayanıqlı s a egiya əqdim edi , eyni zamanda ə a
mühi ə əsi i minimuma endi i . Te mal cəhə dən əl e işli geoloji s uk u la da ye ləşən bu
quyula ye al ı is ilik ene jisini elek ik ene jisinə ə ya bi başa is ilik is i adəsinə çe i ə ək
sənaye, yaşayış ə kənd əsə ü a ı sahələ ində ə biq e məyə imkan ya adı . Bu ədqiqa , o a
empe a u ə aşağı axın şə ai ində səmə əli işləyə bilən ye al ı is ilik mübadilə sis emlə i
asi əsilə geo e mal ene ji bə pasının konsep ual qiymə ləndi ilməsini əqdim edi . Əla ə ola aq,
dünya üz ə ləğ edilmiş ne ə qaz quyula ından geo e mal ene ji əldə olunması ilə bağlı apa ılan
ə qiqa la ın nə icələ inin sis emli əhlilinə ə məsləhə gö ülən ə biqlə in qiymə ləndi ilməsinə
bu məqalədə diqqə ay ılı .
Tədqiqa çə çi əsində müx əli geoloji ə əməliyya şə ai ində nümunə i bi quyu sis eminin
pe o mansını qiymə ləndi mək üçün əha əli modelləşdi mə yanaşması hazı lanmışdı . Analiz
zamanı süxu ma e ialla ının is ilik xüsusiyyə lə i, də inlik üz ə empe a u dəyişikliklə i,
mübadilə sis eminin qu uluşu ə izolyasiya pa ame lə inin is ilik ö ü mə səmə əliliyinə əsi i
nəzə dən keçi ilmişdi . Bundan əla ə, sis emin uzunmüddə li əaliyyə inin da amlılığı ə ene ji
is ehsalı po ensialı qiymə ləndi ilmişdi .
Nə icələ gös ə i ki, ləğ edilmiş quyula dan geo e mal ene ji çıxa ılmasının səmə əliliyi əsasən
ye al ı empe a u paylanması, is ilik mübadilə sis eminin dizaynı ə uzunluğu, həmçinin ə a
süxu un is ilik xüsusiyyə lə indən asılıdı . Tədqiqa sübu edi ki, düzgün hazı lanmış ye al ı
sis emlə e iba lı ə ekoloji baxımdan məsuliyyə li bə pa olunan ene ji mənbəyi əmin edə bilə .
Nə icələ mö cud quyu in as uk u la ının ək a is i adəsi ilə ene ji balansının şaxələndi ilməsi,
osil yanacaqla dan asılılığın azaldılması ə aşağı ka bonlu ene ji sis emlə inə keçidin
dəs əklənməsi imkanla ını u ğulayı .
Aça sözlə : Geo e mal ene ji, ləğ edilmiş quyula , is ilik bə pası, ye al ı is ilik, bə pa olunan
ene ji, dayanıqlı inkişa .

VOLUME 31 (07) ISSUE 07 2025
117
ON THE USE OF POLYETHYLENE PIPES IN LAYING GAS
DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS
Rugiya Aske o a
Aze baijan S a e Oil and Indus y Uni e si y. E-mail: ugiya.aske o a[email p o ec ed]
ABSTRACT
The ad an ages o polye hylene pipes in he cons uc ion o gas dis ibu ion ne wo ks compa ed
o s eel pipes a e analyzed. The main ad an ages a e low-cos , long se ice li e and co osion
esis ance.
Cu en ly, gas anspo a ion wi h polye hylene pipes is ca ied ou in se e al pipelines. In o de
o in es iga e he hyd aulic esis ance o hese pipelines, s udies we e conduc ed on he
polye hylene and me al pa s o he gas pipelines supplying ci ies o Salyan and Ne chala.
Resea ches we e ca ied ou in di e en p essu e and consump ion egimes, in summe and win e
seasons.
As a esul o he esea ch, i was de e mined ha he calcula ed alue o he hyd aulic esis ance
in he pa o he pipeline wi h polye hylene pipes in di e en modes is educed by app oxima ely
wo imes compa ed o he me al pipes. This, in u n, makes i possible o inc ease p oduc i i y
wi hou changing he p essu e egime (abou 1.4 imes compa ed o me al pipes).
The eason o he educ ion o hyd aulic esis ance in polye hylene pipes is ha hei oughness is
much less han ha o s eel pipes (acco ding o cu en s anda ds, i is 0.0007 cm o new
polye hylene pipes and 0.01 cm o new s eel pipes).
Keywo ds: polye hylene pipes, gas pipeline, p essu e egime, hyd aulic losses, hyd aulic
esis ance, oughness.
In oduc ion
As i is known, he anspo a ion o oil, oil p oduc s, gas, wa e , sewage lows, e c. h ough he
me al pipes, leads o he consump ion o a la ge olume o me al, esul ing in signi ican inancial
expenses. Taking in o accoun all his, he p oduc ion o pipes om cheape ma e ials has become
an impo an issue.
S a ing om he 1970s and 1980s o he las cen u y, as a esul o p og ess achie ed in he
pe ochemical indus y, complex s eel pipes we e pa ially eplaced by pipes made o polyme
ma e ials [1,2]. As a esul , o conduc ed esea ch and es s, i was ound ha depending on he
g ade o he polye hylene pipes, hei se ice li e can ange om 50 o 100 yea s. Au oma ic
welding o polye hylene pipes is pe o med au oma ically ensu ing he necessa y eliabili y o
join s educing signi ican ly human labo and imp o ing quali y.
117-124
Publica ion his o y
A icle ecei ed: 08.10.2025
A icle accep ed: 05.11.2025
A icle published online: 20.11.2025
DOI: 10.36962/ETM31072025-117
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VOLUME 31 (07) ISSUE 07 2025
Fo example, i is su icien o no e ha pipes wi h a diame e o up o 160 mm using echnical
sciences in oduce inno a ions in educing he olume o cons uc ion wo k. This, in u n
signi ican ly dec eases he numbe o welded join s in he pipes.
I should be no ed ha o such pipes, exca a ion o enches using an exca a o is also
accele a ed, and as a esul a eam o 2-3 people can ins all and cons uc mo e han 1 km o pipe
in one day.
Expe imen s and cu en ly used me hods in he ield o polye hylene pipe applica ion wo ldwide
ha e shown ha hei ins alla ion and cons uc ion can be ca ied ou using old pipes ha a e
al eady in ope a ion.
Tha is, wi hou pe o ming ea hwo ks o digging enches o he pipeline, polye hylene can be
inse ed in o he old pipes, he eby educing labo olume and signi ican ly inc easing
cons uc ion speed.
In his case, by emo ing he elec ical p o ec ion om he pipe, he me al pipe i sel can be used
as a p o ec i e pipeline. Thus, he educ ion o cos s associa ed wi h co osion p o ec ion o
polye hylene pipes leads o a signi ican dec ease in cons uc ion and ope a ional expenses, while
also sa ing cons uc ion ime.
Two main ad an ages can be highligh ed in e ms o inc easing he p oduc i i y o polye hylene
pipes:
- The hyd aulic esis ance coe icien o polye hylene pipes is signi ican ly lowe compa ed o
s eel pipes.
- The inne su ace o polye hylene pipes does no unde go co osion o adhesion (s icking)
du ing mo emen .
Al hough he cos o polye hylene pipes is lowe han ha o s eel pipes, he cos o welding hei
join s is highe . The e o e, he o al cons uc ion cos o polye hylene pipes is highe han ha o
o he pipelines ma e ials. Howe e , hese pipes ha e se e al ad an ages, which a e why hey a e
widely used:
- They ha e a long se ice li e (50-100 yea s);
- They do no equi e elec ochemical p o ec ion (ca hodic p o ec ion);
- They a e esis an o wa e and agg essi e en i onmen s;
- They a e 2-4 imes ligh e han me al pipes;
- They do no equi e li ing mechanisms o 12 me e sec ions;
- Polye hylene pipes wi h a diame e o 20-110 mm a e a ailable in coils o 50-500 me e s;
- Thei end- o-end welding is inexpensi e and simple, does no equi e addi ional ma e ials, and
akes li le ime;
- P epa ing welds equi es minimal ime;
- They can be s e ched o some ex en ;
- They a e cha ac e ized by high elas ici y and a smoo h inne su ace;
- They a e en i onmen ally iendly and economical.
The choice o polye hylene pipes is based on hei ield o applica ion. In high-p essu e gas
pipeline cons uc ion, all-diame e pipes a e joined using welding. The mos common welding
me hod is bu welding, pe o med wi h special welding equipmen . The elec o usion welding
me hod is used in sys ems wi h high sa e y equi emen s.
Conside ing ha s eel pipelines a e mainly used in pipeline ins alla ions, he main p oblem o
hem emains hei suscep ibili y o ex e nal and in e nal co osion, especially o indus ial
VOLUME 31 (07) ISSUE 07 2025
119
pipelines. Based on his, he au ho s in [3] subs an ia e he ad isabili y o eplacing s eel pipelines
wi h polyme - ein o ced pipes, which a e dis inguished by hei high co osion esis ance, low
mois u e abso p ion alues, and inc eased dielec ic p ope ies.
In he s udy [4] on he basis o he analysis o he s a e o he gas dis ibu ion ne wo k o he ci y
o Baku conduc ed by he au ho s he echnical and economic easibili y o eplacing s eel
pipelines wi h polye hylene ones is subs an ia ed. I is no ed ha he p oblems o sa ing uel and
ene gy esou ces all o e he wo ld occupy a leading place, bo h in he design and in he
cons uc ion and ope a ion o gas pipelines. This p oblem is also ele an o Aze baijan, whe e
he oil and gas indus y occupy a s a egic place in he economy o he coun y. In his ega d, he
use o mode n ene gy- and esou ce-sa ing echnologies in pipeline gas anspo a ion is
acqui ing u gen signi icance. He e, along wi h inc easing ope a ional eliabili y, an impo an
place is occupied by he issues o he cos o gas pipelines, bo h in cons uc ion and in ope a ion.
One o he di ec ions o sol ing hese issues is he use o pipes made o polyme ic ma e ials o
gas dis ibu ion ne wo ks. The conduc ed analysis o he de elopmen and he cu en s a e o he
gas dis ibu ion ne wo k o he ci y o Baku showed ha in ensi e gasi ica ion o he ci y began in
he i ies o he las cen u y, and i s comple e gasi ica ion was basically comple ed in he mid-
se en ies. I should also be no ed ha mos unde g ound gas dis ibu ion pipelines ha e ou li ed
hei se ice li e and a e subjec o eplacemen . Bu signi ican capi al in es men s a e needed o
b ing unde g ound gas pipelines in o p ope condi ion.
Cu en ly, wi h he aim o comple ely eplacing s eel pipelines wi h polye hylene ones in gas
dis ibu ion ne wo ks in Aze baijan (Sumgai ci y), an indus ial base o he p oduc ion o
polye hylene pipes has been c ea ed and is success ully ope a ing based on he pu chase o
mode n echnologies.
A he same ime, he use o polye hylene pipes in he cons uc ion o gas dis ibu ion ne wo ks
equi es sol ing such an impo an issue as he possible mani es a ion o non-equilib ium
( iscoelas ic) p ope ies o he pipe ma e ial [5]. He e, i s o all, we a e alking abou de eloping
new calcula ion schemes o gas mo emen in pipeline sys ems, aking in o accoun he possible
mani es a ion o he elaxa ion p ope ies o he pipe ma e ial.
In o de o scien i ically subs an ia e he ad an age o polye hylene pipes wi h espec o hei low
hyd aulic esis ance compa ed o he s eel pipes used, his a icle conduc ed s udies on selec ed
sec ions o he exis ing gas pipeline. The me hodology o he s udies and he esul s ob ained a e
p esen ed below.
Resea ch me hodology
Depending on he ype o anspo ed ma e ial, polye hylene pipes a e subjec ed o wo ypes o
impac – physical and chemical. Al hough polye hylene pipes a e highly esis an o chemical
compounds, hyd oca bons such as oil, gas, condensa e and pe oleum p oduc s can a ec hem,
educing he physical and mechanical s eng h o he pipe ma e ial.
Expe imen s ha e shown ha he smoo h inne su ace o polye hylene pipes allows o an
inc ease in pipeline capaci y by up o 20%.
When anspo ing hyd oca bon p oduc s, he in e nal p essu e can be educed by up o 20% due
o pipe’s esis ance o he e ec s o he anspo ed subs ances.
Theo y and Calcula ion
120
VOLUME 31 (07) ISSUE 07 2025
Calcula ions we e pe o med as a esul o s udies conduc ed on he sec ion o he exis ing
dis ibu ion ne wo k con aining he polye hylene pipes o obse e he educ ion in hyd aulic
esis ance du ing anspo a ion wi h polye hylene pipes is compa ed o s eel pipes.
The schema ic diag am o he s udied gas pipeline sec ion is p o ided. The diag am shows he e
a e sec ions o he gas pipeline cons uc ed om me al and polye hylene pipes. The As a a-
Gazimammad main pipeline wi h a diame e o 1200 mm is used as he eede pipeline. The
pipeline s a s om As a a, and he connec ion poin is a he 151s km o he pipeline (Figu e).
The s udy included a compa a i e analysis o he hyd aulic esis ance coe icien , oughness
pa ame e s and o he cha ac e is ics om bo h me al and polye hylene pipes.
The main objec i e o he s udy was o imp o e he eliabili y o he exis ing dis ibu ion ne wo k
by educing hyd aulic esis ance and inc easing p oduc i i y in he polye hylene pipeline sec ions
supplying he ci ies o Salyan and Ne chala. U ilizing he ad an ages o polye hylene pipes, as
men ioned ea lie , helps ensu e a s able and e icien supply o na u al gas o he popula ion,
public u ili ies and indus ies bo h now and in he u u e.
As i is seen om he diag am, he pipelines a e cons uc ed om polye hylene (1-5) and me al (5,
6) pipes o a ious diame e s. The sec ion be ween poin s 1 and 2 consis s o a 250 mm diame e
pipe wi h a leng h o 20 km. The sec ion be ween poin s 2, 3 and 4 consis s o a 200 mm diame e
pipe wi h a o al leng h o 13.4 km; he diame e o he pipe be ween 2 and 5 poin s has a diame e
o 200 mm and leng h o 23 km.
Thus, he en i e polye hylene pipeline leng h is 56.4 km. The me al pipe sec ion be ween he
poin s 5 and 6 has a diame e o 200 mm and a leng h o 13 km.
VOLUME 31 (07) ISSUE 07 2025
127
and hyd odynamic p essu es ha gene a e la ge ine ial o ces; his s uc u al in eg i y is
con inuously challenged by echnological ac o s like con inuous cyclic ope a ional loads, which
cause a igue s esses and he subsequen o ma ion and p opaga ion o mic oscopic c acks,
leading o educed s uc u al capaci y and po en ial ailu es.
Moni o ing o hyd aulic s uc u es
The moni o ing p ocess is undamen ally impo an o ensu ing he long- e m sa e y, eliabili y,
and e iciency o O sho e Hyd aulic Enginee ing S uc u es (OHES). Moni o ing encompasses a
se o sys ema ic ac i i ies ca ied ou o con inuously collec , analyze, and o ecas in o ma ion
ega ding he physical condi ion o he s uc u e, i s s uc u al in eg i y, and he en i onmen al
pa ame e s a ec ing i .
The ounda ion o OHES moni o ing is es ablished by S uc u al Heal h Moni o ing (SHM).
These sys ems a e designed o ack changes, deg ada ion, and damage occu ing in he s uc u al
elemen s o he acili y in eal- ime. SHM sys ems employ a ious ypes o senso s. S ain and
de o ma ion senso s u ilize s ain gauges placed a a ious poin s o he s uc u e, pa icula ly in
highly s essed sec ions, o eco d changes in ma e ial s ess.
Moni o ing he subme ged pa s o OHES equi es specialized me hods, as hey a e exposed o he
mos agg essi e e ec s o he ma ine en i onmen . Robo ics and unc ewed unde wa e ehicles
(ROV/AUV) a e widely used o isual inspec ion, pho og aphy, ideo eco ding, as well as sona
and acous ic scanning, in dep hs o haza dous zones inaccessible o human di e s. ROVs a e
con olled ia a cable and possess p ecise maneu e ing capabili y. AUVs au onomously collec
da a along p ede e mined ou es.
These de ices enable he de ec ion o c acks, co osion, biological ouling, e osion (scou ing)
a ound he ounda ions, and o he unde wa e damages. Subsea ul asonic inspec ion is applied o
de ec hidden c acks, de ec s, and hickness loss in me al s uc u es.
Table 1. New es ed me hods.
Me hod
Model (Equipmen )
Applica ion
A ea
Resul (P oduc )
Unmanned Ai c a
Sys em (UAS / D one)
Ma ice M300, Sony
Alpha 7 RII, Sony RX0II
Came a (Pa )
Images (pho os), 3D su ace model
Unmanned Ai c a
Sys em (UAS / D one)
Elios, 1/2,3” CMOS,
Lep on 3.5 FLIR
Cul e (Pipeline
/ Pipe)
Images (pho os), The mal images
Te es ial Lase Scanne
Leica-P30
Came a (Pa )
Poin cloud
Handheld T iangula ion
Scanne
A ec MHT
Speci ic damage
Poin cloud
The mal Imaging Came a
FLIR T660
Speci ic damage
The mal images
Remo ely Ope a ed
Vehicle (ROV)
Bluep in Oculus
Mul ibeam Sona s -
M1200D
Came a (Pa ),
Speci ic damage
Videos, Sona Images
Mul ibeam Sona
Teledyne SeaBa T50-P
Came a (Pa )
Poin cloud
Sou ce: A. Sei e & J. Böde eld. "Inno a i e me hods o he inspec ion o hyd aulic
s uc u es." Li e-Cycle o S uc u es and In as uc u e Sys ems – Biondini & F angopol (Eds),
pp. 548-554, 2023.

128
VOLUME 31 (07) ISSUE 07 2025
The no he n chambe o he Sül eld Shipping Lock was used as a es si e o pe o ming bo h
unde wa e and abo e-wa e es s. The ac o s leading o he selec ion o his es objec we e he
possibili y o comple ely d aining he lock's wa e , he scheduling o he wa e d ainage aligning
wi h he p ojec imeline, and he p esence o a ious ypes o damage in he lock s uc u e.
Table 1 illus a es he es ed me hods. The inspec ion and da a collec ion conce ning he lock
chambe 's condi ion we e pe o med using he Ma ice M300 Unmanned Ai c a Sys em (UAS).
The Unmanned Ae ial Vehicle (UAV) was lown in manual con ol mode, wi hou u ilizing p e-
de ined ou es. An o e lap o 60–70% o he images was ensu ed o combine he pho og aphs ia
he pho og amme y me hod o ob ain a ex u ed 3D su ace model o he lock chambe .
Fu he mo e, hese collec ed images we e used o e alua e he po en ial o au oma ic damage
de ec ion by applying machine lea ning me hods.
Aze baijan's oil and gas indus y in he Caspian Sea also widely u ilizes hese mode n moni o ing
echnologies. Complex senso ne wo ks ins alled on deepwa e pla o ms, ou ine inspec ions
ca ied ou by ROVs, and en i onmen al moni o ing p og ams play a i al ole in ensu ing he
eliabili y and en i onmen al sa e y o OHES in he egion.
Analysis o s eng h, s abili y, and co osion in o sho e hyd aulic s uc u es
O sho e Hyd aulic Enginee ing S uc u es (OHES) encoun e complex challenges due o hei
ope a ion in he ha sh and dynamic ma ine en i onmen . These issues can se e ely impac he
s uc u al in eg i y, ope a ional e iciency, and en i onmen al sa e y o he acili ies.
The p oblems a ising du ing he ope a ion o OHES a e p ima ily linked o a complex se o
causes, b oadly di ided in o wo majo g oups: na u al and echnogenic ac o s. These causes
in e ac wi h each o he , po en ially weakening he s uc u al in eg i y and dis up ing he
unc ional s abili y o he ins alla ions.
Na u al ac o s s em om he ola ile and agg essi e na u e o he ma ine en i onmen .
Hyd odynamic loads a e one o he mos c ucial na u al impac s. S ong wa es, ma ine cu en s,
and s o ms apply signi ican dynamic and s a ic p essu es o he subme ged and abo e-wa e
sec ions o he s uc u e. Me eo ological ac o s also play an impo an ole. The o ce and
di ec ion o he wind, sha p empe a u e changes, and he o ma ion o mo emen o ice shee s on
he sea su ace (especially in he no he n pa s o he Caspian Sea) impose addi ional loads on he
s uc u es.
Technogenic ac o s a e ela ed o human ac i i y, p oduc ion p ocesses, and echnological e o s.
In e nal de ec s a ising du ing he manu ac u ing o cons uc ion ma e ials (e.g., oids in weld
seams, mic oc acks in s eel, non-homogenei y in conc e e). Design and ins alla ion e o s du ing
he cons uc ion p ocess (e.g., inco ec placemen o ein o cemen , aul y ounda ion
ins alla ion) educe he ini ial s eng h o he s uc u e. Acciden al e en s such as ship collisions
wi h pla o ms, i es, explosions, o s uc u al o e loading can lead o se ious s uc u al damage
o o al collapse.
En i onmen al challenges
The cons uc ion and ope a ion o O sho e Hyd aulic Enginee ing S uc u es (OHES) can
signi ican ly impac he ma ine ecosys em. These impac s mani es bo h di ec ly and indi ec ly,
ha ming biodi e si y, deg ading he quali y o he ma ine en i onmen , and gene ally dis up ing
he ecological balance.
VOLUME 31 (07) ISSUE 07 2025
129
One o he la ges en i onmen al conce ns posed by OHES is he isk o ma ine pollu ion. Oil and
gas p oduc ion pla o ms can occasionally cause oil spills, co e ing la ge a eas on he sea su ace
and in lic ing a al damage o bi ds, ma ine mammals, and ish, while also making ecosys em
eco e y di icul o yea s. Was ewa e , chemical eagen s, d illing was e, and me al ions
discha ged om acili ies du ing ope a ion al e he chemical composi ion o he seawa e , educe
oxygen le els, and ha m ben hic o ganisms. In po s, uel leaks om essels, discha ge o ballas
wa e , and solid municipal was e nega i ely a ec seawa e quali y.
OHES ace he p oblems o bio-co osion and bio ouling (a achmen o ma ine o ganisms). Bio-
co osion is linked o he accele a ed a e o me al co osion caused by mic oo ganisms in
seawa e (e.g., sul a e- educing bac e ia). These bac e ia o m biological ilms on he me al
su ace and p omo e elec ochemical eac ions ha accele a e co osion p ocesses. Bio ouling is
he p ocess whe e mussels, ba nacles, seaweeds, and o he ma ine o ganisms a ach o he
subme ged pa s o he s uc u es and o m colonies. This p ocess inc eases he hyd odynamic
esis ance o he s uc u es, which leads o inc eased cu en loads o educed essel speed.
Implemen a ion o new echnologies agains p oblems in o sho e hyd aulic s uc u es
Con inuous ad ancemen s in enginee ing and echnology acili a e he applica ion o new and
inno a i e me hods in he s uggle agains he mul i ace ed p oblems aced by O sho e Hyd aulic
Enginee ing S uc u es (OHES). These new app oaches aim o p olong he li espan o he
s uc u es, enhance sa e y, educe main enance cos s, and minimize en i onmen al impac s.
One o he mos essen ial new me hods is he applica ion o sma ma e ials and composi es.
T adi ional ma e ials a e being eplaced by ma e ials wi h pa icula ly high s eng h, co osion
esis ance, and esis ance o a igue s esses (e.g., i anium alloys, specialized polyme
composi es, s ainless s eels). Resea ch on sel -healing ma e ials holds g ea p omise o he u u e,
as hese ma e ials can au oma ically epai mic oc acks as hey o m. Fu he mo e, coa ings
de eloped using nano echnologies p o ide mo e e ec i e co osion p o ec ion, inc ease he
su ace's esis ance o bio ouling, and educe ene gy consump ion.
Digi al Twins echnology is leading o e olu iona y changes in he managemen o OHES. A
Digi al Twin is a i ual eplica o he physical s uc u e, con inuously upda ed wi h da a collec ed
in eal- ime om senso s. This enables enginee s o simula e he s uc u e's ope a ional
cha ac e is ics, po en ial ailu es, and s ess poin s in a i ual en i onmen , es epai scena ios,
and make op imized decisions. Digi al Twins ensu e sus ainable managemen h oughou he
s uc u e's li e cycle, om he design phase o he end o ope a ion.
Figu e 1: The Digi al Twin Technology.
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VOLUME 31 (07) ISSUE 07 2025
Sou ce: h ps://www.mo ioncon ol ips.com/wha -a e-digi al- wins-how-a e- hey-used-in-
indus ial-manu ac u ing/
Ecology- ela ed challenges a e also being add essed wi h new me hods. Sys ems based on "Ze o
Discha ge" p inciples p e en he dumping o was e om oil and gas p oduc ion pla o ms in o
he sea. All p oduc ion and domes ic was e a e ei he ea ed and eused o anspo ed onsho e o
disposal. Me hods like hyd aulic sand ill o he placemen o a i icial p o ec i e s uc u es a e
also applied o p e en he e osion o he seabed. The use o al e na i e ene gy sou ces (wind,
sola ) o powe supply in OHES educes ca bon emissions and sh inks he ecological oo p in .
P og ess and u u e ends
OHES a e con inuously subjec ed o a igue and aging p ocesses. Cyclic s esses applied by wa e,
wind, and cu en loads a sea e en ually cause he o ma ion and p opaga ion o mic oscopic
c acks in s uc u al elemen s, pa icula ly in he welded join s o s eel s uc u es. The g ow h o
hese c acks educes he ma e ial's s eng h and can ul ima ely lead o s uc u al ailu e.
De ec s in he quali y o cons uc ion ma e ials pose a key p oblem o he eliabili y o OHES.
These de ec s can a ise: Du ing ma e ial p oduc ion (e.g., mic oc acks in s eel, non-homogenei y
in conc e e). I anspo o s o age condi ions a e iola ed. Du ing he cons uc ion p ocess (e.g.,
imp ope p epa a ion o placemen o conc e e, poo quali y o s eel welding).
Based on he esea ch indings, i is possible o p opose a se ies o gene al ecommenda ions o
esol ing he p oblems o o sho e hyd aulic enginee ing s uc u es.
In eg a ed Design and Li e Cycle Analysis (LCA): Implemen a sys ema ic app oach ha
holis ically conside s en i onmen al, economic, and sa e y ac o s ac oss all phases, om design
and ma e ial selec ion o ope a ion and decommissioning. The p ojec 's o e all cos and impac
mus be op imized h ough Li e Cycle Analysis (LCA).
Accele a ion o Digi al T ans o ma ion: P omo e he widesp ead adop ion o Building
In o ma ion Modeling (BIM), Digi al Twins, and A i icial In elligence (AI)-based p edic i e
analy ics. This will ensu e accu a e s uc u al moni o ing, enhanced isk o ecas ing, and he
execu ion o agile, da a-d i en decisions.
Table 2. P oblems and Solu ions.
Sec ion
Co e P oblem and
Complex Fac o s
Cu en Solu ions and
Achie emen s
Fu u e Resea ch and
De elopmen Di ec ions
(Recommenda ions)
OHES P oblem
Analysis.
Co osion, wa e/cu en
loads, seismic ac i i y,
soil e osion, icing, sea
le el ise.
High-s eng h conc e es, FRP
(Fibe -Rein o ced Polyme s),
s ainless s eel alloys.
Sel -healing ma e ials,
ma e ials ha de ec
co osion ea ly and ac i a e
p o ec i e sys ems.
Technological and
Ecological Risks.
Fa igue, aging, ma e ial
de ec s, cons uc ion
e o s, ope a ional
ine iciency, na iga ion
isks, he human ac o .
Ca hodic p o ec ion, p o ec i e
coa ings, ein o cemen wi h
ca bon ibe s.
P ecise modeling and
minimiza ion o seabed
e osion (scou ing) and
sedimen a ion p ocesses.
VOLUME 31 (07) ISSUE 07 2025
131
Technological and
Ecological Risks.
Ma ine pollu ion,
bioco osion, bio ouling,
physical dis up ion o
he ecological sys em.
Robo ics, unc ewed unde wa e
ehicles (ROV/AUV), 3D p in ing
echnologies.
Reduc ion o he ca bon
oo p in , in eg a ion o
CCS (Ca bon Cap u e and
S o age) echnologies in o
OHES.
Gene al
Recommenda ions
and S a egic
Di ec ions.
These ac o s lead o
deg ada ion, educed
s abili y, and inc eased
acciden isks.
Remo e moni o ing (SCADA,
IoT), p edic i e main enance
s a egies, seismic isola ion.
De elopmen o specialized
AI/Machine Lea ning
models (p edic ing
s uc u al aging).
Gene al
Recommenda ions
and S a egic
Di ec ions.
In eg a ed design and
applica ion o "Li e
Cycle Analysis.".
Complex
geological/hyd ome eo ological
su eys, Eme gency plans,
Compliance wi h in e na ional
s anda ds.
Design o new OHES ypes
o he in eg a ion o
o sho e enewable ene gy
sou ces (Wind, Wa e,
Cu en ), conside ing he
Caspian Sea po en ial.
Gene al
Recommenda ions
and S a egic
Di ec ions.
Accele a ion o digi al
ans o ma ion (BIM,
Digi al Twins, AI).
G een echnologies, en i onmen al
p o ec ion measu es, con inuous
ecological moni o ing.
In-dep h analysis o he
impac o sea le el ise and
ex eme wea he e en s on
OHES design equi emen s.
New Resea ch Di ec ions: Focus on he de elopmen o no el O sho e Hyd aulic Enginee ing
S uc u e (OHES) ypes o in eg a ing o sho e enewable ene gy sou ces (wind, wa e, cu en );
he p ecise modeling o seabed e osion (scou ing) and sedimen a ion; he educ ion o he ca bon
oo p in (including Ca bon Cap u e and S o age - CCS echnologies); and he in-dep h s udy o
clima e change impac s on OHES design equi emen s (e.g., sea le el ise and ex eme wea he
e en s).
Conclusion
One o he main objec i es o he esea ch, which was he comp ehensi e analysis o OHES
p oblems, has been success ully comple ed. I was ound ha hese s uc u es a e exposed o he
complex e ec s o bo h na u al (co osion, wa e and cu en loads, seismic ac i i y, soil e osion,
icing, sea le el ise) and echnogenic ( a igue and aging, ma e ial de ec s, cons uc ion and
ins alla ion e o s, ope a ional and main enance ine iciency, na iga ion isks, he human ac o )
ac o s. These ac o s lead o he deg ada ion o s uc u es, educed s abili y, and ele a ed
acciden isks. Fu he mo e, a en ion was d awn o he ecological p oblems ha OHES can cause,
such as ma ine en i onmen pollu ion, bioco osion and bio ouling, as well as he physical
dis up ion o he ma ine ecosys em.
The implemen a ion o new-gene a ion ma e ials, such as high-s eng h conc e es, ibe - ein o ced
polyme s, and s ainless-s eel alloys, signi ican ly inc eases ma e ial du abili y and co osion
esis ance. Co osion p o ec ion me hods like ca hodic p o ec ion and p o ec i e coa ings a e also
o c i ical impo ance. Solu ions such as ene gy abso p ion sys ems, s able ounda ion sys ems,
and seismic isola ion a e applied o enhance esis ance agains dynamic loads.
The de elopmen o mode n cons uc ion and epai echnologies also makes signi ican
con ibu ions o sol ing p oblems in his ield: Robo ics and unc ewed unde wa e ehicles
(ROV/AUV) make inspec ion and epai wo k in deep wa e s sa e and mo e e icien . 3D
p in ing echnologies accele a e he p oduc ion o complex componen s. Remo e moni o ing
sys ems (SCADA, IoT) enable eal- ime con ol o e he condi ion o he acili ies and he
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VOLUME 31 (07) ISSUE 07 2025
applica ion o p edic i e main enance s a egies. Me hods like ca bon ibe ein o cemen ex end
he se ice li e o exis ing s uc u es. Finally, he objec i e se ega ding isk managemen and
p e en a i e measu es has also been b oadly add essed. Conduc ing complex enginee ing-
geological and hyd ome eo ological su eys. P epa ing eme gency plans o acciden scena ios.
Ensu ing compliance wi h in e na ional s anda ds. Implemen ing con inuous ope a ion and
main enance p og ams undamen ally enhance he sa e y o OHES.
In he ield o en i onmen al sa e y, he applica ion o g een echnologies, en i onmen al
p o ec ion measu es, and con inuous ecological moni o ing sys ems a e essen ial o he
p o ec ion o he ma ine ecosys em. These esea ch a eas will ensu e he u u e de elopmen o
o sho e hyd aulic enginee ing and enable humani y o u ilize ma ine esou ces mo e e icien ly
and sa ely.
Decla a ions
The manusc ip has no been submi ed o any o he jou nal o con e ence.
S udy Limi a ions
The e a e no limi a ions ha could a ec he esul s o he s udy.
Acknowledgmen s
The au ho would like o hank o he suppo s a and expe ienced people who pa icipa ed in
his s udy by sha ing hei in aluable knowledge and expe ience. Thei coope a ion and openness
con ibu ed g ea ly o he dep h and ichness o he esea ch esul s.
Compe ing In e es s
The au ho s decla e no compe ing in e es s.
Funding Sou ce
This esea ch was conduc ed wi hou suppo om ex e nal unding.
E hical S anda ds
The esea ch mee s all e hical guidelines, including adhe ence o he legal equi emen s o he
s udy coun y.
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mo skikh ne egazo ykh ob"yek o » / Goss oy Rossii. — M.: P oiz ods ennyy i
nauchno-issledo a el'skiy ins i u po inzhene nym z achkam s oi el's e (FGUP
«PNIIIS»)
DƏNİZ HIDROTEXNİKİ QURĞULARIN MÜASİR PROBLEMLƏRİ VƏ ONLARIN
ARADAN QALDIRILMASI ÜSULLARI
Ri a Hüseyno a1 Rü ə Hacıəliye 2
1.2“Qaz-Ne -Mədən” akül əsi, Azə baycan Dö lə Ne ə Sənaye Uni e si e i.
1Dosen , exnika elmlə i namizədi, i a.huseyno [email p o ec ed]
2Magis , u [email p o ec ed]
XÜLASƏ
Dəniz hid o exniki qu ğula ının qu aşdı ılması ne , qaz ə digə mayelə in çıxa ılması ə
saxlanılması üçün acib olan mü əkkəb mühəndislik kons uksiyala ıdı . Suyun də inliyi, dəniz
dibinin ə kibi ə ə a mühi qaydala ı kimi müx əli amillə hid o exniki qu ğula ın ikin i ə
qu aşdı ma me odunun seçilməsinə əsi gös ə i . Bu qu ğula həm əbii amillə in (ko oziya,
dalğa ə cə əyan yüklə i, seysmik ak i lik, o paq e oziyası, buzlanma, dəniz sə iyyəsinin
qalxması), həm də exnogen amillə in (yo ulma ə qocalma, ma e ial qüsu la ı, ikin i ə
qu aşdı ma səh lə i, is isma ə əmi in e ek i sizliyi, na iqasiya isklə i, insan ak o u) bi gə
əsi inə mə uz qalı . Bu amillə kons uksiyala ın deq adasiyasına, dayanıqlığının azalmasına ə
qəza isklə inin a masına səbəb olu . Də in su qu ğula ı ez- ez dəqiq əməliyya la üçün uzaqdan
ida ə olunan nəqliyya asi ələ i (ROV) ə a onom sual ı nəqliyya asi ələ i (AUVs) kimi
qabaqcıl exnologiyala ələb edi .
Bundan əla ə, DHQ-la ın ekoloji p oblemlə ə – dəniz mühi inin çi klənməsinə, bio-ko oziya ə
bioloji çi klənmə, eləcə də dəniz ekoloji sis eminin iziki pozulmasına səbəb ola biləcək po ensial
əsi lə ini qiymə ləndi mək üçün ə a mühi ə əsi in qiymə ləndi ilməsi apa ılı .
Məqalədə dəniz hid o exniki qu ğula ının p oblemlə inin həlli yolla ına dai müx əli üsulla ın
ə biqinin analizi apa ılmış, baş e ən çə inliklə , mü əkkəbləşmələ u ğulanmış, məsələnin hal-
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hazı dakı ə gələcəkdəki ak uallığı ba ədə iki lə bildi ilmişdi . Bu ada əsas məqsəd dəniz
ikin isinin ə ne , qaz ehiya la ının is isama ının əsasını əşkil edən dəniz hid o exniki
qu ğula ın ikin i mexanizmi ə me odla ı haqqında ümümi məluma ın e ilməsi nəzə də
u ulmuşdu .
Aça Sözlə : dəniz hid o exniki qu ğula ı, dəniz ikin isi, müasi ikin i ə əmi exnologiyala ı,
qu ğula ın əziyyə inə eal ax ejimində nəza ə me odla ı, ikin i p oblemlə i.
СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ МОРСКИХ ГИДРОТЕХНИЧЕСКИХ
СООРУЖЕНИЙ И МЕТОДЫ ИХ УСТРАНЕНИЯ
Рита Гусейнова1 Руфат Гаджиалиев2
1,2Раздел «Газ-Нефть-Добыча», Азербайджанский государственный нефтяной и промышленны университет
1Доцент, кандидат технических наук, i a.huseyno[email p o ec ed]
2Мастера, u a .hajialiy[email p o ec ed]
РЕЗЮМЕ
Морские гидротехнические сооружения (МГС) — это сложные инженерные конструкции,
которые имеют решающее значение для добычи и хранения нефти, газа и других
жидкостей. Различные факторы, такие как глубина воды, состав морского дна и
экологические нормы, влияют на выбор метода строительства и монтажа гидротехнических
сооружений.
Эти конструкции подвергаются комбинированному воздействию как природных факторов
(коррозия, волновые и течения нагрузки, сейсмическая активность, эрозия грунта,
обледенение, повышение уровня моря), так и техногенных факторов (усталость и старение,
дефекты материалов, ошибки при строительстве и монтаже, неэффективность
эксплуатации и ремонта, навигационные риски, человеческий фактор). Эти факторы
приводят к деградации конструкций, снижению их устойчивости и увеличению рисков
аварий. Глубоководные сооружения часто требуют передовых технологий, таких как
дистанционно управляемые аппараты (ROV) и автономные подводные аппараты (AUVs),
для выполнения точных операций.
Кроме того, проводится Оценка Воздействия на Окружающую Среду (ОВОС) для оценки
потенциального влияния МГС на экологические проблемы, включая загрязнение морской
среды, биокоррозию и биообрастание, а также физическое нарушение морской
экологической системы.
В статье проведен анализ применения различных методов для решения проблем морских
гидротехнических сооружений, подчеркнуты возникающие трудности и осложнения, а
также высказаны мнения о текущей и будущей актуальности этого вопроса. Основная цель
здесь — предоставить общую информацию о механизме и методах строительства морских
гидротехнических сооружений, составляющих основу морского строительства и освоения
запасов нефти и газа.
Ключевые слова: морские гидротехнические сооружения, морское строительство,
современные технологии строительства и ремонта, методы мониторинга состояния
сооружений в режиме реального времени, проблемы строительства.
VOLUME 31 (07) ISSUE 07 2025
135
ON THE INFLUENCE OF STRUCTURAL CHANGES ON PRESSURE
LOSSES IN MULTIPHASE GRAVITATIONAL FLOWS
Ga a Ismayilo 1, Mahabba Agasenli2, Gulna a Zeynalo a3
1P o esso o Aze baijan S a e Oil and Indus y Uni e si y. e-mail: [email p o ec ed]1,
2PhD s uden o Aze baijan S a e Oil and Indus y Uni e si y. e-mail: mahabba hasano [email protected]
3Lec u e o Aze baijan S a e Oil and Indus y Uni e si y. e-mail: guln[email p o ec ed]3
ABSTRACT
In oil and gas ield p ac ice, mul iphase lows (oil and gas, oil and gas-wa e , gas-mechanical
pa icles, oil and mechanical pa icles, gas-condensa e, e c.) a e e y widesp ead. Analysis shows
ha , compa ed o single-phase lows, mul iphase lows ha e highe echnological di icul ies and
ope a ing cos s. Due o mul iphase, he eliabili y and use ul wo k coe icien o pipelines and
ise s a e lowe .
The a icle shows he possibili y o inc easing he eliabili y o such sys ems by aking in o
accoun he in e ac ion o phases in acco dance wi h a new physical low model.
Fo example, i was possible o inc ease he e iciency o echnological p ocesses by selec ing he
op imal diame e o mul iphase pipelines.
Keywo ds: Risk, echnological di icul y, mul iphase, oun ain li , op imal diame e .
In oduc ion
The expe ience o o sho e ield exploi a ion shows ha , depending on he condi ions, no only
he collec ion and e en he anspo a ion o well p oduc s is o en ca ied ou wi hou phase
sepa a ion, ha is, in a mul iphase manne [1 5] . Due o he ex eme na u e o o sho e
condi ions, he collec ion and anspo a ion o na u al and associa ed pe oleum gases is o en
accompanied by he o ma ion o a liquid phase and i s p ecipi a ion in pipelines.
The analysis shows ha , due o he mul iphase low, he "well-ga he ing" sys em ope a es in a
pulsa ing mode. Due o he pe iodic accumula ion and discha ge o condensa e a he well bo om
(in he casing), pulsa ions a e obse ed in he dynamics o he wellhead p essu e and he ini ial
and inal p essu es in he gas pipeline.
Mul iphase lows a e e y common in gas li ise s. Oil, gas, and e en wa e en e ing he li
om he o ma ion a e in he o m o mul iphase mix u es. These mix u es change hei p ope ies
as hey mo e along he ise .
In gene al, one o he impo an p oblems o mul iphase lows is ela ed o echnological
di icul ies. In many cases, hese di icul ies can be u he complica ed by he elie , o a he , by
lows di ec ed om bo om o op and om op o bo om. Fo such lows, he physicochemical
and heological p ope ies o he low di e om each o he , and g a i a ional losses a e o
135-141
Publica ion his o y
A icle ecei ed: 08.10.2025
A icle accep ed: 05.11.2025
A icle published online: 20.11.2025
DOI: 10.36962/ETM31072025-135
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pa icula impo ance. Thus, while he g a i a ional o ce inc eases he esis ance o mo emen in
he ascending pa s o he ou e, i educes he esis ance o he pipeline in he descen s. The
p essu e losses due o g a i a ional o ces can be es ima ed as ollows: (1)
He e:
and - a e he g a i a ional losses in he ascending and descending sec ions,
espec i ely; and - a e he low densi ies in he ascending and descending sec ions,
espec i ely; and - a e he heigh s o he ascending and descending sec ions,
espec i ely.
Conside ing ha , in addi ion o ascending and descending sec ions, he e a e also linea
(ho izon al) sec ions o o sho e pipelines, and in his sec ion he e a e no g a i a ional losses and
mainly ic ion losses ( ) a e impo an , hen o de e mine he o al p essu e losses o a
o sho e pipeline wi h complex elie , we can w i e:
(2)
Conside ing ha he heigh o he e ical sec ions is much smalle han he linea sec ion, ic ion
losses o hese lows a e no aken in o accoun in exp ession (2).
conside ing he exp ession, hen he ollowing exp ession can be w i en o
de e mine he o al p essu e losses o a mul iphase pipeline:
(3)
He e:
a=1.087
b=
and - he densi y and hyd aulic esis ance coe icien o he mix u e, espec i ely; -
he olume low a e o he mix u e; Q- he low a e o he mix u e.
As i can be seen om he ob ained exp ession (3), he low cha ac e is ic o a mul iphase pipeline
di e s signi ican ly om ha o a single-phase pipeline (Fig. 1). I he minimum p essu e o a
single-phase low is equal o he p essu e a he end o he pipeline, hen o a mul iphase pipeline
his p essu e di ides he mul iphase low s uc u e in o wo pa s, as Figu e 1. shows hus, om
his poin o he igh he low is homogeneous, dispe sed o emulsi ied, and om he minimum
poin o he le he low is s a i ied, i.e., sepa a ed in o phases.
VOLUME 31 (07) ISSUE 07 2025
143
Fu he mo e, such machining simpli ies he echnological p ocess, educes ene gy consump ion,
and signi ican ly ex ends he ope a ional li e o componen s.
The machining o in e nal cylind ical su aces by plas ic de o ma ion is pa icula ly impo an in
he manu ac u ing o in e nal combus ion engines. The su ace quali y o cylinde s di ec ly a ec s
engine uel consump ion, powe , and du abili y. Fo ins ance, con en ional u ning and honing
me hods lea e mic oscopic i egula i ies on he su ace, which inc ease ic ion and uel
consump ion du ing ope a ion. Howe e , machining by plas ic de o ma ion c ea es smoo he and
s onge su aces, he eby educing uel consump ion, inc easing ope a ional li e, and ex ending
main enance in e als.
Mo eo e , he applica ion o plas ic de o ma ion machining is no limi ed o engine cylinde s.
This me hod is also widely used in he manu ac u ing o hyd aulic cylinde s, comp esso
chambe s, high-p essu e pipelines, and pump componen s. All o hese elemen s ope a e unde
high p essu e and ic ion; hus, hei in e nal su ace s eng h and de o ma ion esis ance a e
c i ical equi emen s.
One o he main echnological ad an ages o plas ic de o ma ion machining is ha i no only
imp o es su ace quali y bu also gene a es esidual comp essi e s esses in he in e nal s uc u e
o he ma e ial. These s esses inc ease a igue s eng h and enable he wo king su ace o
wi hs and loads o an ex ended pe iod. Fo his eason, such me hods a e gaining p e e ence in
he p oduc ion o high- esponsibili y s uc u al componen s.
F om a scien i ic and p ac ical pe spec i e, his opic is ele an o Aze baijan, whe e he
machine-building indus y is apidly de eloping. The applica ion o mode n echnologies is
c ucial o enhance he compe i i eness o local p oduc ion acili ies. The high-quali y machining
o in e nal cylind ical su aces is especially impo an in he oil-gas indus y, ag icul u al
machine y, and ehicle manu ac u ing sec o s. The e o e, he s udy and indus ial applica ion o
plas ic de o ma ion me hods a e among he key p io i ies o he na ional economy.
Resea ch on his opic has bo h heo e ical and p ac ical signi icance. F om a heo e ical
s andpoin , i allows he analysis o de o ma ion mechanisms, applied o ces, and he dis ibu ion
o s esses and s ains. F om a p ac ical s andpoin , he esul s con ibu e o he de elopmen o
mode n ools, de ices, and echnological p ocesses.
Consequen ly, he s udy o machining in e nal cylind ical su aces by plas ic de o ma ion is
pa icula ly impo an o imp o ing indus ial e iciency and ex ending he se ice li e o
componen s. The selec ion o his opic is no acciden al, as he enhancemen o ma e ial s eng h
and educ ion o p oduc ion cos s emain majo indus ial objec i es. The e o e, his esea ch
p ima ily aims o s udy he mechanisms o plas ic de o ma ion machining o in e nal cylind ical
su aces.
Pu pose o he s udy
The main objec i e o his esea ch is o s udy he heo e ical and p ac ical ounda ions o
machining in e nal cylind ical su aces using plas ic de o ma ion me hods, o scien i ically
subs an ia e hei ad an ages, and o in es iga e he
s uc u al ea u es o mechanisms ha enable hei implemen a ion. Fo his pu pose, he s udy
compa es exis ing machining me hods wi h plas ic de o ma ion me hods in e ms o accu acy,
su ace quali y, s eng h, and economic e iciency.

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A dis inc i e ea u e o his wo k is ha he esea ch is no limi ed o heo e ical app oaches bu
also p o ides p ac ical solu ions applicable in indus y. I examines he design, wo king
p inciples, applica ion a eas, and s ess-s ain condi ions o ools and mechanisms used in plas ic
de o ma ion machining.
Resea ch objec and es me hods
The esea ch objec o his s udy includes he ools, de ices, and echnological mechanisms used
in machining in e nal cylind ical su aces by plas ic de o ma ion. The main ocus is di ec ed
owa d imp o ing su ace quali y, inc easing s eng h, and ex ending se ice li e.
In his esea ch, o de e mine he e iciency o he machining p ocess by plas ic de o ma ion, he
ollowing es me hods we e used:
S a ic Load Tes
Conduc ed o s udy he in luence o he applied o ce on de o ma ion dep h. The deg ee o su ace
de o ma ion unde di e en p essu e o ces is measu ed.
Dynamic Tes (Impac o Vib a ion)
Pe o med o s udy he e ec o o a ional speed and ib a ion changes on he hickness o he
plas ic laye du ing machining o o a ing cylind ical pa s.
Tempe a u e Tes
In es iga es he in luence o su ace empe a u e on he ma e ial’s yield s eng h and su ace
quali y du ing machining.
Su ace Roughness Measu emen
A e machining, he su ace oughness pa ame e s (Ra, Rz) a e measu ed using a p o ilome e o
e alua e he abili y o plas ic de o ma ion o imp o e su ace quali y.
Ha dness and Mechanical S ess Tes
De e mines esidual s ess and ha dness dis ibu ion in he in e nal su ace using he B inell o
Vicke s me hods.
Mic os uc u al S udy
Examines he in e nal s uc u e o he ma e ial a e machining, including disloca ion densi y,
g ain size, and ex u e changes using an op ical mic oscope.
Wea Resis ance Tes
E alua es he wea esis ance o machined su aces unde ope a ional condi ions using a
ibological es ing machine.
The conduc ed expe imen s showed ha :
Wi h inc easing applied p essu e, he de o ma ion dep h inc eases; howe e , beyond a ce ain
limi , mic oc acks appea . The op imal p essu e ange was de e mined as 300–500 N.
Inc easing he o a ional speed gene a es he mal e ec s, causing localized so ening o he
ma e ial and esul ing in a smoo he su ace. Howe e , excessi e speeds lead o he mal
de o ma ion. The op imal o a ional speed ange was 800–1000 pm.
The in luence o empe a u e was clea ly obse ed du ing es ing. In he 80–120°C ange, he
yield s eng h o he ma e ial dec eases, ensu ing uni o m de o ma ion.
Su ace oughness pa ame e s achie ed we e Ra = 0.4–0.6 μm, ep esen ing a 25–30%
imp o emen o e con en ional cu ing me hods.
Pos -machining ha dness inc eased by 15–20%, a ibu ed o he compac ion e ec o plas ic
de o ma ion.
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145
Mic os uc u al analysis e ealed ha a ine-g ained s uc u e o med in a 0.1–0.3 mm hick
su ace laye , wi h inc eased disloca ion densi y, leading o highe mechanical s eng h.
Wea esis ance es s showed ha su aces machined by plas ic de o ma ion demons a ed 1.5–1.7
imes highe wea esis ance.
P ac ical signi icance
This esea ch is o pa icula impo ance o Aze baijan’s indus y. Ex ending he ope a ional li e
o equipmen used in he oil and gas sec o , ag icul u al machine y, and anspo ehicles di ec ly
impac s na ional economic g ow h. The ob ained esul s no only p o ide a heo e ical ounda ion
bu also se e as p ac ical ecommenda ions o indus ial en e p ises. The expe imen s we e
conduc ed a he “Bibiheyba OGP” acili y in compliance wi h GOST s anda ds.
Conclusion
The machining o in e nal cylind ical su aces by plas ic de o ma ion has become one o he
majo issues in mode n mechanical enginee ing. The ope a ional capaci y and longe i y o
echnical de ices, ehicles, engines, and indus ial equipmen depend hea ily on he quali y o
hei in e nal su aces. Cylind ical componen s wo king unde high p essu e and ic ion a e p one
o wea , c acking, and ailu e, inc easing main enance cos s and causing p oduc ion in e up ions.
The e o e, he selec ion o his opic is no acciden al. This s udy ocuses on mee ing one o
oday’s key indus ial challenges – ensu ing he long-las ing and eliable pe o mance o
componen s h ough new machining me hods.
T adi ional machining me hods using cu ing ools a e s ill widely used oday. Howe e , hei
capabili ies a e limi ed. While hey can achie e ce ain p ecision, hey do no inc ease ma e ial
s eng h o wea esis ance; in ac , cu ing some imes weakens he ma e ial’s s uc u e, causing
p ema u e ailu e. Plas ic de o ma ion machining, on he o he hand, is undamen ally di e en :
he ma e ial is no cu , bu comp essed and s eng hened unde special o ces, changing in e nal
s esses and ex ending se ice li e. Fo his eason, plas ic de o ma ion has become one o he
mos demanded machining echnologies in mode n indus y.
Decla a ions
The manusc ip has no been submi ed o any o he jou nal o con e ence.
S udy Limi a ions
The e a e no limi a ions ha could a ec he esul s o he s udy.
Acknowledgmen s
The au ho would like o hank o he suppo s a and expe ienced people who pa icipa ed in
his s udy by sha ing hei in aluable knowledge and expe ience. Thei coope a ion and openness
con ibu ed g ea ly o he dep h and ichness o he esea ch esul s.
Compe ing In e es s
The au ho s decla e no compe ing in e es s.
Funding Sou ce
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This esea ch was conduc ed wi hou suppo om ex e nal unding.
E hical S anda ds
The esea ch mee s all e hical guidelines, including adhe ence o he legal equi emen s o he
s udy coun y.
REFERENCES
1. Abbaso , V. A., & Bashi o , R. C. (2019). Manu ac u ing Technology o Me al Tools.
Baku: Elm Publishing, No.1, pp. 72–75.
2. Hasano , A. A., & Aliye , M. A. (2010). S eng h o Ma e ials, No. 3 (67), pp. 26–29.
3. Huseyno , A. M. (2020). Me hods o S eng hening Indus ial Pa s. Sumqayi : Indus ial
Publishing, 18–19 No embe , Vol. I, pp. 103–106.
4. Mammado , N. M. (2020). Machining o Oil and Gas Equipmen Pa s. Baku: SOCAR
Publishing, No.10, pp. 54–57.
5. Gasimo , Sh. Y. (2016). Ma e ials Science and Technological P ocesses. Baku: Educa ion
Publishing, No.12, pp. 52–54.
ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ МЕХАНИЗМОВ ОБРАБОТКИ ВНУТРЕННИХ
ЦИЛИНДРИЧЕСКИХ ПОВЕРХНОСТЕЙ ПУТЕМ ПЛАСТИЧЕСКОЙ
ДЕФОРМАЦИИ
Расим Баширов¹, Демирэл Рамазанов²
¹Профессор, Кафедра «Теория машин и механизмов», Бакинский инженерный университет, Азербайджан. E-
mail: asim-agma@ amble . u
²Магистрант, Кафедра «Теория машин и механизмов», Бакинский инженерный университет, Азербайджан. E-
mail: amazano .demi [email protected]
РЕЗЮМЕ
Применение новых технологий играет важную роль в развитии современного
машиностроения и производственных процессов. В частности, долговечность и надежная
работа различных деталей машин, цилиндров двигателей, насосного и компрессорного
оборудования зависят от качества их внутренних поверхностей. Основное преимущество
методов пластической деформации заключается в уплотнении и упрочнении
микроструктуры металлических поверхностей, что повышает долговечность и срок
службы. Этот метод предотвращает появление следов режущего инструмента на
поверхности, снижает вероятность образования трещин и улучшает качество поверхности.
Обработка внутренних цилиндрических поверхностей методом пластической деформации
напрямую влияет на расход топлива, мощность и долговечность двигателей внутреннего
сгорания.
Проведённые исследования показывают, что обработка внутренних поверхностей методом
пластической деформации значительно повышает пластическую прочность и
износостойкость деталей двигателя.
VOLUME 31 (07) ISSUE 07 2025
147
Ключевые слова: деформация, качество поверхности, внутренние цилиндрические
поверхности, машиностроение, цилиндры двигателей.
DAXİLİ SİLİNDRLİ SƏTHLƏRİN PLASTİK DEFORMASİYA METODU İLƏ EMAL
MEKANİZMİNİN TƏDQİQİ
Rasim Bashi o 1, Dəmi əl Ramazano 2
1P o esso , “Maşınla ə Mexanizmlə Nəzə iyyəsi” ka ed ası, Bakı Mühəndislik Uni e si e i, Azə baycan.
E-mail: asim-agma@ amble . u
2Magis ələbəsi, “Maşınla ə Mexanizmlə Nəzə iyyəsi” ka ed ası, Bakı Mühəndislik Uni e si e i, Azə baycan.
E-mail: amazano .dem[email p o ec ed]
XÜLASƏ
Müasi maşınqayı ma ə is ehsala p oseslə inin inkişa ında yeni exnologiyala ın ə biqi mühüm
ol oynayı . Xüsusilə də müx əli maşın de alla ının, mühə ik silind lə inin, nasos ə komp esso
a adanlıqla ının uzunmüddə li ə e iba lı işləməsi onla ın daxili sə hlə inin key iyyə indən
asılıdı .
Plas iki de o masiya üsulla ının əsas üs ünlüyü ondadı ki, me al sə hlə də mik os uk u un
sıxlaşdı ılması ə möhkəmləndi ilməsi hesabına sə hin da amlılığı ə is isma müddə i a ı . Bu
üsul sə hdə kəsici alə izlə inin ya anmasının qa şısını alı , ça la ın əmələgəlmə eh imalını azaldı
ə sə h key iyyə ini yüksəldi . Daxili silind ik sə hlə in plas iki de o masiya ilə emalı daxili
yanma mühə iklə inin yanacaq sə iyya ına, gücünə ə uzunömü lülüyünə bila asi ə əsi
gös ə i .
Apa ılmış ədqiqa la gös ə i ki, daxili sə hlə in plas iki de o masiya üsulu ilə emalı mühə ik
hissələ inin plas iki möhkəmliyini ə aşınmaya qa şı da amlılığını əhəmiyyə li də əcədə a ı ı .
Aça sözlə : de o masiya, sə h key iyyə i, daxili silind ik sə hlə , maşınqayı ma, mühə ik
silind lə i.
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VOLUME 31 (07) ISSUE 07 2025
THE ROLE OF Ag ALLOYING IN MODIFYING THE STRUCTURE AND
CORROSION RESISTANCE OF Mg–Zn ALLOYS
Konul Ami ma o a1, Gunay Aliye a2
1J.Resea che . Aze baijan S a e Oil and Indus y Uni e si y. Email: ami m[email p o ec ed].
ORCID ID 0000-0002-6223-7623
2J.Resea che . Aze baijan S a e Oil and Indus y Uni e si y. Email: gunkaa[email p o ec ed]
ABSTRACT
This e iew examines ecen s udies on how sil e (Ag) a ec s he co osion esis ance o Mg–Zn
alloys, which a e ac i ely explo ed as biodeg adable ma e ials o empo a y medical implan s.
The main challenge emains he high co osion a e o magnesium in physiological en i onmen s.
Ag is highligh ed as an alloying elemen ha can slow deg ada ion by e ining mic os uc u e,
s abilizing p o ec i e su ace laye s, and p o iding an imic obial unc ionali y. The e iew
discusses how Ag in luences elec ochemical beha io , mic os uc u al e olu ion, in e phase
in e ac ions, and passi e ilm o ma ion. Findings based on SEM, XRD, po en iodynamic
pola iza ion, and EIS a e summa ized. Biomedical aspec s such as biocompa ibili y and
an ibac e ial pe o mance a e also conside ed. O e all, Ag addi ion no ably enhances he
co osion esis ance o Mg–Zn alloys, suppo ing hei po en ial o nex -gene a ion biodeg adable
implan s.
Keywo ds: Mg-Zn-Ag, Mg-Zn, bioma e ials, s uc u e, co osion.
In oduc ion
The de elopmen o biodeg adable me allic ma e ials is gaining signi ican in e es in
biomedicine, especially o empo a y implan s such as o hopedic sc ews, s en s, and su u ing
elemen s. Magnesium alloys a e among he mos p omising candida es due o hei
biocompa ibili y, bone-like densi y, and abili y o g adually dissol e in he body. Howe e , hei
main limi a ion is a high co osion a e, which may cause p ema u e loss o mechanical in eg i y
and hyd ogen e olu ion. [1]
The concep o eso bable magnesium clips was i s p oposed by And ews in 1917 and la e
de eloped in a 1986 pa en by R. Jo gensen. Al hough a ious Mg–Al, Mg–Cd, and Mg–Zn
alloys we e es ed, hey we e oo b i le and insu icien ly s ong o su gical use. [2, 14]
One way o imp o e magnesium pe o mance is alloying. Sil e (Ag) is o pa icula in e es due
o i s combined an ico osi e and an ibac e ial p ope ies. Adding Ag o Mg–Zn alloys modi ies
he mic os uc u e, p omo es he o ma ion o s able p o ec i e ilms, and enhances co osion
esis ance.
Despi e ad ances in bioma e ials, i anium and s ainless-s eel implan s emain he clinical
s anda d. Howe e , hey come wi h d awbacks such as he mal sensi i i y, discom o , delayed
148-154
Publica ion his o y
A icle ecei ed: 09.10.2025
A icle accep ed: 06.11.2025
A icle published online: 20.11.2025
DOI: 10.36962/ETM31072025-148

VOLUME 31 (07) ISSUE 07 2025
149
bone emodeling, excessi e s i ness, and—mos impo an ly— he need o seconda y su ge y o
emo e he implan . In many coun ies, up o 80% o me allic ixa ion de ices a e emo ed,
inc easing pa ien auma and heal hca e cos s. [2,13]
Magnesium implan s, howe e , deg ade oo apidly in physiological media (pH 7.4–7.6), which
leads o local alkaliza ion, in lamma ion, and hyd ogen gas o ma ion ha can impai blood low
and damage issues. Localized co osion and he o ma ion o a weak MgO/Mg(OH)₂ su ace
laye u he accele a e deg ada ion. Thus, magnesium is unsui able o long- e m implan s bu
emains highly p omising o empo a y ones. [2, 3]
This e iew summa izes cu en esea ch on he in luence o sil e on he co osion beha io o
Mg–Zn and Mg–Zn–Ag alloys, ocusing on co osion inhibi ion mechanisms, expe imen al
assessmen me hods, and hei po en ial o clinical applica ion.
Re iew o Mg–Zn Alloys: S uc u e and Co osion Beha io
Mg and i s alloys o e ad an ages such as he absence o h ombo ic complica ions, bu pu e Mg
deg ades oo quickly and eleases hyd ogen, some imes dissol ing comple ely wi hin 60–90 days
a e implan a ion. [8]
Alongside Mg- and Fe-based biodeg adable me als, zinc is also conside ed p omising due o i s
os eogenic po en ial. Howe e , pu e Zn is oo so and b i le, while many indus ial Zn alloys
con ain oxic elemen s (e.g., high Al con en ), aising biocompa ibili y conce ns.
S udy [4] de eloped Zn-1X (Mg, Ca, S ) alloys and showed ha small addi ions o hese elemen s
signi ican ly imp o ed mic os uc u e, s eng h, co osion beha io , and biocompa ibili y,
highligh ing hei po en ial o nex -gene a ion biodeg adable implan s.
S udy [5] analyzed Zn–xMg alloys p oduced by LPBF. Zn-1Mg showed he bes balance o
p ope ies (381 MPa ensile s eng h, 4.2% elonga ion). Highe Mg con en s e ined g ains bu
p oduced b i le Mg₂Zn₁₁ and MgZn₂ phases. Zn-1Mg sca olds had comp essi e s eng h and
Young’s modulus compa able o human bone, suppo ing hei use in eso bable implan s.
S udy [7] p oduced Zn–xMg wi es (down o 0.25 mm). Alloys con ained Mg₂Zn₁₁, and highe Mg
educed g ain size. Zn-0.08Mg achie ed yield s eng h >200–300 MPa, ensile s eng h >300–400
MPa, and >30% elonga ion—mee ing key equi emen s o biodeg adable s en s, hough ime-
dependen s eng hening equi es op imiza ion. In i o es s showed mode a e in lamma o y
esponse.
S udy [9] examined ex uded Zn-1.2Mg. Ex usion e ined g ains and imp o ed s eng h (UTS
362.64 MPa, elonga ion 21.31%). Co osion a e inc eased sligh ly bu emained accep able. The
alloy showed excellen hemocompa ibili y and h ombo esis ance. In e me allic phases Mg₂Zn₁₁
and MgZn₂ a e c i ical in Mg–Zn alloys, s ongly in luencing s eng h, b i leness, and co osion
beha io . Thei he e ogenei y accele a es gal anic co osion, he e o e phase composi ion mus be
ca e ully con olled when designing biodeg adable implan s.
Re iew o Mg–Zn–Ag Alloys: S uc u e and Co osion Beha io
In e es in he Mg–Zn–Ag sys em began in he 1950s–1970s, mainly o ae ospace and
elec onics. By he 1980s, phase diag ams and key in e me allics (Mg₂Zn₁₁, MgZn₂, Mg₃Ag) we e
es ablished, o ming he basis o la e modeling. The i s biomedical showed ha adding up o
1.5 w .% Ag e ines g ains and imp o es co osion esis ance, ini ia ing biomedical esea ch.
A e 2010, ocus shi ed o biodeg adable implan s, op imizing Ag con en o s eng h,
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VOLUME 31 (07) ISSUE 07 2025
deg ada ion a e, and biocompa ibili y using SPS, ex usion, cas ing, and me allic glass p ocessing
[11, 13].
In s udy [2], Mg7Zn1Ag and Mg6Zn3Ag alloys we e compa ed. Highe Ag con en (2.5 w .%) in
Mg6Zn3Ag imp o ed co osion esis ance, educed mass loss, and p oduced a ine , mo e
uni o m mic os uc u e due o Mg₃Ag p ecipi a ion.
S udy [3] examined Zn–3Mg–xAg SPS alloys. Ag p omo ed Mg agg ega ion and MgZn₂
o ma ion; he bes p ope ies we e a 1.5 w .% Ag (UTS 273.8 MPa, elonga ion 10.67%,
comp essi e s eng h 543.7 MPa), a exceeding pu e Zn and Zn–3Mg.
In s udy [10], Mg–3Zn–xAg alloys p oduced by backwa d ex usion showed li le di e ence in
s eng h bu a clea end in duc ili y: i inc eased up o 0.2 w .% Ag (elonga ion 19.8%) and
dec eased a highe Ag. Mg–3Zn–0.2Ag also demons a ed he bes co osion esis ance due o i s
uni o m single-phase s uc u e.
Figu e 1: Phase diag am o he bina y Mg–Zn sys em indica ing he egions o o ma ion o he
in e me allic phases Mg₂Zn₁₁ and MgZn₂.
S udy [12] con i med simila ends o Zn–3Mg–xAg SPS alloys: op imal mechanical beha io a
1.5 w .% Ag due o balanced s eng hening and minimal de ec s.
In s udy [16], Zn–Mg–Ag alloys p oduced by mechanical alloying showed high s eng h (UTS up
o 435 MPa) and signi ican e ec s o Ag on co osion: Ag inc eased ini ial deg ada ion bu
p omo ed uni o m dissolu ion and a shi owa d calcium–phospha e co osion p oduc s.
Co osion a es e en ually s abilized a clinically accep able le els (~11 μm/yea ).
S udy [17] on Zn–0.5Mg–x alloys showed ha Ag imp o es s uc u al homogenei y, co osion
esis ance, and hyd ophilici y — impo an o implan s.
Me allic glass s udies [6,17] demons a ed ha Ag (4–6 a .%) expands he glass- o ming egion,
imp o es he mal s abili y, educes co osion a es, and enhances cy ocompa ibili y. Alloys like
Mg₆₇Zn₂₉Ag₄ showed uni o m deg ada ion (0.19 mm/yea ) and selec i e inhibi ion o umo cell
lines.
VOLUME 31 (07) ISSUE 07 2025
151
Conclusion
This e iew shows ha alloying Mg–Zn alloys wi h sil e (Ag) e ec i ely imp o es hei
co osion esis ance, mechanical pe o mance, and biocompa ibili y, making hem s ong
candida es o biodeg adable implan s. Sil e addi ion e ines g ains, inc eases mic os uc u al
uni o mi y, and p omo es he o ma ion o ine phases (Mg₃Ag, Mg₂Zn₁₁, MgZn₂), which educes
gal anic co osion by balancing po en ials be ween he ma ix and in e me allics. Op imal Ag
con en s (≈0.2–2.5 w .%) dec ease he co osion a e h ough he o ma ion o dense passi e ilms
(Mg(OH)₂, Ag₂O) and by shi ing deg ada ion om localized o uni o m. In amo phous Mg–Zn–
Ag alloys, co osion a es as low as 0.19 mm/yea mee clinical equi emen s. Ag also enhances
he s eng h–duc ili y balance (10–30% inc ease in s eng h, elonga ion 10–20%) and imp o es
cy ocompa ibili y, calcium–phospha e deposi ion, and an ibac e ial p ope ies. As a esul , Mg–
Zn–Ag alloys—especially amo phous and nanoc ys alline ones—o e unable deg ada ion, good
mechanical beha io , and high biocompa ibili y, making hem p omising ma e ials o nex -
gene a ion biodeg adable s en s, o hopedic ixa o s, and bone implan s.
Decla a ions
The manusc ip has no been submi ed o any o he jou nal o con e ence.
S udy Limi a ions
The e a e no limi a ions ha could a ec he esul s o he s udy.
Acknowledgmen s
The au ho would like o hank o he suppo s a and expe ienced people who pa icipa ed in
his s udy by sha ing hei in aluable knowledge and expe ience. Thei coope a ion and openness
con ibu ed g ea ly o he dep h and ichness o he esea ch esul s.
Compe ing In e es s
The au ho s decla e no compe ing in e es s.
Funding Sou ce
This esea ch was conduc ed wi hou suppo om ex e nal unding.
E hical S anda ds
The esea ch mee s all e hical guidelines, including adhe ence o he legal equi emen s o he
s udy coun y.
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