17
Alanezi e al.
In . J. Biosci.
2024
RESEARCH PAPER
RESEARCH PAPERRESEARCH PAPER
RESEARCH PAPER
OPEN ACCESS
OPEN ACCESSOPEN ACCESS
OPEN ACCESS
Food sa e y knowledge, a i ude and hygiene p ac ices o as -
ood es au an s in Tabuk, Saudi A abia
Amaal J. Alanezi, Rehab F.
Albalawi, Ghadee A. Allou , Raghad S. Albalawi,
Haddad A. El Rabey
*
Biochemis y Depa men , Facul y o Science, Uni e si y o Tabuk, Tabuk, KSA
Key wo ds:
Fas ood, Food sa e y, Res au an s, Tabuk, Saudi A abia
h p://dx.doi.o g/10.12692/ijb/25.2.17-24 A icle published on Augus 04, 2024
Abs ac
Despi e achie emen s in knowledge and echnology in he las ew yea s, oodbo ne diseases
a e s ill a
wo ldwide conce n. Wi h he inc easing a e o ood ea en away om home, ood sa e y knowledge and
p ac ices play a subs an ial ole in p e en ing oodbo ne diseases and p o ec ing he heal h o consume s. In
i s la es epo on he oodbo ne
illness p oblem, he Wo ld Heal h O ganiza ion (WHO) eco ded ha
420,000 dea hs and 600 million cases occu each yea because o oodbo ne illness. This s udy aims o
e alua e he ood sa e y knowledge, a i udes, and hygiene habi s o as - ood es au
an wo ke s in Tabuk,
Saudi A abia. A c oss-sec ional su ey was ca ied ou among se e al ood handle s om a ious as -
ood
es ablishmen s. Da a we e collec ed h ough a s uc u ed ques ionnai e assessing hei knowledge, a i udes,
and sel - epo ed h
abi s ega ding ood sa e y and hygiene. The esul s e ealed ha while he majo i y o
pa icipan s had adequa e knowledge o he p inciples o ood sa e y, he e we e gaps in hei a i udes and
epo ed p ac ices. Signi ican co ela ions we e ound be
ween knowledge le els, educa ional a ainmen , and
yea s o expe ience. The s udy highligh s he need o con inuous aining and ein o cemen o ood sa e y
p o ocols in he as - ood indus y o ensu e consume p o ec ion and p e en oodbo ne illnesses.
*
Co esponding Au ho : Haddad A. El Rabey he[email p o ec ed]u.sa
In e na ional Jou nal o Biosciences | IJB |
ISSN: 2220-6655 (P in ) 2222-
5234 (Online)
h p://www
.innspub.ne
Vol. 25, No. 2, p. 17-24, 202
4
18
Alanezi e al.
In . J. Biosci.
2024
In oduc ion
Food sa e y is a global subs an ial conce n despi e
echnological de elopmen s, egional s a egies, and
in es men s in ecen yea s. Heal h adminis a o s,
esea che s, and ins i u ions a e pu suing s a egies
o alle ia e he haza ds and e ec s o oodbo ne
sickness (Thimo eo da Cunha, 2021). Thus, ood
sa e y is a e y impo an issue in he ood se ice
indus y, pa icula ly in as - ood es au an s, whe e
la ge olumes o ood a e p epa ed and se ed o
nume ous cus ome s daily. Foodbo ne illnesses pose
signi ican public heal h isks and can ha e se e e
consequences o consume s, as well as de imen al
e ec s on he epu a ion and inancial iabili y o
ood es ablishmen s (P en ice and Jebb, 2003).
Resea ch has indica ed ha he upsu ge in oodbo ne
in ec ions can be a ibu ed o inapp op ia e ood
sa e y habi s in homes, as home se ings can hold a
g oup o oodbo ne pa hogens (Mo eb e al., 2017).
In Saudi A abia, he apidly g owing as - ood sec o
has aised conce ns abou he obse ance o ood
sa e y s anda ds as well as he implemen a ion o
p ope hygiene p ac ices (Fahad e al., 2021). Tabuk,
a majo ci y in no hwes e n Saudi A abia, has
wi nessed a su ge in as - ood es ablishmen s ca e ing
o di e se consume p e e ences. Howe e , li le is
known abou he ood sa e y knowledge, a i udes,
and hygiene habi s o ood supe iso s in hese
es ablishmen s. The cu en s udy aims o b idge his
gap by assessing he cu en s a e o ood sa e y
awa eness and habi s among as - ood es au an
wo ke s in Tabuk.
The ou comes o his esea ch will b ing abou wo hy
pe cep ions in o he s eng hs and weaknesses o ood
sa e y p ac ices in he local as - ood indus y,
enabling a ge ed in e en ions and aining
p og ams o enhance ood sa e y compliance and
p o ec public heal h. Addi ionally, he s udy
con ibu es o he b oade unde s anding o ood
sa e y challenges in he as - ood sec o , in o ming
policymake s and indus y s akeholde s in de eloping
e ec i e s a egies and egula ions.
Food sa e y is a mul idisciplina y ield ha
encompasses a ious aspec s o ood p oduc ion,
handling, and consump ion. Nume ous models and
heo ies ha e been de eloped o comp ehend and
add ess ood sa e y issues, p o iding a heo e ical
ounda ion o esea ch and p ac ice in his a ea.
He e's an o e iew o some ele an heo e ical
backg ounds. The Haza d Analysis C i ical Con ol
Poin (HACCP) sys em is a widely ecognized and
o ganized app oach o ood sa e y managemen . I is a
sys ema ic app oach o iden i ying, e alua ing, and
managing ood sa e y isks. I is cen ed on he
p inciple o iden i ying po en ial isks, iden i ying
se ious con ol poin s, de e mining c i ical
es ic ions, and implemen ing obse ing and
co ec i e measu es.
The HACCP amewo k is g ounded in he p inciples
o isk assessmen and p e en i e measu es, aiming
o ensu e ood sa e y h oughou he ood p oduc ion
chain. HACCP is de eloped o be used in all sec o s o
he ood indus y om plan ing, p ocessing,
ha es ing, manu ac u ing, dis ibu ion, and
ma ke ing o p epa ing ood o consump ion
(HACCP P inciples & Applica ion Guidelines, 2022).
The Theo y o Planned Beha iou (TPB) is a social
psychology heo y ha has been applied o
unde s and and p edic ood manage s' aims and
manne s in espec o ood sa e y p ac ices (Pe ei a,
2005). Co esponding o he TPB, a pe son's manne
is a ec ed by hei iews, indi idual no ms, and
appa en beha iou con ol. The heo y connec s
belie s o beha iou . The heo y claims ha h ee co e
elemen s, speci ically, a i ude, indi idual no ms, and
appa en beha iou al con ol, oge he shape he
pe son’s beha iou al in en s. In u n, a p inciple o
TPB is ha beha iou al in en ion is he mos
p oximal de e mining ac o o human social
beha iou . This heo y p o ides a amewo k o
examining he ac o s ha shape ood handle s'
a i udes and in en ions owa d ood sa e y p ac ices.
The Knowledge-A i ude-P ac ice (KAP) Model is
widely used in heal h educa ion and p omo ion
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Alanezi e al.
In . J. Biosci.
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s udies, including ood sa e y esea ch (Jawo owska,
2013). I sugges s ha knowledge in luences
a i udes, which consecu i ely impac habi s o
conduc . By assessing ood handle s' knowledge,
a i udes, and p ac ices, esea che s can iden i y gaps
and design a ge ed in e en ions o imp o e ood
sa e y compliance. Acco ding o Paye e and
Sha ens ein (2005), he choice o ood and associa ed
beha iou s a e in luenced by biological changes,
heal h s a us caused by unc ional abili ies and aging,
which a e acili a ed on a la ge scale by amily,
socie al and comme cial aspec s de e mining ac o o
heal hy ea ing s em om indi idual and collec i e
ac o s. Indi idual ac o s comp ise gende , age,
educa ional le el, heal h and biological p oblems,
psychological ea u es, li es yle pp ac ices, and
awa eness, manne s, opinions and beha iou s, as well
as o he gene al nu i ional de e mining ac o like
cul u e, income and social s a us.
Collec i e ac o s o heal h ul ood consump ion, such
as eachable ood labels, a sui able ood buying
se ing, he sp eading o he "heal hy ea ing" message,
sui able socie al help and p o iding e ec i e,
communal-based meal dis ibu ion se ices ha e he
abili y o sp ead alimen a y habi s and consequen ly
p omo e heal h ul ea ing o Food sa e y cul u e is a
concep ha unde lines he sha ed alues, belie s, and
no ms wi hin an ins i u ion ha in luence ood sa e y
beha iou s and p ac ices (Paye e and Sha ens ein,
2005). A obus ood sa e y cul u e is assumed o
os e a p e-emp i e app oach o ood sa e y, whe e
all s akeholde s a e commi ed o p ese ing high
s anda ds and con inually de eloping ood sa e y
p ac ices.
The isk analysis amewo k, as ou lined by he
Na ional Ad iso y Commi ee on Mic obiological
C i e ia o Foods, comp ises h ee elemen s: haza d
e alua ion, haza d con ol, and haza d
communica ion (Hamed and Mohammed, 2019). The
Wo ld Heal h O ganiza ion iden i ies i e ac o s
ela ed o he exis ence o oodbo ne sicknesses
comp ising unsani a y habi s and inadequa e
cleanliness by ood supe iso s, insu icien cooke y
measu es, inapp op ia e s o ing wi hou bea ing in
mind empe a u e equi emen s, c oss-co up ion,
and ob aining ood om insecu e sou ces. Food
supe iso s who a e conce ned wi h ood p oduc ion
and p epa a ion a e esponsible o he majo i y o
hese ac o s. Food managemen comp ises all s ages
o s o age, cooke y, and conse ing ood un il he
s age o ul ima e consump ion. This amewo k
p o ides a sys ema ic me hodology o ecognizing
and analyzing ood sa e y isks, implemen ing
app op ia e con ol measu es, and communica ing
isk- ela ed in o ma ion o ele an s akeholde s.
These heo e ical backg ounds p o ide aluable
pe spec i es and amewo ks o unde s anding
and add essing ood sa e y issues in he as - ood
indus y. Resea che s can d aw upon hese heo ies
and models o design hei s udies, in e p e
indings, and de elop e ec i e in e en ions and
s a egies o imp o ing ood sa e y knowledge,
a i udes, and p ac ices among ood handle s.
While knowledge is essen ial, ood handle s'
a i udes and pe cep ions owa ds ood sa e y also
play a signi ican ole in shaping hei p ac ices
(Jawo owska e al., 2013). Se e al s udies ha e
explo ed he ela ion be ween a i udes and ood
sa e y beha iou s, wi h some sugges ing ha
posi i e a i udes a e associa ed wi h be e
compliance (Paye e and Sha ens ein, 2005;
Hamed and Mohammed, 2019). Howe e ,
con lic ing indings ha e also been epo ed,
highligh ing he need o u he in es iga ion in o
he complex in e play o ac o s in luencing ood
handle s' a i udes and beha iou s (Bucche i e al.,
2010). Obse a ional s udies and sel - epo ed da a
ha e been used o assess ood handle s' hygiene
p ac ices in a ious ood se ice se ings, including
as ood es au an s (Soa es e al., 2012;
Tabachnick and Fidell, 2007; Pallan , 2020).
These s udies ha e iden i ied common a eas o
conce n, such as inadequa e hand wash, imp ope
empe a u e con ol, and c oss-co up ion.
Howe e , he eliabili y o sel - epo ed da a has
been ques ioned, and obse a ional me hods may
no cap u e he ull ange o p ac ices.
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Alanezi e al.
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2024
The e ec i eness o aining p og ams and
in e en ion s a egies in enhancing ood sa e y
knowledge, a i udes, and p ac ices among ood
handle s was in es iga ed (Dancey and Reidy, 2011).
While some s udies ha e epo ed posi i e ou comes,
o he s ha e highligh ed he need o ailo ed and
cul u ally app op ia e app oaches o ensu e sus ained
beha iou change.
This s udy aimed o unde s and ood handle s'
knowledge, a i udes, and p ac ices in he as - ood
indus y, as well as he need o e ec i e aining and
in e en ion s a egies in Tabuk, Saudi A abia, and
he cul u al and socioeconomic ac o s ha may
in luence ood sa e y compliance.
Ma e ials and me hods
S udy design
The p esen s udy u ilized a c oss-sec ional
ques ionnai e design o e alua e he ood sa e y
knowledge, a i udes, and hygiene habi s o as - ood
es au an wo ke s in Tabuk, Saudi A abia.
S udy popula ion and sampling
The popula ion o he s udy consis ed o ood
manage s who wo k in as - ood es au an s in
Tabuk. A s a i ied andom sampling echnique was
used o ensu e ep esen a ion om di e en ypes o
as - ood es ablishmen s (e.g., local chains,
in e na ional anchises, and independen
es au an s). The sample size was calcula ed using a
o mula o es ima ing p opo ions, conside ing a
con idence le el o 95% and a ma gin o e o o 5%.
Da a collec ion
Da a we e ga he ed u ilizing a cons uc ed su ey,
which was de eloped, based on o me s udies and
adjus ed o he local con ex . The ques ionnai e
consis ed o ou main sec ions:
1. Demog aphic in o ma ion (e.g., age, gende ,
educa ion le el)
2. Food sa e y knowledge assessmen (mul iple-
choice ques ions co e ing a eas such as pe sonal
hygiene, and ood handling)
3. A i udes owa d ood sa e y (Like -scale
s a emen s o measu e pe cep ions and belie s)
4. Sel - epo ed hygiene p ac ices ( equency o
speci ic p ac ices ela ed o hand washing, ood
p epa a ion, and cleaning p ocedu es).
Da a collec ion p ocedu es
Da a collec ion was ca ied ou by ained esea ch
assis an s who isi ed he selec ed as - ood
es au an s. Pa icipan s we e b ie ed abou he s udy
objec i es and a o ded in o med app o al be o e
illing ou he su ey. P i acy and sec ecy we e
gua an eed h oughou he p ocess.
Da a analysis
The da a collec ed we e analysed u ilizing p ope
s a is ical so wa e. In o ma i e s a is ics
( equencies, pe cen ages, means, and s anda d
de ia ions) we e calcula ed o sum up he
demog aphic cha ac e is ics, knowledge le els,
a i udes, and epo ed p ac ices. In e en ial
s a is ics, such as - es , we e employed o examine
ela ionships be ween a iables and iden i y
conside a ions ela ed o ood sa e y knowledge,
a i udes, and habi s.
E hical conside a ions
Pa icipan s (196) in he s udy we e op ional, and
con ibu o s' anonymi y and con iden iali y we e
main ained h oughou he esea ch p ocess. They
we e ea ed espec ully and we e allowed o s op
pa icipa ion whene e hey liked.
Desc ip i e s a is ics
Desc ip i e s a is ics can be used o unde s and
sample cha ac e is ics and he equency dis ibu ion
o esponses o di e en ques ions. A e inpu ing
he da a in o SPSS, equencies and pe cen ages we e
calcula ed o demog aphic a iables.
Resul s
Demog aphic cha ac e is ics
Based on he da a gi en in Table (1), mos o he
con ibu o s’ ages we e be ween 20 and 40 yea s
(66.3%) and he oldes who a e o e 60 a e only
(1.5%). 48% o hem a e males and 52% emales. As
o he educa ional le el, he majo i y (76.5%) ha e a
21
Alanezi e al.
In . J. Biosci.
2024
uni e si y deg ee while (23.5%) o hem do no ha e a
uni e si y deg ee. Almos hal o he pa icipan s
(54.6%) a e go e nmen employees, (25.5%) a e s ill
s uden s, (11.2%) wo k in he p i a e sec o and
(8.7%) o hem ha e no job. Conce ning he ques ion
“Do you ha e ch onic diseases?”, (88.3) o he
pa icipan s answe ed “no”, while only (11.7%)
answe ed “yes”.
Table 2 shows ha he mean column shows ha
means ange om 2.96 (s a emen 10) o 4.00
(s a emen 4), indica ing ha on a e age, pa icipan s
ag eed wi h he s a emen s, as he means a e abo e
he es alue o 0 used in he one-sample - es s.
Desc ip i e s a is ics o he ques ionnai e’s
s a emen s
No s a is ically signi ican di e ences a ibu able
o gende we e ound. Subsequen ly, one-way
analysis o a iance (ANOVA) was pe o med o
de ec di e ences be ween age g oups, educa ional
le els, and occupa ional s a uses. S a is ically
signi ican di e ences we e ound in some
ques ions a ibu able o age, wi h he olde age
g oup (40 yea s and abo e) being mo e likely o
ag ee ha as ood is unheal hy and causes heal h
p oblems.
Using Pea son co ela ion coe icien , a s ong
posi i e co ela ion was ound be ween he equency
o as - ood consump ion and he occu ence o
heal h issues among esponden s hemsel es o hei
amily/ iends. The highe he equency o as - ood
consump ion, he highe he p obabili y o heal h
p oblems.
Explo a o y ac o analysis
An explo a o y ac o analysis was ca ied ou
u ilizing P incipal Componen Analysis wi h Va imax
o a ion. Th ee main ac o s explaining
app oxima ely 60% o he o al a iance in he da a
we e ex ac ed. The i s ac o ep esen ed "heal h
and nu i ion awa eness," he second ac o
ep esen ed "cleanliness and sa e y in as ood
es au an s," and he hi d ac o ep esen ed " as
ood consump ion habi s and p ac ices".
Table 1. The demog aphic cha ac e is ics o he sample (N= 196)
Va iable
Le els
F equency
Pe cen age (%)
Age
Unde 20
16
8.2%
20
-
40
130
66.3%
40
-
60
47
24%
O e 60
3
1.5%
Gende
Male
94
48%
emale
102
52%
Educa ional le el
Below Bachelo 's
46
23.5%
Bachelo 's
150
76.5%
Occupa ion
No job
17
8.7%
S uden
50
25.5%
Go e nmen employee
107
54.6%
P i a e sec o employee
22
11.2%
Table 2. Desc ip i e s a is ics o he ques ionnai e’s s a emen s (N=196)
S a emen
S ongly
ag ee
Ag ee
Neu al
Disag ee
S ongly
disag ee
S anda d
de ia ion
Mean
1
-
Do you ha e as
-
ood?
N
79
66
22
25
4
8.93 3.79
%
40.3%
33.87%
11.2%
12.8%
2%
2
-
How o en do you ha e as
-
ood?
N
55
93
32
11
5
1.2 3.92
%
28%
47.4%
1.6%
5.6%
2.6%
3
-
Do you amily membe s o
iends ha e as - ood?
N
86
53
12
42
3
1.12 3.90
%
43.9%
27%
6.1%
21.4%
1.5%
4
-
How o en do hem
(you
amily membe s and iends)
ha e as - ood?
N
76
72
22
24
2
1.1 4.00
% 38.8% 36.7%
11.2% 12.2% 1%
5
-
Did you ha e any heal h
N
51
38
53
21
33
1.51
3.27
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Alanezi e al.
In . J. Biosci.
2024
p oblems because o ha ing as
-
ood?
% 26.0% 19.4%
27% 10.7% 16.8%
6
-
Did you amily
membe s o
iends ha e any heal h
p oblems because o ha ing as -
ood?
N
66
43
45
24
18
1.47 3.58
% 33.7% 21.9%
23% 12.2% 9.2%
7
-
A e you sa is ied wi h he
cleanness o he as - ood
es au an s in Tabuk?
N
36
84
40
10
26
1.34 3.47
% 18.4% 42.9%
20.4%
5.1% 13.3%
8
-
Did you hea d abou
poisoning cases because o
ha ing as - ood?
N
76
33
18
62
7
1.45 3.56
% 38.8% 16.8%
9.2% 3.2% 3.6%
9
-
Do wo ke s in as
-
ood
es au an s ollow he cleanness
and p e en ion measu es
equi ed o sa e y?
N
37
84
42
15
18
1.33 3.54
% 18.9% 42.9%
21.4% 7.7% 9.1%
10
-
Is he e sugges ions o
cus ome s’ sa is ac ion
e alua ion box?
N
26
48
62
14
46
1.46 2.96
% 13.2% 24.5%
31.6% 7.2% 23.5%
11
-
A e you awa e o sound
nu i ion p inciples?
N
79
34
11
62
10
1.49 3.56
%
40.3%
17.3%
5.6%
31.6%
5.2%
12
-
A e you in e es ed in he
numbe o calo ies in he meal
be o e, ha ing i ?
N
53
46
45
36
16
1.41 3.72
% 27% 23.5%
23% 18.3% 8.2%
13
-
Do you know ha as
-
ood
causes a lo o diseases as i is
ull o a lo o sa u a ed a s and
oils?
N
69
14
7
102
4
1.38 3.21
% 35.1% 7.1% 3.6% 52% 2%
14
-
Did you amily o physician
wa ns you o he haza ds o
ha ing as - ood?
N
74
34
17
64
7
1.5 3.53
% 37.7% 17.3%
8.6% 32.6% 3.8%
15
-
A e you gene ally sa is ied
wi h ha ing as - ood?
N
24
59
60
13
40
1.4 3.07
%
1.22%
30.1%
30.6%
6.6%
20.4%
Rega ding he ques ion esponses, means and
s anda d de ia ions we e calcula ed o each
ques ion. I was obse ed ha he highes mean was
o he ques ion " How o en do hem (you amily
membe s and iends) ha e as - ood??" (mean 4.0)
in s a emen 4, while he lowes mean was o he
ques ion " Is he e sugges ions o cus ome s’
sa is ac ion e alua ion box??" (mean 2.96) in
s a emen 10.
Th ough hese analyses, i is e iden ha mos
pa icipa o s a e conscious o he de imen al impac s
o as ood on heal h, bu he e a e some doub s
abou he adhe ence o as - ood es au an s o
app op ia e hygiene and sa e y p ac ices. I was also
no ed ha he e is a obus co ela ion be ween
equen as - ood ea ing and he p esence o heal h
p oblems. Olde age g oups seem o be mo e
conscious o he heal h isks o as ood, pe haps due
o hei pe sonal expe ience o knowledge o he
complica ions o li es yle- ela ed diseases. Fac o
analysis e ealed h ee dis inc dimensions ela ed o
heal h and nu i ion awa eness, cleanliness in as -
ood es au an s, and as - ood consump ion habi s.
These dimensions can be used o design awa eness
s a egies and a ge ed in e en ions o imp o e
heal h and nu i ion in he communi y.
Discussion
Food sa e y in he as - ood indus y has been a
subjec o inc easing conce n globally. Se e al
a emp s ha e been made o in es iga e he
knowledge, a i udes, and p ac ices o ood handle s
in a ious con ex s, shedding ligh on he challenges
and oppo uni ies o imp o ing ood sa e y
compliance.
Food manage s' knowledge o ood sa e y p inciples is
a c ucial elemen in ensu ing sa e ood handling
p ac ices. As s a ed by P en ice and Jebb (2003) in
hei s udy, he e a e a ying le els o knowledge
among ood handle s, o en in luenced by ac o s such
as educa ional a ainmen , aining, and wo k
expe ience. This ag ees wi h Egan e al. (2007),
23
Alanezi e al.
In . J. Biosci.
2024
Pe ei a e al. (2005), and Lee e al. (2017) who
men ioned ha inadequa e knowledge can lead o
poo hygiene p ac ices and an inc eased isk o
oodbo ne illnesses.
The ou comes o he p esen s udy supply a wo hy
unde s anding o he ood sa e y knowledge,
a i udes, and hygiene habi s o as - ood es au an
wo ke s in Tabuk, Saudi A abia. The ou comes
e ealed ha while mos o he pa icipan s had
adequa e awa eness o ood sa e y p inciples, he e
we e gaps in hei a i udes and epo ed p ac ices,
which is consis en wi h p e ious s udies. The high
le el o awa eness abou he po en ial heal h isks o
as - ood consump ion amongs he pa icipa o s is
consis en wi h he s udy o P en ice and Jebb (2003)
which has highligh ed he g owing public conce n
abou he impac o as ood on heal h.
Howe e , he low mean sco e o he ques ion
ega ding adhe ence o hygiene and sa e y p ac ices
in as - ood es au an s aises conce ns abou he
applica ion o ood sa e y p ocedu es in hese
es ablishmen s. This inding aligns wi h Egan e al.
(2007) and Lee e al. (2017) ha ha e iden i ied gaps
in ood sa e y p ac ices and he need o s ic e
moni o ing and en o cemen mechanisms.
The posi i e associa ion be ween he equency o
as - ood consump ion and he occu ence o heal h
issues suppo s he well-es ablished link be ween
unheal hy die a y pa e ns and he de elopmen o
ch onic illnesses (Pe ei a e al., 2005; Jawo owska e
al., 2013). This inding emphasizes he necessi y o
suppo ing heal h ul ea ing habi s as well as aising
awa eness abou he po en ial long- e m
consequences o equen as - ood consump ion. The
age- ela ed di e ences in esponses, wi h olde
indi iduals being mo e likely o ecognize he heal h
isks o as ood, may be a ibu ed o pe sonal
expe iences o inc eased knowledge abou li es yle-
ela ed diseases. This inding highligh s he need o
a ge ed educa ional and awa eness campaigns
ailo ed o di e en age g oups and hei speci ic
needs and conce ns. The explo a o y ac o analysis
iden i ied h ee dis inc dimensions ela ed o heal h
and nu i ion awa eness, cleanliness and sa e y in
as - ood es au an s, and as - ood consump ion
habi s and p ac ices. These dimensions p o ide a
amewo k o designing in e en ions and s a egies
o add ess he mul i ace ed aspec s o as - ood ea ing
and i s in luence on public heal h.
The s udy was conduc ed in a speci ic geog aphic
loca ion, and he indings may no be gene alizable o
o he egions o coun ies wi h di e en cul u al and
socioeconomic con ex s.
Conclusion
This s udy highligh s he impo ance o add essing
ood sa e y knowledge, a i udes, and hygiene
p ac ices in he as - ood indus y o sa egua d
public heal h and gua an ee cus ome us . While
he indings indica e adequa e knowledge le els
among ood handle s in Tabuk, he e is a need o
a ge ed in e en ions o b idge he gaps in
a i udes and p ac ices. Con inuous aining,
moni o ing, and he p omo ion o a s ong ood
sa e y cul u e a e c ucial o enhancing ood sa e y
compliance and p e en ing oodbo ne illnesses.
Ex a in es iga ion is equi ed o in es iga e he
e ec i eness o in e en ion s a egies and o
add ess he speci ic challenges aced in di e en
cul u al and egula o y con ex s.
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