Co esponding au ho : Jean Lopez ESSEHI
Copy igh © 2025 Au ho (s) e ain he copy igh o his a icle. This a icle is published unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion Liscense 4.0.
Use o e micompos and e miwash o p oduce bagged ubbe plan s in nu se ies:
A p o i able echnique in Cô e d’I oi e
Jean Lopez ESSEHI 1, *, Mahyao Ge main ADOLPHE 2, Pulche ie N’guessan Kan KOUAKOU 3 and e Samuel
OBOUAYEBA 4
1 Na ional Cen e o Ag icul u al Resea ch, Cen al Labo a o y o Soil, Wa e and Plan s, Sus ainable Soil Managemen
and Wa e Con ol P og amme.
2 Na ional Cen e o Ag icul u al Resea ch, Gagnoa Resea ch S a ion, Ag icul u al Sys ems and Sus ainable De elopmen
P og amme.
3 Na ional Cen e o Ag icul u al Resea ch, Food C ops Resea ch S a ion, Ma ke Ga dening and P o ein C ops
P og amme.
4 Na ional Cen e o Ag icul u al Resea ch, Bimb esso Resea ch S a ion, Rubbe T ee P og amme
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(02), 652-666
Publica ion his o y: Recei ed on 27 June 2025; e ised on 02 Augus 2025; accep ed on 05 Augus 2025
A icle DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.30574/wja .2025.27.2.2808
Abs ac
The p o i abili y o using e micompos and e miwash made om poul y d oppings in ubbe ee nu se ies was
e alua ed in Cô e d'I oi e as pa o he p ojec ‘’ O ganic was e ecycling in ubbe ee nu se ies by e mi echnology
‘’. The expe imen al design used o he demons a ion es comp ises h ee ea men s ( e micompos -VC, e miwash-
VW and a me p ac ice-Con ol T) ca ied ou a he Resea ch S a ion (CNRA/Bimb esso) and a ubbe ee nu se ies
in Abengou ou, Alépé and Daouk o. The Cos -Bene i analysis e ealed ha he use o VW ea men is mo e p o i able.
Fo e e y 100 F CFA in es ed, he gain a ied om 42 o 70 F CFA. The bene i s o VW anged om 7,525,556 o
7,977,667 F CFA/ha/yea . P o i s om VW anged om 7,525,556 o 7,977,667 F CFA/ha/yea . The VC was p o i able
only in he S a ion (4,984,484 F CFA/ha/yea ), which may e lec he nu se ymen's lack o knowledge o his echnology.
T aining in he p oduc ion o e miwash and e micompos om poul y d oppings should be ein o ced o ubbe
ee nu se y p oduce s in Cô e d'I oi e.
Keywo ds : P o i abili y; Ve micompos ; Ve miwash; He ea b asiliensis; Nu se ie; Cô e d'I oi e
1. In oduc ion
The ubbe ee (He ea b asiliensis Muell A g.) is a la ex plan o he Eupho biaceae amily, om he Amazon basin in
B azil (Bouychou, 1963; Compagnon, 1986). He ea cul i a ion was in oduced in Cô e d'I oi e in he 1950s as pa o a
policy o c op di e si ica ion (Canh, 1999). Since 1997, Cô e d'I oi e has become A ica's leading la ex p oduce . Wi h a
p oduc ion o 1,332,636 ons o la ex in 2022, i.e. 80% o he con inen 's p oduc ion, he coun y anks 4 h in he wo ld
wi h one o he bes yields in he wo ld, i.e. 1,650 kg/ha/yea (Kéli e al., 1997). The c ea ion o a ubbe plan a ion
in ol es he impo an s ep o ins alling a nu se y o gua an ee he quali y o he plan ing ma e ial and he sus ainabili y
and p o i abili y o he ope a ion. Howe e , ubbe ee nu se ymen a e being con on ed wi h a educ ion in he
a ailabili y o opsoil, he humus-bea ing su ace ho izon used o ill nu se y bags (Essehi e al., 2021). This si ua ion
has encou aged ubbe ee nu se ymen o make inc easing use o a ious ypes o chemical e ilize s o accele a e he
ege a i e g ow h o seedlings and p omo e plan g ow h once hey ha e been ans e ed o he ield. While e ilize s
inc ease c op yields, hey a e also esponsible o soil deg ada ion and pollu ion o he su ounding wa e able (Bado,
2002). Chemical e ilize s could a ec he biological balance o soils by a ec ing he di e si y and ac i i y o bene icial
mic o-o ganisms such as bac e ia and ungi. Gi en he disad an ages associa ed wi h he use o mine al e ilize s, he
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(02), 652-666
653
use o o ganic was e as bio e ilize s ( e micompos and e miwash) h ough he ac ion o ea hwo ms appea s o be
a sus ainable al e na i e o p oduce ubbe plan s in nu se ies. The e o e, any e ilize p oduc o e ed o ubbe
nu se ymen should mee he s anda ds o induced yield and p o i abili y ha a e essen ial o ulga iza ion. This
esea ch no e se s ou he echnical and economic bases o he p o i able p oduc ion o ubbe plan s in bagged
nu se ies in Cô e d’I oi e.
2. Ma e ials and me hods
2.1. Biological ma e ial
The GT1 clone o He ea B asiliensis was used as oo s ock. This clone was selec ed o i s high a e o success in g a ing
plan s (Peno , 2001). The plan ma e ial used o g a he plan s (scion) a ies om one nu se yman o ano he . These
g a s come om he i e clones popula ized in u al a eas in Co e d’I oi e.
2.2. S udy si e and Expe imen al design
The s udy was conduc ed a Bimb esso (CNRA esea ch s a ion) and in he a ming a eas o Alépé, Abengou ou and
Daouk o. Demons a ion uni s we e cons uc ed o p oduce e micompos and e miwash (Figu e 1). The expe imen al
design includes h ee (3) ea men s ( e micompos -VC, e miwash-VW and con ol-T) es ed on he ege a i e g ow h
o ubbe plan s in bag nu se ies. T ea men Con ol (T) was e ilized using he chemical e ilize NPK 10 18 18. Fo
each ea men , 640 plan s we e conside ed, wi h 80 plan s pe 8 lines.
Figu e 1 (A) Pla o m o compos p oduc ion (p e-decomposi ion o o ganic was e) and (B) e micompos and
e miwash p oduc ion sub-uni ins alled a he ubbe nu se ymen
2.3. Da a collec ion and analysis
Ag oeconomic da a we e collec ed a he ou (4) si es o e alua e he p o i abili y o using e micompos and
e miwash made om poul y d oppings compa ed wi h he Con ol (T) e ilized wi h he chemical e ilize NPK 10
18 18. A he ag onomic le el, he pa ame e measu ed was he numbe o ans e able plan s a ield, i.e. he numbe
o g a ed plan s wi h a diame e g ea e han 20 mm a e checking he success o he plan s ha had been success ully
g a ed. Colla diame e (D) was measu ed 60 days a e g a ing.
The T ans e able Plan Ra e (TxT) is ob ained using equa ion 1 below:
TxT = (NbP / NbP T) x 100……. (1)
Wi h :
TxT (%) = Ra e o plan s ans e able o he ield a e g a ing
NbP = Numbe o g a ed plan s wi h a diame e g ea e han o equal o 20 mm
NbP T = To al numbe o success ully g a ed plan s
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(02), 652-666
654
The TxT (%) ob ained om 640 plan s pe ea men was ex apola ed o he hec a e based on 90,000 plan s pe hec a e
o a bagged ubbe plan in nu se y.
Figu e 2 Measu emen o colla diame e o ubbe plan s (A) and g a ing o ubbe plan s (B)
The p o i abili y analysis was based on he de e mina ion o he Cos -Bene i Ra io (Ri) (Gi inge , 1985). The Ri a io
is ob ained by di iding P o i (Bi) by P oduc ion Cos (CTPi). P o i (Bi) is he di e ence be ween Income (Rei) and
P oduc ion Cos (CTPi). The p oduc ion cos conside s ixed cos s (CF) (dep ecia ion o equipmen ) and a iable cos s
(CV) (labou , in an s, e c.) o p oduce compos based on poul y d oppings, e micompos and e miwash.
Fe iliza ion cos s o nu se y plan s we e es ima ed based on inpu s o 0.5 kg/plan , 0.4 li e /plan and 0.9 kg/plan
o he VC, VW and T (NPK) ea men s espec i ely. The s udy conside ed a cos o 360 F CFA/kg o he pu chase o
NPK 10 18 18 e ilize and 2,000 F CFA/man-day o a m labou . The economic analysis was ca ied ou unde he
Ce e is Pa ibus hypo hesis, assuming ha all o he hings a e equal o he cos elemen s (shed cons uc ion, pu chase
o nu se y bags, illing o bags, wa e ing o plan s, g a ing, e c.) common o he ea men s. The economic pa ame e s
(Rei, Bi and Ri) a e ob ained om equa ions 2, 3 and 4 below:
Rei = TxPT x 90,000 x PVP (2)
Bi = Rei - CTPi (3)
Ri= [Bi/ CTPi] (4)
Wi h:
Rei = Re enue (in F CFA/ha/yea )
CTPi = To al P oduc ion Cos s (in F CFA/ha/yea )
Bi = P o i (in F CFA/ha/yea )
TxPT = Ra e o plan s ans e able o he ield a e g a ing (in %)
PVP = P ice o ans e able plan s in he ield (450 F CFA/plan ) (unsubsidized p ice)
i = T ea men (VC and VW)
3. Resul s and discussion
3.1. P oduc ion cos s, income and bene i s o Ve micompos and Ve miwash
The p oduc ion cos s, income and p o i s e alua ed acco ding o he ea men s (VC, VW and T) a e p esen ed by
si e/locali y ( ables 1 o 4 in he appendix).
Analysis o Table 1 shows ha he p oduc ion cos s o VC and VW we e 353 F CFA/kg and 413 F CFA/kg espec i ely
a he CNRA Bimb esso s a ion. The p oduc ion cos s o ubbe plan s in he nu se y we e lowe wi h VW (14,883,721
F CFA/ha/yea ) and VC (15,873,016 F CFA/ha/yea ) han wi h NPK (29,160,000 F CFA/ha/yea ). The a e o plan s
ans e able o he ield was, howe e , highe wi h NPK (52,200 plan s/ha) han wi h VW (48,600 plan s/ha) and VC
(46,350 plan s/ha). Income om NPK was high, bu in e ms o p oduc ion cos s, o ganic e ilize s (VW and VC) we e
mo e p o i able (6,986,279 F CFA/ha/yea and 4,984,484 F CFA/ha/yea ). Table 2 shows he analysis o Abengou ou
si e. The p oduc ion cos s o VC and VW in his locali y we e espec i ely 658 F CFA/kg and 461 F CFA/kg. The
p oduc ion cos s o ubbe plan s in he nu se y we e 29,631,746 F CFA/ha/yea o VC, 16,593,778 F CFA/ha/yea o
VW and 29,160,000 F CFA/ha/ha/yea o NPK. The a es o plan s ans e able o he ield we e 63,720 plan s/ha wi h
VC, 62,820 plan s/ha wi h VW and 62,460 plan s/ha wi h NPK. The use o e ilize p oduc s (VC and VW) was bene icial
wi h VW (11,675,222 F CFA/ha/yea ). A Alépé, he p oduc ion cos s o VC and VW we e 634 F CFA/kg and 443 F
CFA/kg espec i ely (Table 3). The p oduc ion cos s o ubbe plan s in he nu se y we e 28,507,937 F CFA/ha/yea
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(02), 652-666
655
o VC, 15,964,444 F CFA/ha/yea o VW and 29,160,000 F CFA/ha/yea o NPK. The a es o plan s ans e able o
he ield we e 63,720 plan s/ha wi h VC, 62,820 plan s/ha wi h VW and 62,460 plan s/ha wi h NPK. Fe ilize use was
p o i able wi h VW (7,525,556 F CFA/ha/yea ). A Daouk o, VC and VW p oduc ion cos s we e 760 F CFA/kg and 532
F CFA/kg espec i ely (Table 4). The p oduc ion cos s o ubbe plan s in he nu se y we e 34,209,524 F CFA/ha/yea
o VC, 19,157,33 F CFA/ha/yea o VW and 29,160,000 F CFA/ha/yea o NPK. The a es o plan s ans e able o he
ield we e 38,250 plan s/ha wi h VC, 60,300 plan s/ha wi h VW and 49,950 plan s/ha wi h NPK. The use o
e mi echnology p oduc s was bene icial wi h VW (7,977,667 F CFA/ ha/yea ). O e all, i was ound ha VW and VC
we e p o i able on he s a ion and ha he use o VW was bene icial in all he locali ies in he s udy. The su ey o
nu se ymen e ealed a be e app ecia ion o VW compa ed wi h VC and chemical e ilize s (NPK, u ea).
3.2. Cos -bene i a ios o e micompos and e miwash
Figu e 3 shows he cos -bene i a ios o VC and VW compa ed wi h mine al T e iliza ion (NPK 10 18 18) in he ubbe
plan nu se y. The g aph shows ha he cos -bene i a ios we e posi i e o he VW in all he s udy si es (0.7 a
Abengou ou, 0.47 a Alépé and Bimb esso and 0.42 a Daouk o). These a ios indica e ha o e e y 100 CFA ancs
in es ed, he use o VW o e s a p o i o 70 CFA ancs a Abengou ou, 47 CFA ancs a Alépé and Bimb esso and 42
CFA ancs a Daouk o. On he CNRA Bimb esso si e, he a io ob ained wi h he VC is 0.31, i.e. a p o i o 31 CFA ancs
pe 100 CFA ancs in es ed. The analysis also e ealed ha he use o VC was no p o i able o nu se ymen, no was
he use o NPK e ilize s (900 g/plan , i.e. 300 g/plan in 3 applica ions) in ubbe plan nu se ies. The ad an age o
VW is ha he p oduc ion cos pe plan (0.4 li e /plan ) is lowe o nu se ymen han o o he e ilize s (VC and
NPK).
Figu e 3 Cos -bene i a io o he use o e micompos and e miwash in ubbe plan nu se ies
4. Conclusion
The p o i abili y o using bio e ilize s ( e micompos and e miwash) based on poul y d oppings was e alua ed in
compa ison wi h chemical e ilize T (NPK 10 18 18) o p oduce ubbe plan in nu se y a Cô e d'I oi e. The analysis
e eals ha he use o VW b ings a gain anging om 42 F CFA o 70 F CFA pe 100 F CFA in es ed. The use o VC was
p o i able only on esea ch s a ions (4,984,484 F CFA/ha/yea ), which could e lec he nu se ymen's poo mas e y o
Ve mi echnology. T aining in he p oduc ion o e micompos and e miwash needs o be s epped up o nu se ymen.
Compliance wi h e hical s anda ds
Acknowledgemen s
The au ho s would like o hank he Fonds In e p o essional pou la Reche che e le Conseil Ag icole (FIRCA) and he
Associa ion des P o essionals e Manu ac u e s de Caou chouc (APROMAC) o Cô e d'I oi e o hei echnical and
inancial suppo o his s udy.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(02), 652-666
656
Disclosu e o con lic o in e es
The au ho s decla ed no con lic o in e es
S a emen o in o med consen
All con ibu ing au ho s ead and app o ed he inal manusc ip o publica ion.
Re e ences
[1] Bado BV (2002). Rôle des légumineuses su la e ili é des sols e ugineux opicaux des zones guinéenne e
soudanienne du Bu kina Faso, Thèse de doc o a , Uni e si é La al, 197p.
h ps://co pus.ula al.ca/jspui/bi s eam/20.500.11794/17788/1/20487.pd
[2] Bouychou JG (1963). Manuel du plan eu d’hé éa : la biologie de l'hé éa. Socié é edi ions echniques
con inen ales.
[3] Compagnon 1986. Le caou chouc na u el. Cos e R. ed, G.P. Maisonneu e e La ose, Pa is, 595 p.
[4] Canh TV (1999) Reche che pou le sec eu Hé éicole en Cô e d'I oi e. Plan a ion, Reche che, Dé eloppemen , 6,
102-106.
[5] Ca an P, Le ou my P, Zag e B, Minougou A, e Compao é E (2001). Rendemen de l'a achide e du so gho en
o a ion sous di é en s i iné ai es echniques au Bu kina Faso. Cahie s ag icul u es, 10(3), 159-172.
[6] Essehi JL, Soumahin EF, Yao GF, Obouayeba S, and Yao-Kouamé A (2021) Imp o ing he Quali y o Rubbe Plan s
in Bagged Nu se ies Using Compos -Based Cul u e Subs a es. Open Jou nal o Soil Science, 11, 567-585. doi:
10.4236/ojss.2021.1111028
[7] Gi inge , JP (1985). Analyse économique des p oje s ag icoles. The Wo ld Bank.
[8] Kéli ZJ, Kpolo DM, Déa GB, Boa D e Alle -Don A (1997). L’hé éacul u e en Cô e d’I oi e : Si ua ion ac uelle e
pe spec i es. Plan a ions, Reche ches, Dé eloppemen 4(1): 5 – 11.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(02), 652-666
657
Appendixes
Table 1 P oduc ion cos s, e enue and bene i s om he use o e micompos in ubbe ee nu se ies a si e o CNRA Bimb esso / Cô e d'I oi e
FIXED CHARGES
Uni
Quan i y
Uni cos (F CFA)
To al cos
Dep ecia ion
(yea s)
Annual cos
Compos ing
Sho el
-
2
2 500
5 000
1
5 000
Bucke
-
2
2 500
5 000
1
5 000
Sub o al Compos ing equipmen
10 000
Ve micompos ing
Table o 6 anks wi h aps
able
4
25 000
100 000
5
20 000
Tanks wi h aps
ank
21
11 200
235 200
3
78 400
D aine
box
21
200
4 200
2
2 100
Box o 25 L
box
42
500
21 000
2
10 500
Sand (Ø ≥ 2 cm)
wheelba ow
4
3 000
12 000
3
4 000
Sea sand
sand
1
25 000
25 000
3
8 333
Sub o al e micompos ing ma e ial
123 333
VARIABLES COST
Uni
Quan i y/Cycle
Uni cos (F CFA)
To al cos /Cycle
Numbe o
Cycle/yea s
Annual cos
Compos ing (4-mon h cycle)
Inpu s
Plas ic
me e
20
500
10 000
3
30 000
Poul y manu e
sac
24
500
12 000
3
36 000
Manpowe
De ice assembly (Sp eading manu e on
plas ic)
HJ
2
2 000
4 000
3
12 000
Tu ning and wa e ing
HJ
16
2 000
32 000
3
96 000
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(02), 652-666
658
Sub o al Compos ing
174 000
Ve micompos ing (2-mon h cycle)
Inpu s
Ea hwo ms
4 200
0
0
1
0
Manpowe
Collec ing ea hwo ms
HJ
5
2 000
10 000
1
10 000
De ice assembly
HJ
4
2 000
8 000
1
8 000
Wa e supply and collec ion e miwash and
e micompos
e
HJ
16
2 000
32 000
6
192 000
Sub o al Ve micompos ing
210 000
TOTAL PRODUCTION COST
Uni
Annual Cos
Compos (C)
F CFA
184 000
Ve micompos and e miwash (VC and VW)
F CFA
333 333
PRODUCTION OF ORGANIC FERTILIZERS
Uni
Quan i y/Cycle
Numbe o
Cycle/yea s
Annual o al
Quan i y o Compos (C)
Kg
840
3
2 520
Quan i y o Ve micompos (VC)
Kg
158
6
945
Quan i y o Ve miwash (VW)
Li e
134
6
806
UNIT COST PER PRODUCTION
Compos
F CFA/Kg
73
Ve micompos
F CFA/Kg
353
Ve miwash
F CFA/Li e
413
PRODUCTION OF HEVEA PLANTS
COST OF PRODUCTION OF HEVEA PLANTS
Quan i y o
Fe ilize /plan
Cos o Fe ilize (F
CFA/Kg-L)
Numbe
Plan s/ha
Uni Cos (F
CFA/plan )
Annual o al
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(02), 652-666
659
VC
F CFA/ha/an
0,500
353
90 000
176
15 873 016
VW
F CFA/ha/an
0,400
413
90 000
165
14 883 721
NPK 10 18 18 (Con ol T ea men )
F CFA/ha/an
0,900
360
90 000
324
29 160 000
REVENUE
Numbe o
Plan s
Ra e o ans e able o
he ield
Numbe o Plan s
/ha
Uni P ice (F
CFA/plan )
Annual o al
VC
F CFA/ha/an
160
0,515
46 350
450
20 857 500
VW
F CFA/ha/an
160
0,540
48 600
450
21 870 000
NPK 10 18 18 (Con ol T ea men )
F CFA/ha/an
160
0,580
52 200
450
23 490 000
PROFIT (B)
To al Annuel
VC
F CFA/ha/an
4 984 484
VW
F CFA/ha/an
6 986 279
NPK 10 18 18 (Con ol T ea men )
F CFA/ha/an
-5 670 000
Sou ce : Su ey da a, 2021
Tableau 1 P oduc ion cos s, e enue and bene i s om he use o e micompos in ubbe ee nu se ies a si e o Abengou ou /Cô e d’I oi e
FIXED CHARGES
Uni
Quan i y
Uni cos (F CFA)
To al cos
Dep ecia ion
(yea s)
Annual cos
Compos ing
Sho el
2
2 500
5 000
1
5 000
Bucke
2
2 500
5 000
1
5 000
Sub o al Compos ing equipmen
10 000
Ve micompos ing
Table o 6 anks wi h aps
able
3
30 000
90 000
5
18 000
Tanks wi h aps
ank
18
10 000
180 000
3
60 000
D aine
box
18
200
3 600
2
1 800
Box o 25 L
box
36
500
18 000
2
9 000
Sand (Ø ≥ 2 cm)
wheelba ow
4
3 000
12 000
3
4 000
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(02), 652-666
660
Sea sand
sand
1
25 000
25 000
3
8 333
Sub o al e micompos ing ma e ial
101 133
VARIABLES COST
Uni
Quan i y/Cycle
Uni cos (F CFA)
To al cos
/cycle
Numbe o
cycle/yea s
Annual cos
Compos ing (4-mon h cycle)
Inpu s
Plas ic
me e
20
500
10 000
3
30 000
Poul y manu e
sac
21
500
10 286
3
30 857
Manpowe
De ice assembly (Sp eading manu e
on
plas ic)
HJ
2
2 000
4 000
3
12 000
Tu ning and wa e ing)
HJ
16
2 000
32 000
3
96 000
Sub o al Compos ing
168 857
Ve micompos ing (2-mon h cycle)
Inpu s
Ea hwo ms
3 600
0
0
1
0
Manpowe
Collec ing ea hwo ms
HJ
5
2 000
10 000
1
10 000
De ice assembly
HJ
4
2 000
8 000
1
8 000
Wa e supply and collec ion
e miwash and e micompos
HJ
16
2 000
32 000
6
192 000
Sub o al Ve micompos ing
210 000
TOTAL PRODUCTION COST
Uni
Compos (C)
F CFA
178 857
Ve micompos and e miwash (VC
and VW)
F CFA
311 133
