*Co esponding au ho : Ndi eke Enobong N uenibok
Copy igh © 2025 Au ho (s) e ain he copy igh o his a icle. This a icle is published unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion License 4.0.
E ec o Gong onema la i olium and Tel ai ia occiden alis Lea F ac ions on Hepa o-
enal Func ion o S ep ozo ocin-induced Diabe ic Wis a Ra s
Ndi eke Enobong N uenibok 1, *, G ace Syl es e E iong 2, Nse Udoka Ebe 2, U ibe E ans Bassey 3, Unwana
Daniel Udo 4 and G ace Emmanuel Essien 4
1 Depa men o Biochemis y, Facul y o Na u al and Applied Sciences, Ri man Uni e si y, Iko Ekpene, Akwa Ibom s a e,
Nige ia.
2 Depa men o Biochemis y, Facul y o Biological Sciences, Uni e si y o Uyo, Uyo, Akwa Ibom s a e, Nige ia.
3 Depa men o Biochemis y, Facul y o Biological Sciences, Akwa Ibom S a e Uni e si y, Iko Akpaden, Akwa Ibom s a e,
Nige ia.
4 Depa men o Pha macology and Toxicology, Facul y o Pha macy, Uni e si y o Uyo, Uyo, Akwa Ibom s a e, Nige ia.
GSC Biological and Pha maceu ical Sciences, 2025, 32(03), 322-334
Publica ion his o y: Recei ed on 16 Augus 2025; e ised on 27 Sep embe 2025; accep ed on 30 Sep embe 2025
A icle DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.30574/gscbps.2025.32.3.0372
Abs ac
The e ec s o o al adminis a ion o me hanol and e hyl ace a e lea ac ions o Gong onema la i olium (GL) and
Tel ai ia occiden alis (TO) on he li e and kidney unc ions o s ep ozo ocin-induced diabe ic Wis a a s we e
in es iga ed. Fi y- ou male a s we e so ed in o 9 g oups o 6 animals each. S ep ozo ocin (60 mg/kg bw) was
adminis e ed in a-pe i oneally o induce diabe es in G oups II – IX. G oups I and II se ed as no mal con ol (NC) and
diabe ic con ol (DC) espec i ely. G oups III, IV and V we e ea ed wi h insulin (10 IU/kg), me hanol and e hyl ace a e
ac ions o GL espec i ely. G oups VI and VII we e ea ed wi h me hanol and e hyl ace a e ac ions o TO espec i ely
while g oups VIII and IX we e ea ed wi h combined me hanol and e hyl ace a e ac ions o GL and TO espec i ely.
All ac ions we e adminis e ed a 500 mg/Kg bw o 28days. Biochemical pa ame e s o li e and kidney and hei
espec i e his opa hology we e assessed. The esul showed signi ican (p<0.05) inc ease in he AST, ALT, ALP
ac i i ies, o al bili ubin, u ea, c ea inine, sodium, po assium and chlo ide concen a ions coupled wi h signi ican
(p<0.05) dec ease in he o al p o ein and albumin concen a ions in he DC g oup, when compa ed o he NC. Howe e ,
he ac ion ea ed g oups showed signi ican (p<0.05) dec eases in he AST, ALT, ALP ac i i ies and o al bili ubin,
u ea, c ea inine, sodium, po assium and chlo ide concen a ions wi h signi ican (p<0.05) inc ease in he o al p o ein
and albumin concen a ions when compa ed o he DC g oup. The his ological ea u es o he ac ion ea ed g oups
was e iden wi h imp o ed cy o-a chi ec u e o li e and kidney issues compa ed o he a ophying a eas o
degene a ed cells and mic o- esicula s ea osis seen in he DC g oup. This s udy he e o e demons a e he amelio a i e
po en ial o Gong onema la i olium and Tel ai ia occiden alis me hanol and e hylace a e ac ions agains diabe ic-
induced hepa o- enal oxici y in Wis a a s.
Keywo ds: Diabe es; Hepa o oxici y; Renal oxici y; Gong onema la i olium; Tel ai ia occiden alis
1. In oduc ion
Diabe es melli us is a me abolic diso de associa ed wi h high blood glucose le els caused by dec eased insulin
sec e ion and o dec eased sensi i i y o body cells o he s imula o y impac o insulin [1, 2]. Ch onic hype glycemia
can lead o damage and dys unc ion in a ious in e nal o gans including he li e and kidney. The p e alence o diabe es
has con inued o ise globally, a ibu ed o a ious ac o s including li es yle changes and an aging popula ion [3, 4].
GSC Biological and Pha maceu ical Sciences, 2025, 32(03), 322-334
323
Acco ding o a epo by The In e na ional Diabe es Fede a ion (IDF) [5], diabe es melli us was said o be esponsible
o mo e han 6.7 million dea hs. Fu he mo e, in 2030, i is belie ed ha mo e han 643 million people will be down
wi h diabe es melli us, hence why mos people and cul u e especially in u al a eas a e paying keen a en ion o
medicinal plan . Medicinal plan s ha e been used o ages in he ea men o di e en illnesses including he
managemen o diabe es melli us, especially in he u al a eas whe e access o con en ional medicine may be limi ed
[6, 7]. Plan s ha e been used ac oss a ious cul u es and adi ions o ages due o hei he apeu ic p ope ies,
a ailabili y and a o dabili y [8].
S udies has shown ha diabe es melli us is mos o en accompanied by ch onic kidney and li e diseases, obesi y,
among o he s. The li e plays an essen ial ole in glucose homeos asis by coo dina ing se e al glucose o ma ion and
u iliza ion pa hways a no mal physiological le els, while he kidney se es as an exc e o y issue ha is in ol ed
p ima ily wi h egula ing he blood p essu e, wa e and elec oly es le els in he body [9]. Hence he aim o his s udy
is o de e mine he e ec o lea ac ions o Gong onema la i olium and Tel ai ia occiden alis on he li e and kidney
enzyme ac i i ies and issues in diabe ic male Wis a a s.
Gong onema la i olium and Tel ai ia occiden alis ha e bo h been con i med o be used bo h o nu i ional and medicinal
p ope ies. They a e bo h an idiabe ic plan s ha ha e been used adi ionally as polyhe bal mix u e o he
managemen o he disease and i s ela ed hepa ic and enal associa ed complica ions. S udies ha e also con i med he
indi idual pha macological ac i i y o hese plan s, hence he combined ac ion s udy.
2. Ma e ials and me hod
2.1. Collec ion and Iden i ica ion o Plan Ma e ial
F esh lea es o Gong onema la i olium and Tel ai ia occiden alis we e pu chased om Iko Ambang ma ke , Akwa Ibom
S a e, Nige ia. The plan s we e iden i ied and au hen ica ed a he Depa men o Bo any and Ecological S udies, Facul y
o Biological Sciences, Uni e si y o Uyo, Uyo, Nige ia. They we e assigned ouche numbe s UUPH9(a) o Gong onema
la i olium and UUPH1(a) o Tel ai ia occiden alis, and deposi ed a he Depa men o Pha macognosy and Na u al
Medicine, Facul y o Pha macy He ba ium, Uni e si y o Uyo, Nige ia.
2.2. P epa a ion o Lea Ex ac
The lea es o bo h plan s we e washed, d ained, ai -d ied and g ound in o a coa se powde . The powde s o G. la i olium
and T. occiden alis (600g) each we e mace a ed in 10L o 70 % e hanol o 72 hou s wi h in e mi en s i ing.
The ea e , he mix u es we e il e ed wi h cheese ma e ials and Wha man No 1 il e pape s o ob ain il a es o each
plan sample. The il a es we e concen a ed in a Wa e Ba h a 40 ºC yielding he c ude ex ac s o Gong onema
la i olium and Tel ai ia occiden alis.
2.3. Pa i ioning o Ex ac in o F ac ions
C ude ex ac s o Gong onema la i olium and Tel ai ia occiden alis we e subsequen ly dissol ed in me hanol and
abso bed on o 100g o silica gel (mesh 60-120) and allowed o d y. The d ied samples we e loaded on o a Buckne
unnel p e-packed wi h silica gel G and he se up connec ed o a acuum pump. The sample was pa i ioned successi ely
and exhaus i ely wi h e hyl ace a e and me hanol using he acuum liquid ch oma og aphy (VLC) echnique o ob ain
hei espec i e ac ions. The ac ions we e hen concen a ed a 40 ºC o d yness using o a y e apo a o . The d ied
ac ions we e p ese ed in a e ige a o a 4 ºC un il subsequen ly used o he s udy.
2.4. Expe imen al Animals and Design
Fi y ou (54) heal hy male Wis a a s, we e ob ained om he Animal house o he Depa men o Pha macology and
Toxicology, Facul y o Pha macy, Uni e si y o Uyo, Uyo, Nige ia. They animals we e acclima ized o wo weeks in well
en ila ed cages, wi h ee access o wa e and a eed (Vi al eeds, Nige ia Limi ed) ad libi um. The p o ocol o he
expe imen was app o ed by he Uni e si y o Uyo Resea ch and E hical Commi ee, Uni e si y o Uyo, Nige ia. The
animals we e andomly selec ed in o nine (9) g oups o six (6) animals each and ea ed wice daily o 28 days, as
shown in Table 1.
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Table 1 Expe imen al Design
G oups
Induc ion
T ea men
Dosage
G oup 1
Non- induced
Dis illed wa e
1 ml
G oup 2
Diabe ic
Dis illed wa e
1 ml
G oup 3
Diabe ic
Insulin
10 IU/kg
G oup 4
Diabe ic
GL (me hanol) ac ion
500 mg/kg
G oup 5
Diabe ic
GL (e hylace a e) ac ion
500 mg/kg
G oup 6
Diabe ic
TO (me hanol) ac ion
500 mg/kg
G oup 7
Diabe ic
TO (e hylace a e) ac ion
500 mg/kg
G oup 8
Diabe ic
GL + TO (me hanol) ac ion
250 mg/kg + 250 mg/kg
G oup 9
Diabe ic
GL + TO (e hylace a e) ac ion
250 mg/kg + 250 mg/kg
2.5. Induc ion o Diabe es
S ep ozo ocin (STZ) was pu chased om Sigma Chemical Co., S Louis, MO, USA. Diabe es melli us was induced by
in a-pe i oneal adminis a ion o 60 mg/kg bw o STZ a e he animals we e as ed o e nigh . Se en y- wo hou s a e
he adminis a ion o s ep ozo ocin, blood glucose le els we e measu ed o con i m he de elopmen o diabe es, using
he Glucose es indica o s ips (One-Touch Ho izon Glucome e ). Animals wi h highe o equal o 200 mg/dl a e 3
days o induc ion we e conside ed diabe ic and used o he s udies.
2.6. T ea men and Animal Sac i ice and P epa a ion o Se a o Analysis
The di e en ac ions o Gong onema la i olium and Tel ai ia occiden alis we e adminis e ed daily h ough an o al
cannula o 28 days. Insulin was adminis e ed h ough in a-pe i oneal injec ion. A he end o he ea men pe iod,
he a s we e as ed o e nigh and eu hanized by injec ing wi h ke amine, blood sample was collec ed ia ca diac
punc u e using s e ile needles in o s e ile plain sample bo les. Se um samples we e ob ained om clo ed blood in o
s e ile plain ubes a e cen i uga ion a 3500 pm o 10 minu es using a bench op cen i uge and se um collec ed and
s o ed o subsequen biochemical analysis. The li e and kidney o he expe imen al animals we e emo ed and ixed
in 10 % bu e ed o malin in p epa a ion o issue p ocessing.
2.7. Biochemical Analysis
The concen a ion o Alanine T ansaminase (ALT), Aspa a e T ansaminase (AST) and Alkaline phospha ase (ALP) we e
assayed ollowing he p o ocol as desc ibed by W oblewski and LaDue, [10], Rei man and F ankel [11] and Bowe s e
al. [12] espec i ely. While he ac i i ies o o al p o ein, o al bili ubin, albumin, c ea inine, u ea and elec oly es was
de e mined by he me hod as desc ibed by Hen y [13], Jacobs [14] and Tie z [15].
2.8. His ological e alua ion
The li e and kidney was excised and washed in phospha e-bu e ed saline, and ixed wi h 10% o malin o e nigh .
E alua ion o li e and kidney his ological a chi ec u e was done by s aining wi h hema oxylin and eosin and he
moun ed slides we e hen examined unde a ligh mic oscope. This was done acco ding o me hods as desc ibed by
Okpoghono e al. (2018).
2.9. Da a analysis
The da a we e analyzed using SPSS e sion 25.0. The da a we e subjec ed o desc ip i e analysis, analysis o a iance
(ANOVA) and leas signi ican di e ence (LSD) pos hoc mul iple compa ison. Signi ican di e ences be ween g oups
we e conside ed a P- alues less han 0.05 (P<0.05). Resul s a e exp essed as mean ± s anda d e o o mean (SEM).
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325
3. Resul
3.1. E ec o Gong onema la i olium, Tel ai ia occiden alis and i s combined ac ions on Li e enzymes o
Diabe ic and Non-diabe ic Ra s
The e ec s o Gong onema la i olium, Tel ai ia occiden alis and combined ac ions on li e enzymes in STZ-induced
diabe ic Wis a a s a e shown in igu e 1. The e we e signi ican (p<0.05) inc ease in he AST, ALT, ALP ac i i ies and
o al bili ubin concen a ion coupled wi h signi ican (p<0.05) dec ease in he o al p o ein and albumin concen a ions
in he diabe ic con ol g oup, when compa ed o he no mal con ol g oup. Howe e upon ea men wi h he e e ence
d ug insulin and he ac ions o G. la i olium and T. occiden alis, he e we e signi ican (P<0.05) dec eases in he se um
AST, ALT, ALP ac i i ies and o al bili ubin concen a ion. The e we e also signi ican (p<0.05) inc eases in he o al
p o ein and albumin concen a ions o he ea men g oups, when compa ed o he diabe ic con ol g oup. The
obse ed signi ican (P<0.05) dec ease in se um AST, ALT, ALP and o al bili ubin ac i i ies was highes in combined
me hanol ac ion o G. la i olium and T. occiden alis while me hanol ac ion o G. la i olium showed he highes
signi ican (P<0.05) inc ease o o al p o ein and albumin.
3.2. E ec o Gong onema la i olium, Tel ai ia occiden alis and i s combined ac ions on enal pa ame e s o
Diabe ic and Non-diabe ic Ra s
The e ec s o Gong onema la i olium, Tel ai ia occiden alis and combined ac ions on enal pa ame e s in Wis a a s
a e shown in igu e 2. The e we e signi ican (p<0.05) inc ease in he u ea, c ea inine, sodium, po assium, chlo ide and
bica bona e ac i i ies in he diabe ic con ol g oup, when compa ed o he no mal con ol g oup. Howe e , upon
ea men , he e we e signi ican (p<0.05) dec eases in he u ea, c ea inine, sodium, po assium and chlo ide
concen a ions in all he ac ion ea ed g oups, and an insigni ican (p>0.05) dec ease in bica bona e ac i i y when
compa ed o he diabe ic con ol g oup. The obse ed signi ican (p<0.05) dec eases in he ac ion ea ed g oups was
highes in combined me hanol ac ion o G. la i olium and T. occiden alis o c ea inine and po assium ions, while
combined e hyl ace a e ac ion o G. la i olium and T. occiden alis showed he highes signi ican (p<0.05) dec ease in
sodium and chlo ide ions, while me hanol ac ion o G. la i olium showed he highes signi ican (P<0.05) inc ease o
o al p o ein and albumin.
3.3. E ec o Gong onema la i olium, Tel ai ia occiden alis and i s combined ac ion on his opa hology o li e
issue o diabe ic Wis a a s
The pho omic og aphs o he li e issues a e p esen ed in igu e 3. No mal his ological ea u es such as hepa ic cen al
ein, hepa ic a e y, hepa ic duc , hepa ocy es wi h no mal nucleus we e obse ed in he pho omic og aphs o he li e
issues o no mal con ol g oup in his s udy. The excep ion was seen in he pho omic og aph o he diabe ic con ol
g oup, which demons a ed an a ophying hepa o-a chi ec u e wi h a eas o degene a ed hepa ic cells (yellow a ow)
inc eased degene a ing and acuola ed hepa ocy es ( ed a ow) and widesp ead mic o- esicula s ea osis (black
a ow), wi hin he hepa ic lobules. Howe e , he e was signi ican obse ed amelio a ing e ec in he li e issues
ollowing he adminis a ion o insulin, Gong onema la i olium and Tel ai ia occiden alis ac ions, singly and in
combina ion in he li e issue o diabe ic Wis a a s compa ed o he diabe ic con ol g oup.
3.4. E ec o Gong onema la i olium, Tel ai ia occiden alis and i s combined ac ion on his opa hology o
kidney issue o diabe ic Wis a a s
The pho omic og aphs showing he his opa hology o kidney issues o Wis a a s ollowing he adminis a ion o
Gong onema la i olium, Tel ai ia occiden alis ac ions, singly and in combina ion a e p esen ed in igu e 4. No mal
his ological ea u es o he kidney including enal ubules, bowman’s capsule and glome ulus we e e ealed in he
no mal con ol g oup, while he diabe ic con ol g oup showed an a ophying enal mic o-a chi ec u e, degene a ing
ubules wi h acuola ed duc al cells ( ed a ow), a eas o hemo hagic blood essels (black a ow) and inc ease in e -
connec i e issue ib osis (g een a ows) wi hin he enal co ical ma ix. Howe e , he e was signi ican obse ed
amelio a ing e ec on he kidney cells ollowing he adminis a ion o Gong onema la i olium, Tel ai ia occiden alis
ac ions, singly and in combina ion in he kidney issue compa ed o he diabe ic con ol g oup. This es o a i e ac i i y
o he ac ions singly and combina ion was s a is ically simila o he no mal con ol g oup
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Figu e 1 Li e unc ion pa ame e s in STZ-Induced Diabe ic Wis a a adminis e ed Gong onema la i olium, Tel ai ia
occiden alis ac ions. Da a p esen ed as Mean ± S anda d E o o Mean (ba s ± e o ba s). The means o di e en
g oups we e compa ed and conside ed signi ican ly di e en a (p < 0.05). The signi ican di e ence is de ined hus; a
= signi ican ly di e en when compa ed o G oup 1; b = signi ican ly di e en when compa ed o G oup 2; c =
signi ican ly di e en when compa ed o G oup 3; d = signi ican ly di e en when compa ed o G oup 4; e =
signi ican ly di e en when compa ed o G oup 5; = signi ican ly di e en when compa ed o G oup 6; g =
signi ican ly di e en when compa ed o G oup 7; h = signi ican ly di e en when compa ed o G oup 8. GL =
Gong onema la i olium; TO = Tel ai ia occiden alis; MF = Me hanol F ac ion; EF = E hylace a e F ac ion
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327
Figu e 2 Kidney unc ion pa ame e s in STZ-Induced Diabe ic Wis a a adminis e ed Gong onema la i olium,
Tel ai ia occiden alis ac ions. Da a p esen ed as Mean ± S anda d E o o Mean (ba s ± e o ba s). The means o
di e en g oups we e compa ed and conside ed signi ican ly di e en a (p < 0.05). The signi ican di e ence is
de ined hus; a = signi ican ly di e en when compa ed o G oup 1; b = signi ican ly di e en when compa ed o
G oup 2; c = signi ican ly di e en when compa ed o G oup 3; d = signi ican ly di e en when compa ed o G oup 4; e
= signi ican ly di e en when compa ed o G oup 5; = signi ican ly di e en when compa ed o G oup 6; g =
signi ican ly di e en when compa ed o G oup 7; h = signi ican ly di e en when compa ed o G oup 8. GL =
Gong onema la i olium; TO = Tel ai ia occiden alis; MF = Me hanol F ac ion; EF = E hylace a e F ac ion
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3.5. E ec o Gong onema la i olium, Tel ai ia occiden alis and i s combined ac ion on His opa hology o Li e
Tissue o Diabe ic and Non-diabe ic Ra s
Figu e 3 Pho omic og aph o a sec ion o he li e o Wis a a s: G1 = No mal Con ol; li e issue showing no mal
hepa ic a chi ec u e. G2 = Diabe ic con ol; li e issue demons a ing an a ophying hepa o-a chi ec u e wi h a eas o
degene a ed hepa ic cells. G3 = Diabe ic + Insulin ea ed; li e issue showing no mal hepa ic a chi ec u e. G4 =
Diabe ic + 500 mg/kg G. la i olium (me hanol ac ion) ea ed; li e issue showing no mal hepa ic a chi ec u e. G5 =
Diabe ic + 500 mg/kg G. la i olium (e hyl-ace a e ac ion) ea ed; li e issue showing mildly a ec ed hepa ic
a chi ec u e. G6 = Diabe ic + 500 mg/kg T. occiden alis (me hanol ac ion) ea ed; li e issue showing mildly
a ec ed hepa ic a chi ec u e. G7 = Diabe ic + 500 mg/kg T. occiden alis (e hyl-ace a e ac ion) ea ed; li e issue
showing mildly a ec ed hepa ic a chi ec u e. G8 = Diabe ic + 250 mg/kg G. la i olium + 250 mg/kg T. occiden alis
(me hanol ac ion) ea ed; li e issue showing mildly a ec ed hepa ic a chi ec u e. G9 = Diabe ic + 250 mg/kg G.
la i olium + 250 mg/kg T. occiden alis (e hyl-ace a e ac ion) ea ed; li e issue showing no mal hepa ic
a chi ec u e
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3.6. E ec o Gong onema la i olium, Tel ai ia occiden alis and i s combined ac ion on His opa hology o
Kidney Tissue o Diabe ic and Non-diabe ic Ra s
Figu e 4 Pho omic og aph o a ans e se sec ion o he kidney o Wis a a s: G1 = No mal Con ol; Kidney issue
demons a ing a no mal enal a chi ec u e. G2 = Diabe ic con ol; kidney issue demons a ing an a ophying enal
mic o-a chi ec u e wi h a eas o degene a ed cells. G3 = Diabe ic + Insulin ea ed; kidney issue showing a p o ec ed
enal mic o-a chi ec u e. G4 = Diabe ic + 500 mg/kg G. la i olium (me hanol ac ion) ea ed; kidney issue
demons a ing a p o ec ed enal mic o-a chi ec u e. G5 = Diabe ic + 500 mg/kg G. la i olium (e hyl-ace a e ac ion)
ea ed; kidney issue showing mildly al e ed enal mic o-a chi ec u e. G6 = Diabe ic + 500 mg/kg T. occiden alis
(me hanol ac ion) ea ed; kidney issue showing mildly a ec ed enal a chi ec u e. G7 = Diabe ic + 500 mg/kg T.
occiden alis (e hyl-ace a e ac ion) ea ed; kidney issue showing a p o ec ed enal mic o-a chi ec u e. G8 = Diabe ic
+ 250 mg/kg G. la i olium + 250 mg/kg T. occiden alis (me hanol ac ion) ea ed; kidney issue showing p o ec ed
mic o-a chi ec u e. G9 = Diabe ic + 250 mg/kg G. la i olium + 250 mg/kg T. occiden alis (e hyl-ace a e ac ion)
ea ed; kidney issue showing a p o ec ed kidney mic o-a chi ec u e
4. Discussion
The li e and kidney a e complex o gans ha play impo an oles in main aining good heal h. I is esponsible o
di e se unc ions, including de oxi ica ion, me abolism, immuni y, luid balance, homeos asis and i amin s o age [17].
The li e con ains se e al enzymes wi hin he hepa ocy es, which can be measu ed in he se um and a e used as es s
o li e unc ion [18]. Inju y o he li e o en esul in he leakage o li e enzymes in o gene al ci cula ion a highe
han no mal le els hence inc eased ac i i ies in he blood [19]. The li e is highly suscep ible o inju ies in pa ien s wi h
GSC Biological and Pha maceu ical Sciences, 2025, 32(03), 322-334
330
diabe es melli us. These inju ies o en mani es as abno mal li e enzymes le els, nec osis, in lamma ion, hepa ocellula
damage and acu e li e ailu e [20].
The unc ional s a us o he li e was assessed in he p esen s udy using he li e enzymes AST, ALT, ALP, albumin,
o al p o ein and bili ubin. Since hese enzymes a e undeniably, ma ke s o li e inju y, he ele a ed le els o hese
enzymes in diabe ic condi ion in he p esen s udy may be a ibu ed o oxici y induced by s ep ozo ocin as seen in
he diabe ic con ol g oup. Signi ican ly inc eased (p<0.05) se um le els o ALP, AST, ALT, o al bili ubin and
signi ican ly dec eased (p<0.05) se um o al p o ein and albumin le els as obse ed in he diabe ic con ol g oup o
s ep ozo ocin-induced diabe ic a s, a e indica o s o hepa ocellula damage. This could be mainly due o exuda ion o
hese enzymes om he cy oplasm o li e cells in o he blood s eam [21,22]. A signi ican educ ion in albumin le el
is usually seen as an ini ial s age o diabe ic li e disease, while he loss o p o ein concen a ion could possibly be due
o p o ein oxida ion caused by eac i e oxygen species (ROS) [23].
P e ious s udies by Fagbohun e al. [24] and Ekayoda e al. [25] epo ed ele a ed ac i i ies o se um li e enzymes
ALT, AST, ALP and dec ease o o al p o ein and albumin le els in s ep ozo ocin-induced diabe ic Wis a a s, hence
suppo ing he esul s ob ained in he p esen s udy. S ep ozo ocin has been epo ed o induce li e inju ies such as
nec osis and hepa ocellula apop osis h ough he gene a ion o ee adicals and in lamma o y cy okines esul ing in
oxida i e s ess and dis up ion o mi ochond ial dys unc ion wi hin hepa ocy es [26].
Following ea men wi h he plan ac ions, compa ed wi h he diabe ic con ol g oup, he e we e signi ican dec ease
in he se um li e enzymes AST, ALT, ALP, bili ubin and signi ican inc ease in he albumin and o al p o ein
concen a ion in he G. la i olium, and T. occiden alis ac ion ea ed g oups when compa ed o he diabe ic con ol
g oup, hus, indica ing hese plan s' hepa ic p o ec i e p ope ies, which is consis en wi h some s udies epo ing he
hepa o-p o ec i e p ope ies o hese plan s [27,28]. Asuquo e al. [29] and Ekayoda e al. [25] had ea lie demons a ed
ha ex ac s o G. la i olium, and T. occiden alis espec i ely amelio a es hepa ic inju y by educing se um li e enzyme
le els, dec easing oxida i e s ess and lipid pe oxida ion and modula ing in lamma o y esponses. This amelio a i e
p ope y is aced o he ich bioac i e componen s o he lea es o hese plan s.
Upon examina ion o he li e pho omic og aphs o he diabe ic un ea ed g oup, hey we e p ominen cha ac e is ics
such as an a ophying hepa o-a chi ec u e wi h a eas o degene a ed hepa ic cells, inc eased degene a ing and
acuola ed hepa ocy es which is consis en wi h s udies acco ding o Mohamed e al. [30]. These ea u es we e obse ed
o ha e been amelio a ed in he ac ion ea men g oups. G oups 3 h ough 9, which ecei ed plan ac ions, showed
a ying deg ees o li e heal h imp o emen . G oups 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 displayed no mal hepa ic cells wi h mild o no
in lamma ion, while g oups 8 and 9 which ecei ed he combined G. la i olium and T. occiden alis ac ions,
demons a ed no mal li e condi ions wi h his ological ea u es compa able o he no mal con ol g oup. The p esence
o no mal hepa ic cells, cen al eins, and po al eins sugges s ha G. la i olium and T. occiden alis ac ions e ec i ely
p o ec ed he li e om diabe es melli us induced li e inju y.
This esul is consis en wi h p e ious indings ha epo ed he hepa ic p o ec i e po en ial o he lea es o G. la i olium
and T. occiden alis by signi ican ly es o ing he se um enzymes o hese expe imen al animals o nea no mal
espec i ely [31, 32]. The bes esul s we e obse ed in he combined me hanol ac ion o G. la i olium and T.
occiden alis ea ed g oup. This esul is simila o he indings o Ojo e al. [33] and Donko e al. 34, which sugges s
ha combined ea men s ha e a be e cu a i e e ec . The combined me hanol ac ion o G. la i olium and T.
occiden alis showed a supe io abili y o es o e he li e unc ion pa ame e s o nea no mal le els compa ed o o he
ac ions. Chigayo e al. [35] p o ed ha me hanol ex ac s o en show highe biological ac i i y due o me hanol’s
abili y o e ec i ely ex ac bo h pola and non-pola compounds, including many po en phenolic and la onoid
an ioxidan s, which a e c ucial o an ioxidan and an i-in lamma o y bioac i i y.
The kidneys a e exc e o y glandula issues ha a e also conce ned p ima ily wi h egula ing he blood p essu e, wa e
and elec oly es le els in he body. The kidney is usually damaged in pa ien s wi h diabe es melli us. These damages
o en includes abno mal glume uloscle osis, a e ioscle osis, memb anous neph oscle osis, glome ulopa hy,
in lamma ion and acu e kidney ailu e. The homeos asis o he body’s ex acellula elec oly e composi ion and luid
olume is essen ial o all animals and humans o su i e [36]. Elec oly es a e mine als ha egula e he homeos a ic
unc ions o he body and help o main ain osmo ic equilib ium be ween he in acellula and ex acellula luids [37].
C ea inine is syn hesized om c ea ine, hen passes in o he ci cula ion and is aken up almos en i ely by skele al
muscle o ene gy p oduc ion. C ea inine e en ion in he blood is e idence o kidney impai men [38,39]. In a disease
condi ion such as diabe es melli us, he body’s elec oly e con ol sys em a e al e ed. Plasma elec oly es and
me aboli es (such as c ea inine and u ea) a e used o assess kidney unc ions [40].
