Abso p ion Re ige a ion Using Ammonia-Wa e : Design, Expe imen and
Compa a i e E alua ion
G. Jaimes He n´andez a
aUni e sidad Tecnol´ogica de San Juan del R´ıo Que ´e a o, Que ´e a o, M´exico
Abs ac
This pape p oposes, designs, builds and expe imen ally e alua es a small-scale sola -d i en abso p ion e ige a o ha uses
ammonia (NH3) as e ige an and wa e (H2O) as abso ben . The expe imen al campaign compa es h ee ene gy-supply con igu-
a ions: (i) g id connec ion (CFE), (ii) an off-g id pho o ol aic (PV) sys em, and (iii) a F esnel-based pho o he mal concen a o .
Key me ics (gene a o and e apo a o empe a u es, coeffcien o pe o mance (COP), s abili y) a e p esen ed and discussed.
Majo conclusions and p ac ical ecommenda ions o u al accine/medicine s o age applica ions a e p o ided.
Key wo ds: Sola e ige a ion, abso p ion, ammonia-wa e , COP, pho o ol aic, pho o he mal, F esnel lens, expe imen al p o o ype.
In oduc ion
Global demand o e ige a ion con inues o g ow, mak-
ing sus ainable off-g id echnologies inc easingly impo an
o emo e communi ies and o ensu ing eliable medical
cold–chain condi ions. In e ms o s o age pe o mance and
sys em eliabili y, a ious echnologies a e s ill unde going
signi ican de elopmen [1–3]. This wo k p esen s an ab-
so p ion e ige a ion sys em based on he ammonia-wa e
pai , chosen due o ammonia’s low Global Wa ming Po-
en ial (GWP) and i s compa ibili y wi h he mally d i en
e ige a ion cycles [4]. Sola –assis ed abso p ion sys ems
using he NH3–H2O wo king pai ha e been ex ensi ely
s udied in p e ious esea ch [5,6]. Likewise, nume ous s ud-
ies emphasize hei sui abili y o p ese ing accines and
medical supplies in off-g id loca ions [7–10].
In pa allel, ad ances in ma e ial science e eal ha
se e al g aphene-based su aces exhibi s ong adso p ion
capabili ies o molecules such as CO, CO2, and N2[11,12].
While hese in es iga ions s em om a diffe en scien-
i ic domain, hei insigh s in o adso p ion mechanisms
can in o m u u e s a egies o e ige an s o age, pu-
i ica ion, o cap u e. Simila ly, s udies in ol ing oxibo-
a e compounds [13–17] and i i anium pen oxide s uc-
u es [18, 19] p o ide aluable pe spec i es on complex
solid-s a e amewo ks whe e molecula in e ac ions can be
enginee ed wi h p ecision. Fu he mo e, esea ch on mag-
ne ic in e ac ions and hei effec s on dissocia ed hyd o-
gen adso p ion [14, 20–30] b oadens he scien i ic con ex
in which unc ional ma e ials may e en ually con ibu e
o inno a i e e ige a ion, adso p ion-based cooling, o
ene gy-ha es ing echnologies.
The s uc u e o his pape is o ganized as ollows. The
Me hodology sec ion desc ibes he expe imen al design and
ope a ional con igu a ion o he ammonia–wa e abso p-
ion e ige a ion p o o ype, including he sys em layou ,
he diffe en ene gy–supply con igu a ions, he ins umen-
a ion scheme, and he da a–acquisi ion s a egy. I also
ou lines he analy ical p ocedu es used o compu e pe o -
mance indica o s and assess he mal beha io unde a i-
able ope a ing condi ions. The Resul s and Discussion sec-
ion p o ides a comp ehensi e e alua ion o he sys ems
he mal esponse, pe o mance s abili y, and coefficien o
pe o mance (COP) ac oss he h ee ope a ing modes, dis-
cussing bo h quali a i e ends and quan i a i e esul s.
Finally, he Conclusions sec ion syn hesizes he main con-
ibu ions o his wo k, highligh s he no el y and p ac ical
ele ance o he p o o ype, and p oposes po en ial di ec-
ions o u u e op imiza ion and eal–wo ld implemen a-
ion.
1. Me hodology
1.1. Sys em O e iew
The p o o ype implemen s a con en ional single–effec
ammonia–wa e abso p ion e ige a ion cycle composed o
P ep in submi ed o Else ie 21 No embe 2025
a gene a o , condense , expansion de ice, e apo a o , and
abso be . Ammonia (NH3) is used as he e ige an due o
i s low sa u a ion empe a u e and high la en hea , while
wa e (H2O) se es as he abso ben [31].
In he gene a o , ex e nal he mal inpu deso bs NH3
apo om he ich solu ion. The apo subsequen ly con-
denses, expands h ough an expansion elemen , and e ap-
o a es o deli e cooling in he e apo a o . Low–p essu e
apo lea ing he e apo a o is abso bed by he weak solu-
ion in he abso be , closing he he modynamic cycle [32].
Schema ic diag ams, ab ica ion p ocedu es, and ma e-
ial selec ions a e de ailed in [33]. All hea -exchange ele-
men s we e buil using locally sou ced ma e ials, including
black ca bon-s eel ubing, aluminum inned e apo a o el-
emen s, a 70 W elec ical esis ance hea e (used bo h o
g id and off-g id ope a ion), and i ings compa ible wi h
ammonia exposu e. The e apo a o employs aluminum
hea -sink s uc u es o enhance su ace a ea and suppo
he equi ed wo–phase low du ing phase change.
1.2. Ene gy Supply Con igu a ions
Th ee al e na i e ene gy-supply con igu a ions we e im-
plemen ed o compa e ope a ional s abili y, efficiency, and
easibili y:
1.2.1. G id–Supplied Elec ical Hea ing (CFE)
Mains elec ici y om he Comisin Fede al de Elec i-
cidad (CFE) powe ed he 70 W esis ance hea e and he
acquisi ion elec onics. This mode se ed as a baseline o
s able, unin e up ed ope a ion.
1.2.2. Off–G id Pho o ol aic (PV) Sys em
The off–g id PV con igu a ion consis ed o h ee 325 W
polyc ys alline modules connec ed in se ies, a 12/24 V
MPPT/PWM cha ge con olle , wo 12 V lead-acid ba -
e ies, and a 750 W in e e . Sola ene gy supplied he
hea e and con ol elec onics while ba e y s o age mi i-
ga ed sho - e m i adiance luc ua ions. This con igu a-
ion demons a ed he highes s abili y unde ield condi-
ions [34].
1.2.3. Pho o he mal F esnel Concen a o
A F esnel lens (300 mm diame e , 400 mm ocal leng h)
concen a ed sola adia ion di ec ly on o a hea abso be
coupled o a hea pipe, ans e ing he mal ene gy o
he gene a o wi hou elec ical con e sion. Al hough his
a oided con e sion losses, i p esen ed signi ican he mal
a iabili y due o luc ua ing sola in ensi y [35].
1.3. Ins umen a ion and Da a Acquisi ion
The sys em was ully ins umen ed o cap u e he mal
beha io ac oss key componen s:
– One K– ype he mocouple a he gene a o o high–
empe a u e measu emen .
– Eigh een DS18B20 digi al empe a u e senso s posi-
ioned a he condense , e apo a o , abso be , and
e ige a ed compa men .
– One DHT11 senso o ambien empe a u e and humid-
i y.
An ESP32 mic ocon olle , complemen ed by an A duino
Uno, managed da a acquisi ion and wi eless ansmission
o he ThingSpeak cloud pla o m a a sampling a e o 15 s.
Fi mwa e, wi ing diag ams, and calib a ion p ocedu es a e
p o ided in [33].
1.4. Expe imen al P ocedu e and Da a Analysis
Tempe a u e measu emen s we e eco ded a he gen-
e a o , condense , e apo a o , and e ige a ed compa -
men unde ep esen a i e en i onmen al condi ions o all
h ee supply con igu a ions. The ollowing analyses we e
conduc ed:
(i) Ins an aneous Coefficien o Pe o mance
(COP). The COP was compu ed as:
COP = ˙
Qe ap
˙
Qgen
,
whe e ˙
Qe ap is he cooling load a he e apo a o and
˙
Qgen is he he mal inpu o he gene a o . The -
mal es ima ions we e ob ained om empe a u e
measu emen s, hea e powe , and componen he -
mophysical p ope ies [31]. Unce ain y p opaga ion
is documen ed in [33].
(ii) Co ela ion Analysis. S a is ical co ela ions we e
compu ed among gene a o empe a u e, e apo a-
o empe a u e, and COP o iden i y pe o mance
h esholds, he mal ins abili y egions, and ansien
esponses.
(iii) Compa a i e E alua ion Ac oss Supply Modes.
Time–a e aged COP, s anda d de ia ion, ope a-
ional s abili y, and empe a u e–swing ampli udes
we e compa ed o he g id, PV, and pho o he mal
con igu a ions.
All da a p ocessing, isualiza ion, and s a is ical analysis
we e ca ied ou using Py hon.
2. Resul s and Discussion
2.1. The mal Beha io o he Gene a o and E apo a o
The gene a o empe a u e exhibi ed dis inc ends de-
pending on he ene gy–supply con igu a ion. Bo h he CFE
g id mode and he PV sys em p o ided ela i ely s able
and sus ained he mal inpu , enabling consis en deso p-
ion o NH3. As gene a o empe a u e inc eased, deso p-
ion efficiency ini ially imp o ed, p oducing highe apo
low a es and p omo ing effec i e e ige a ion. Howe e ,
2
beyond a p ac ical uppe h eshold-iden i ied in he p o-
o ype a ound 500 ◦C-pe o mance deg aded due o non–
ideal hea ans e , he mal losses, inc eased solu ion im-
balance, and he onse o he modynamic inefficiencies as-
socia ed wi h ex eme empe a u e g adien s.
The e apo a o empe a u e closely ollowed he dy-
namic beha io o he gene a o . S able gene a o hea ing
co esponded o s eady e apo a ion nea he design em-
pe a u e, while apid empe a u e swings (pa icula ly in
he pho o he mal mode) esul ed in inconsis en e apo a-
o cooling. These indings highligh he sensi i i y o he
NH3-H2O abso p ion cycle o luc ua ions in he mal inpu
and unde line he impo ance o main aining gene a o
ope a ion wi hin an op imal he mal band.
2.2. Compa ison o COP Ac oss Supply Modes
A sys ema ic compa ison o he h ee supply con igu a-
ions e ealed clea diffe ences in achie able COP and op-
e a ional s abili y:
Pho o ol aic sys em: Exhibi ed he highes a e age
COP and he lowes a iabili y. Ba e y buffe ing played a
cen al ole by smoo hing ou i adiance luc ua ions, en-
abling nea ly con inuous hea ing o he gene a o wi h min-
imal he mal oscilla ion.
G id (CFE): Deli e ed in e media e COP alues. Al-
hough he g id p o ides unin e up ed elec ical powe ,
he lack o he mal egula ion occasionally led o o e hea -
ing e en s a he gene a o , igge ing a sha p decline in
COP once he uppe h eshold was exceeded.
Pho o he mal F esnel concen a o : P oduced he
lowes mean COP and he la ges a iance. The absence
o sola acking caused he hea lux o luc ua e signi i-
can ly, especially unde pa ially cloudy condi ions o du -
ing impe ec alignmen . While peak hea ing was some-
imes highe han in he o he modes, he ex eme in e -
mi ency esul ed in uns able cycle ope a ion.
These esul s clea ly indica e ha no only he magni-
ude bu also he empo al quali y o he hea inpu go e ns
abso p ion–cycle pe o mance.
2.3. Ope a ional Obse a ions and Cycle S abili y
Field obse a ions ein o ce he quan i a i e ends ob-
ained om he da a:
The PV con igu a ion bene i ed om elec ical s o age,
p oducing highly s able gene a o empe a u es and nea –
cons an e apo a o cooling. This ansla ed in o he mos
eliable COP h oughou he expe imen al campaign.
The pho o he mal F esnel se up, despi e i s simplic-
i y and po en ial o low–cos deploymen , exhibi ed he
s onges dependency on en i onmen al a iabili y. Wi h-
ou acking, he ocal poin d i ed apidly, and momen-
a y cloud co e p oduced immedia e he mal d ops ha
des abilized he abso p ion p ocess.
G id–based ope a ion was mechanically s able and easy
o con ol, bu he mal unaway became a isk a high
gene a o empe a u es, deg ading cycle efficiency when
no pai ed wi h he mos a ic o powe -modula ion mecha-
nisms.
The he mal ine ia o he wo king luids played a mod-
e a ing ole, bu was insufficien o o e come he apid luc-
ua ions obse ed in he pho o he mal mode.
2.4. In e p e a ion o Pe o mance Diffe ences
The supe io pe o mance o he PV con igu a ion can
be a ibu ed o wo syne gis ic ac o s: (i) he s eady elec-
ical ou pu om he ba e y bank, and (ii) he inhe en ly
con ollable na u e o esis i e hea ing. Combined, hese
ac o s main ain he gene a o wi hin a a o able ope a -
ing window whe e he s ong and weak solu ions emain
in balanced ci cula ion, minimizing solu ion c ys alliza ion
isks and maximizing e apo a ion efficiency.
Con e sely, he pho o he mal sys em lacked bo h ack-
ing and he mal buffe ing. Di ec sola concen a ion, while
capable o deli e ing high peak empe a u es, in oduces
in e mi ency ha dis up s he delica e equilib ium neces-
sa y o s able NH3deso p ion and abso p ion. Any in e -
up ion in sola inpu immedia ely educes gene a o em-
pe a u e, causing apo p oduc ion o d op and lowe ing
he COP.
G id ope a ion illus a ed a dis inc limi a ion: al hough
powe is con inuous, he mal con ol is no in insic. Wi h-
ou modula ion, he gene a o o e shoo s op imal empe -
a u e anges, p oducing excessi e apo p essu e and de-
g ading he he modynamic balance o he abso p ion cy-
cle.
2.5. Ma e ial, Sa e y, and P ac ical Conside a ions
The use o ammonia equi ed ca e ul ma e ial selec ion
due o i s co osi e na u e. Black s eel ubing demons a ed
compa ibili y wi h NH3, while aluminum was ese ed o
inned e apo a o assemblies whe e he mal conduc i i y
domina ed ma e ial selec ion c i e ia. Sa e y conside a ions
included leak minimiza ion, adequa e sealing o join s, and
senso placemen o de ec abno mal empe a u es o po-
en ial sys em ailu es.
Fo eal–wo ld applica ionspa icula ly o medical cold
chains o u al e ige a ion- obus ness, sa e y ce i ica ion,
and compliance wi h 2–8 ◦Cs o age equi emen s a e essen-
ial. The esul s indica e ha , wi h p ope he mal con ol
and elec ical s o age, he p o o ype can easibly achie e
hese s anda ds.
3. Recommenda ions
Based on he expe imen al e alua ion and ield obse a-
ions, he ollowing ecommenda ions a e p oposed:
3
P io i ize PV + ba e y sys ems o off–g id u al de-
ploymen , as hey yield he highes COP s abili y and a e
la gely independen o momen a y en i onmen al luc ua-
ions.
Enhance pho o he mal sys ems wi h sola acking and
he mal ene gy s o age anks o mi iga e in e mi ency and
educe COP a iabili y.
Inco po a e he mal egula ion mechanisms in g id–
powe ed con igu a ions o p e en o e hea ing and main-
ain gene a o ope a ion wi hin he op imal he mal win-
dow.
Imp o e gene a o and abso be hea -exchange designs,
po en ially using ad anced in geome ies, imp o ed he -
mal su ace ea men s, o no el wo king– luid enhance-
men s o aise o e all sys em efficiency.
Conduc long–du a ion s abili y es s and e alua e cos -
bene i pe o mance o eal cold–chain applica ions, ensu -
ing compliance wi h medical e ige a ion s anda ds.
De ails o he esul s, diag ams, and igu es can be ound
in e e ence [33]. Since his ex is a p ep in , he au ho
has chosen no o include hem explici ly.
4. Conclusions
This wo k p esen s a ully unc ional small–scale
ammonia-wa e abso p ion e ige a ion p o o ype pow-
e ed by h ee dis inc ene gy–supply con igu a ions: g id
elec ici y, an off–g id pho o ol aic sys em wi h ba e y
s o age, and a pho o he mal F esnel concen a o . Th ough
ex ensi e expe imen a ion, he s udy demons a es ha
he PV sys em offe s he mos s able and efficien pe o -
mance, achie ing he highes a e age COP and he lowes
ope a ional a iabili y.
The g id con igu a ion, while eliable in e ms o powe
a ailabili y, equi es he mal egula ion o p e en gene -
a o o e hea ing. The pho o he mal con igu a ion exhib-
i ed p omising peak empe a u es bu suffe ed om se e e
luc ua ions due o he lack o sola acking and he mal
buffe ing, esul ing in educed and inconsis en COP al-
ues.
O e all, he esul s indica e ha in eg a ing en-
e gy buffe ing, he mal egula ion, and imp o ed hea –
exchange design can signi ican ly enhance he iabili y o
sola –d i en abso p ion e ige a ion o u al and off–g id
applica ions. The p ac ical ecommenda ions de i ed om
his wo k es ablish a clea oadmap o u u e p o o ype op-
imiza ion, ield deploymen , and po en ial applica ion in
c i ical sec o s such as accine and medicine e ige a ion.
Acknowledgemen s
This p ep in was p epa ed om he hesis documen
′′Re ige aci´on Sola ′′ (Mas e in Applied Technology, Uni-
e sidad Tecnol´ogica de San Juan del R´ıo Que ´e a o, Ap il
2025) [33]. I acknowledge supe iso s o he de ailed ex-
pe imen al da a and suppo ing ma e ials.
Re e ences
[1] E. Vallejo. An hyd ogen adso p ion s udy on g aphene-based
su aces wi h co e–shell ype ca alys s. Ca bon Le e s, pages
1–10, 2023.
[2] E. Vallejo. Hyd ogen adso p ion and dissocia ion, oge he
wi h a mul i ac al ansi ion in o g aphene.based su aces.
In e na ional Jou nal o Hyd ogen Ene gy, 77:926–935, 2024.
[3] Y. Salaza Flo es and E. Vallejo. A s udy o hyd ogen adso p ion
on g aphene-based su aces using copula models. In e na ional
Jou nal o Hyd ogen Ene gy, 170(150926):1–10, 2025.
[4] Jungho Kim and Ca los In an e Fe ei a. Ammonia as a
e ige an : A e iew o en i onmen al and he modynamic
bene i s. In e na ional Jou nal o Re ige a ion, 84:1–13, 2017.
Discusses low GWP and en i onmen al bene i s o ammonia.
[5] Kei h E He old, Reinha d Rade mache , and San o d A Klein.
Abso p ion chille s and e ige a ion sys ems. CRC P ess, 1996.
Classic e e ence on abso p ion cycles, NH3-H2O undamen als,
and sola -d i en con igu a ions.
[6] Zhi Li and K Suma hy. Re iew o sola he mal-d i en
abso p ion cooling echnologies. Renewable and Sus ainable
Ene gy Re iews, 30:667–684, 2014. De ailed o e iew o sola
abso p ion sys ems including NH3-H2O.
[7] Muhammad Saghi and Waqa Qu eshi. Sola -powe ed
e ige a ion sys ems o accine s o age: A e iew. Renewable
and Sus ainable Ene gy Re iews, 82:1012–1028, 2018.
Re ige a ion solu ions o accine and medical cold chains in
off-g id egions.
[8] Sipho Nkomo and Philemon Chauke. Sus ainable cold-chain
solu ions o emo e medical acili ies: A e iew. Ene gy
o Sus ainable De elopmen , 57:165–175, 2020. Cold chain
equi emen s and sola e ige a ion o medicine and accine
s o age.
[9] Ben S ensen. Sola -powe ed cooling o he de eloping wo lda
e iew. Sola Ene gy, 76(1):103–110, Janua y 2004. Su ey o
sola abso p ion/adso p ion o emo e applica ions.
[10] me Kaynakli and Ilhami Ho uz. Sola powe ed abso p ion
cooling sys ems o emo e a eas. Renewable Ene gy,
30(12):2021–2031, 2005. Abso p ion cooling o off-g id,
medicine/ accine s o age applica ions.
[11] E. Vallejo and P. A. L´opez-P´e ez. Magne ic ansi ions in
CO adso p ion on g aphene–based su aces. Physics Le e s A,
425(127883):1–8, 2022.
[12] E. Vallejo and P. A. L´opez-P´e ez. S ong chemical adso p ion
o CO2and N2on a i e- acancy g aphene su ace. Solid S a e
Communica ions, 356(114934):1–6, 2022.
[13] E. Vallejo and M. A ignon. New me as able phases in an
oxybo a e compound ob ained by an e olu iona y algo i hm and
densi y unc ional heo y. Jou nal o Magne ism and Magne ic
Ma e ials, 435:33–39, 2017.
[14] E. Vallejo. cha ge and magne ic o de ing a l’e ude de l’o d e de
spins, de cha ge e effec s s uc u aux dans le modele de double-
echange: chaine lineai e, echelles de spins e mangnai es. ´edili e
Uni e si ai e, Pa is, F ance, 2008.
[15] E. Vallejo and A ignon M. Cha ge and magne ic o de ing in a
ladde sys em: he Fe–Ludwigi e. Re is a Mexicana de F´ısica
S, 53(7):1–6, 2007.
[16] E. Vallejo and M. A ignon. Spin o de ing in h ee–leg ladde s
in ludwigi e sys ems. Jou nal o Magne ism and Magne ic
Ma e ials, 310(2):1130–1132, 2007.
[17] E. Vallejo and M. A ignon. Spin and Cha ge O de ing in
Th ee–Leg Ladde s in Oxybo a es. Physical Re iew Le e s,
97(217203):1–4, 2006.
[18] E. Vallejo and D. Olgu´ın. New me as able phases in a i i anium
pen oxide compound. Ma e ials Resea ch Exp ess, 2(126101):1–
10, 2015.
4
[19] D. Olgu´ın, E. Vallejo, and A. Rubio-Ponce. Ab ini io s udy
o he low–p essu e phases o Ti3O5.Phys. S a us Solidi B,
252(4):659–662, 2015.
[20] Y. A edondo, O. Na a o, E. Vallejo, and M. A ignon. Analysis
o Spin–pola on Fo ma ion in Hund La ices. Jou nal o he
Ko ean Physical Socie y, 62(10):1504–1507, 2013.
[21] Y. A edondo, E. Vallejo, O. Na a o, and M. A ignon.
Fo ma ion o spin-pola ons in he e omagne ic Kondo la ice
model away om hal - illing. J. Phys.: Condens. Ma e ,
24(335601):1–6, 2012.
[22] O. Na a o, E. Vallejo, and M. A ignon. Spin-pola ons in an
exchange model. In e na ional Jou nal o Mode n Physics B,
26(09):1–12, 2012.
[23] E. Vallejo, O. Na a o, and M. A ignon. Double and
supe -exchange model in one-dimensional sys ems. Jou nal
o Magne ism and Magne ic Ma e ials, 322(09–12):1076–1078,
2010.
[24] J. R. Su´a ez, E. Vallejo, O. Na a o, and M. A ignon. Magne o–
elas ic phase ansi ion in a linea chain wi hin he double and
supe –exchange model. Jou nal o Magne ism and Magne ic
Ma e ials, 322(09–12):1064–1068, 2010.
[25] E. Vallejo. Magne oelas ic effec in an exchange model. Jou nal
o Magne ism and Magne ic Ma e ials, 321(06):640–643, 2009.
[26] J. R. Su´a ez, E. Vallejo, O. Na a o, and M. A ignon. Magne o–
elas ic phase ansi ions in one–dimensional sys ems. J. Phys.:
Condens. Ma e , 21(046001):1–8, 2009.
[27] J. R. Su´a ez, E. Vallejo, O. Na a o, and M. A ignon. Mon e
Ca lo s udy o he double and supe –exchange model wi h
la ice dis o ion. Jou nal o Physics: Con e ence Se ies,
167(012068):1–5, 2009.
[28] E. Vallejo, F. L´opez-U ´ıas, O. Na a o, and M. A ignon.
Magne ic pola on s uc u es in he one–dimensional double and
supe –exchange model. Solid S a e Communica ions, 149(3–
4):126–130, 2009.
[29] E. Vallejo, F. L´opez-U ´ıas, O. Na a o, and M. A ignon.
Fe omagne ic pola ons in he one–dimensional double and
supe –exchange model. Jou nal o Magne ism and Magne ic
Ma e ials, 320(14):e425–e427, 2008.
[30] E. Vallejo. La ice dis o ion in he one-dimensional double and
supe –exchange model. Mic oelec onics Jou nal, 39(11):1266–
1267, 2008.
[31] Yunus A. Cengel and Michael A. Boles. The modynamics: An
Enginee ing App oach. McG aw-Hill, New Yo k, 8 h edi ion,
2015.
[32] J. M. A oyo Rosa. In oduccin a la e ige acin po abso cin,
n.d. Technical monog aph.
[33] Gilda do Jaimes He n´andez. Re ige aci´on sola median e
sis ema de abso ci´on amoniaco-agua. Mas e ’s hesis,
Uni e sidad Tecnol´ogica de San Juan del R´ıo, Que ´e a o,
M´exico, 2025.
[34] Risen Ene gy. Polyc ys alline 325 w sola module: Technical
da ashee , 2019. P oduc da ashee .
[35] Op ical Componen s Inc. F esnel lens o sola concen a ion:
Technical speci ica ions, 2020. Da ashee o 300 mm F esnel
concen a o .
5
