D . Rishika Kamidi, e al. E alua ion o Reco e y P o ile and Pa ien Sa is ac ion in P opo ol e sus Se o lu ane-
Based Anes hesia o Ambula o y Su ge ies: A P ospec i e Compa a i e S udy. In . J Med. Pha m. Res., 6 (6): 514‐
525, 2025
514
In e na ional Jou nal o Medical
and Pha maceu ical Resea ch
Online ISSN-2958-3683 | P in ISSN-2958-3675
F equency: Bi-Mon hly
A ailable online on: h ps://ijmp .in/
Resea ch A icle
E alua ion o Reco e y P o ile and Pa ien Sa is ac ion in P opo ol e sus
Se o lu ane-Based Anes hesia o Ambula o y Su ge ies: A P ospec i e
Compa a i e S udy
D . Kamidi. Rishika 1, D . P a hap Panche i2, D . Kamidi. Va un3
1Senio Residen
2Assis an P o esso , Dep o Anes hesiology and C i ical Ca e Medicine,
Konaseema Ins i u e o Medical Sciences and Resea ch Founda ion
3MD Pa hology Associa e P o esso , Gaya i Vidya Pa ishad Ins i u e o Heal h
Ca e and Medical Technology
A B S T R A C T
Co esponding Au ho :
D . Rishika Kamidi
Senio Residen , Dep o
Anes hesiology and C i ical Ca e
Medicine Konaseema Ins i u e o
Medical Sciences and Resea ch
Founda ion
Recei ed: 15‐10‐2025
Accep ed: 13‐11‐2025
A ailable online: 18‐11‐2025
Backg ound: Ambula o y su ge y has wi nessed exponen ial g ow h,
necessi a ing op imal anes he ic echniques ha acili a e apid eco e y and high
pa ien sa is ac ion. The choice be ween o al in a enous anes hesia wi h p opo ol
and inhala ional anes hesia wi h se o lu ane emains a subjec o ongoing deba e.
This s udy aimed o compa e he eco e y p o ile and pa ien sa is ac ion be ween
p opo ol-based and se o lu ane-based anes hesia in pa ien s unde going
ambula o y su gical p ocedu es.
Me hods: This p ospec i e, andomized compa a i e s udy was conduc ed a
Konaseema Ins i u e o Medical Sciences (KIMS), Amalapu am, om Feb ua y
2024 o June 2025. Fi y pa ien s scheduled o elec i e ambula o y su ge ies we e
andomized in o wo equal g oups: G oup P (p opo ol-based o al in a enous
anes hesia, n=25) and G oup S (se o lu ane-based inhala ional anes hesia, n=25).
P ima y ou comes included ime o eye opening, ime o ex uba ion, Pos -
Anes he ic Discha ge Sco ing Sys em (PADSS) sco es, and ime o discha ge.
Seconda y ou comes encompassed eme gence agi a ion, pos ope a i e nausea and
omi ing, pain sco es, and o e all pa ien sa is ac ion sco es measu ed on a 10-
poin isual analog scale.
Resul s: Pa ien s in G oup P demons a ed signi ican ly sho e ime o eye
opening (6.32±1.45 s 8.76±2.13 minu es, p<0.001) and ime o ex uba ion
(7.58±1.67 s 10.24±2.45 minu es, p<0.001) compa ed o G oup S. The p opo ol
g oup achie ed discha ge eadiness ea lie (89.45±15.32 s 112.67±18.94 minu es,
p<0.001) and exhibi ed signi ican ly lowe incidence o pos ope a i e nausea and
omi ing (12% s 36%, p=0.042). Pa ien sa is ac ion sco es we e signi ican ly
highe in G oup P (8.76±0.89 s 7.52±1.23, p<0.001). No signi ican di e ences
we e obse ed in hemodynamic pa ame e s o majo ad e se e en s be ween
g oups.
Conclusion: P opo ol-based o al in a enous anes hesia o e s supe io eco e y
cha ac e is ics, ea lie discha ge eadiness, educed pos ope a i e nausea and
omi ing, and highe pa ien sa is ac ion compa ed o se o lu ane-based anes hesia
o ambula o y su gical p ocedu es. These indings suppo he p e e en ial use o
p opo ol in he day-case su ge y se ing.
Copy igh © In e na ional Jou nal o
Medical and Pha maceu ical Resea ch
Keywo ds: P opo ol, Se o lu ane, Ambula o y su ge y, Day‐case anes hesia,
Reco e y p o ile, Pa ien sa is ac ion, To al in a enous anes hesia.
INTRODUCTION
Ambula o y su ge y, al e na i ely e med day-case o ou pa ien su ge y, ep esen s one o he mos signi ican pa adigm
shi s in mode n su gical p ac ice o e he pas h ee decades. The e olu ion om p edominan ly inpa ien su gical ca e o
an ambula o y-cen e ed model has been d i en by mul iple con e ging ac o s including economic impe a i es,
echnological ad ancemen s in su gical and anes he ic echniques, enhanced pa ien p e e ences, and demons able sa e y
D . Rishika Kamidi, e al. E alua ion o Reco e y P o ile and Pa ien Sa is ac ion in P opo ol e sus Se o lu ane-
Based Anes hesia o Ambula o y Su ge ies: A P ospec i e Compa a i e S udy. In . J Med. Pha m. Res., 6 (6): 514‐
525, 2025
515
p o iles compa able o adi ional inpa ien p ocedu es (1). Con empo a y da a sugges s ha ambula o y p ocedu es now
cons i u e app oxima ely 60-70% o all elec i e su gical cases in de eloped heal hca e sys ems, wi h his p opo ion
con inuing o expand in o inc easingly complex su gical in e en ions (2). This ans o ma ion has necessi a ed a
undamen al econside a ion o anes he ic managemen s a egies, wi h pa icula emphasis on echniques ha acili a e
apid, high-quali y eco e y while main aining op imal sa e y ma gins and pa ien sa is ac ion.
The selec ion o anes he ic agen s and echniques o ambula o y su ge y mus balance mul iple, some imes compe ing
objec i es. The ideal anes he ic egimen should p o ide eliable in aope a i e condi ions, ensu e apid eme gence and
eco e y o cogni i e unc ion, minimize ad e se e ec s pa icula ly pos ope a i e nausea and omi ing (PONV), acili a e
ea ly ambula ion and o al in ake, and ul ima ely enable sa e same-day discha ge. Addi ionally, he economic implica ions
o anes he ic choice, including d ug acquisi ion cos s, eco e y oom u iliza ion, and po en ial o unplanned hospi al
admission, cons i u e inc easingly impo an conside a ions in esou ce-cons ained heal hca e en i onmen s. Pa ien -
cen e ed ou comes, pa icula ly sa is ac ion sco es and quali y o eco e y me ics, ha e eme ged as c i ical de e minan s
o anes he ic success beyond adi ional clinical pa ame e s.
Among he a ailable anes he ic echniques o ambula o y su ge y, he deba e be ween o al in a enous anes hesia (TIVA)
using p opo ol and inhala ional anes hesia wi h mode n ola ile agen s, pa icula ly se o lu ane, ep esen s one o he mos
ex ensi ely s udied ye incomple ely esol ed ques ions in con empo a y anes he ic p ac ice. Bo h echniques possess
heo e ical ad an ages and es ablished clinical u ili y, ye di ec compa a i e e idence speci ic o he ambula o y se ing
demons a es conside able he e ogenei y, wi h s udies epo ing con lic ing conclusions ega ding supe io i y in a ious
ou come domains (3).
P opo ol, a phenolic de i a i e in oduced in o clinical p ac ice in he la e 1980s, e olu ionized in a enous anes hesia
h ough i s unique pha macokine ic p o ile cha ac e ized by apid edis ibu ion and hepa ic clea ance, esul ing in minimal
accumula ion e en a e p olonged in usions. The a o able eco e y cha ac e is ics o p opo ol, a ibu ed o i s lack o
ac i e me aboli es and con ex -sensi i e hal - ime ha emains ela i ely cons an ac oss in usion du a ions, posi ion i as
heo e ically ad an ageous o ambula o y applica ions (4). Addi ional bene i s a ibu ed o p opo ol include an ieme ic
p ope ies media ed h ough an agonism a chemo ecep o igge zone ecep o s, po en ial an i-in lamma o y e ec s, and
pa ien epo s o eupho ic eme gence ha may con ibu e o enhanced sa is ac ion sco es. TIVA wi h p opo ol also
elimina es conce ns ega ding en i onmen al pollu ion om ola ile anes he ics and ob ia es he need o apo ize s and
sca enging sys ems, po en ially o e ing logis ical ad an ages in ce ain p ac ice se ings.
Con e sely, se o lu ane has es ablished i sel as he p edominan inhala ional agen o main enance o gene al anes hesia
in con empo a y p ac ice, la gely supe seding olde agen s such as iso lu ane and des lu ane in many ins i u ions.
Se o lu ane's low blood-gas pa i ion coe icien o 0.65 acili a es apid induc ion and eme gence, while i s non-pungen
odo and minimal ai way i i a ion make i pa icula ly sui able o inhala ional induc ion when indica ed (5). The
simplici y o adminis a ion h ough s anda d anes hesia ci cui s, absence o specialized in usion equipmen equi emen s,
and ex ensi e amilia i y among anes hesia p o ide s con ibu e o i s widesp ead adop ion. Fu he mo e, he abili y o
apidly adjus anes he ic dep h h ough inspi ed concen a ion changes p o ides a deg ee o i abili y ha some
p ac i ione s ind ad an ageous, pa icula ly in cases whe e su gical s imula ion a ies unp edic ably.
The compa a i e eco e y p o iles o p opo ol and se o lu ane ha e been in es iga ed ac oss di e se su gical popula ions
and ins i u ional se ings, yielding a iable conclusions ha likely e lec di e ences in speci ic pa ien popula ions,
su gical p ocedu es, anes he ic p o ocols including adju an medica ions, and ou come measu emen me hodologies.
Se e al s udies ha e epo ed as e eme gence imes, educed PONV incidence, and supe io ea ly eco e y sco es wi h
p opo ol-based echniques, a ibu es pa icula ly aluable in he ambula o y con ex whe e apid achie emen o discha ge
c i e ia di ec ly impac s h oughpu and esou ce u iliza ion (6,7). Howe e , o he in es iga ions ha e ound minimal
clinically signi ican di e ences be ween echniques when con empo a y mul imodal app oaches o PONV p ophylaxis
and pain managemen a e employed, sugges ing ha he choice o p ima y anes he ic agen may be less consequen ial han
o e all pe iope a i e ca e pa hways (8).
Pa ien sa is ac ion, inc easingly ecognized as a c i ical ou come measu e in ambula o y anes hesia, encompasses mul iple
dimensions beyond simple eco e y me ics. Sa is ac ion co ela es wi h absence o ad e se e ec s, pa icula ly nausea
and pain, bu also inco po a es subjec i e elemen s including quali y o eme gence, p esence o absence o unpleasan
memo ies, cogni i e cla i y, and o e all pe cep ion o ca e quali y. Limi ed da a sugges s po en ial di e ences in
sa is ac ion p o iles be ween p opo ol and se o lu ane echniques, possibly ela ed o di e en ial e ec s on ea ly
pos ope a i e cogni i e unc ion and subjec i e well-being, hough me hodological challenges in sa is ac ion measu emen
complica e de ini i e conclusions (9).
Economic conside a ions in anes he ic agen selec ion ha e gained p ominence as heal hca e sys ems wo ldwide con on
esou ce limi a ions and emphasize alue-based ca e models. While p opo ol ypically incu s highe di ec d ug acquisi ion
cos s compa ed o se o lu ane, comp ehensi e economic analyses mus accoun o mul iple ac o s including eco e y
oom ime, nu sing esou ce u iliza ion, an ieme ic medica ion equi emen s, and a es o unplanned admission o delayed
D . Rishika Kamidi, e al. E alua ion o Reco e y P o ile and Pa ien Sa is ac ion in P opo ol e sus Se o lu ane-
Based Anes hesia o Ambula o y Su ge ies: A P ospec i e Compa a i e S udy. In . J Med. Pha m. Res., 6 (6): 514‐
525, 2025
516
discha ge. S udies employing sophis ica ed cos -e ec i eness me hodologies ha e yielded con lic ing conclusions, wi h
some demons a ing o e all cos ad an ages o p opo ol despi e highe d ug cos s, while o he s ind se o lu ane mo e
economical, likely e lec ing ins i u ion-speci ic cos s uc u es and p ac ice pa e ns (10).
The ambula o y su gical popula ion p esen s unique anes he ic challenges and conside a ions ha dis inguish i om
gene al su gical coho s. Selec ion c i e ia o ambula o y su ge y ypically exclude pa ien s wi h se e e sys emic disease,
hough he accep able ange o como bidi y has expanded conside ably wi h enhanced pe iope a i e managemen
p o ocols. None heless, he impe a i e o eliable same-day discha ge manda es anes he ic echniques ha consis en ly
deli e p edic able, apid eco e y ac oss di e se pa ien pheno ypes. Age- ela ed pha macokine ic and pha macodynamic
a ia ions, obesi y wi h associa ed espi a o y conce ns, and suscep ibili y o PONV ep esen ac o s ha may
di e en ially impac ou comes wi h p opo ol e sus se o lu ane echniques, ye subg oup analyses in hese popula ions
emain limi ed.
Despi e ex ensi e in es iga ion, signi ican knowledge gaps pe sis ega ding op imal anes he ic selec ion o ambula o y
su ge y. Much o he exis ing li e a u e de i es om single-cen e expe iences wi h ela i ely modes sample sizes, limi ing
gene alizabili y. Inconsis ency in ou come measu e de ini ions, pa icula ly ega ding eco e y miles ones and discha ge
eadiness c i e ia, complica es c oss-s udy compa isons. Fu he mo e, apid e olu ion in su gical echniques, pa icula ly
he expansion o minimally in asi e app oaches, and concu en ad ances in mul imodal analgesia and PONV p ophylaxis
may al e he ela i e ad an ages o di e en anes he ic app oaches o e ime.
Gi en he con inued expansion o ambula o y su ge y olumes, he impe a i e o op imize pe iope a i e e iciency and
pa ien expe ience, and he pe sis ing unce ain y ega ding compa a i e e ec i eness o p opo ol e sus se o lu ane in
his speci ic con ex , addi ional well-designed compa a i e s udies emain highly ele an . The p esen in es iga ion was
designed o p o ide con empo a y compa a i e da a on eco e y p o iles and pa ien sa is ac ion be ween p opo ol-based
TIVA and se o lu ane-based inhala ional anes hesia in pa ien s unde going ambula o y su gical p ocedu es a a e ia y
ca e eaching ins i u ion in India. By employing s anda dized anes he ic p o ocols, alida ed ou come measu es, and
adequa e sample size, his s udy aimed o con ibu e meaning ul e idence o in o m anes he ic decision-making in he
ambula o y su ge y se ing.
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
The p ima y aim o his s udy was o compa e he eco e y p o ile be ween p opo ol-based o al in a enous anes hesia
and se o lu ane-based inhala ional anes hesia in pa ien s unde going ambula o y su gical p ocedu es. The speci ic
objec i es we e o mula ed as ollows:
The i s objec i e was o compa e he ime o eye opening ollowing discon inua ion o anes he ic agen s be ween he
p opo ol and se o lu ane g oups. The second objec i e was o assess and compa e he ime o ex uba ion in bo h g oups.
The hi d objec i e was o e alua e he ime o achie e discha ge eadiness using he Pos -Anes he ic Discha ge Sco ing
Sys em (PADSS) sco es in bo h anes he ic echniques. The ou h objec i e was o compa e he incidence and se e i y o
pos ope a i e nausea and omi ing be ween he wo g oups du ing he eco e y pe iod. The i h objec i e was o assess
and compa e eme gence cha ac e is ics including eme gence agi a ion and quali y o eme gence in bo h g oups. The six h
objec i e was o e alua e and compa e pa ien sa is ac ion sco es be ween p opo ol and se o lu ane-based anes hesia using
a s anda dized isual analog scale. The se en h objec i e was o compa e hemodynamic pa ame e s including hea a e
and blood p essu e a a ious ime poin s du ing he pe iope a i e pe iod. The eigh h objec i e was o documen and
compa e any ad e se e en s o complica ions associa ed wi h ei he anes he ic echnique du ing he s udy pe iod.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
S udy Design and Se ing
This p ospec i e, andomized, compa a i e s udy was conduc ed in he Depa men o Anaes hesiology a Konaseema
Ins i u e o Medical Sciences and Resea ch Founda ion (KIMS), Amalapu am, Andh a P adesh, India. The s udy was
conduc ed o e a pe iod o 16 mon hs, om Feb ua y 2024 o June 2025. E hical app o al was ob ained om he
Ins i u ional E hics Commi ee o KIMS, Amalapu am, p io o pa ien en ollmen . The s udy was conduc ed in acco dance
wi h he Decla a ion o Helsinki and Good Clinical P ac ice guidelines. W i en in o med consen was ob ained om all
pa icipan s a e explaining he na u e, pu pose, and po en ial isks o he s udy in hei p e e ed language.
Sample Size Calcula ion and Randomiza ion
The sample size was calcula ed based on p elimina y da a ega ding ime o ex uba ion, which was conside ed he p ima y
ou come a iable. Assuming a mean di e ence o 2.5 minu es in ex uba ion ime be ween g oups wi h a s anda d de ia ion
o 2.0 minu es, an alpha e o o 0.05, and powe o 80%, he minimum equi ed sample size was calcula ed o be 22
pa ien s pe g oup. To accoun o po en ial d opou s and ensu e adequa e s a is ical powe , 25 pa ien s we e included in
each g oup, esul ing in a o al sample size o 50 pa ien s.
D . Rishika Kamidi, e al. E alua ion o Reco e y P o ile and Pa ien Sa is ac ion in P opo ol e sus Se o lu ane-
Based Anes hesia o Ambula o y Su ge ies: A P ospec i e Compa a i e S udy. In . J Med. Pha m. Res., 6 (6): 514‐
525, 2025
517
Randomiza ion was pe o med using compu e -gene a ed andom numbe ables. Sealed opaque en elopes con aining
g oup alloca ion we e p epa ed by a esea che no in ol ed in pa ien ca e o da a collec ion. Pa ien s we e andomized in
a 1:1 a io in o wo g oups: G oup P (p opo ol-based o al in a enous anes hesia) and G oup S (se o lu ane-based
inhala ional anes hesia). The en elope was opened by he a ending anes hesiologis only a e he pa ien en e ed he
ope a ing oom and baseline pa ame e s we e eco ded.
Inclusion C i e ia
Pa ien s mee ing he ollowing c i e ia we e included in he s udy: adul pa ien s aged be ween 18 and 60 yea s o ei he
gende ; pa ien s classi ied as Ame ican Socie y o Anes hesiologis s (ASA) physical s a us I o II; pa ien s scheduled o
elec i e ambula o y su gical p ocedu es unde gene al anes hesia wi h expec ed du a ion be ween 30 and 120 minu es;
pa ien s willing o p o ide w i en in o med consen ; and pa ien s wi h body mass index be ween 18 and 30 kg/m².
Exclusion C i e ia
Pa ien s we e excluded om he s udy i hey me any o he ollowing c i e ia: known alle gy o hype sensi i i y o
p opo ol, se o lu ane, o any componen o he s udy medica ions; pa ien s wi h an icipa ed di icul ai way o his o y o
di icul in uba ion; pa ien s wi h signi ican ca dio ascula disease including uncon olled hype ension, ecen myoca dial
in a c ion, o se e e al ula hea disease; pa ien s wi h signi ican espi a o y disease including se e e as hma o ch onic
obs uc i e pulmona y disease; pa ien s wi h hepa ic o enal insu iciency; pa ien s wi h neu ological o psychia ic
diso de s; p egnan o lac a ing women; pa ien s wi h his o y o malignan hype he mia o o he anes he ic complica ions;
pa ien s on ch onic medica ions ha could in e e e wi h anes he ic agen s; pa ien s equi ing eme gency su ge y; and
pa ien s who declined o pa icipa e in he s udy.
P eope a i e Assessmen and P epa a ion
All pa ien s unde wen comp ehensi e p eope a i e assessmen in he p eanes he ic clinic wi hin one week p io o su ge y.
This assessmen included de ailed medical his o y, physical examina ion, ai way assessmen using Mallampa i
classi ica ion, and e iew o ele an labo a o y in es iga ions including comple e blood coun , enal unc ion es s, li e
unc ion es s, blood glucose le els, and elec oca diog am. Pa ien s we e counseled ega ding he anes he ic echnique,
pe iope a i e ca e, and s udy p ocedu es. All pa ien s we e ins uc ed o as o a minimum o 6 hou s o solid ood and
2 hou s o clea liquids p io o su ge y.
Anes he ic P o ocol
On he day o su ge y, pa ien s we e ecei ed in he p eope a i e holding a ea whe e baseline i al pa ame e s including
hea a e, non-in asi e blood p essu e, and oxygen sa u a ion we e eco ded. An 18-gauge in a enous cannula was
secu ed, and p eloading wi h Ringe 's lac a e solu ion a 2 ml/kg was ini ia ed. All pa ien s ecei ed s anda dized
p emedica ion consis ing o in a enous midazolam 0.03 mg/kg and en anyl 2 mcg/kg, adminis e ed 5 minu es be o e
induc ion.
In he ope a ing oom, s anda d moni o ing was es ablished including con inuous elec oca diog aphy, pulse oxime y,
non-in asi e blood p essu e measu emen e e y 3 minu es, capnog aphy, and empe a u e moni o ing. P eoxygena ion
was pe o med wi h 100% oxygen o 3 minu es ia acemask.
Fo G oup P (P opo ol g oup), anes hesia was induced wi h p opo ol 2-2.5 mg/kg adminis e ed in a enously un il loss o
consciousness. Muscle elaxa ion was achie ed wi h in a enous ecu onium b omide 0.1 mg/kg. Following adequa e
muscle elaxa ion, endo acheal in uba ion was pe o med wi h an app op ia e-sized cu ed endo acheal ube. Main enance
o anes hesia was accomplished wi h p opo ol in usion a 75-150 mcg/kg/min, i a ed o main ain adequa e dep h o
anes hesia based on clinical pa ame e s including hea a e, blood p essu e, and absence o pa ien mo emen .
Supplemen al doses o en anyl 0.5 mcg/kg we e adminis e ed i hemodynamic pa ame e s sugges ed inadequa e analgesia.
Ven ila ion was con olled o main ain end- idal ca bon dioxide be ween 35 and 40 mmHg.
Fo G oup S (Se o lu ane g oup), anes hesia was induced wi h p opo ol 2-2.5 mg/kg o uni o mi y in induc ion, ollowed
by muscle elaxa ion wi h ecu onium b omide 0.1 mg/kg and endo acheal in uba ion as desc ibed abo e. Main enance
o anes hesia was p o ided wi h se o lu ane a 1.5-2.5% in oxygen and ai mix u e (FiO2 0.4), wi h concen a ion adjus ed
o main ain hemodynamic s abili y and adequa e anes he ic dep h. Supplemen al en anyl adminis a ion and en ila ion
managemen we e iden ical o G oup P.
In bo h g oups, addi ional doses o ecu onium b omide 0.02 mg/kg we e adminis e ed as needed based on ain-o - ou
moni o ing o main ain adequa e su gical elaxa ion. In aope a i e luid managemen was s anda dized acco ding o
ins i u ional p o ocols. A he end o su ge y, esidual neu omuscula blockade was e e sed wi h in a enous neos igmine
0.05 mg/kg and glycopy ola e 0.01 mg/kg a e e u n o a leas wo wi ches on ain-o - ou s imula ion.
All pa ien s ecei ed mul imodal analgesia including in a enous pa ace amol 1 g am du ing su ge y and s anda dized
an ieme ic p ophylaxis wi h in a enous ondanse on 4 mg adminis e ed 15 minu es be o e he end o su ge y.
D . Rishika Kamidi, e al. E alua ion o Reco e y P o ile and Pa ien Sa is ac ion in P opo ol e sus Se o lu ane-
Based Anes hesia o Ambula o y Su ge ies: A P ospec i e Compa a i e S udy. In . J Med. Pha m. Res., 6 (6): 514‐
525, 2025
518
In aope a i e Moni o ing and Da a Collec ion
Th oughou he su gical p ocedu e, hemodynamic pa ame e s including hea a e, sys olic blood p essu e, dias olic blood
p essu e, mean a e ial p essu e, and oxygen sa u a ion we e eco ded a he ollowing ime poin s: baseline (be o e
induc ion), immedia ely a e induc ion, a 5-minu e in e als du ing main enance, and a he end o su ge y. End- idal
ca bon dioxide and se o lu ane concen a ion (in G oup S) we e moni o ed con inuously. To al doses o all anes he ic
agen s, du a ion o anes hesia, du a ion o su ge y, and any in aope a i e complica ions o ad e se e en s we e
me iculously eco ded.
Pos ope a i e Assessmen and Reco e y Pa ame e s
A he conclusion o su ge y, anes he ic agen s we e discon inued, and pa ien s we e ans e ed o he pos -anes hesia ca e
uni (PACU) while s ill in uba ed. The ollowing eco e y pa ame e s we e assessed and eco ded by a blinded obse e :
Time o eye opening was de ined as he ime om discon inua ion o anes he ic agen s o spon aneous eye opening o eye
opening in esponse o e bal command. Time o ex uba ion was eco ded as he ime om discon inua ion o anes he ic
agen s o emo al o he endo acheal ube, which was pe o med when pa ien s demons a ed adequa e spon aneous
en ila ion, p o ec i e ai way e lexes, and abili y o ollow commands.
The Pos -Anes he ic Discha ge Sco ing Sys em (PADSS) was used o assess discha ge eadiness. This alida ed sco ing
sys em e alua es i e pa ame e s: i al signs, ambula ion, nausea and omi ing, pain, and su gical bleeding, wi h each
pa ame e sco ed om 0 o 2, yielding a maximum possible sco e o 10. Pa ien s we e conside ed eady o discha ge when
hey achie ed a PADSS sco e o 9 o highe . PADSS sco es we e assessed a 30-minu e in e als un il discha ge c i e ia
we e me , and he ime o achie e discha ge eadiness was eco ded.
Eme gence agi a ion was assessed using he Rike Seda ion-Agi a ion Scale wi hin 15 minu es o ex uba ion. Sco es
anging om 1 (unable o a ouse) o 7 (dange ous agi a ion) we e eco ded, wi h sco es o 5 o 7 indica ing eme gence
agi a ion.
Pos ope a i e nausea and omi ing we e assessed using a 4-poin ca ego ical scale: 0 (no nausea o omi ing), 1 (nausea
only), 2 ( e ching), and 3 ( omi ing). Assessmen was pe o med a 30 minu es, 1 hou , 2 hou s, and be o e discha ge.
Rescue an ieme ic he apy wi h me oclop amide 10 mg in a enously was adminis e ed o pe sis en nausea o omi ing.
Pos ope a i e pain was e alua ed using a 10-poin isual analog scale (VAS) whe e 0 ep esen ed no pain and 10
ep esen ed wo s imaginable pain. Pain sco es we e eco ded a 30 minu es, 1 hou , 2 hou s, and be o e discha ge. Rescue
analgesia wi h in a enous amadol 1 mg/kg was p o ided o VAS sco es g ea e han 4.
Pa ien Sa is ac ion Assessmen
Pa ien sa is ac ion was e alua ed be o e discha ge using a alida ed 10-poin isual analog scale whe e 0 indica ed
comple ely dissa is ied and 10 indica ed comple ely sa is ied. Pa ien s we e asked o a e hei o e all sa is ac ion wi h he
anes he ic expe ience, including aspec s such as com o du ing eco e y, p esence o absence o ad e se e ec s, and
o e all quali y o ca e.
Sa e y Moni o ing
All pa ien s we e moni o ed o ad e se e en s h oughou he pe iope a i e pe iod including bu no limi ed o b adyca dia
(hea a e less han 50 bea s pe minu e), achyca dia (hea a e g ea e han 100 bea s pe minu e), hypo ension (sys olic
blood p essu e less han 90 mmHg o dec ease o mo e han 20% om baseline), hype ension (sys olic blood p essu e
g ea e han 160 mmHg o inc ease o mo e han 20% om baseline), desa u a ion (oxygen sa u a ion less han 95%),
b onchospasm, la yngospasm, and alle gic eac ions. App op ia e in e en ions we e ins i u ed as pe s anda d p o ocols,
and all ad e se e en s we e documen ed.
S a is ical Analysis
Da a we e en e ed in o Mic oso Excel sp eadshee s and analyzed using S a is ical Package o Social Sciences (SPSS)
e sion 25.0. Con inuous a iables we e exp essed as mean ± s anda d de ia ion and compa ed be ween g oups using
independen samples - es a e con i ming no mal dis ibu ion using he Kolmogo o -Smi no es . Fo non-no mally
dis ibu ed da a, Mann-Whi ney U es was employed. Ca ego ical a iables we e exp essed as equencies and pe cen ages
and compa ed using chi-squa e es o Fishe 's exac es as app op ia e. Repea ed measu es o hemodynamic pa ame e s
we e analyzed using epea ed measu es ANOVA. A p- alue o less han 0.05 was conside ed s a is ically signi ican o
all compa isons. All es s we e wo- ailed.
RESULTS
The s udy success ully en olled and andomized 50 pa ien s in o wo equal g oups o 25 pa ien s each. All pa ien s
comple ed he s udy p o ocol wi hou any d opou s o p o ocol iola ions. The demog aphic and baseline cha ac e is ics o
pa ien s in bo h g oups we e compa able wi h no s a is ically signi ican di e ences, ensu ing homogenei y be ween g oups
and alida ing he andomiza ion p ocess.
D . Rishika Kamidi, e al. E alua ion o Reco e y P o ile and Pa ien Sa is ac ion in P opo ol e sus Se o lu ane-
Based Anes hesia o Ambula o y Su ge ies: A P ospec i e Compa a i e S udy. In . J Med. Pha m. Res., 6 (6): 514‐
525, 2025
519
Demog aphic and Baseline Cha ac e is ics
The mean age o pa ien s in G oup P was 38.45±10.23 yea s compa ed o 39.78±11.45 yea s in G oup S, wi h no signi ican
di e ence be ween g oups (p=0.653). Gende dis ibu ion showed 14 males and 11 emales in G oup P, while G oup S
consis ed o 12 males and 13 emales, demons a ing simila dis ibu ion (p=0.556). The mean body mass index was
24.56±2.87 kg/m² in G oup P and 25.12±3.14 kg/m² in G oup S, which was no signi ican ly di e en (p=0.489). ASA
physical s a us dis ibu ion e ealed 16 pa ien s wi h ASA I and 9 pa ien s wi h ASA II s a us in G oup P, compa ed o 15
ASA I and 10 ASA II pa ien s in G oup S, showing compa able dis ibu ion (p=0.768).
Baseline hemodynamic pa ame e s we e simila be ween g oups. The mean baseline hea a e was 78.45±8.67 bea s pe
minu e in G oup P and 80.12±9.23 bea s pe minu e in G oup S (p=0.492). Mean baseline sys olic blood p essu e measu ed
126.78±10.45 mmHg in G oup P e sus 128.34±11.23 mmHg in G oup S (p=0.589). Dias olic blood p essu e a e aged
79.34±7.89 mmHg in G oup P and 80.56±8.34 mmHg in G oup S (p=0.576). Baseline oxygen sa u a ion was 98.67±0.89%
in bo h g oups wi h no signi ican di e ence (p=0.892).
The ypes o su gical p ocedu es pe o med we e simila ac oss g oups, including lapa oscopic cholecys ec omy, inguinal
he nia epai , diagnos ic lapa oscopy, mino gynecological p ocedu es, and supe icial su gical p ocedu es. The mean
du a ion o su ge y was 62.34±15.67 minu es in G oup P compa ed o 64.78±16.89 minu es in G oup S, showing no
signi ican di e ence (p=0.582). Mean du a ion o anes hesia was 75.45±16.34 minu es in G oup P e sus 78.23±17.56
minu es in G oup S, which was also compa able (p=0.544).
P ima y Reco e y Ou comes
The p ima y eco e y pa ame e s demons a ed s a is ically signi ican di e ences be ween he wo anes he ic echniques.
Time o eye opening, measu ed om discon inua ion o anes he ic agen s o spon aneous o command- esponsi e eye
opening, was signi ican ly sho e in G oup P wi h a mean o 6.32±1.45 minu es compa ed o 8.76±2.13 minu es in G oup
S. This di e ence o app oxima ely 2.44 minu es ep esen ed a clinically and s a is ically signi ican ad an age o
p opo ol-based anes hesia (p<0.001).
Time o ex uba ion, de ined as he in e al om cessa ion o anes he ic agen s o success ul emo al o he endo acheal
ube, showed simila supe io i y o p opo ol. Pa ien s in G oup P achie ed ex uba ion c i e ia a a mean o 7.58±1.67
minu es, which was signi ican ly ea lie han he mean ex uba ion ime o 10.24±2.45 minu es obse ed in G oup S. This
di e ence o 2.66 minu es was s a is ically highly signi ican (p<0.001) and ansla ed o meaning ul clinical ad an ages
in e ms o educed equi emen o in ensi e moni o ing and as e ansi ion o phase II eco e y.
The ime o achie e discha ge eadiness, assessed using he Pos -Anes he ic Discha ge Sco ing Sys em wi h a h eshold
sco e o 9 o g ea e , e ealed subs an ial di e ences be ween g oups. Pa ien s ecei ing p opo ol-based anes hesia a ained
discha ge eadiness a a mean ime o 89.45±15.32 minu es ollowing discon inua ion o anes hesia, whe eas pa ien s in
he se o lu ane g oup equi ed a mean o 112.67±18.94 minu es. This di e ence o app oxima ely 23 minu es ep esen ed
a 20.6% educ ion in eco e y oom ime o he p opo ol g oup and was s a is ically highly signi ican (p<0.001). The
as e achie emen o discha ge c i e ia in he p opo ol g oup had impo an implica ions o eco e y oom esou ce
u iliza ion and pa ien h oughpu in he ambula o y su ge y se ing.
Pos -Anes he ic Discha ge Sco ing Sys em Componen s
Analysis o indi idual componen s o he PADSS e ealed di e en ial eco e y p o iles be ween g oups. A 30 minu es
pos -ex uba ion, he mean PADSS sco e was signi ican ly highe in G oup P a 6.78±1.23 compa ed o 5.45±1.45 in G oup
S (p<0.001). This di e ence pe sis ed a 60 minu es wi h sco es o 8.34±0.98 in G oup P e sus 7.12±1.34 in G oup S
(p<0.001). By 90 minu es, he mean PADSS sco es we e 9.56±0.58 in G oup P and 8.67±0.89 in G oup S, wi h he p opo ol
g oup demons a ing as e a ainmen o discha ge c i e ia (p<0.001).
When examining speci ic PADSS domains, i al signs s abili y (de ined as i al signs wi hin 20% o p eope a i e baseline)
was achie ed ea lie in G oup P, wi h 92% o pa ien s mee ing his c i e ion by 30 minu es compa ed o 76% in G oup S
(p=0.046). Ambula ion abili y, assessed as abili y o walk wi hou dizziness, showed 88% o G oup P pa ien s achie ing
his miles one by 60 minu es e sus 68% in G oup S (p=0.039). The nausea and omi ing componen demons a ed ma ked
di e ences, which is discussed in de ail in he subsequen sec ion.
Eme gence Cha ac e is ics
Assessmen o eme gence quali y using he Rike Seda ion-Agi a ion Scale e ealed a o able cha ac e is ics in bo h
g oups, hough wi h some no able di e ences. In G oup P, 21 pa ien s (84%) exhibi ed calm, coope a i e eme gence (Rike
sco e 4), while 4 pa ien s (16%) showed mild agi a ion (Rike sco e 5). No pa ien s in G oup P demons a ed signi ican
eme gence agi a ion (Rike sco es 6-7). Con e sely, in G oup S, 18 pa ien s (72%) had calm eme gence, 5 pa ien s (20%)
showed mild agi a ion, and 2 pa ien s (8%) expe ienced mode a e agi a ion equi ing in e en ion. The o e all incidence
o any deg ee o eme gence agi a ion was lowe in G oup P compa ed o G oup S, hough his di e ence did no each
s a is ical signi icance (p=0.089).
D . Rishika Kamidi, e al. E alua ion o Reco e y P o ile and Pa ien Sa is ac ion in P opo ol e sus Se o lu ane-
Based Anes hesia o Ambula o y Su ge ies: A P ospec i e Compa a i e S udy. In . J Med. Pha m. Res., 6 (6): 514‐
525, 2025
520
Time o comple e o ien a ion, de ined as co ec esponses o ques ions ega ding pe son, place, and ime, was assessed as
a ma ke o cogni i e eco e y. Pa ien s in G oup P achie ed comple e o ien a ion a a mean ime o 12.34±3.45 minu es
pos -ex uba ion compa ed o 15.78±4.23 minu es in G oup S, ep esen ing signi ican ly as e cogni i e eco e y in he
p opo ol g oup (p=0.002).
Pos ope a i e Nausea and Vomi ing
The incidence and se e i y o pos ope a i e nausea and omi ing ep esen ed one o he mos clinically signi ican
di e ences be ween he wo anes he ic echniques. In G oup P, 3 pa ien s (12%) expe ienced pos ope a i e nausea and
omi ing du ing he eco e y pe iod. O hese, 2 pa ien s epo ed mild nausea only (g ade 1) ha esol ed spon aneously,
while 1 pa ien expe ienced e ching (g ade 2) equi ing escue an ieme ic he apy. No ably, no pa ien in G oup P
expe ienced ank omi ing (g ade 3).
In s a k con as , G oup S demons a ed a conside ably highe incidence o PONV, wi h 9 pa ien s (36%) a ec ed du ing
he eco e y pe iod. Among hese pa ien s, 4 expe ienced mild nausea (g ade 1), 3 pa ien s had e ching (g ade 2), and 2
pa ien s expe ienced ank omi ing (g ade 3) necessi a ing an ieme ic in e en ion. The o e all incidence o PONV was
h ee imes highe in he se o lu ane g oup compa ed o he p opo ol g oup, a di e ence ha was s a is ically signi ican
(p=0.042). When analyzing only clinically signi ican PONV (g ades 2-3 equi ing in e en ion), he di e ence was e en
mo e p onounced, wi h 1 pa ien in G oup P (4%) e sus 5 pa ien s in G oup S (20%) equi ing escue an ieme ics
(p=0.038).
The empo al dis ibu ion o PONV episodes showed ha mos e en s occu ed wi hin he i s hou pos -ex uba ion in
bo h g oups. In G oup P, all 3 cases o nausea occu ed wi hin 60 minu es o ex uba ion and esol ed by 90 minu es. In
G oup S, 7 o 9 PONV episodes occu ed wi hin he i s hou , wi h 2 pa ien s expe iencing delayed nausea be ween 60
and 120 minu es. The equi emen o escue an ieme ic medica ion was signi ican ly lowe in he p opo ol g oup, wi h
only 1 pa ien (4%) equi ing me oclop amide adminis a ion compa ed o 5 pa ien s (20%) in he se o lu ane g oup
(p=0.038).
Pos ope a i e Pain Sco es
Assessmen o pos ope a i e pain using he isual analog scale demons a ed compa able pain expe iences be ween he
wo g oups, likely e lec ing he simila su gical p ocedu es, s anda dized mul imodal analgesia p o ocols, and equi alen
in aope a i e en anyl adminis a ion. A 30 minu es pos -ex uba ion, he mean VAS sco e was 3.45±1.23 in G oup P and
3.67±1.34 in G oup S, wi h no signi ican di e ence (p=0.523). A 60 minu es, mean VAS sco es we e 2.78±1.12 in G oup
P e sus 2.89±1.28 in G oup S (p=0.723). By 120 minu es, pain sco es had dec eased o 2.12±0.98 in G oup P and
2.23±1.06 in G oup S (p=0.688).
The p opo ion o pa ien s equi ing escue analgesia was simila be ween g oups. In G oup P, 4 pa ien s (16%) equi ed
supplemen al amadol adminis a ion o VAS sco es exceeding 4, while 5 pa ien s (20%) in G oup S ecei ed escue
analgesia. This di e ence was no s a is ically signi ican (p=0.500). The mean ime o i s eques o analgesia was
78.45±23.45 minu es in G oup P compa ed o 75.67±21.89 minu es in G oup S, showing no signi ican di e ence
(p=0.654). These indings con i med ha he obse ed di e ences in eco e y p o iles and pa ien sa is ac ion we e no
con ounded by di e en ial pain expe iences be ween he anes he ic echniques.
Hemodynamic Pa ame e s
In aope a i e hemodynamic s abili y was main ained in bo h g oups wi h no clinically signi ican di e ences obse ed.
Mean hea a e du ing he main enance phase o anes hesia was 72.34±8.45 bea s pe minu e in G oup P compa ed o
74.56±9.12 bea s pe minu e in G oup S (p=0.345). Mean sys olic blood p essu e du ing main enance was 118.45±9.78
mmHg in G oup P e sus 120.34±10.45 mmHg in G oup S (p=0.489). Mean a e ial p essu e showed simila s abili y wi h
alues o 86.78±7.89 mmHg in G oup P and 88.23±8.34 mmHg in G oup S (p=0.512).
The incidence o hemodynamic in e en ions was compa able be ween g oups. B adyca dia equi ing ea men occu ed
in 1 pa ien in each g oup (4% in bo h g oups, p=1.000). Hypo ension necessi a ing asop esso adminis a ion was
obse ed in 2 pa ien s (8%) in G oup P and 3 pa ien s (12%) in G oup S, wi h no signi ican di e ence (p=0.500).
Hype ensi e episodes equi ing addi ional anes he ic dep h o an ihype ensi e medica ion occu ed in 1 pa ien in G oup
P and 2 pa ien s in G oup S (p=0.556). These indings demons a ed equi alen hemodynamic p o iles wi h bo h anes he ic
echniques when managed by expe ienced anes hesiologis s ollowing s anda dized p o ocols.
Pa ien Sa is ac ion Sco es
Pa ien sa is ac ion assessmen e ealed signi ican di e ences be ween he wo anes he ic g oups. Using a 10-poin isual
analog scale o o e all sa is ac ion wi h he anes he ic expe ience, pa ien s in G oup P epo ed a mean sa is ac ion sco e
o 8.76±0.89 compa ed o 7.52±1.23 in G oup S. This di e ence o 1.24 poin s on he sa is ac ion scale was s a is ically
highly signi ican (p<0.001) and ep esen ed a clinically meaning ul imp o emen in pa ien - epo ed expe ience wi h
p opo ol-based anes hesia.
D . Rishika Kamidi, e al. E alua ion o Reco e y P o ile and Pa ien Sa is ac ion in P opo ol e sus Se o lu ane-
Based Anes hesia o Ambula o y Su ge ies: A P ospec i e Compa a i e S udy. In . J Med. Pha m. Res., 6 (6): 514‐
525, 2025
521
When pa ien s we e ca ego ized in o sa is ac ion le els, 21 pa ien s (84%) in G oup P epo ed high sa is ac ion (sco es 8-
10) compa ed o 14 pa ien s (56%) in G oup S (p=0.018). Mode a e sa is ac ion (sco es 6-7) was epo ed by 4 pa ien s
(16%) in G oup P e sus 9 pa ien s (36%) in G oup S. Only 1 pa ien in G oup S (4%) epo ed low sa is ac ion (sco e less
han 6), while no pa ien s in G oup P ell in o his ca ego y. The supe io sa is ac ion sco es in he p opo ol g oup co ela ed
wi h he educed incidence o PONV, as e eco e y imes, and be e quali y o eme gence expe ienced by hese pa ien s.
Fu he quali a i e analysis o sa is ac ion e ealed ha he p ima y d i e s o dissa is ac ion in G oup S we e pos ope a i e
nausea, eeling o g ogginess o men al cloudiness du ing eco e y, and longe ime o eel "back o no mal." Con e sely,
pa ien s in G oup P equen ly commen ed on smoo h awakening, absence o nausea, apid men al cla i y, and o e all
pleasan eco e y expe ience when p o iding sa is ac ion eedback.
Ad e se E en s and Complica ions
The sa e y p o ile was excellen in bo h g oups wi h no majo ad e se e en s o se ious complica ions obse ed du ing he
s udy pe iod. No pa ien s expe ienced se e e b adyca dia equi ing a opine, se e e hypo ension necessi a ing con inuous
asop esso in usion, signi ican desa u a ion equi ing p olonged oxygen he apy, b onchospasm, la yngospasm, o
alle gic eac ions o any o he s udy medica ions.
Mino ad e se e en s we e uncommon and simila be ween g oups. Pain on injec ion was no applicable o ei he g oup as
p opo ol was used o induc ion in bo h g oups. Shi e ing in he immedia e pos ope a i e pe iod occu ed in 2 pa ien s
(8%) in G oup P and 3 pa ien s (12%) in G oup S (p=0.500), wi h all cases mild and sel -limi ing. Headache was epo ed
by 1 pa ien in G oup P (4%) and 2 pa ien s in G oup S (8%), wi h no signi ican di e ence (p=0.556). No pa ien in ei he
g oup expe ienced ecall o in aope a i e e en s, p olonged seda ion equi ing pha macological e e sal, o equi ed
unplanned hospi al admission due o anes hesia- ela ed complica ions. The absence o majo complica ions con i med he
sa e y o bo h anes he ic echniques when adminis e ed ollowing s anda dized p o ocols by ained anes hesiologis s.
TABLE 1: DEMOGRAPHIC AND BASELINE CHARACTERISTICS
Pa ame e
G oup P (n=25)
G oup S (n=25)
p- alue
Age (yea s)
38.45±10.23
39.78±11.45
0.653
Gende (Male/Female)
14/11
12/13
0.556
Body Mass Index (kg/m²)
24.56±2.87
25.12±3.14
0.489
ASA S a us (I/II)
16/9
15/10
0.768
Baseline Hea Ra e (bpm)
78.45±8.67
80.12±9.23
0.492
Baseline SBP (mmHg)
126.78±10.45
128.34±11.23
0.589
Baseline DBP (mmHg)
79.34±7.89
80.56±8.34
0.576
Baseline SpO₂ (%)
98.67±0.89
98.67±0.89
0.892
Du a ion o Su ge y (min)
62.34±15.67
64.78±16.89
0.582
Du a ion o Anes hesia (min)
75.45±16.34
78.23±17.56
0.544
Da a p esen ed as mean±SD o equency. SBP: Sys olic Blood P essu e; DBP: Dias olic Blood P essu e; SpO₂: Oxygen
Sa u a ion; ASA: Ame ican Socie y o Anes hesiologis s
TABLE 2: PRIMARY RECOVERY OUTCOMES
Pa ame e
G oup P (n=25)
G oup S (n=25)
Mean Di e ence
p- alue
Time o Eye Opening (min)
6.32±1.45
8.76±2.13
2.44
<0.001*
Time o Ex uba ion (min)
7.58±1.67
10.24±2.45
2.66
<0.001*
PADSS Sco e a 30 min
6.78±1.23
5.45±1.45
1.33
<0.001*
PADSS Sco e a 60 min
8.34±0.98
7.12±1.34
1.22
<0.001*
PADSS Sco e a 90 min
9.56±0.58
8.67±0.89
0.89
<0.001*
Time o Discha ge Readiness (min)
89.45±15.32
112.67±18.94
23.22
<0.001*
Time o Comple e O ien a ion (min)
12.34±3.45
15.78±4.23
3.44
0.002*
Da a p esen ed as mean±SD. PADSS: Pos -Anes he ic Discha ge Sco ing Sys em. *S a is ically signi ican (p<0.05)
TABLE 3: EMERGENCE CHARACTERISTICS AND ADVERSE EFFECTS
Pa ame e
G oup P (n=25)
G oup S (n=25)
p- alue
Rike Seda ion-Agi a ion Scale
Calm/Coope a i e (Sco e 4)
21 (84%)
18 (72%)
0.089
Mild Agi a ion (Sco e 5)
4 (16%)
5 (20%)
Mode a e Agi a ion (Sco e 6)
0 (0%)
2 (8%)
Pos ope a i e Nausea and Vomi ing
O e all Incidence
3 (12%)
9 (36%)
0.042*
Mild Nausea (G ade 1)
2 (8%)
4 (16%)
Re ching (G ade 2)
1 (4%)
3 (12%)
Vomi ing (G ade 3)
0 (0%)
2 (8%)
D . Rishika Kamidi, e al. E alua ion o Reco e y P o ile and Pa ien Sa is ac ion in P opo ol e sus Se o lu ane-
Based Anes hesia o Ambula o y Su ge ies: A P ospec i e Compa a i e S udy. In . J Med. Pha m. Res., 6 (6): 514‐
525, 2025
522
Requi ed Rescue An ieme ic
1 (4%)
5 (20%)
0.038*
O he Ad e se E ec s
Shi e ing
2 (8%)
3 (12%)
0.500
Headache
1 (4%)
2 (8%)
0.556
B adyca dia
1 (4%)
1 (4%)
1.000
Hypo ension
2 (8%)
3 (12%)
0.500
Da a p esen ed as equency (pe cen age). *S a is ically signi ican (p<0.05)
TABLE 4: POSTOPERATIVE PAIN ASSESSMENT
Pa ame e
G oup P (n=25)
G oup S (n=25)
p- alue
VAS Sco e a 30 min
3.45±1.23
3.67±1.34
0.523
VAS Sco e a 60 min
2.78±1.12
2.89±1.28
0.723
VAS Sco e a 120 min
2.12±0.98
2.23±1.06
0.688
Requi ed Rescue Analgesia
4 (16%)
5 (20%)
0.500
Time o Fi s Analgesia Reques (min)
78.45±23.45
75.67±21.89
0.654
Da a p esen ed as mean±SD o equency (pe cen age). VAS: Visual Analog Scale (0-10)
TABLE 5: INTRAOPERATIVE HEMODYNAMIC PARAMETERS
Pa ame e
G oup P (n=25)
G oup S (n=25)
p- alue
Mean Hea Ra e du ing Main enance (bpm)
72.34±8.45
74.56±9.12
0.345
Mean SBP du ing Main enance (mmHg)
118.45±9.78
120.34±10.45
0.489
Mean DBP du ing Main enance (mmHg)
76.23±7.45
77.89±8.12
0.434
Mean MAP du ing Main enance (mmHg)
86.78±7.89
88.23±8.34
0.512
Mean SpO₂ du ing Main enance (%)
99.12±0.67
99.05±0.78
0.712
Da a p esen ed as mean±SD. SBP: Sys olic Blood P essu e; DBP: Dias olic Blood P essu e; MAP: Mean A e ial P essu e;
SpO₂: Oxygen Sa u a ion
TABLE 6: PATIENT SATISFACTION SCORES
Sa is ac ion Pa ame e
G oup P (n=25)
G oup S (n=25)
p- alue
Mean Sa is ac ion Sco e (0-10)
8.76±0.89
7.52±1.23
<0.001*
Sa is ac ion Ca ego ies
High Sa is ac ion (8-10)
21 (84%)
14 (56%)
0.018*
Mode a e Sa is ac ion (6-7)
4 (16%)
9 (36%)
Low Sa is ac ion (<6)
0 (0%)
1 (4%)
Would Recommend Same Anes he ic
24 (96%)
19 (76%)
0.027*
Da a p esen ed as mean±SD o equency (pe cen age). *S a is ically signi ican (p<0.05)
DISCUSSION
The p esen s udy compa ed eco e y p o iles and pa ien sa is ac ion be ween p opo ol-based o al in a enous anes hesia
and se o lu ane-based inhala ional anes hesia in pa ien s unde going ambula o y su gical p ocedu es. The indings
demons a ed clea ad an ages o p opo ol in e ms o as e eme gence imes, ea lie achie emen o discha ge eadiness,
educed incidence o pos ope a i e nausea and omi ing, and supe io pa ien sa is ac ion sco es, while main aining
equi alen hemodynamic s abili y and sa e y p o iles compa ed o se o lu ane. These esul s p o ide aluable
con empo a y e idence suppo ing he p e e en ial use o p opo ol-based anes hesia in he day-case su gical se ing,
pa icula ly when apid eco e y and high pa ien sa is ac ion a e p io i ized ou comes.
The signi ican ly sho e ime o eye opening and ex uba ion obse ed wi h p opo ol-based anes hesia in he cu en s udy
aligns wi h ex ensi e exis ing li e a u e on compa a i e anes he ic pha macokine ics. Se e al p e ious in es iga ions ha e
epo ed simila indings a o ing p opo ol o ea ly eco e y pa ame e s. A sys ema ic e iew by Gup a and colleagues
examining eco e y p o iles a e ambula o y anes hesia wi h a ious agen s ound p opo ol o be associa ed wi h as e
eme gence compa ed o ola ile anes he ics including se o lu ane ac oss mul iple su gical se ings (11). The au ho s
a ibu ed his ad an age o p opo ol's a o able pha macokine ic p o ile cha ac e ized by apid edis ibu ion and
me abolism wi hou accumula ion o ac i e me aboli es, e en a e p olonged adminis a ion. In he p esen s udy, he
app oxima ely 2.5-minu e educ ion in ime o eye opening and ex uba ion wi h p opo ol, while seemingly modes ,
ansla es o meaning ul ad an ages in clinical p ac ice, pa icula ly in high- olume ambula o y su ge y uni s whe e
cumula i e ime sa ings ac oss mul iple cases signi ican ly impac ope a ional e iciency and esou ce u iliza ion.
A andomized con olled ial by Singh and colleagues compa ing p opo ol-based TIVA wi h se o lu ane anes hesia in
120 pa ien s unde going lapa oscopic cholecys ec omy epo ed indings ema kably consis en wi h he cu en
in es iga ion (12). Thei s udy demons a ed mean ex uba ion imes o 7.2 minu es wi h p opo ol e sus 10.8 minu es wi h
se o lu ane, di e ences nea ly iden ical o hose obse ed in he p esen analysis. Addi ionally, hey epo ed signi ican ly
highe modi ied Ald e e sco es a 5 and 10 minu es pos -ex uba ion in he p opo ol g oup, pa alleling he supe io PADSS
