PRISMA 2020 Checklis
Sec ion and
Topic
I em
#
Checklis i em
Loca ion whe e i em is epo ed
TITLE
Ti le
1
Iden i y he epo as a sys ema ic e iew.
Ti le page – iden i ied as “A Clus e -Based Sys ema ic
Re iew.”
ABSTRACT
Abs ac
2
See he PRISMA 2020 o Abs ac s checklis .
S uc u ed abs ac (Pu pose, Me hods, Resul s,
Conclusions) aligned wi h PRISMA o Abs ac s.
INTRODUCTION
Ra ionale
3
Desc ibe he a ionale o he e iew in he con ex o exis ing knowledge.
Sec ion 1.1 Gene al Backg ound – es ablishes he con ex
o digi al ansi ion and need o in eg a ed syn hesis;
Sec ion 1.2 Mo i a ion – si ua es he opic wi hin EU policy
and esea ch ajec o ies; Sec ion 1.3 Resea ch Ou line –
explici ly ela es his e iew o p io SLRs and clus e -
analysis app oaches, iden i ying he esea ch gap.
Objec i es
4
P o ide an explici s a emen o he objec i e(s) o ques ion(s) he e iew add esses.
Sec ion 1.3 Resea ch Ou line and Objec i es – s a es he
s udy aim and h ee esea ch ques ions (RQ1–RQ3) guiding
he sys ema ic e iew.
METHODS
Eligibili y c i e ia
5
Speci y he inclusion and exclusion c i e ia o he e iew and how s udies we e g ouped o he
syn heses.
Sec ion 2.2 Da a Selec ion, Tables 3 and 4 – de ines
inclusion/exclusion c i e ia ( opic ele ance, esea ch se ing,
me hodological igo ), as well as Key pe o mance indica o s
(KPIs)
In o ma ion
sou ces
6
Speci y all da abases, egis e s, websi es, o ganisa ions, e e ence lis s and o he sou ces
sea ched o consul ed o iden i y s udies. Speci y he da e when each sou ce was las sea ched
o consul ed.
Sec ion 2.1 Da a Sea ch – p ima y da abase: Scopus;
e i ica ion ia Web o Science and IEEE Xplo e; las sea ch
16 Ap il 2025.
Sea ch s a egy
7
P esen he ull sea ch s a egies o all da abases, egis e s and websi es, including any il e s
and limi s used.
Sec ion 2.1 Da a Sea ch, Table 1 – ull Boolean que ies
combining buil -en i onmen and digi al-me hod e ms; il e s:
English language, 2013–2025 imespan, ele an subjec
a eas.
Selec ion p ocess
8
Speci y he me hods used o decide whe he a s udy me he inclusion c i e ia o he e iew,
including how many e iewe s sc eened each eco d and each epo e ie ed, whe he hey
wo ked independen ly, and i applicable, de ails o au oma ion ools used in he p ocess.
Sec ion 2.2 Da a Selec ion – mul i-s age sc eening ( i le +
abs ac + ull- ex ) by h ee esea che s independen ly;
ag eemen alida ed (Cohen’s κ = 0.86).
Da a collec ion
p ocess
9
Speci y he me hods used o collec da a om epo s, including how many e iewe s collec ed
da a om each epo , whe he hey wo ked independen ly, any p ocesses o ob aining o
con i ming da a om s udy in es iga o s, and i applicable, de ails o au oma ion ools used in
he p ocess.
Sec ion 2.3 Da a Clus e ing and Co-occu ence –
ex ac ion o 30 ea u es by h ee esea che s; i e a i e
alida ion and c oss-checking.
Da a i ems
10a
Lis and de ine all ou comes o which da a we e sough . Speci y whe he all esul s ha we e
compa ible wi h each ou come domain in each s udy we e sough (e.g. o all measu es, ime
poin s, analyses), and i no , he me hods used o decide which esul s o collec .
Sec ions 2.3–2.4, Appendices B and C – 30 analy ical
ea u es and i e compa a i e dimensions analyzed ac oss
clus e s.
10b
Lis and de ine all o he a iables o which da a we e sough (e.g. pa icipan and in e en ion
cha ac e is ics, unding sou ces). Desc ibe any assump ions made abou any missing o
unclea in o ma ion.
Sec ion 2.4 Compa a i e and In e dependency Analysis –
a iables include domain o applica ion, scale, and
in e ac ion ype.
PRISMA 2020 Checklis
Sec ion and
Topic
I em
#
Checklis i em
Loca ion whe e i em is epo ed
S udy isk o bias
assessmen
11
Speci y he me hods used o assess isk o bias in he included s udies, including de ails o he
ool(s) used, how many e iewe s assessed each s udy and whe he hey wo ked
independen ly, and i applicable, de ails o au oma ion ools used in he p ocess.
No applicable – no me a-analysis; eliabili y ensu ed h ough
in e -code ag eemen (Cohen’s κ = 0.86).
E ec measu es
12
Speci y o each ou come he e ec measu e(s) (e.g. isk a io, mean di e ence) used in he
syn hesis o p esen a ion o esul s.
No applicable – quali a i e and bibliome ic me hods, no
e ec sizes calcula ed.
Syn hesis
me hods
13a
Desc ibe he p ocesses used o decide which s udies we e eligible o each syn hesis (e.g.
abula ing he s udy in e en ion cha ac e is ics and compa ing agains he planned g oups o
each syn hesis (i em #5)).
Sec ions 2.3–2.4 – mixed quali-quan i design using
VOS iewe (co-occu ence mapping, LinLog layou )
p esen ed in Figu e 2, ollowed by compa a i e and
in e dependency analysis p esen ed in Table 6 and Table 7.
13b
Desc ibe any me hods equi ed o p epa e he da a o p esen a ion o syn hesis, such as
handling o missing summa y s a is ics, o da a con e sions.
13c
Desc ibe any me hods used o abula e o isually display esul s o indi idual s udies and
syn heses.
13d
Desc ibe any me hods used o syn hesize esul s and p o ide a a ionale o he choice(s). I
me a-analysis was pe o med, desc ibe he model(s), me hod(s) o iden i y he p esence and
ex en o s a is ical he e ogenei y, and so wa e package(s) used.
13e
Desc ibe any me hods used o explo e possible causes o he e ogenei y among s udy esul s
(e.g. subg oup analysis, me a- eg ession).
13
Desc ibe any sensi i i y analyses conduc ed o assess obus ness o he syn hesized esul s.
Repo ing bias
assessmen
14
Desc ibe any me hods used o assess isk o bias due o missing esul s in a syn hesis (a ising
om epo ing biases).
No applicable – all eligible s udies included; no epo ing
bias assessed.
Ce ain y
assessmen
15
Desc ibe any me hods used o assess ce ain y (o con idence) in he body o e idence o an
ou come.
Sec ion 4 Discussion – add esses obus ness and
limi a ions quali a i ely.
RESULTS
S udy selec ion
16a
Desc ibe he esul s o he sea ch and selec ion p ocess, om he numbe o eco ds iden i ied
in he sea ch o he numbe o s udies included in he e iew, ideally using a low diag am.
Sec ion 2.2, Figu e 1 ( low diag am) – sc eening p og ess
5261 → 2124 → 507 → 29 inal s udies.
16b
Ci e s udies ha migh appea o mee he inclusion c i e ia, bu which we e excluded, and
explain why hey we e excluded.
Sec ion 2.2 – concep ual and non-me hodological pape s
excluded a e ull- ex e iew.
S udy
cha ac e is ics
17
Ci e each included s udy and p esen i s cha ac e is ics.
Appendix A – able o 29 included s udies and hei key
a ibu es.
Risk o bias in
s udies
18
P esen assessmen s o isk o bias o each included s udy.
Table 4 – me hodological igo c i e ia used o mi iga e bias
in s udy selec ion.
Resul s o
indi idual s udies
19
Fo all ou comes, p esen , o each s udy: (a) summa y s a is ics o each g oup (whe e
app op ia e) and (b) an e ec es ima e and i s p ecision (e.g. con idence/c edible in e al),
ideally using s uc u ed ables o plo s.
Table 5 and Appendix C – ea u e occu ence alues and
clus e membe ship o each s udy.
Resul s o
syn heses
20a
Fo each syn hesis, b ie ly summa ise he cha ac e is ics and isk o bias among con ibu ing
s udies.
Sec ion 3 Resul s (3.1–3.4) – ou clus e s desc ibed;
Sec ion 4 Discussion – compa a i e and in e dependency
indings summa ized.
20b
P esen esul s o all s a is ical syn heses conduc ed. I me a-analysis was done, p esen o
each he summa y es ima e and i s p ecision (e.g. con idence/c edible in e al) and measu es
o s a is ical he e ogenei y. I compa ing g oups, desc ibe he di ec ion o he e ec .
PRISMA 2020 Checklis
Sec ion and
Topic
I em
#
Checklis i em
Loca ion whe e i em is epo ed
20c
P esen esul s o all in es iga ions o possible causes o he e ogenei y among s udy esul s.
20d
P esen esul s o all sensi i i y analyses conduc ed o assess he obus ness o he
syn hesized esul s.
Repo ing biases
21
P esen assessmen s o isk o bias due o missing esul s (a ising om epo ing biases) o
each syn hesis assessed.
No applicable – no selec i e epo ing de ec ed.
Ce ain y o
e idence
22
P esen assessmen s o ce ain y (o con idence) in he body o e idence o each ou come
assessed.
Sec ion 5 Conclusions – o e all syn hesis and con idence
in indings discussed.
DISCUSSION
Discussion
23a
P o ide a gene al in e p e a ion o he esul s in he con ex o o he e idence.
Sec ion 4 Discussion – in e p e s esul s in ela ion o
exis ing li e a u e and c oss-domain amewo ks.
23b
Discuss any limi a ions o he e idence included in he e iew.
Sec ion 4.3 Limi a ions and Fu u e Resea ch Di ec ions –
add esses da abase co e age and me hodological
cons ain s.
23c
Discuss any limi a ions o he e iew p ocesses used.
Sec ion 4.3 – no es limi a ions o scope; no me a-analysis
conduc ed.
23d
Discuss implica ions o he esul s o p ac ice, policy, and u u e esea ch.
Sec ion 5 Conclusions – ou lines implica ions o digi al
pla o m de elopmen and u ban policy in eg a ion.
OTHER INFORMATION
Regis a ion and
p o ocol
24a
P o ide egis a ion in o ma ion o he e iew, including egis e name and egis a ion numbe ,
o s a e ha he e iew was no egis e ed.
The e iew is egis e ed in he INPLASY In e na ional
Pla o m o Regis e ed Sys ema ic Re iews and Me a-
Analyses, unde he egis a ion numbe
INPLASY2025110001.
24b
Indica e whe e he e iew p o ocol can be accessed, o s a e ha a p o ocol was no p epa ed.
The ull e iew p o ocol can be accessed ia he INPLASY
egis y eco d a he link: h ps://inplasy.com/inplasy-2025-
11-0001/. No sepa a e p o ocol was published elsewhe e.
24c
Desc ibe and explain any amendmen s o in o ma ion p o ided a egis a ion o in he p o ocol.
No amendmen s ha e been made o he in o ma ion
p o ided a egis a ion. The cu en submission ully
co esponds o he egis e ed INPLASY p o ocol
(INPLASY2025110001).
Suppo
25
Desc ibe sou ces o inancial o non- inancial suppo o he e iew, and he ole o he unde s
o sponso s in he e iew.
Funded by Science Fund o Se bia, PRISMA P og amme
(P ojec No. 7408 – SPATTERN). The Science Fund o he
Republic o Se bia had no ole in he design o he s udy, in
he collec ion, analyses, o in e p e a ion o da a, in he
w i ing o he manusc ip , as well as in he decision o publish
he esul s.
Compe ing
in e es s
26
Decla e any compe ing in e es s o e iew au ho s.
Au ho s decla e no con lic o in e es .
A ailabili y o
da a, code and
o he ma e ials
27
Repo which o he ollowing a e publicly a ailable and whe e hey can be ound: empla e da a
collec ion o ms; da a ex ac ed om included s udies; da a used o all analyses; analy ic code;
any o he ma e ials used in he e iew.
Appendices A–C p o ide supplemen a y ma e ials (lis o
s udies, ea u e de ini ions, and occu ence ables).
PRISMA 2020 Checklis
F om: Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuy PM, Bou on I, Ho mann TC, Mul ow CD, e al. The PRISMA 2020 s a emen : an upda ed guideline o epo ing sys ema ic e iews. BMJ 2021;372:n71. doi:
10.1136/bmj.n71
