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STATUS OF AN UZBEK LANGUAGE. NATIONAL LITERATURE OF
UZBEKISTAN AND ITS REPRESENTATIVES
Jizzakh b anch o he Na ional Uni e si y o Uzbekis an
named a e Mi zo Ulugbek
The Facul y o Psychology, he depa men o Fo eign languages
Philology and eaching languages
Teshaboye a Na isa Zubaydulla qizi
na isa eshaboye [email protected]
S uden o g oup 203-24: Qu bonnaza o a Shodiya Fa hod qizi
Anno a ion: This pape examines he cu en s a us o he Uzbek language and he
de elopmen o na ional li e a u e in he e i o y o mode n Uzbekis an. I aces
Uzbek’s his o ical oo s ( om Chaga ai o mode n No he n Uzbek), ou lines he
language’s o icial and sociolinguis ic s a us since independence, summa izes he
sc ip e o ms and p esen o hog aphic si ua ion, and su eys majo s ages and
ep esen a i es o Uzbek li e a u e om Alishe Na oi (Chaga ai adi ion) o 20 h–
21s cen u y au ho s (Abdulla Qodi iy, Choʻlpon, Hamid Olimjon, E kin Vohido ,
Abdulla O ipo , and o he s). The a icle combines indings om legal documen s,
linguis ic su eys, academic s udies and li e a y his o ies o o e an in eg a ed iew o
language policy, li e a y con inui y, and con empo a y challenges (sc ip ansi ion,
dig aphia, media and educa ion). Key p oblems and p ospec s o Uzbek as a na ional
language a e discussed and subs an ia ed wi h e e enced sou ces.
Key wo ds: Uzbek language, Uzbek li e a u e, Alishe Na oi, Abdulla Qodi iy,
language policy; s a e language; cons i u ion o Uzbekis an; E hnologue; mode n
Uzbek poe y; 20 h-cen u y Uzbek p ose; na ional iden i y; li e a y canon; li e a y
mode niza ion; bilingualism; language planning; o hog aphy; language i ali y;
con empo a y Uzbek w i e s; ansla ion mo emen .
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1. In oduc ion — scope and me hodology
This s udy syn hesises legal ex s, linguis ic su eys, his o ical-li e a y schola ship and
p ima y li e a y schola ship (monog aphs, jou nal a icles, and selec ed digi al
a chi es) o desc ibe he s a us o Uzbek and he main ea u es and ep esen a i es o
na ional li e a u e. Whe e possible I ci e p ima y legal documen s ( he Cons i u ion
and language laws), la ge-scale language su eys, digi al a chi es o Uzbek li e a y
his o y, and pee - e iewed o ins i u ional publica ions. (Key ac ual claims — legal
s a us, numbe -o -speake s es ima es, sc ip policy, and canonical li e a y claims —
a e e e enced in he ex .)
2. His o ical backg ound: om Chaga ai o mode n Uzbek
The li e a y and linguis ic adi ion o he egion s e ches back o medie al Tu kic
li e a y cul u es. Chaga ai (also called Old Uzbek o Chiga oy) se ed as he egional
li e a y language o se e al cen u ies and is widely ega ded as he p incipal ances o
o mode n Uzbek li e a y p ac ice; he g ea es classical ep esen a i e is ʿAlī Shī
Na āʾī (Alishe Na oi, 1441–1501), who es ablished a Tu kic li e a y idiom and
a gued o Tu kic e nacula li e a y p es ige.
Du ing he 19 h–20 h cen u ies, he e nacula s e ol ed in o mode n No he n and
Sou he n Uzbek a ie ies; he 20 h cen u y saw he eme gence o a mode n Uzbek
li e a y language (s anda diza ion, i s mode n no els and newspape s), s ongly
shaped by bo h Tu kic g amma ical pa e ns and Pe sian/A abic lexical in luence. The
So ie pe iod b ough majo o hog aphic e o ms (La in → Cy illic) and cen alised
language planning.
3. Legal and sociolinguis ic s a us o Uzbek oday
The Cons i u ion o he Republic o Uzbekis an explici ly es ablishes Uzbek as he
s a e language: A icle 4 s a es ha “The s a e language o he Republic o Uzbekis an
shall be Uzbek.” This cons i u ional p o ision ancho s Uzbek’s legal s a us in he
epublican poli y and unde pins subsequen language policy.
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Demog aphic and language-su ey sou ces indica e ha Uzbek is he la ges Tu kic
language in Cen al Asia by speake s wi hin Uzbekis an and ex ensi e
diaspo a/neighbo ing use ( ens o millions o speake s ac oss Uzbekis an and in
neighbo ing coun ies). E hnologue and o he language p o iles lis Uzbek (No he n
Uzbek) as he na ional/o icial language o Uzbekis an and p o ide speake es ima es
used in planning and educa ional policy.
3.1 Sc ip policy and o hog aphy
Uzbek o hog aphy has changed epea edly in mode n imes: classical Pe so-A abic
sc ip s (p e-1920s), an A abic-based e o m (yaña imlâ, 1920s), an o icial La in
alphabe (Yañali ) in 1928, hen So ie -manda ed Cy illic om 1940, and since
independence (1992) a ansi ion back o La in sc ip . Despi e o icial La iniza ion
policies, Cy illic emains widely used in p in and e e yday con ex s, p oducing a
dig aphic si ua ion (La in + Cy illic) in he media, educa ion and public signage.
Recen go e nmen adjus men s o he La in alphabe (e.g., p oposals/upda es in he
la e 2010s) e lec ongoing ine- uning o o hog aphy.
4. Na ional li e a u e — pe iods and de ining ea u es
Uzbek na ional li e a u e is usually p esen ed in b oad pe iods:
1. P e-Timu id and Timu id (classical): ea ly Tu kic and Chaga ai poe y and p ose;
Alishe Na oi is he cen al igu e o his epoch and is o en ea ed as he “ ounde ” o
Tu kic (Chaga ai) li e a y p es ige.
2. 19 h–ea ly 20 h cen u y: g ow h o mode n e nacula p ose, adop ion o new
gen es (no el, d ama), in luence o Jadid e o me s (educa ional-cul u al mode nize s),
and inc easing ansla ion/in e ac ion wi h Russian and Eu opean li e a u es.
3. So ie pe iod (1920s–1980s): ins i u ionaliza ion o So ie li e a y ins i u ions, apid
expansion o p in cul u e, bu also episodes o ep ession (e.g., he 1937–38 pu ges
ha a ge ed leading w i e s such as Choʻlpon and Abdulla Qodi iy). So ie -e a
li e a u e combined na ion-building hemes wi h manda ed socialis ealism, while
many w i e s sough o p ese e local adi ions.
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4. Independence and con empo a y li e a u e (1991–p esen ): enewed in e es in
classical he i age (Na oi, Chaga ai li e a u e), explo a ion o na ional iden i y,
plu ali y o gen es and expe imen al o ms, and apid digi al/media dissemina ion.
Recen schola ship discusses con inui y and inno a ion in he pos -So ie li e a y
scene.
5. Majo ep esen a i es and hei con ibu ion
5.1 Alishe Na oi (1441–1501)
Alishe Na oi (Nizām-al-Dīn ʿAli-Shi He awī) is he c ucial classical igu e: a poe ,
polyma h and s a esman who w o e in Chaga ai and Pe sian. Na oi’s Diwan and o he
poe ic wo ks es ablished Chaga ai’s sui abili y o high li e a y exp ession and a e s ill
ead as ounda ional ex s o Uzbek li e a y iden i y.
5.2 Abdulla Qodi iy (1894–1938)
Rega ded as he a he o he Uzbek no el, Qodi iy’s Oʻ gan kunla (Bygone Days)
and la e his o ical no els combined ealis echniques wi h social c i ique and emain
canonical in school cu icula and li e a y his o ies. Qodi iy’s a e (a es and execu ion
in 1938) exempli ies he So ie -e a ep ession o se e al p ominen in ellec uals.
5.3 Choʻlpon (Abdulhamid Yunuso , 1897–1938)
Choʻlpon was a poe , no elis and ansla o (including ea ly Uzbek ansla ions o
Shakespea e). He in oduced ealis and mode nis endencies and played a o ma i e
ole in he 1920s–30s li e a y e i al; like Qodi iy, he was a ic im o he G ea Pu ge.
5.4 20 h-cen u y poe s and pos wa li e a i
Figu es such as Hamid Olimjon, E kin Vohido , Abdulla O ipo , and o he s a e
cen al o mid–la e 20 h cen u y Uzbek poe y — blending ly icism, na ional hemes
and mode nis poe ics; hei wo ks shaped public cul u e (song, eci a ion, educa ion)
and pos -independence li e a y memo y. Recen c i icism places hese au ho s wi hin
deba es on na ional iden i y and cul u al con inui y.
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6. A eas o con inui y and up u e in Uzbek li e a u e
Con inui y: s ong espec o classical Chaga ai he i age (Na oi) and he o al/ olk
adi ion (epics, p o e bs). Mode n w i e s o en e e ence o ewo k classical mo i s;
canonical ex s emain cen al in educa ion and cul u al commemo a ion.
Rup u e: So ie -e a ideological imposi ions and pu ges in e up ed li e a y
de elopmen and led o he loss/ ep ession o key oices (1920s–1930s). Independence
b ough enewed eco e y o supp essed wo ks and a e alua ion o li e a y his o y.
7. Con empo a y challenges and p ospec s
1. O hog aphic/dig aphic ansi ion — implemen ing La in o hog aphy ac oss
educa ion, adminis a ion, and publishing while many ci izens and ma e ials s ill use
Cy illic has been slow and une en. This a ec s li e acy ma e ials, signage, and
in e gene a ional ansmission.
2. Bilingualism and Russian — Russian emains impo an in highe educa ion,
science and ci y li e; managing bilingualism while ein o cing Uzbek as s a e language
is a policy p io i y.
3. Digi iza ion and globalisa ion — new media (web, social ne wo ks, e-books) c ea e
oppo uni ies o Uzbek-language publishing and diaspo a engagemen , bu also
equi e digi al on s/encoding solu ions and ha monised o hog aphies.
8. Conclusion
Uzbek enjoys cons i u ionally p o ec ed s a us as Uzbekis an’s s a e language and es s
on a long, ich li e a y adi ion om Chaga ai classics o a ib an mode n li e a u e.
The na ional li e a u e is shaped by bo h con inui y (classical inhe i ance, olk gen es)
and up u e (So ie in e up ions). Con empo a y p io i ies in ol e comple ing sc ip
ansi ion in p ac ice, expanding Uzbek-language highe educa ion and media, and
p ese ing and e-e alua ing supp essed o ma ginalised wo ks om he So ie pe iod.
Add essing o hog aphic consis ency and digi al suppo will be c ucial o he
language’s i ali y in he 21s cen u y.
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Re e ences
1. Cons i u ion o he Republic o Uzbekis an. A icle 4 — The s a e language o he
Republic o Uzbekis an shall be Uzbek. (Lex.uz / Cons i u ion.uz). Accessed 2025.
2. Law “On O icial Language” (Republic o Uzbekis an), 1989. (Re wo ld).
3. E hnologue: Uzbek Language (UZB / No he n Uzbek) — language p o ile and
speake es ima es. SIL In e na ional / E hnologue.
4. “Uzbek language” — Encyclopaedia B i annica a icle (his o y, sc ip s,
classi ica ion).
5. Beknaza o ich, B. The His o y o he Uzbek Language (a icle; Cybe Leninka).
2024.
6. Soa o a, N. Uzbek Li e a u e (monog aph). Tashken : [publishe ]. PDF —
consul ed pp. 12–16, 31–33, 41–43 (documen has 121 pages). (uzbekli e a u e.uz
PDF). pp. 12–16; 31–33; 41–43.
7. “Uzbek li e a u e” — Encyclopaedia B i annica (su ey a icle on majo pe iods,
Na oi, modem de elopmen ).
8. Ziyouz / ZiyoNe : “Alishe Na oi” — biog aphy and li e a y signi icance.
9. Ziyouz / ZiyoNe : “Abdulla Qodi iy” — biog aphy and summa y o Oʻ gan kunla ’s
publica ion his o y.
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