27
Kaka e al.
In . J. Biosci.
2020
RESEARCH PAPER OPEN ACCESS
Di e si y and dis ibu ion o land snails (Gas opoda: Mollusca)
in he di e en si es o Balochis an P o ince, Pakis an
Shahab-ud-Din Kaka , Za a ullah*, Azma ullah
Depa men o Zoology, Uni e si y o Balochis an, Que a-0078, Pakis an
Key wo ds: Baluchis an p o ince, Dis ibu ion, Di e si y, Land snails.
h p://dx.doi.o g/10.12692/ijb/16.6.27-34
A icle published on June 16, 2020
Abs ac
To s udy he di e si y o land-snail auna in he p o ince o Balochis an, ou een di e en si es we e su eyed.
Fi e land snail species we e ound as he B adybaena simila is, Mac ochlamys sequax, Zoo ecus insula is,
Allopeas g acile and Zeb ina de i a. Among hese, he Zoo ecus insula is was showed a wide dis ibu ion and
ound in 8 o he o al 14 su eyed si es. Followed by B adybaena simila is and Mac ochlamys sequax in 6 and
4 si es espec i ely in he p o ince. On he o he hand, Allopeas g acile and Zeb ina de i a was collec ed om
only si e 1 bu in di e en a eas o he o esaid si e which e ealed he ac o hei ex inc ion in nea u u e i
immedia e measu es ha e no aken. The cu en s udy b ough he p esen s a us and di e si y o he land snail
auna in o he pages o scien i ic eco d ac oss he p o ince as he e is a dea h o epo s abou he di e si y o
land snail auna in di e se p o incial si es. He ein, his esea ch o e ed i s and de ailed axonomic desc ip ion
and dis ibu ion da a o land snails' auna occu ing in he p o ince. Addi ionally, i migh p o ide a way o ca y
ou axonomic s udies abou land snail auna in he o he p o inces o he coun y.
* Co esponding Au ho : Za a ullah za a haya [email protected]
In e na ional Jou nal o Biosciences | IJB |
ISSN: 2220-6655 (P in ), 2222-5234 (Online)
h p://www.innspub.ne
Vol. 16, No. 6, p. 27-34, 2020
28
Kaka e al.
In . J. Biosci.
2020
In oduc ion
Gas opoda is he mos impo an class o he phylum
Mollusca wi h he animals ha ing well-de eloped
head bea ing en acles, eyes and a la ge muscula oo
which is help ul o c awling. Snails, limpe s, and
slugs a e amilia membe s o his class (Boonngam e
al., 2008). Mos membe s o he class Gas opoda
bea s a p o ec i e coiled shell accep he slugs, which
ha e no shell. Land snails en ails o he wo main
g oups’ he p osob anchs and pulmona es.
P osob anchs ha e ha dened shells and ope cula
which co e he ape u es o openings o shells.
Pulmona es, lack ope cula and used lung o gaseous
exchange. They li e unde lea es, woodland li e s,
logs, s ones and ash, ga dens, on he soil, in he
c acks and e en beside he hill-slopes (S iha a e al.,
2010). The empe a u e and mois u e play a
signi ican ole in hei occu ence and dis ibu ion.
Some land snails se e as in e media e hos s o
in ec ious ema odes and o he pa asi es o animals
and human beings. Howe e , mos o he land snails
ha e an impo an ole in he ecosys ems in which
hey li e: hey con ibu e o li e decomposi ion and
concen a ion o soil calcium and a e an impo an
ood sou ce o o he animals (Lange, 2003). Thei
gene ally sho li e span (i.e. a ew mon hs o yea s)
and hei limi ed powe s o dispe sal make hem
excellen bioindica o s (Wa e s e al., 2005). To as
di e si y, he land molluscan auna did no ge much
conside a ion un il he cu en (G a eland e al.,
1994). P e iously li le wo k has been ca ied ou in
he a eas adjacen o A ghanis an and no he n India
by some au ho s (Solem, 1979; Subba, 1979) bu e y
poo wo k has been done on land snails o Pakis an.
The au ho (Pok yszko e al., 2009) epo ed he
Pupilloidae o Pakis an du ing he summe s o 1990-
1992. Al hough, he e seems o be no in o ma ion on
he land snails o Balochis an p o ince. This pape
aims o p o ide an in en o y o he land snail auna
along wi h a de ail axonomic desc ip ion and
dis ibu ion da a o hese snails in he di e en si es
o he p o ince.
Ma e ials and me hods
S udy a ea
Snail samples we e collec ed om ou een di e en
si es o Balochis an P o ince, Pakis an du ing he
pe iod o s udy om Ma ch 2013 o Ma ch 2014. The
sampling si es we e based on opog aphy, wa e
esou ces, consis ency o soil, lo a, empe a u e
a ia ions and p ecipi a ion among he egions
(Fig.1).
Fig. 1. Map o land snail collec ing si es in he p o ince Balochis an: (1) Que a; (2) Pishin & Killa-Abdullah; (3)
Killa- Sai ullah; (4) Lo alai; (5) Zhob; (6) Kohlu / Ba kan; (7) Bolan; (8) Sibi; (9) Ha nai; (10) Ja a abad; (11)
Kala ; (12) Khuzda ; (13) Lasbella; (14) Panjgoa .
29
Kaka e al.
In . J. Biosci.
2020
Collec ion and p ese a ion o snails
Specimens we e collec ed manually by small cages
om he soil, ege a ions, ga dens, humid and shaded
places and p ese ed in 70-80% e hyl alcohol in
specimen bo les. The habi a and o he ecological
cha ac e is ics we e also eco ded. The Collec ed
specimens we e aken o he malacology labo a o y
on he same o la e day o de ailed desc ip ion.
Be o e he examina ion, he Shells, ha d co e s wi h
mine al and algae coa ing we e placed in dilu e oxalic
acid solu ion o ew minu es and hen washed wi h
ap-wa e be o e inal p ese a ion.
Snail iden i ica ion
The analysis and iden i ica ion o specimens we e
based on peculia cha ac e is ics o hei shells along
wi h hei shape, size, colo , o namen a ion and shell
coiling. Umbilicus shape and size, numbe o who ls,
ape u e shape wi h size (sinis al/dex al), also
di e en ia e hem om each o he such as he who ls
may be ounded, angula o keeled. Addi ionally, he
Spi e numbe , leng h, and shape. The p esence o
absence o he Ope cula ( ap doo ) and hei shape.
Apex shape, size. and he Su u e dep h o
na owness. Columella posi ion and shape,
pe o a ion and impe o a ion. Ou e co e ing-
Pe ios acum colo , pa e ing ( idged, s ia ed).
The posi ion o Ten acle wi h eye and ano he
mo phome ic pa ame e was aken. Species
Iden i ica ion was done based on majo keys and
monog aphs o P es on, 1915; B and , 1974; Solem,
1979; Subba e al., 1979; Abbo , 1989; P abhaka ,
2008). Species we e iden i ied unde a binocula
S e eo mic oscope. The measu emen s we e aken by
e nie calipe while he Pho og aphs we e aken
using a digi al came a.
Resul s and discussion
A o al o i e species we e eco ded om ou een
sampling si es du ing he s udy pe iod. These axa
we e ep esen ed by a class Gas opoda; wo o de s
iz., S ylomma opho a and Pulmona a; i e amilies
and i e gene a (Table 1).
Table 1. Dis ibu ion o land snail communi y a di e en sampling si es o he P o ince.
Taxa
Sampling si es
To al
Phylum Mollusca
Class Gas opoda (Cu ie , 1797)
O de S ylomma opho a
Family B adybaenidae
Genus B adybaena Back, 1832
1. B adybaena simila is
(Fe ussac,1821)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
+
-
-
+
+
+
-
+
+
-
-
-
-
-
06
Family A iophan idae
Genus Mac ochlamys Benson, 1832
2. Mac ochlamys sequax
(Godwin-Aus en, 1907)
+
-
-
+
-
+
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
04
Family Subulinidae
Genus Zoo ecus Wes e lund, 1887
3. Zoo ecus insula is
(Eh enbe g, 1831)
-
-
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
-
-
+
+
-
08
Genus: Allopeas Bake , 1935
4. Allopeas g acile
(Hu on,1834.)
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
01
O de Pulmona a
Family Enidae
Genus Zeb ina (Held, 1838)
5. Zeb ina de i a
(Mulle ,1773)
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
01
30
Kaka e al.
In . J. Biosci.
2020
B adybaena simila is (Fe ussac, 1821)
Desc ip ion (Fig. 2, 3): A e age size SL 09-12 mm,
SW 12-16 mm. shells a e helicoid ounded ha ing a
hickened lip and pe o a ed. The who ls a e 5 o 5.5
in numbe . Commonly a single spi al pe iphe al
ches nu band p esen on he who l. The colo o he
shell is ligh b own o yellow. The shell su ace is
o namen ed wi h well, ough g ow h lines and well
spi al s iae. The lip o he shell is e lec ed as well as
he columella appea ances somewha co e ing he
umbilicus. The colo o he animal body is ligh b own
and a da ke line is p esen om he base o each eye
en acle o he hal way nea by shell edge. The abo e-
men ioned snail species we e ound o be dis ibu ed
in a eas 1, 4, 5, 6, 8, and 9 as indica ed in Fig. 1.
Table 2. To al Numbe o indi iduals collec ed om selec ed sampling si es o Balochis an P o ince, Pakis an.
S. No
Sampling si es
B. simila is
M. sequax
Z .insula is
A.g acile
Z.de i a
To al
01
Que a
80
480
-
110
-
670
02
Pishin K.Abdullah
-
-
-
-
-
-
03
Killa-Sai ullah
-
-
70
-
-
70
04
Lo alai
260
110
80
-
-
450
05
Zhob
110
-
130
-
-
240
06
Kohlu/Ba kan
40
80
160
-
22
302
07
Bolan
-
-
-
-
-
-
08
Sibi
120
-
180
-
-
300
09
Ha nai
380
170
260
-
-
810
10
A a abad
-
-
-
-
-
-
11
Kala
-
-
-
-
-
-
12
Khuzda
-
-
120
-
-
120
13
Lasbella
-
-
60
-
-
60
14
Panjgoa .
-
-
-
-
-
-
To al (%)
990 (33)
840 (28)
1060 (35)
110 (04)
22 (0I)
3022
Habi a ion
Usually ound on ege ables, ga dens, weeds and
humid places wi h allen g asses. Howe e , I collec ed
he specimens om ga dens, al al a and also om
he baceous weeds, g asses o mois ness a eas.
Fig. 2. B. simila is showing (a) colo band, (b)
ape u e, (c) umbilicus and (d) p o oconch.
Rema ks
B adybaena simila is is ound in anned, b own and
whi e and commonly con ains a dis inguishing
ea u e o he da k spi al band aking place on he
shell. The common name is Asian amp snail and i is
na i e o Asia, bu also in oducing o o he a eas o
he wo ld by plan s ading and o he p oduc s such
as seedlings, soil p oduc s, e c. (Junquei a e al.,
2004). This species is obse ed e y ac i ely a e
ain all. I is a plan s eede and obse ed as a pes o
ag icul u e (S ange, 2006). Na u ally, i makes lo e
da du ing ma ing.
Mac ochlamys sequax (Godwin-Aus en, 1907)
Desc ip ion (Fig. 4, 5): SL 8 – 9 mm, SW 16 – 18.5
mm. The shell is smoo h, hin, dep essed, polished
and mic oscopically decussa ed. Nea ly papillose,
31
Kaka e al.
In . J. Biosci.
2020
wi h s iae o g ow h and ain , close, wa ed
longi udinal, imp essed lines. Yellowish ho ny in
colo . Spi e is low and he sides a e sligh ly conca ed.
Usually, he su u e is imp essed. The shell comp ises
5 Who ls which a e con ex, apidly inc easing.
Fig. 3. Ali e B. simila is showing colo band.
The las who l is wide , ounded a he pe iphe y as
well as benea h. Ape u e is somewha oblique,
b oadly luna and g ea ly b oade han high.
The pe is ome is hin while he Comella ma gin is
cu ed, na owly e ical abo e and concisely
e lec ed. Animal colo is pale och aceous onwa d
including he man le; whe eas he neck is g eenish,
he oo is pinkish, and en acles a e da k in colo .
Fig. 4. M. sequax showing (a) whi e callus, (b)
umbilicus and (c) body who l.
Two pa allel da k lines un diagonally om he base
o he en acle owa ds he ape u e. The p esence o
he species, Mac ochlamys sequax, was con i med in
he locali ies 1, 3, 4, and 9 in Balochis an (Fig. 1).
Rema ks
Mac ochlamys sequax is commonly called disk snail.
I is desc ibed as a ege able pes as in Bangladesh, i
was obse ed o cause hea y damages o mulbe y
plan s (Jahan, 1993).
Zoo ecus insula is (Eh enbe g, 1831)
Desc ip ion (Fig. 6): SL 10 – 13.5 mm, SW 4 – 5.5
mm. The shell was hick, small, u e ed wi h he
apical who ls b oad and conical in shape. The who ls
a e 7-8 in numbe s. The shell is whi e. P o oconch
showing ce ain i egula c inkles.
The eleconch who ls a e cylind ical, seemed e y ine
axial ible s ha we e equen ly a ched. I egula
spi al u ows a e in e sec ing he axial pa e n.
Ape u e is semi-o a e wi h a hick, blun pe is ome.
Umbilicus is opened and almos co e ed by he
e lec ion o he columella ims o he pe is ome.
Fig. 5. Ali e M. sequax showing (a) black en acles
and (b) pa allel da k lines.
Animals a e i ipa ous. Di e si y o he a o esaid
species we e eco ded om he ollowing a eas 3, 4, 5,
6,8,9,12, and 13 o he s udy a eas (Fig. 1).
Habi a ion
Inhabi he mois places nea by ege a ion.
Rema ks
Mo phologically he shell o Zoo ecus insula is has
seemed as Bulle -shaped, i is commonly dis ibu ed
in wa mness egional places o he p o ince
Balochis an. Va ious emp y shells a e collec ed om
moun ainous a eas nea ege a ion and open places.
32
Kaka e al.
In . J. Biosci.
2020
This species is also epo ed om he moun ainous
si es o he bo de ing coun y A ghanis an and Haja
Moun ains o he eas e n UAE (Feulne and G een,
1999).Du ing inac i eness, hey no mally sealed he
ape u e o hei shells wi h a hin plug o mucus. In
his manne , hey can also aes i a e o su i e
p olonged pe iods o d ough .
Fig. 6. Z. insula is showing (a) blun pe is ome and
(b) ape u e.
Allopeas g acile Hu on, 1834
Desc ip ion (Fig. 7): SL 12.3 mm, SW 3.4 mm. The
Shell is conical, elonga ed in shape and comp ises 7-9
who ls. The p o oconch is spi i ed smoo h wi h in he
i s who l, bu su u al c enula ion’s s a s wi h he
second p o oconch who l. The eleconch who ls we e
e enly ounded wi h a deep su u e. The who l's
su ace was co e ed by ine and dense axial s aie
which we e cu ed supe na u ally. Ape u e was o al.
Columella was s aigh and sligh ly hickened wi h he
closed umbilicus. This species was con ined o only
one locali y in Balochis an as in si e 1 (Fig. 1).
Habi a ion
Collec ed om humid spaces o he ga den, lawn, and
nu se y.
Rema ks: Commonly known as elegan Awl snail. The
all, conical and pale-colo ed wi h ain s ipes is he
dis inc i e ea u e o his species. I is widely
dis ibu ed in Asia and also in oduces o o he
coun ies like Saudi A abia, Oman, Yemen h ough
human ac i i ies (Nase , 2010).
Zeb ina de i a (Mulle , 1773)
Desc ip ion (Fig. 8): A e age SL 22.2 mm, SW
9.35mm. Shell is c eamy whi e in colo , sculp u e
wi h i egula blu y eddish-b own adial s eaks,
unning ac oss he who ls, u nishing zeb a-like
appea ance o he snail. Howe e , some shells los
s ipes hence pu e whi e in colo . Apex is blun wi h
ligh b ownish ape u e, while he umbilicus is
opened and pa ly co e ed which was obse ed only
in si e numbe 6 (Fig.1).
Habi a ion
No mally li es in he meadows o d y and wa m
slopes, in ocky s eppes, limes one g ound, as well as
in ineya ds.
Rema ks
Commonly Zeb ina de i a is named de i us Ena. I
is epo ed as he i s in e media e hos o
Dic ocoelium dend i ic ( ema ode), while he
common second in e media e hos o Dic ocoelium
dend i icum is he Fo mica usca in Eu ope (El-
showk, S, 2010).
Fig. 7. A. g acile
The zeb a-like appea ance o da k o ed-b own
s ipes unning ac oss he who ls is he cha ac e is ic
ea u e o his snail. Howe e , he ac ual colo o he
snail is yellowish-g ey as well as ligh g ey, bu as
empe a u e dec eases in au umn, i s colo changes in
o da ke and again in sp ing wi h inc easing
empe a u e i e u ns back o i s ac ual ligh colo . I
is epo ed as a wo m-lo ing species (De F ancesco,
2009). Howe e , his species was also collec ed om
33
Kaka e al.
In . J. Biosci.
2020
he wa m egions o Baluchis an P o ince.
Land snails we e collec ed om di e gen spo s o he
p o ince. A o al o i e species we e ound wi h
di e se habi a . The dis ibu ion o land snail auna
was equen ly limi ed o geog aphical a eas and
along ocky. Among snail species a egional si es, he
mos common was Zoo ecus insula is, widely
dis ibu ed and collec ed om 8 wa me hilly a eas o
he p o ince. Con e sely, excluding emp y shells, no
li e o m o his species was ound.
Fig. 8. Z. de i a showing (a) colo ed adial s eaks
and (b) pa ly co e ed umbilicus.
The shells we e dispe sed on he ocky and ba e soil
which was he same as eco ded in he p e ious s udy
by (Solem, 1979), epo ed om A ghanis an and
(Feulne and G een, 1999) om eas e n UEA. This
con inuance also es ablished he likeness o he
wa m-lo ing habi o he species as epo ed by (De
F ancesco, 2009). The o he B adybaena simila is
was also showed ai dis ibu ion and collec ed om 6
si es. Followed by Mac ochlamys sequax was ound
in 4 si es. The leas species we e Alloeas g acile and
Zeb ina de i a which we e epo ed om only one
si e each espec i ely (Table 2). The spo adic
dis ibu ion o land snail- auna showed he
ulne abili y and e en ex inc ion which need u he
in es iga ion o p o ec hem.
The numbe s o holo ypes collec ed om di e en
locali ies, we e also showed and con o med he wide
dis ibu ion o he Zoo ecus insula is (35%), ollowed
by B adybaena simila is (33%), hen Mac ochlamys
sequas (28%). While he o he wo species, he
Allopeas g acile and Zeb ina de i a we e occu ed
lowes as (04) and (01) espec i ely (Table 2).
No eco ds a e a ailable on he land-snail auna o he
p o ince excep (Annadale and P ashad, 1919), who
epo ed land snail om A ghanis an and ew si es o
adjoining seis an-Balochis an. Consequen ly, i is
o e unne a emp in he p o ince o ill his gap.
Conclusion
The indings o he con empo a y s udy e ealed ha
all species o land molluscan auna we e acing
se ious h ea on accoun o he annihila ion o he
na u al habi a s by human ac i i ies in Baluchis an
p o ince o he coun y Pakis an. Tangible measu es
a e he need o ime o p ese e he molluscan
di e si y.
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