Biomolecular Condensates as Cellular Memory Modules: Thermodynamic Principles and Plant Stress Adaptation

A. Thermodynamic foundations One phase (χ < 0) Two phases (χ > 0) Interaction parameter (χ) Concentration Critical Point Core (Long-term memory) Percolated network Shell (Short-term memory) Decay enzymes RNA mRNA-modified D. The memory cycle: Write, Read, Erase WRITE READ ERASE Encoding: Stress signal recognition mRNA modification Selective sequestration Retrieval: Secondary stress response Accelerated adaptation Regulated mRNA release Rapid translation Resetting: Stress termination Condensate dissolution Component recycling C. Kinetic model of state transitions Storage (S) Decay (D) Time Decay rate E. Integration with cellular systems Nucleus Actin filaments Scaffold proteins Nuclear pore Stress granules SCAR/WAVE Ribosome WRITE READ ERASE Plasma membrane Percolated network Condensates B. Short and long-term memory model Scaffold proteins Decay enzymes Decay enzymes Processing bodies (S) Processing bodies (D) new proteins RNA decay erase/storage by condensate interactions loading example