PEACE IN RETRIBUTION AND ITS RULINGS IN HANAFI JURISPRUDENCE

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PEACE IN RETRIBUTION AND ITS RULINGS IN HANAFI JURISPRUDENCE
Abdul Zahi E shad
Mas e 's S uden in C iminal Law and C iminology, Facul y o Law and Poli ical Science,
Jami Uni e si y, He a , A ghanis an
[email p o ec ed]
Abdul Khaliq Haqani
Facul y o Sha ia and Islamic S udies, Jami Uni e si y, He a , A ghanis an
h ps://doi.o g/10.5281/zenodo.17688079
Abs ac . Re ibu ion (Qi) cons i u es one o he mos signi ican en o cemen
gua an ees wi hin Islamic c iminal law, playing a undamen al ole in ensu ing jus ice and
de e ing c imes agains he bodily in eg i y o indi iduals. Ne e heless, in o de o sa egua d
social in e es s and o p omo e he spi i o o gi eness and econcilia ion, Islam has in oduced
he ins i u ion o Sulh (amicable se lemen ) alongside Qi. Wi hin Hana i ju isp udence, Sulh
in he con ex o Qi Is ecognized as a legi ima e mechanism o ending dispu es and
p e en ing he con inua ion o hos ili y, wi h speci ic legal p o isions go e ning i s applica ion.
Hana i ju is s, elying on Qu ’anic e ses and P ophe ic adi ions, conside Sulh in
Qi no only pe missible bu , In ce ain cases, ecommended and commendable; hus, he legal
hei s o he ic im (wali al-dam) may pa don he o ende ei he In exchange o compensa ion
(diya) o g a ui ously. This s udy examines he concep o Sulh in Qi, analyzing i s alidi y
equi emen s and legal consequences unde Hana i ju isp udence, and demons a es ha his
ins i u ion can play an e ec i e ole in achie ing es o a i e jus ice and mi iga ing social ha ms.
Fu he mo e, a compa a i e o e iew o Hana i pe spec i es wi h hose o o he Islamic schools
o law Is p esen ed, he eby highligh ing he signi icance o his subjec wi hin he amewo k o
Islamic legal hough .
Keywo ds: Sulh, Qi, pa don, Hana i ju isp udence, diya, wali al-dam, Islamic
c iminal law.
In oduc ion
Islam, as a comp ehensi e eligion, while emphasizing he implemen a ion o jus ice, has
also in oduced mechanisms o o gi eness, econcilia ion, and e o m. One such mechanism is
Sulh (amicable se lemen ) in Qi ( e ibu ion), whe eby he legal hei s o he ic im (awliyʾ
al-dam) each a se lemen wi h he o ende ins ead o execu ing e ibu ion. This ins i u ion
holds pa icula signi icance in educing e alia o y iolence and os e ing social s abili y.
Qi, as one o he mos impo an penal p o isions o Islamic law, was legisla ed on he
basis o jus ice and he p o ec ion o bo h indi idual and social igh s. This legal ins i u ion no
only add esses c imes agains li e and bodily in eg i y bu also p ima ily se es he pu poses o
de e ence, elie ing he su e ing o he ic im’s hei s, and ensu ing social o de (Jawadi Amuli,
2016, p. 340). Alongside his, he di ine legisla o , by enac ing Sulh and o gi eness in he
con ex o Qi, has emphasized he e hical and humani a ian dimensions o punishmen .
Hence, Sulh in Qi is no only pe missible bu , in many cases, encou aged and ecommended.
As s a ed in he Holy Qu ’an: “Bu i anyone emi s he e alia ion by way o cha i y, i is an
expia ion o him” (al-Baqa a: 178), which a i ms he pe missibili y and desi abili y o
o gi eness and econcilia ion.
Hana i ju isp udence, elying on i s ou p ima y sou ces—Qu ’an, Sunnah, consensus
(ijmʿ), and analogical easoning (qiy)—has examined Sulh in Qi as a legi ima e ma e
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subjec o speci ic legal ulings. Acco ding o his school o law, econcilia ion may ake
di e en o ms, such as uncondi ional pa don, pa don condi ioned on diya (blood money) o
compensa ion, o se lemen in ol ing ma e ial bene i s and in e es s (al-Sa akhsī, 1421 AH, ol.
10, p. 165). A dis inc i e ea u e o Hana i ju isp udence in his ega d is i s emphasis on
sa egua ding social wel a e and p e en ing u he co up ion and bloodshed wi hin socie y;
acco dingly, in ce ain ins ances, i p e e s econcilia ion o e he implemen a ion o e ibu ion.
F om a legal pe spec i e, he ins i u ion o Sulh in cases in ol ing c imes agains li e has
also been inco po a ed in o he penal codes o se e al Islamic coun ies. No ably, in
A ghanis an—whe e he legal sys em is hea ily in luenced by Hana i ju isp udence—Sulh in
Qi has been g an ed legal ecogni ion and is p omo ed wi h a es o a i e o ien a ion
(A ghanis an Penal Code, 2017, A icle 576).
In his ligh , he examina ion o he ulings and condi ions o Sulh in Qi unde Hana i
ju isp udence plays a c ucial ole in cla i ying he app oach o his legal school owa d c iminal
jus ice and i s in e ac ion wi h humani a ian and e hical pe spec i es.
1- Concep ualiza ion
1-1- Qisas (Re alia ion)
The e m Qisas in i s linguis ic sense deno es pu sui and p osecu ion (Ibn Manzu , 1414
AH). In Islamic ju isp uden ial e minology, Qisas e e s o punishing he o ende in he same
manne as he c ime commi ed, p o ided ha he condi ions and limi a ions s ipula ed a e duly
obse ed (Sa akhsi, 1421 AH). The Hana i ju is s ha e ega ded Qisas as one o he ins umen s
o achie ing jus ice and p ese ing social li e, which is legi imized as he igh o he hei s o
he ic im ollowing homicide o bodily inju y (Kasani, 1406 AH).
2-1- Sulh (Reconcilia ion/Se lemen )
Sulh, in i s linguis ic sense, means he emo al o con lic and he es ablishmen o peace
be ween he dispu ing pa ies (Raghib Is ahani, 1412 AH). In ju isp uden ial e minology, Sulh is
an ag eemen concluded be ween wo pa ies o end a dispu e, and in he con ex o Qisas, i
e e s o he wai e o he igh o e alia ion by he hei s o he ic im in exchange o
compensa ion o wi hou compensa ion (Ibn Abidin, 1412 AH).
1. Legi imacy o Sulh in Qisas in Hana i Ju isp udence
Hana i ju isp udence, elying on he Qu ’an, Sunnah, and Qiyas, ecognizes he
legi imacy o Sulh in ma e s o Qisas. Sa akhsi s a es: “al-Sulh ja’iz i al-Qisas, sawa’un kana
‘ala mal aw bighay i mal” (Se lemen is pe missible in Qisas, whe he wi h compensa ion o
wi hou i ) (al-Mabsu , Vol. 26, p. 85). Likewise, in Bada’iʿ al-Sana’iʿ i is no ed ha Sulh in
Qisas is analogous o sale when i in ol es compensa ion, and is akin o pa don when i is
wi hou compensa ion.
2. Types o Sulh in Qisas
a) Sulh wi h compensa ion (ʿiwad): In his si ua ion, he hei s o he ic im elinquish
Qisas in e u n o mone a y compensa ion. Unde Hana i ju isp udence, his ype o Sulh ca ies
he legal uling o a con ac o sale (Kasani, Bada’iʿ al-Sana’iʿ, Vol. 7, p. 238).
b) Sulh wi hou compensa ion: In his si ua ion, he hei s o he ic im o gi e he
o ende wi hou ecei ing any compensa ion. This ype o Sulh is conside ed equi alen o a gi
(hiba) o an absolu e pa don (Ibn Abidin, Radd al-Muh a , Vol. 6, p. 293).
3-1- Condi ions o he Validi y o Sulh in Qisas
1. Majo i y and ma u i y o he hei o he ic im (wali al-dam).
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2. Legal capaci y o he o ende (jni) o p o ide compensa ion (in he case o se lemen
wi h conside a ion).
3. Consen o bo h pa ies.
4. De e mina ion and cla i y o he amoun o compensa ion in inancial se lemen .
5. Absence o coe cion o decep ion in he con ac (al-Hindi, al-Fa awa al-ʿAlamgi iyya,
Vol. 3, p. 355).
6. E ec s o Sulh in Qisas
7. Ex inguishmen o he igh o e alia ion: by he conclusion o Sulh, he igh o Qisas
is ex inguished, and he o ende is eleased om punishmen .
8. Binding na u e o he se lemen : Sulh is a binding con ac (ʿaqd lzim) and, once
concluded, wi hd awal om i is impe missible.
9. P ese a ion o ex inguishmen o he igh o diyyah (blood money): i he Sulh is
wi hou conside a ion, he igh o diyyah is also ex inguished unless o he wise speci ically
ag eed upon.
10. E ec o se lemen by some hei s o he ic im: i some hei s en e in o Sulh while
o he s demand Qisas, he igh o Qisas emains en o ceable p opo iona e o he sha es o he
emaining hei s.
11. S a us o a mino ’s gua dian in Sulh conce ning Qisas: he gua dian o a mino ( a he
o execu o ) may no conclude Sulh on behal o he mino unless i Is in he mino ’s bes
in e es . In such cases, he au ho iza ion o a judge is equi ed. I he se lemen se es he
in e es o he mino , i is deemed pe missible (Ibn Humam, Fa h al-Qadi , Vol. 7, p. 201).
12. Compa ison wi h O he Schools o Ju isp udence
Sha i‘I ju isp udence: ecognizes Sulh in Qisas wi h compensa ion, bu he compensa ion
mus equal o be less han he diyyah.
Maliki ju isp udence: p e e s Sulh, bu ju is s di e o e pe mi ing compensa ion in
excess o he diyyah. Imami (Shi‘a) ju isp udence: allows Sulh bo h wi h and wi hou
compensa ion, bu s ipula es speci ic condi ions ega ding he consen o he o ende and he
hei s o he ic im.
13. Socie al and Go e nmen al Role o Sulh in Qisas
In many coun ies in luenced by Islamic ju isp udence (such as A ghanis an and
Pakis an), Sulh in Qisas se es as a mechanism o p e en ibal and amilial con lic s. The
Islamic judge (hakim al-sha ʿ) may also play he ole o media o in such cases o p e en
bloodshed.
14. Ju isp uden ial-Social Analysis o Sulh in Qisas
Sulh in Qisas ep esen s a mo al and a ional solu ion ha acco ds wi h he p inciples o
jus ice while simul aneously p e en ing he escala ion o hos ili ies. Hana i ju isp udence,
h ough i s lexible ulings on se lemen , has p o ided he necessa y amewo k o he
applica ion o his legal ins umen .
2- Qu ’anic and Hadi h Backg ound o Sulh in Qisas
In he Holy Qu ’an, he pe missibili y o econcilia ion (Sulh) in Qisas is explici ly s a ed:
« ناَسْحِإِب ِهْيَلِإ ٌءاَدَأَو ِفوُرْعَمْلاِب ٌعاَبِ تاَف ٌءْيَش ِهي ِخَأ ْنِم ُهَل َيِفُع ْنَمَف» (Sū a al-Baqa ah, 2:178)
“Bu i any emission is made by he b o he o he slain, hen g an any easonable
demand, and compensa e him wi h handsome g a i ude.”
This e se demons a es ha while Islamic law ecognizes he igh o Qisas, pa don and
econcilia ion a e ega ded as supe io and ecommended.
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The use o he passi e e b ʿu iya (“is o gi en”) highligh s he olun a y na u e o
pa don (Ṭabṭabʾī, 1417 AH). Many exege es, including Fakh al-Rzī (1420 AH), ha e
emphasized ha his e se con i ms he undamen al legi imacy o Sulh in cases o in en ional
homicide.
On he o he hand, he P ophe o Islam (peace be upon him) said in a hadi h:
«
ْعٱ ْمُكنَع ُه
للَّٱ ُ
فْعَي اوُف» (al-Bukh ī, 1400 AH)
“Fo gi e, and Allah will o gi e you.”
This hadi h p o ides an e hical ein o cemen o he ole o o gi eness and se lemen in
social ela ions, and i has been ci ed by ju is s as e idence o he mo al signi icance o Sulh,
e en in he con ex o implemen ing hudūd ( ixed punishmen s unde Sha iʿah).
3- Gene al O e iew o he Hana i School on Sulh in Qisas
The Hana i school o ju isp udence ega ds Sulh (se lemen ) in Qisas no only as
pe missible bu , in many cases, as ecommended (mus aḥabb), since i p ese es li es, educes
ac s o engeance, and s eng hens social cohesion. Acco ding o al-Sa akhsi (1421 AH), i he
hei o he ic im (walī al-dam) econciles wi h he o ende , he igh o Qisas is ex inguished
and eplaced wi h compensa ion (diyyah o o he p ope y), p o ided ha he se lemen is
concluded wi h ull consen . Likewise, Hana i ju is s conside se lemen o mo e o less han
he s anda d diyyah alid, on he condi ion ha i does no in ol e unce ain y (gha a ) o
decep ion (al-Kasani, 1406 AH).
Thus, i is concluded ha he concep o Qisas and Sulh in Islamic ju isp udence e lec s
Qisas as jus e alia ion and e ibu ion o c ime, whose legi imacy is explici ly a i med in e se
178 o Sū a al-Baqa ah. A he same ime, Islam also ecognizes he possibili y o pa don and
econcilia ion in he same e se:
«
َيِفُع ْنَمَف ... ىَلْتَقْلٱ يِف ُ
صاَصِقْلٱ ُمُكْيَلَع َبِتُك اوُنَمآ َنيِذهلٱ اَهُّيَأ اَي ْنِم ُهَل
َأ
ٌءْيَش ِهيِخ
ِ تٱَف
ْيَلِإ ٌءآَدَأَو ِفوُرْعَمْلٱِب ٌٌۢعاَب ِه
نٰـَسْحِإِب» (al-Qu ’n, al-Baqa ah: 178)
“O you who belie e! P esc ibed o you is e alia ion in cases o mu de … Bu i any
emission is made by he b o he o he slain, hen g an any easonable demand, and compensa e
him wi h handsome g a i ude.” In Islamic ju isp udence, Sulh in Qisas is hus ecognized as a
alid Sha īʿah-based con ac , which may be concluded ei he wi h conside a ion ( inancial
compensa ion) o wi hou i .
4- The Hana i School’s Pe spec i e on Sulh in Qisas
1-4- Legi imacy o Sulh in Qisas in Hana i Ju isp udence
Hana i ju is s, elying on e se 178 o Sū a al-Baqa ah, a i m he legi imacy o Sulh in
Qisas. They hold ha he igh o e alia ion belongs o he hei o he ic im (walī al-dam), who
may elinquish his igh ei he g a ui ously o in exchange o speci ied p ope y (al-Sa akhsi,
1421 AH, Vol. 10, p. 165). Fu he mo e, he P ophe (peace be upon him) s a ed: « ٌليِتَق ُهَل َلِتُق ْنَم
ِإ ،ِنْيَرَظهنلا ِ
رْيَخِب َوُهَف
ُهُلِتاَق َلَتْقُي ْ
وَأ ،َةَيِ دلا ىَطْعُي ْنَأ اهم»
(al-Bukh ī, 1400 AH, ḥadī h no. 6891)
“Whoe e has his ela i e killed has wo op ions: ei he he is gi en he blood-money
(diyyah), o he kille is execu ed.”
The Hana is conside his hadi h as he basis o g an ing he hei o he ic im he
au ho i y o choose pa don o econcilia ion.
2-4- Types o Sulh in Qisas Acco ding o Hana i Ju isp udence
The Hana i school classi ies Sulh in Qisas in o wo p incipal ca ego ies:
1-2-4- G a ui ous Se lemen (Pa don wi hou Compensa ion)
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In his case, he hei o he ic im wai es he igh o Qisas wi hou ecei ing any
compensa ion. This o m o pa don is conside ed mus aḥabb ( ecommended) and esul s in he
ex inc ion o he igh o e alia ion. Hana is belie e ha such pa don en ails g ea di ine ewa d
and may se e as a means o econcilia ion be ween dispu ing pa ies (al-Kasani, 1406 AH, Vol.
7, p. 267).
2-2-4- Compensa ed Se lemen (Sulh wi h Conside a ion)
The hei o he ic im may wai e he igh o Qisas in e u n o ecei ing diyyah o o he
p ope y. Unlike ce ain o he schools o ju isp udence, Hana i law pe mi s Sulh o mo e o less
han he s anda d diyyah, p o ided ha bo h pa ies consen and ha no elemen s o usu y ( ib)
o unce ain y (gha a ) a e p esen (Ibn ʿAbidin, 1412 AH, Vol. 5, p. 352).
3-4- Condi ions o he Validi y o Sulh in Qisas
Hana i ju is s ha e ou lined se e al condi ions o he alidi y o Sulh in Qisas, he mos
impo an o which a e as ollows:
Full consen o bo h he hei o he ic im (walī al-dam) and he o ende : no o m o
coe cion o compulsion should be in ol ed (al-Sa akhsi, 1421 AH, Vol. 10, p. 168).
Legal capaci y o he pa ies: bo h he hei o he ic im and he o ende mus be o
sound mind and o legal age. In he case o a mino hei , pa don is no alid unless g an ed by
he legal gua dian in acco dance wi h he bes in e es s o he child (al-Kasani, 1406 AH, Vol. 7,
p. 270).
Cla i y o he subjec ma e o se lemen : in compensa ed Sulh, he amoun and ype o
conside a ion mus be speci ied in o de o p e en he in alidi y o he ansac ion (Ibn ʿAbidin,
1412 AH).
4-4- Ju isp uden ial E ec s o Sulh in Qisas
In Hana i ju isp udence, Sulh esul s in he ex inc ion o he igh o Qisas, and
depending on he ype o se lemen , a inancial igh such as diyyah becomes es ablished. A
compensa ed Sulh (ulḥ muʿwaḍah) is ega ded as a binding con ac (ʿaqd lzim), and he
pa ies may no e oke i he ea e (al-Sa akhsi, 1421 AH). Mo eo e , Sulh does no ex inguish
he ḥudūd ( ixed punishmen s p esc ibed by Allah), excep in cases whe e he igh is p i a e in
na u e and he hei s o he ic im wai e i . Hana i ju is s emphasize ha Sulh mus se e he
pu pose o emo ing hos ili y and p ese ing social o de .
5- The Di e ence Be ween he Hana i Pe spec i e and O he Schools Rega ding
Sulh in Qisas
Islamic ju is s unanimously ag ee on he legi imacy o Sulh in Qisas. Howe e ,
di e ences exis among he schools o ju isp udence conce ning he de ailed ules and he scope
o pe missibili y. Compa ed o o he Sunni schools and he Ja‘ a i (Imamiyyah) school, Hana i
ju isp udence adop s a mo e mode a e and expediency-o ien ed (malaḥah-based) app oach.
Some o hese di e ences a e as ollows:
1-5- Sulh o Mo e o Less han he P esc ibed Diyyah
Hana i ju is s hold ha he wali al-dam may conclude Sulh o mo e o less han he
p esc ibed diyyah, as he igh o Qisas belongs exclusi ely o him, and he has disc e ion o se le
i in any manne , p o ided he e is mu ual consen and no elemen o decep ion o gha a is
in ol ed (Ibn ʿĀbidīn, 1412 AH, ol. 5, p. 351). In con as , he Sha iʿi and Jaʿ a i schools
in alida e such a se lemen , holding ha Sulh is alid only o he ull diyyah o less han i ,
while Sulh o mo e han he diyyah is ega ded as a oid ansac ion (al-Naja i, 1981, ol. 43, p.
78; al-Nawawi, 1405 AH, ol. 26, p. 180).

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2-5- Binding Na u e o Sulh
Acco ding o he Hana is, a Sulh in which he wali al-dam enounces Qisas in e u n o
p ope y o diyyah is binding and i e ocable, and one canno e e o Qisas he ea e (al-
Kasani, 1406 AH, ol. 7, p. 270). In con as , ce ain schools such as he Maliki school pe mi
e oca ion o Sulh in speci ic cases, pa icula ly i i is es ablished ha he wali al-dam was
decei ed o subjec ed o signi ican un ai ness (ghubn ḥish) (Ibn Rushd, 1995, ol. 2, p. 455).
3-5- The Role o he Judge in App o ing Sulh
In Hana i ju isp udence, judicial in e en ion is no a equi emen o Sulh; econcilia ion
be ween he wali al-dam and he o ende is alid upon mu ual consen , unless a dispu e a ises
ega ding i s alidi y (al-Sa akhsi, 1421 AH, ol. 10, p. 170). By con as , some Hanbali ju is s
s ipula e ha Sulh mus be concluded wi h he knowledge and supe ision o he judge in o de
o p e en co up ion o coe cion (Ibn Qudmah, 1405 AH, ol. 9, p. 371).
4-5- Sulh In ol ing a Mino Hei
Hana i ju is s main ain ha he gua dian o a mino hei has no igh o se le o money
o diyyah unless i is clea ly in he bes in e es o he mino and wi h judicial app o al (Ibn
ʿĀbidīn, 1412 AH). Simila ly, his ule applies in Jaʿ a i ju isp udence. Howe e , he Maliki
school in ce ain cases allows he pa don g an ed by a mino ’s gua dian e en wi hou
compensa ion (Ibn Rushd, 1995).
5-5- O e all Compa ison
In gene al, Hana i ju isp udence adop s a mo e lexible app oach owa ds Sulh in Qisas
and ecognizes b oade disc e ion o he wali al-dam. O he schools, howe e , impose
es ic ions in o de o p e en po en ial abuse, co up ion, o in ingemen upon he igh s o he
o ende o he hei s.
6- Sulh in Qisas in Con empo a y Law
O e ime, and wi h he ans o ma ion o legal sys ems in Islamic coun ies, many
c iminal codes—pa icula ly in ma e s o Qisas—ha e been shaped unde he in luence o
Islamic ju isp udence, especially he Hana i school. Sulh in Qisas is no only ecognized wi hin
Islamic ju isp udence bu has also acqui ed a special s a us in con empo a y law as a es o a i e
and humani a ian mechanism.
1-6- Sulh in Qisas unde A ghan Law
The A ghan legal sys em, conside ing he Hana i school as he o mal sou ce o
legisla ion (A icle 130 o he Cons i u ion), has o mally ecognized he ins i u ion o Sulh in
Qisas. Acco ding o A icle 576 o he A ghan Penal Code (2017), he wali al-dam may enounce
his igh o Qisas and econcile wi h he o ende . This econcilia ion may be ei he g a ui ous
(ʿa w) o in exchange o compensa ion (paymen o diyyah o ano he o m o p ope y).
Fu he mo e, A icle 60 o he same Code s ipula es ha in case o econcilia ion o
pa don, c iminal p osecu ion o he o ende conce ning Qisas shall be e mina ed. Howe e , i
he public aspec o he c ime (ḥaqq al-ʿmmah / public o de ) emains, he p osecu o may
con inue p osecu ion unde he amewo k o aʿzī . This app oach e lec s ha A ghan law seeks
o s ike a balance be ween p i a e igh s and public in e es s (Minis y o Jus ice o A ghanis an,
2017).
2-6- Sulh in O he Islamic Legal Sys ems
In many Islamic coun ies—including Pakis an, Sudan, Saudi A abia, and I an— he
ins i u ion o Sulh in c imes subjec o Qisas is ecognized. Fo example, in he I anian Islamic
Penal Code (2013), A icle 429 explici ly p o ides ha he wali al-dam may econcile wi h he
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o ende and o go Qisas, whe he by accep ing ull diyyah, o mo e, o less han i (I anian
Islamic Penal Code, 2013).
This de elopmen demons a es ei he he adop ion o , o in luence om, Hana i
ju isp udence in a ious coun ies, since many o hese laws g an he wali al-dam b oad
disc e ion in de e mining he ype and amoun o compensa ion, consis en wi h he Hana i
posi ion (al-Kasani, 1406 AH).
3-6- Sulh as a Mechanism o Res o a i e Jus ice
In con empo a y legal discou se, pa icula ly wi hin he amewo k o Res o a i e Jus ice,
emphasis is placed upon econcilia ion, pa don, and he es o a ion o ela ionships be ween he
ic im and he o ende . Many schola s o c iminal law a gue ha Sulh in Qisas p o ides a
ounda ion o he ealiza ion o humane jus ice and he educ ion o penal iolence (Yazdani,
2019). Acco dingly, social wel a e, ehabili a ion o he o ende , and he sa is ac ion o he hei s
o he ic im a e conside ed as undamen al bases o Sulh in mode n legal sys ems.
4-6- Challenges and Solu ions
Con empo a y law also aces challenges such as coe cion in econcilia ion, imposi ion o
compensa ion beyond he o ende ’s capaci y, o misuse o he igh o comp omise. Hana i
ju isp udence add esses hese conce ns by equi ing genuine consen , p ohibi ing coe cion, and
manda ing ai ness in econcilia ion (al-Sa akhsi, 1421 AH).
Conclusion
The ins i u ion o Qisas in Islamic ju isp udence has been es ablished wi h he p ima y
objec i e o ensu ing c iminal jus ice and p omo ing social de e ence. Ne e heless, Islamic
law, h ough he ecogni ion o Sulh ( econcilia ion) and pa don as complemen a y mechanisms
o Qisas, unde sco es he humani a ian and e o ma i e dimensions o penal sanc ions. The
legi imacy o Sulh is exp essly a i med in Qu ’an 2:178 and co obo a ed by a ious P ophe ic
adi ions, he eby e lec ing he dual emphasis on jus ice and me cy wi hin Islamic c iminal law.
Wi hin his amewo k, he Hana i school adop s a p agma ic and in e es -o ien ed
app oach, conside ing Sulh no only law ul bu , in ce ain ci cums ances, ecommended
(mus ahabb). This school alida es bo h g a ui ous econcilia ion and econcilia ion wi h
compensa ion, pe mi ing he wali al-dam o elinquish he igh o Qisas in exchange o mo e
o less han he p esc ibed diyyah, p o ided mu ual consen is achie ed. Such lexibili y
dis inguishes Hana i ju isp udence om he Sha i‘i and Imami schools, which impose s ic e
limi a ions on compensa ion. Consequen ly, he Hana i posi ion signi ican ly expands he
disc e iona y au ho i y o he ic im’s hei s while p omo ing econcilia ion as a means o social
ha mony.
In con empo a y legal sys ems, pa icula ly hose in luenced by Hana i ju isp udence
such as A ghanis an and Pakis an, he ins i u ion o Sulh has been o mally inco po a ed in o
codi ied c iminal law. I se es as a es o a i e and humani a ian al e na i e o Qisas, educing
he likelihood o e alia o y iolence and os e ing econcilia ion. Mo eo e , his amewo k
aligns closely wi h mode n heo ies o Res o a i e Jus ice, which p io i ize o ende
ehabili a ion, ic im sa is ac ion, and he es o a ion o social cohesion.
In conclusion, he ope a ionaliza ion o Sulh in Qisas no only sa egua ds he igh s o he
ic im’s hei s bu also ein o ces social s abili y and p e en s disco d in acco dance wi h he
wisdom o Islamic law. Ne e heless, e ec i e implemen a ion equi es clea legal s anda ds,
judicial supe ision, and sa egua ds agains coe cion o exploi a ion o ensu e ha Sulh ul ills
i s in ended ole as an ins umen o jus ice, me cy, and social o de .
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