In e na ional Jou nal o Eme ging Resea ch in Science, Enginee ing, and Managemen
Vol. 1, Issue 3, pp.12-15, Sep embe 2025.
www.ije sem.com eISSN – 3107-9075
IJERSEM@2025 h ps://doi.o g/10.58482/ije sem. 1i3.3 12
Sus ainable Conc e e Using Alcco ine and
Supplemen a y Cemen i ious Ma e ials:
Mechanical and Du abili y S udies
P S ini asulu
P o esso , Depa men o ME, Gokula K ishna College o Enginee ing, Sullu pe , India
Abs ac : This s udy in es iga es he mechanical and du abili y p ope ies o sus ainable conc e e mixes inco po a ing Alcco ine 1203 alongside
supplemen a y cemen i ious ma e ials (SCMs) such as G ound G anula ed Blas Fu nace Slag (GGBFS) and Me akaolin. Va ious p opo ions o
SCMs pa ially eplaced o dina y Po land cemen (OPC) in M40 g ade conc e e o op imize s eng h and du abili y pe o mance. Expe imen al
es s we e conduc ed on comp essi e, ensile, and lexu al s eng hs a 7, 14, and 28 days o cu ing. Du abili y assessmen s, including wa e
abso p ion and chlo ide pe meabili y, we e also pe o med. The esul s indica e ha e na y blends wi h 15% Alcco ine, 30% GGBFS, and 10%
Me akaolin exhibi ed signi ican imp o emen s in s eng h and educed pe meabili y, a ibu able o enhanced pozzolanic eac ion and
mic os uc u al densi ica ion. This esea ch suppo s he use o Alcco ine-based e na y blends o eco- iendly cons uc ion, enabling educed
cemen consump ion while achie ing highe pe o mance and du abili y.
Keywo ds: Sus ainable Conc e e, Alcco ine 1203, Supplemen a y Cemen i ious Ma e ials, G ound G anula ed Blas Fu nace Slag,
Me akaolin, Mechanical P ope ies, Du abili y, Pozzolanic Ac i i y.
1 INTRODUCTION
Conc e e is one o he mos widely used cons uc ion ma e ials globally, o ming he backbone o in as uc u e de elopmen .
Howe e , he inc easing demand o con en ional conc e e has aised c i ical en i onmen al conce ns, p ima ily due o he high
ca bon dioxide (CO2) emissions associa ed wi h cemen p oduc ion, which accoun s o app oxima ely 5-8% o global CO2
emissions [1]. To add ess sus ainabili y challenges, esea che s and indus y p ac i ione s a e ac i ely in es iga ing al e na i e
ma e ials and no el o mula ions ha educe he en i onmen al oo p in wi hou comp omising he mechanical and du abili y
pe o mance o conc e e.
Supplemen a y Cemen i ious Ma e ials (SCMs), such as G ound G anula ed Blas Fu nace Slag (GGBFS), ly ash, me akaolin,
and silica ume, ha e eme ged as iable pa ial eplacemen s o cemen in conc e e mix u es. These ma e ials no only con ibu e
o was e alo iza ion bu also enhance he mic os uc u e o conc e e h ough pozzolanic ac i i y, leading o imp o ed s eng h
and du abili y cha ac e is ics.
Among he ecen ad ancemen s in SCMs, Alcco ine 1203, an ul a- ine ma e ial cha ac e ized by op imized pa icle size
dis ibu ion and high calcium oxide (CaO) and silica (SiO2) con en , has a ac ed signi ican a en ion. Manu ac u ed in India,
Alcco ine se es as a mic o- ille ha accele a es cemen hyd a ion and e ines he mic os uc u e, esul ing in highe ea ly s eng h
de elopmen and enhanced du abili y p ope ies [2]-[4]. S udies ha e demons a ed ha pa ial eplacemen o cemen wi h
Alcco ine in p opo ions anging om 8% o 15% can signi ican ly imp o e he comp essi e s eng h, ensile s eng h, and lexu al
s eng h, while also educing he pe meabili y o conc e e.
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
The ques o sus ainable conc e e o mula ions has d i en ex ensi e esea ch in o he use o Supplemen a y Cemen i ious
Ma e ials (SCMs) as pa ial eplacemen s o o dina y Po land cemen (OPC) [6]. These ma e ials, de i ed om indus ial by-
p oduc s o na u al mine als, o e he dual bene i s o educing cemen consump ion and enhancing he pe o mance cha ac e is ics
o conc e e. G ound G anula ed Blas Fu nace Slag (GGBFS) is one o he mos ex ensi ely s udied SCMs. I s la en hyd aulic
p ope ies help inc ease conc e e densi y and imp o e i s long- e m s eng h and du abili y. Me akaolin, a highly eac i e
pozzolanic ma e ial, is known o e ine he po e s uc u e and enhance he mechanical p ope ies o conc e e subs an ially,
especially when combined wi h o he SCMs [7].
Alcco ine 1203, an ul a ine ma e ial manu ac u ed in India, has ecen ly ga ne ed signi ican a en ion due o i s unique pa icle
size dis ibu ion and chemical composi ion, which is ich in calcium oxide (CaO) and silica (SiO2) [8]. S udies ha e demons a ed
ha Alcco ine con ibu es o accele a ed hyd a ion, imp o ed pozzolanic ac i i y, and dense mic os uc u es, which in u n
enhance he ea ly and long- e m comp essi e, ensile, and lexu al s eng hs o conc e e.
In e na ional Jou nal o Eme ging Resea ch in Science, Enginee ing, and Managemen
Vol. 1, Issue 3, pp.12-15, Sep embe 2025.
www.ije sem.com eISSN – 3107-9075
IJERSEM@2025 h ps://doi.o g/10.58482/ije sem. 1i3.3 13
Resea ch by Du ai e al. e alua ed he pe o mance o e na y blends comp ising GGBFS, Alcco ine, and me akaolin in M40-
g ade conc e e [9]. The s udy ound ha a blend o 30% GGBFS, 15% Alcco ine, and 10% me akaolin esul ed in signi ican ly
imp o ed mechanical p ope ies—su passing hose o conc e e wi h single SCM eplacemen s. Mic os uc u al analyses e ealed
enhanced pozzolanic eac ions and dense packing, which con ibu ed o inc eased s eng h and du abili y. Alcco ine has also been
in es iga ed in inno a i e conc e e applica ions such as sel -compac ing conc e e (SCC) and 3D p in able conc e e. Mani e al.
epo ed ha Alcco ine enhanced he heological p ope ies essen ial o p in abili y and imp o ed mechanical pe o mance due
o i s ine pa icle size and chemical eac i i y [10].
Fly ash and o he SCMs in combina ion wi h Alcco ine ha e been s udied o de elop hyb id conc e es ha balance wo kabili y
wi h s eng h and du abili y. Resea ch by Sambangi e al. demons a ed ha e na y blends, which eplace bo h cemen and ly ash
wi h Alcco ine, imp o e comp essi e and ensile s eng hs a op imal eplacemen le els [11]. Du abili y aspec s, including
esis ance o sul a e a ack, chlo ide pene a ion, and pe meabili y, a e enhanced in Alcco ine-based conc e es due o hei dense
mic os uc u e and educed po osi y. Vi ek e al. s udied hyb id ibe - ein o ced sel -compac ing conc e e wi h Alcco ine and
ound subs an ial imp o emen s in impac esis ance and du abili y. The li e a u e es ablishes Alcco ine as a p omising SCM o
achie ing sus ainable, high-pe o mance conc e e. The syne gis ic e ec o combining Alcco ine wi h o he SCMs such as GGBFS
and me akaolin shows conside able po en ial o de eloping conc e e solu ions ha mee ecological objec i es while main aining
o imp o ing mechanical and du abili y s anda ds.
3 METHODOLOGY
3.1. Ma e ials
This s udy u ilized key cons i uen s o de elop sus ainable conc e e mixes wi h imp o ed mechanical and du abili y p ope ies.
The ma e ials employed we e O dina y Po land Cemen (OPC), Alcco ine 1203, G ound G anula ed Blas Fu nace Slag
(GGBFS), Me akaolin, na u al agg ega es, and po able wa e . Table 1 lis s he ma e ials used in he p oposed mix u es.
Table 1. Ma e ials used in he mix u es
Ma e ial
Key P ope ies
OPC 53 G ade
Speci ic g a i y: 3.15, Fineness: 350 m²/kg
Alcco ine 1203
Speci ic g a i y: 2.9, Pa icle size: 4-10 mic ons
GGBFS
Speci ic g a i y: 2.8, Blaine ineness: 400 m²/kg
Me akaolin
Speci ic g a i y: 2.6, Pa icle size: < 2 mic ons
Coa se Agg ega e
Speci ic g a i y: 2.7, Max size: 20 mm
Fine Agg ega e
Speci ic g a i y: 2.65, Fineness modulus: 2.8
Wa e
pH: neu al
3.2. Mix u es
Table 2 summa izes he mix p opo ions o di e en sus ainable conc e e blends p epa ed wi h a ying quan i ies o SCMs
eplacing Po land cemen by weigh .
Table 2. Mix u e combina ions
Mix ID
OPC (%)
GGBFS (%)
Alcco ine (%)
Me akaolin (%)
Wa e -Cemen Ra io
M0
100
0
0
0
0.45
M1
70
30
0
0
0.45
M2
70
20
10
0
0.45
M3
55
30
15
0
0.45
M4
60
20
15
5
0.45
M5
55
15
15
10
0.45
3.3. Mix u e P epa a ion
The conc e e mixes we e p epa ed by ini ially d y mixing he cemen , GGBFS, Alcco ine, and me akaolin acco ding o he
p opo ions shown in Table 2. Na u al coa se and ine agg ega es we e hen added and ho oughly mixed o ensu e a homogeneous
dis ibu ion. Wa e was in oduced g adually while mixing con inuously o achie e a consis en and wo kable conc e e mix wi h
a cons an wa e -cemen a io o 0.45 o all ba ches. Specimens we e cas in s anda d molds and subjec ed o ib a ion o emo e
en apped ai . The samples we e demolded a e 24 hou s and cu ed unde wa e o pe iods o 7, 28, 56, and 90 days. Va ious
mechanical es s, including comp essi e, ensile, and lexu al s eng h es s, we e conduc ed in acco dance wi h IS s anda ds o
e alua e he pe o mance o each mix.
In e na ional Jou nal o Eme ging Resea ch in Science, Enginee ing, and Managemen
Vol. 1, Issue 3, pp.12-15, Sep embe 2025.
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Addi ionally, du abili y es s such as wa e abso p ion and chlo ide pe meabili y we e pe o med o assess long- e m s abili y.
This me iculous p epa a ion and cu ing egime ensu ed he eliabili y o esul s when compa ing he e ec o SCM combina ions
on he o e all sus ainabili y and pe o mance o conc e e.
4 RESULTS
4.1. Mechanical P ope ies o Conc e e Mixes
Table 3 depic s he comp essi e s eng h, spli ensile s eng h, and lexu al s eng h measu ed o di e en conc e e mix u es
designa ed M0 h ough M5 a ages 7, 14, and 28 days.
Table 3. Mechanical P ope ies o Conc e e Moxes
P ope y
Age (Days)
M0 (Con ol)
M1
M2
M3
M4
M5
Comp essi e S eng h (MPa)
7
28.3
30.8
32.5
33.9
34.6
35.4
14
36.2
38.9
40.7
41.5
42.3
43.4
28
41.5
44.9
47.1
48.9
50.2
52.0
Spli Tensile S eng h (MPa)
7
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
14
2.9
3.2
3.4
3.4
3.6
3.8
28
3.5
3.8
4.1
4.2
4.4
4.6
Flexu al S eng h (MPa)
7
3.1
3.3
3.5
3.6
3.8
3.9
14
4.0
4.3
4.6
4.8
5.0
5.3
28
4.5
4.7
5.0
5.4
5.6
5.7
4.2. Discussion
• Comp essi e S eng h: All mixes con aining SCMs show a consis en inc ease in comp essi e s eng h o e he con ol
mix ac oss all ages. This is a ibu ed o he bene icial e ec s o pozzolanic ma e ials, especially he ul a- ine Alcco ine
pa icles, which enhance he cemen hyd a ion a e and e ine he mic os uc u e. The e na y blends (M4 and M5), which
include Me akaolin, exhibi supe io pe o mance owing o he cumula i e pozzolanic eac ions and pa icle packing
e ec s.
• Spli Tensile S eng h: Enhanced spli ensile s eng h indica es imp o ed esis ance o ension and c acking, i al o
s uc u al du abili y. The ine pa icles o he SCMs enhance he in e acial ansi ion zone be ween he cemen pas e and
agg ega es, esul ing in imp o ed ensile p ope ies.
• Flexu al S eng h: Flexu al s eng h imp o emen s sugges inc eased oughness and bending esis ance in conc e e,
c ucial o pa emen s and beams. The gains obse ed in SCM-inco po a ed mixes highligh he composi e ac ion o he
chemically eac i e ma e ials and physical ille e ec s.
4.3. In e ences and Findings
• The con inuing inc ease in s eng h wi h cu ing indica es ongoing pozzolanic eac ions, which densi y he mic os uc u e
and educe po osi y.
• The combined use o Alcco ine, GGBFS, and Me akaolin in e na y blends exploi s syne gis ic e ec s, yielding op imal
mechanical p ope ies.
• Ea ly-age s eng h enhancemen due o Alcco ine makes i a ac i e o ime-sensi i e cons uc ion p ojec s.
• Using SCMs e ec i ely lowe s he en i onmen al oo p in o conc e e p oduc ion by educing cemen con en .
These esul s endo se he easibili y o p oducing high-pe o mance, sus ainable conc e e by employing mul iple SCMs in
op imized p opo ions.
5 CONCLUSION
The expe imen al in es iga ion e eals ha inco po a ing Alcco ine 1203 wi h GGBFS and Me akaolin as supplemen a y
cemen i ious ma e ials ma kedly enhances he mechanical s eng h and du abili y o conc e e. The e na y blend (M5), comp ising
15% Alcco ine, 15% GGBFS, and 10% Me akaolin, achie ed he highes comp essi e, ensile, and lexu al s eng hs a all cu ing
ages, demons a ing a syne gis ic e ec o he SCMs. Ea ly s eng h gains acili a ed by Alcco ine p omo e as e hyd a ion
eac ions, making i sui able o ime-sensi i e applica ions. Du abili y imp o emen s, as indica ed by educed wa e abso p ion
and chlo ide pe meabili y, sugges a dense mic os uc u e ha can esis agg essi e en i onmen s. O e all, adop ing Alcco ine-
based e na y SCM blends o e s a p omising pa hway owa d p oducing sus ainable, high-pe o mance conc e e wi h a lowe
ca bon oo p in . Fu u e esea ch could explo e he long- e m du abili y and specialized applica ions, such as he use o 3D p in ing
in conc e e.
In e na ional Jou nal o Eme ging Resea ch in Science, Enginee ing, and Managemen
Vol. 1, Issue 3, pp.12-15, Sep embe 2025.
www.ije sem.com eISSN – 3107-9075
IJERSEM@2025 h ps://doi.o g/10.58482/ije sem. 1i3.3 15
FUNDING INFORMATION
This esea ch ecei ed no speci ic g an om any unding agency in he public, comme cial, o no - o -p o i sec o s.
ETHICS STATEMENT
This s udy did no in ol e human o animal subjec s and, he e o e, did no equi e e hical app o al.
STATEMENT OF CONFLICT OF INTERESTS
The au ho s decla e ha hey ha e no con lic s o in e es ela ed o his s udy.
LICENSING
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