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G een Supply Chain Managemen in Indian
Manu ac u ing Uni s
1P ince Jaiswal, 2Kama ham Sub ahmanyam, 3Rajasekha Va ambe i,
4Ren amallu Ramaiah
1Assis an P o esso , School o Comme ce and Managemen , ARKA JAIN Uni e si y, Jha khand, India.
p ince.j@a kajainuni e si y.ac.in
2Associa e P o esso , Depa men o ECE, Gokula K ishna College o Enginee ing, Sullu pe a, India.
[email protected]
3Associa e P o esso , Depa men o EEE, Gokula K ishna College o Enginee ing, Sullu pe a, India.
ajasekha a ambe [email protected]
4Assis an P o esso , Depa men o CSE, Na ayana College o Enginee ing, Gudu , India.
amaiah. en [email protected]
Abs ac : The g owing emphasis on en i onmen al sus ainabili y has compelled Indian manu ac u ing uni s o adop G een Supply Chain
Managemen (GSCM) p ac ices ha in eg a e eco- iendly s a egies ac oss p ocu emen , p oduc ion, dis ibu ion, and e e se logis ics. This
pape p esen s a comp ehensi e li e a u e-based analysis o GSCM implemen a ion in he Indian con ex , d awing insigh s om ecen s udies
on sus ainabili y op imiza ion, ca bon policy, digi iza ion, enewable ene gy in eg a ion, and he ole o eme ging echnologies such as blockchain
and a i icial in elligence. The e iewed li e a u e e eals a complex ela ionship be ween g een p ac ices and pe o mance me ics such as cos -
e iciency, ca bon emissions, and cus ome sa is ac ion. I also highligh s c i ical sec o -speci ic challenges, such as high in es men cos s, lack
o digi al in as uc u e, and policy ambigui ies, pa icula ly in he au omo i e, ubbe , and semiconduc o indus ies. Fu he mo e, ad anced
modeling echniques like uzzy logic, game heo y, and s uc u al equa ion modeling a e inc easingly being used o unde s and and op imize
GSCM s a egies. Based on hese insigh s, he pape p oposes a concep ual amewo k o guide Indian manu ac u e s in enhancing en i onmen al
pe o mance while main aining economic compe i i eness. The s udy concludes wi h p ac ical ecommenda ions o policymake s and indus y
s akeholde s o o e come adop ion ba ie s and p omo e esilien , sus ainable supply chains in India.
Keywo ds: Blockchain, En i onmen al sus ainabili y, G een supply chain, Indian manu ac u ing, Supply chain op imiza ion.
1 INTRODUCTION
India’s manu ac u ing sec o , con ibu ing nea ly 17% o he na ion’s GDP, plays a pi o al ole in i s economic de elopmen .
Howe e , his g ow h has also been accompanied by inc easing en i onmen al conce ns, including esou ce deple ion, was e
gene a ion, and high le els o g eenhouse gas emissions. In esponse o he global push o sus ainable de elopmen and India’s
commi men o in e na ional ag eemen s such as he Pa is Clima e Acco d and he Sus ainable De elopmen Goals (SDGs), he e
has been a g owing emphasis on in eg a ing G een Supply Chain Managemen (GSCM) in o indus ial p ac ices.
GSCM e e s o he sys ema ic in eg a ion o en i onmen al conside a ions in o all s ages o he supply chain, including p oduc
design, ma e ial sou cing and selec ion, manu ac u ing p ocesses, deli e y o he inal p oduc , and end-o -li e managemen . I
aims o educe en i onmen al isks and enhance esou ce e iciency wi hou comp omising economic and ope a ional pe o mance.
In he Indian con ex , GSCM has gained ac ion in esponse o s ic e en i onmen al egula ions, g owing consume awa eness,
and he need o long- e m compe i i eness. Recen esea ch has highligh ed a b oad ange o hemes wi hin GSCM, including
ca bon emission mi iga ion, adop ion o enewable ene gy, supply chain digi iza ion, and he use o ad anced echnologies such
as blockchain and a i icial in elligence o enhance aceabili y and anspa ency. Addi ionally, sec o -speci ic s udies—especially
in au omo i e, lea he , heal hca e, and semiconduc o indus ies—ha e shed ligh on bo h he po en ial bene i s and p ac ical
challenges associa ed wi h g een ini ia i es.
Despi e g owing in e es , Indian manu ac u ing uni s ace signi ican hu dles in GSCM adop ion. These include high ini ial
in es men cos s, lack o digi al in as uc u e, limi ed awa eness, esis ance o change, and agmen ed policy amewo ks.
Mo eo e , he ela ionship be ween g een p ac ices and key pe o mance indica o s such as p o i abili y, e iciency, and cus ome
sa is ac ion emains complex and o en con adic o y ac oss indus ies. This pape seeks o b idge he gap by p esen ing a
comp ehensi e li e a u e-based analysis o GSCM in Indian manu ac u ing. By syn hesizing indings om ecen schola ly
con ibu ions, he pape aims o iden i y key d i e s, ba ie s, and ou comes associa ed wi h GSCM p ac ices. I also p oposes a
concep ual amewo k ailo ed o Indian manu ac u e s o acili a e he e ec i e adop ion o GSCM s a egies while balancing
en i onmen al and economic objec i es.
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2 LITERATURE REVIEW
The concep o G een Supply Chain Managemen (GSCM) has e ol ed signi ican ly o e he pas wo decades, wi h a g owing
ocus on sus ainabili y, esou ce e iciency, and ca bon emission con ol. The li e a u e p esen s di e se pe spec i es on he
adop ion, challenges, and ou comes o GSCM, especially wi hin he con ex o Indian manu ac u ing and compa able eme ging
economies. Wen e al. [1] conduc ed a compa a i e s udy on GSCM and enewable ene gy consump ion in China and India,
concluding ha while g een policies a e in ended o cu b ca bon emissions, hei implemen a ion in bo h coun ies has
pa adoxically con ibu ed o highe emissions. The s udy sugges s ha wi hou s ong ecological en o cemen mechanisms, GSCM
policies may no yield he desi ed en i onmen al ou comes.
Das e al. [2] explo ed a h ee-s age g een supply chain model unde unce ain y, in eg a ing sus ainabili y and p o i abili y
op imiza ion. By analyzing compe i i e and coope a i e dynamics using uzzy logic, he s udy p o ides manage ial insigh s in o
balancing CO₂ emissions, g eening e o s, and deli e y pe o mance. This wo k is pa icula ly ele an o Indian SMEs na iga ing
unce ain y in ma ke demand and en i onmen al compliance. Ganguly e al. [3] in oduced a game- heo e ic model o a dual-
channel supply chain in ol ing bo h g een and non-g een p oduc s, add essing issues such as ca bon cap-and- ade egula ion and
consume ee- iding beha io s. The use o neu osophic uzzy se s o e s a nuanced way o cap u e demand unce ain y, e lec ing
he complexi y o g een s a egy implemen a ion in di e se Indian e ail o ma s.
Bo oushaki e al. [4] ocused on c edence a ibu es in ag icul u al supply chains, e ealing ha while consume s a e willing
o pay g een p emiums, he economic bene i s a e no equi ably dis ibu ed. This inding is pa icula ly signi ican o Indian
ag icul u al p oduce s who o en s uggle o access g een alue addi ions due o hie a chical and opaque supply chains. Naza i-
Shi kouhi and Samadi [5] examined heal hca e supply chains using a hyb id me hodology combining PF-DEMATEL, ISM, and
Bayesian Ne wo ks. Thei wo k demons a es he impo ance o in eg a ing lean, agile, esilien , and g een (LARG) pa adigms o
imp o e en i onmen al and se ice pe o mance—o e ing a ans e able model o Indian heal hca e manu ac u ing and
dis ibu ion.
Balsalob e-Lo en e e al. [6] emphasized he ole o supply chain digi iza ion in p omo ing g een ene gy esilience. Thei
quan ile GMM-based s udy o OECD economies, hough no India-speci ic, shows how AI, inancial de elopmen , and g een
inno a ions suppo he ene gy ansi ion, p esen ing a oadmap ha Indian policymake s and manu ac u e s can adap . Rohi e
al. [7] p oposed a con inuous supply chain amewo k o India’s EV indus y using SPJS-Fuzzy DEMATEL and LPWBN. This
s udy add esses a majo gap in in eg a ing hi d-pa y ecycle s o e icien managemen o li hium-ion ba e ies—an inc easingly
u gen conce n gi en India’s push owa d elec ic mobili y.
Jas o ia e al. [8] in es iga ed he s age-wise impac o blockchain adop ion in enhancing en i onmen al pe o mance in
medium-sized Indian en e p ises. Using PLS-SEM, he s udy e ealed a s ong posi i e co ela ion be ween blockchain in eg a ion
and imp o ed g een supply p ac ices, posi ioning blockchain as a ans o ma i e enable o sus ainable manu ac u ing in India.
Kuma e al. [9] de eloped a cubical eg ession model o co ela e g een p ac ices wi h supply chain pe o mance in he Indian
lea he indus y. Thei indings indica e ha eco- iendly app oaches signi ican ly imp o e p oduc quali y, cus ome sa is ac ion,
and ope a ional e iciency, a i ming he s a egic alue o GSCM.
Chaudhu i e al. [10] adop ed a TOE-DCV amewo k o explo e isks and esilience ac o s in g een supply chain adop ion in
India’s semiconduc o indus y. The s udy highligh s how echnological u bulence, egula o y complexi y, and o ganiza ional
capabili ies in luence he success o sus ainabili y ansi ions in high- ech manu ac u ing en i onmen s. Des e e al. [11] conduc ed
a bibliome ic analysis o GSCM s udies om 2010 o 2022. Al hough no India-speci ic, hei wo k shows inc easing schola ly
a en ion o g een supply chain hemes globally, emphasizing India’s need o align wi h eme ging esea ch p io i ies and inno a ion
ajec o ies. Yada e al. [12] analyzed he challenges o blockchain adop ion o sus ainabili y in he Indian ubbe indus y. Using
uzzy DEMATEL and comp omise anking echniques, he s udy iden i ied c i ical ba ie s such as high ini ial cos s and lack o
digi al skills, p o iding a p ac ical oadmap o o e coming adop ion bo lenecks.
Collec i ely, hese s udies unde sco e he mul i ace ed na u e o GSCM in India, encompassing echnological, egula o y,
o ganiza ional, and ma ke -d i en dimensions. They e eal a p essing need o in eg a ed amewo ks ha align en i onmen al
goals wi h pe o mance ou comes, pa icula ly in esou ce-cons ained ye high-g ow h sec o s o Indian manu ac u ing.
3 METHODOLOGY
This s udy adop s a quali a i e esea ch app oach g ounded in an ex ensi e li e a u e su ey o explo e he adop ion and impac
o G een Supply Chain Managemen (GSCM) p ac ices in Indian manu ac u ing indus ies. The me hodology comp ises he
ollowing key s ages.
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3.1 Li e a u e Selec ion
A comp ehensi e e iew o schola ly a icles, con e ence pape s, go e nmen epo s, and indus ial whi e pape s was
conduc ed. The da abases used include IEEE Xplo e, ScienceDi ec , Sp inge Link, Eme ald Insigh , and Google Schola . Only
publica ions be ween 2016 and 2024 we e conside ed o ensu e ecen insigh s. A o al o 45 ele an pape s we e sho lis ed,
ocusing speci ically on:
• GSCM adop ion in India
• Sec o -wise GSCM challenges (e.g., au omo i e, ubbe , elec onics)
• In eg a ion o digi al echnologies (e.g., AI, blockchain) in supply chains
• Case s udies on sus ainable p ac ices
3.2 Thema ic Analysis
The collec ed li e a u e was analyzed using a hema ic coding app oach. The key hemes ha eme ged included:
• D i e s and ba ie s o GSCM in India
• En i onmen al and economic pe o mance ou comes
• Role o go e nmen policies and egula ions
• Technological enable s (IoT, blockchain, digi iza ion)
• Sec o -speci ic implemen a ion s a egies
These hemes we e hen used o s uc u e he analysis p esen ed in Sec ion 4.
3.3 F amewo k De elopmen
Based on he iden i ied pa e ns and in e ela ionships among hemes, a concep ual amewo k was de eloped o depic how
Indian manu ac u ing uni s can ansi ion owa ds g eene supply chains. The amewo k inco po a es ex e nal d i e s ( egula ions,
ma ke p essu es), in e nal enable s (leade ship, echnology, aining), and pe o mance ou comes (sus ainabili y, cos -
e ec i eness, cus ome sa is ac ion).
3.4 Limi a ions
The s udy is limi ed o seconda y da a sou ces and may no cap u e ecen on-g ound changes o company-le el decisions ha
a e no documen ed in published li e a u e. Howe e , he b oad scope o e iewed s udies allows o a well- ounded unde s anding
o ends and bes p ac ices ac oss mul iple sec o s.
4 ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
This sec ion p esen s an in eg a ed discussion o he key indings om he li e a u e, aligned wi h he hema ic a eas iden i ied
du ing he me hodology phase. I highligh s sec o -speci ic p ac ices, enabling echnologies, policy impac s, and he challenges
aced by Indian manu ac u ing i ms in implemen ing G een Supply Chain Managemen (GSCM).
4.1 Sec o -wise Implemen a ion
Au omo i e Sec o
The au omo i e sec o leads in GSCM adop ion due o in e na ional collabo a ions, expo o ien a ion, and s ingen
en i onmen al no ms. Companies like Ta a Mo o s and Mahind a & Mahind a ha e inco po a ed eco-design, lean p oduc ion, and
e e se logis ics as pa o hei g een s a egies [1], [2].
Rubbe and Plas ics Indus y
Due o high pollu ion po en ial, his sec o is unde p essu e o adop cleane p oduc ion me hods. Howe e , high cos s and
limi ed echnological know-how ha e slowed he pace o ansi ion [4]. Incen i es o ecycling and was e minimiza ion a e slowly
gaining ac ion.
Elec onics Manu ac u ing
This sec o aces complex challenges in managing haza dous was e and componen euse. Implemen a ion o Ex ended
P oduce Responsibili y (EPR) no ms unde India's e-was e ules has compelled i ms o edesign hei supply chains [3]. S ill,
in o mal ecycling con inues o domina e.
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4.2 Key D i e s and Enable s
The majo ac o s encou aging GSCM p ac ices in India include:
• Regula o y P essu e: Go e nmen manda es such as he En i onmen P o ec ion Ac , 1986, and he Na ional G een
T ibunal (NGT) ulings ha e played a ca aly ic ole in p omo ing g een p ac ices [5].
• Cus ome Awa eness: Inc easing demand o eco- iendly p oduc s is pushing i ms o enhance sus ainabili y
c eden ials.
• Cos Bene i s in he Long Te m: Al hough ini ial in es men s a e high, GSCM leads o educed ma e ial cos s,
lowe ene gy consump ion, and imp o ed b and epu a ion o e ime.
4.3 Technological In eg a ion
Digi al ans o ma ion has eme ged as a c i ical enable o g een p ac ices:
• Blockchain: Enhances anspa ency and aceabili y in he supply chain, pa icula ly in ood and pha ma sec o s [7].
• In e ne o Things (IoT): Real- ime moni o ing o emissions, uel usage, and ene gy e iciency suppo s be e
decision-making [6].
• A i icial In elligence (AI): P edic i e analy ics helps op imize in en o y, educe was e, and imp o e demand
o ecas ing [8].
These echnologies a e inc easingly adop ed in la ge i ms, while MSMEs ace esou ce limi a ions.
4.4 Challenges in GSCM Adop ion
Despi e awa eness, many Indian manu ac u e s lag in implemen a ion due o:
• High Ini ial Cos s: Many i ms, especially MSMEs, ind i economically un easible o in es in g een echnologies
[9].
• Lack o Skilled Wo k o ce: The e is a sho age o p o essionals ained in GSCM concep s and ools.
• Limi ed Policy En o cemen : While egula ions exis , hei en o cemen emains inconsis en ac oss egions and
sec o s [10].
4.5 Discussion
The analysis highligh s ha while India's manu ac u ing sec o has made p og ess in GSCM adop ion, he ansi ion is une en
ac oss indus ies. La ge i ms, d i en by expo o ien a ion and s akeholde p essu e, a e leading he way. Meanwhile, MSMEs
equi e policy suppo , inancial incen i es, and aining o ca ch up. Technologies like blockchain and IoT show immense po en ial
bu need scalabili y and accessibili y. Fo India o achie e i s sus ainabili y goals unde he SDG amewo k and na ional policies,
collabo a i e e o s in ol ing go e nmen , indus y, academia, and ci il socie y a e essen ial.
5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The li e a u e e iew e ealed a g owing momen um in he adop ion o G een Supply Chain Managemen (GSCM) p ac ices
among Indian manu ac u ing i ms. Howe e , he le el o in eg a ion and e ec i eness a ies signi ican ly ac oss sec o s due o
mul iple in luencing ac o s, including egula o y suppo , echnological eadiness, cos cons ain s, and managemen commi men .
5.1 Sec o -Wise Adop ion and Impac
The au omo i e sec o eme ged as a leade in implemen ing g een p ac ices, especially in was e minimiza ion and g een
p ocu emen , d i en by p essu e om in e na ional ma ke s and s ingen en i onmen al no ms. In con as , ubbe and plas ic
indus ies a e lagging due o limi ed awa eness and high implemen a ion cos s. The elec ical and elec onics sec o s ha e shown
mode a e p og ess, wi h inc easing ocus on ene gy-e icien p ocesses and eco-design.
5.2 D i ing Fac o s and Ba ie s
Key d i e s iden i ied ac oss s udies include egula o y compliance, po en ial o cos sa ings, compe i i e ad an age, and
co po a e social esponsibili y (CSR). Con e sely, ba ie s such as lack o skilled manpowe , inadequa e in as uc u e o
ecycling, esis ance o change, and unclea e u n on in es men (ROI) hinde widesp ead GSCM adop ion.
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5.3 Role o Technology and Policy
Technological in e en ions like blockchain, a i icial in elligence (AI), and IoT ha e demons a ed signi ican po en ial in
enhancing aceabili y, moni o ing emissions, and op imizing logis ics. Howe e , adop ion emains low due o high capi al cos s
and lack o digi al li e acy. Go e nmen policies and incen i es play a c ucial ole; success ul GSCM p ac ices we e o en ound
in i ms ha ecei ed suppo unde schemes such as he Pe o m, Achie e and T ade (PAT) mechanism o Make in India’s
sus ainabili y di ec i es.
5.4 En i onmen al and Economic Ou comes
While some s udies epo posi i e en i onmen al impac s such as educed emissions, be e was e handling, and imp o ed
ene gy e iciency, he economic ou comes emain mixed. Ini ial in es men is high, bu long- e m bene i s include imp o ed b and
image, ope a ional e iciency, and ma ke access. Ne e heless, empi ical alida ion ac oss all sec o s emains insu icien .
5.5 Concep ual F amewo k o Indian Manu ac u e s
Based on he collec i e indings, a concep ual amewo k is p oposed ha in eg a es in e nal and ex e nal enable s o GSCM
success. Key elemen s include:
• Managemen commi men and aining
• S a egic alignmen wi h na ional sus ainabili y goals
• Adop ion o clean echnologies
• Collabo a i e supplie and cus ome ela ionships
• Pe o mance moni o ing using bo h inancial and en i onmen al KPIs
6 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The ansi ion o G een Supply Chain Managemen (GSCM) in Indian manu ac u ing uni s is no longe op ional bu essen ial,
gi en he global emphasis on sus ainabili y and India's commi men s unde in e na ional clima e amewo ks. This s udy, h ough
an ex ensi e li e a u e e iew, has shed ligh on he cu en s a us, key enable s, ba ie s, and echnological in e en ions shaping
GSCM p ac ices in India. Findings sugges ha al hough Indian manu ac u e s—pa icula ly in sec o s like au omo i e, ubbe ,
and semiconduc o s—a e inc easingly awa e o g een p ac ices, he adop ion a e emains une en due o ac o s such as limi ed
awa eness, high implemen a ion cos s, and policy ambigui ies. Howe e , eme ging echnologies like blockchain, he In e ne o
Things (IoT), a i icial in elligence (AI), and enewable ene gy solu ions a e p o iding p omising a enues o b idge hese gaps
and enhance supply chain anspa ency, e iciency, and en i onmen al compliance.
This pape p oposes a concep ual amewo k emphasizing he in eg a ion o s a egic d i e s—such as digi aliza ion,
en i onmen al egula ions, and s akeholde collabo a ion—wi h ope a ional enable s like eco-design, cleane p oduc ion, g een
logis ics, and e e se logis ics. Such in eg a ion is c i ical o achie ing bo h en i onmen al and economic pe o mance in he long
un.
Recommenda ions include:
• Policy Suppo : The go e nmen should ame clea , sec o -speci ic guidelines and incen i es o GSCM adop ion,
especially a ge ing MSMEs ha lack he inancial bandwid h o la ge-scale g een in es men s.
• Technology Adop ion: Manu ac u e s mus in es in scalable digi al echnologies o enable eal- ime acking,
li ecycle assessmen , and op imiza ion o supply chain p ocesses.
• Capaci y Building: T aining p og ams and knowledge-sha ing pla o ms should be de eloped o educa e supply
chain s akeholde s on g een p ac ices and sus ainabili y me ics.
• Collabo a ion: Inc eased collabo a ion be ween academia, indus y, and policy ins i u ions is i al o de eloping
inno a i e, localized GSCM solu ions ailo ed o he Indian con ex .
While challenges pe sis , Indian manu ac u ing uni s ha e he po en ial o become global leade s in sus ainable manu ac u ing
by sys ema ically embedding g een s a egies in o hei supply chains. The pa h o wa d lies in a balanced syne gy be ween policy,
echnology, and p oac i e s akeholde engagemen .
FUNDING INFORMATION
This esea ch ecei ed no speci ic g an om any unding agency in he public, comme cial, o no - o -p o i sec o s.
ETHICS STATEMENT
This s udy did no in ol e human o animal subjec s and, he e o e, did no equi e e hical app o al.
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STATEMENT OF CONFLICT OF INTERESTS
The au ho s decla e no con lic s o in e es ela ed o his s udy.
LICENSING
This wo k is licensed unde a C ea i e Commons A ibu ion 4.0 In e na ional License.
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