Co esponding au ho : Kouamé F anck YAO
Copy igh © 2025 Au ho (s) e ain he copy igh o his a icle. This a icle is published unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion Liscense 4.0.
Op imiza ion o ex ac ion and ans o ma ion p ocesses o ama ind (Tama indus
indica L.) pulp o he p oduc ion o ood powde : A p elimina y s udy
Kouamé F anck YAO *, Issa BAGRE, Péhié Ma ie THES and Adou F ancis YAPO
Labo a o y o Biology and Heal h, UFR Biosciences, Félix HOUPHOUËT BOIGNY Uni e si y o Cocody, Abidjan, I o y Coas .
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(02), 783-789
Publica ion his o y: Recei ed on 02 Ap il 2025; e ised on 10 May 2025; accep ed on 12 May 2025
A icle DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.30574/wja .2025.27.2.0448
Abs ac
Tama ind pulp (Tama indus indica L.) is widely used in opical egions o i s nu i ional, unc ional and he apeu ic
p ope ies. This p elimina y s udy aims o op imize he ex ac ion and p ocessing p ocesses o ama ind pulp o
p oduce high quali y ood powde . Twel e kilog ams o aw ama ind we e andomly acqui ed om he local ma ke
o Adjamé (Abidjan, I o y Coas ). The so ing, soaking, d ying and g inding s eps we e ollowed, and pa ame e s such
as ex ac ion a e, heo e ical yield, g inding e iciency and yield a e we e e alua ed. This s udy p o ides impo an
p elimina y da a o he alo iza ion o ama ind and he imp o emen o i s p ocessing o ood and nu aceu ical
pu poses.
Keywo ds: Tama indus Indica; P ocess Op imiza ion; Ex ac ion and P ocessing; Food Powde
1. In oduc ion
Tama indus indica is among he mos popula woody species wi h ui p oduc ion [1] (MERF/FAO, 2018). This ee,
which is widesp ead in he opics, ep esen s a ui species wi h mul iple uses ha has been he subjec o se e al
s udies [2] (Diallo e al, 2010). T. indica is ecognized as a ui ee o majo impo ance and i s p oduc s a e used o
mul iple pu poses ( ood, he apeu ic, cul u al, a chi ec u al, ene gy, e c.) [3,4] Fandohan e al, (2012); Ga ba e al,
(2020). Tama ind p oduces pod-shaped ui s ha con ain an edible pulp used in cuisines a ound he wo ld [5] Uzukwu
e al, (2016). In many cul u es in A ica, ama ind ui s a e consumed in a ious o ms, including as an ing edien in
po idges, sauces, be e ages and con ec ione y p oduc s [6] S ege e al, (2011). In addi ion o being used as ood,
ama ind ui has he apeu ic p ope ies [7] Ha inga e al, (2010); [8] Menezes e al, (2016). The he apeu ic po en ial
o ama ind pulp [9,10,11] Mai i e al, (2004); Medei os e al, (2018) and Wasike, (2019) has a ac ed inc easing
a en ion in ecen yea s. Howe e , despi e i s po en ial, he comme cial use o ama ind pulp emains limi ed, mainly
due o he udimen a y p ocessing me hods ha do no allow o ully exploi i s p ope ies.
Al hough ama ind pulp has nu i ional and nu i i e alues ha a e bene icial o die and heal h, he p ocessing o his
ma e ial aw ma e ial in o high quali y ood powde emains a challenge due o ine icien d ying and g inding me hods
ha esul in subs an ial losses in quali y and quan i y. Also, op imiza ion o pulp ex ac ion and ans o ma ion
p ocesses emains insu icien ly s udied, which limi s he de elopmen o ama ind-based p oduc s o comme cial and
indus ial applica ions. Imp o ing hese p ocesses is impo an o maximize he yield and quali y o he inal p oduc .
The objec i e o his s udy is o op imize he ex ac ion and p ocessing p ocesses o ama ind pulp in o de o p oduce
a high-quali y ood powde . In pa icula , his esea ch aims o e alua e he impac o di e en p ocessing s eps on he
yield, g inding e iciency and inal quali y o he inished p oduc . This wo k cons i u es a p elimina y s udy ha could
se e as a basis o u he esea ch on he alo iza ion o ama ind pulp in he ood sec o .
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This s udy is all he mo e impo an in he i o ian con ex , whe e ama ind pulp is abundan bu o en unde exploi ed.
Op imizing he ans o ma ion o he pulp in o ood powde can no only imp o e i s added alue on he local ma ke ,
bu also p omo e he di e si ica ion o a ailable ood p oduc s. These esul s could also ha e applica ions in o he
opical egions whe e ama ind is cul i a ed.
2. Ma e ials and me hods
2.1. Plan ma e ial
I is made om ama ind pulp (Figu e 1) pu chased a he local wholesale ma ke in Adjamé (Abidjan, I o y Coas ). The
pulp was selec ed based on i s appa en quali y.
Figu e 1 Tama ind pulp
Figu e 2 Powde o ama ind pulp
2.2. Me hods
2.2.1. Sampling plan
Sample collec ion
1 kg o aw ama ind was pu chased om 12 andomly selec ed endo s a he local wholesale ma ke in Adjamé
(Abidjan, I o y Coas ). The selec ion c i e ia we e he quali y and isual cleanliness o he ama ind. A o al o 12 kg o
aw ama ind was collec ed.
Cons uc ion o lo s
The 12 kg o aw ama ind we e homogenized o ensu e o e all ep esen a i eness. They a e hen di ided in o h ee
(3) homogeneous g oups o h ee (3) kg each.
Expe imen al p ocedu e
Fo each g oup (3kg), wo epe i ions we e pe o med, ollowing he same expe imen al s eps hus p oducing wo
independen se s o da a. A o al o six (6) expe imen al epe i ions we e pe o med.
P epa a ion o ama ind pulp powde
Figu e 2 shows he echnological diag am o ob aining ama ind pulp powde .
Fi s , he ama ind pulps we e manually so ed o emo e deb is, b oken seeds and impu i ies as well as la ge ibe s
embedded in he pulp. The seeds we e ca e ully sepa a ed om he pulp. A e his ope a ion 1kg o he pulp was soaked
in ap wa e acco ding o he a io 1:2 (kg/L) li e s o wa e o which 10g o sodium bica bona e was added, hus
c ea ing a 5g/L solu ion. This ea men aimed o neu alize acidic compounds, s abilize hea -sensi i e compounds
be o e d ying and acili a e he emo al o impu i ies.
Then, he soaked pulps we e insed wi h ap wa e o emo e aces o sodium bica bona e and he pulps we e d ained
in a colande o 15 minu es. In addi ion, he d ained pulps we e d ied a 45°C in a The mo SCIENTIFIC O en (VT 6060
M, Ge many) o 72 hou s. This empe a u e was chosen o p ese e he bioac i e compounds while ensu ing comple e
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785
emo al o mois u e. blende ype (Robo s, SC-1589 Sil e C es ) and hen sie ed wi h a 500µm sie e. The mass o
powde ob ained o each g oup was weighed using a YUEPING Se ies P ecision balance (YP3002, d=0.01g). Finally, he
d ied pulps we e g ound in o a ine powde using an elec ic mixe o he Mul i unc ion.
Figu e 3 Technological low cha o ama ind pulp powde p oduc ion
2.3. Cha ac e iza ion o he ama ind powde ob ained
To cha ac e ize he ama ind pulp powde ob ained du ing his s udy, he ollowing ou (4) pa ame e s we e
de e mined:
-Ex ac ion a e: By calcula ion, acco ding o he o mula below:
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786
𝑬𝑹(%)=𝐫𝐚𝐰 𝐩𝐮𝐥𝐩 𝐰𝐞𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭
𝐢𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐰𝐞𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐚𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐝 ∗𝟏𝟎𝟎
-Theo e ical pe o mance: I was calcula ed acco ding o he o mula below:
𝑻𝒉𝑷(%)=𝐰𝐞𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐝𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐮𝐥𝐩
𝐫𝐚𝐰 𝐩𝐮𝐥𝐩 𝐰𝐞𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 ∗𝟏𝟎𝟎
- G inding e iciency: By calcula ion, acco ding o he o mula opposi e
𝑮𝑬(%)=𝐬𝐢𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐨𝐰𝐝𝐞𝐫 𝐰𝐞𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭
𝐰𝐞𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐝𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐮𝐥𝐩 ∗𝟏𝟎𝟎
- Ra e o e u n: By calcula ion, acco ding o he ollowing o mula:
𝑹𝑹(%)=𝐰𝐞𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 𝐬𝐢𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐨𝐰𝐝𝐞𝐫
𝐢𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐦𝐚𝐬𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐚𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐝 ∗𝟏𝟎𝟎
2.4. S a is ical p ocessing
S a is ical analyses o he da a we e pe o med using Excel 2016 and R e sion 4.3.2 so wa e. Compa isons be ween
he s udied pa ame e s we e de e mined using one-way analysis o a iance (ANOVA) a e compliance wi h he
condi ions o applicabili y and hen ollowed by he S uden -Newman-Keuls pos hoc es i a di e ence was obse ed
[12] Felipe de Mendibu u, (1997). S a is ical signi icance was de ined as p ≤ 0.05.
3. Resul s and discussion
Table 1 Re iew o he pa ame e s o ans o ma ion o ama ind pulp in o powde
GROUPS
ER(%)
ThP(%)
GE(%)
RR(%)
G oup 1
35.65±2.39a
48.46±1.39a
94.6±0.53a
16.32±0.53a
G oup 2
32.81±0.74a
51.89±1.64a
95.05±0.35a
16.17±0.82a
G oup 3
34.62±1.39a
50.11±0.28a
93.53±0.41a
16.23±0.62a
P- alue (P (>F)
0.351
0.153
0.0962
0.976
In he same column, he means ± s anda d de ia ions (n=2) sha ing he same le e in he g oup label a e no signi ican ly di e en a he 0.05%
h eshold (S uden -Newman-Keuls'me hod) ; ER : Ex ac ion a e; ThP: Theo e ical yield ; GE : G inding e iciency ; RR : Yield a e
Table 2 Eigen alue ma ix and pe cen age o a iabili y exp essed by he ou ac o s o p incipal componen analysis
applied o ans o ma ion pa ame e s
Componen s
1
2
3
4
Eigen alue
2.2
0.984
0.815
0.000
% o a iance
55.011
24.608
20.374
0.007
Cumula i e % o a iance
55.011
79.619
99.993
100
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Figu e 4 Va iable co ela ion ci cle
Figu e 5 Fac o ial design
Analysis o a iance (ANOVA) pe o med on he calcula ed pa ame e s (ER, ThP, GE, RR) acco ding o he h ee g oups
(G oup 1, G oup 2, G oup 3) e ealed no signi ican di e ence a he 5% h eshold. This lack o s a is ical dis inc ion
be ween he g oups mo i a ed he implemen a ion o a P incipal Componen Analysis (PCA) in o de o explo e possible
unde lying s uc u es in he da a.
The PCA e ealed ou p incipal componen s, whose eigen alues a ied be ween 0 and 2.20 (Table II). Among hese,
he i s wo componen s (PC1 and PC2), wi h espec i e eigen alues o 2.20 and 0.984, oge he explained 79.62% o
he o al a iabili y. These wo p incipal dimensions we e e ained o ep esen he ela ionships be ween he
pa ame e s s udied (Figu e 4). The co ela ion ci cle (Figu e 4) esul ing om he P incipal Componen Analysis (PCA)
made i possible o examine he ela ionships be ween he a iables in he ac o space de ined by he i s wo p incipal
componen s (Dim1 and Dim2), which explained 55% and 24.6% o he o al a iance, espec i ely. This ci cle
highligh ed he s uc u e o he ela ionships be ween he s udied pa ame e s by showing ha he ex ac ion a e (ER)
and yield a e (RR) pa ame e s a e well ep esen ed on Dim1 and Dim2, indica ing ha hey con ibu e s ongly o he
explained a iance. On he o he hand, he GE a iable was opposi e o he ER a e a iable on dimension 1, which
means ha g oups wi h a high ex ac ion yield gene ally had a low o e all yield, and ice e sa. Fu he mo e, he ThP
and RR pa ame e s we e posi i ely co ela ed, which means ha hey e ol ed in he same di ec ion.
The ac o ial design (Figu e 5) showed he dis ibu ion o he h ee g oups (G oup 1, G oup 2, G oup 3) in he space
de ined by Dim1 (55%) and Dim2 (24.6%), accoun ing o app oxima ely 80% o he o al a iance. The di e ences
be ween g oups we e mode a e. G oup 1 appea ed o be associa ed wi h good ex ac ion a e (ER) and yield a e. G oup
2 was mo e ela ed o g inding e iciency (GE), indica ing a di e en pe o mance om he o he g oups. G oup 3 was
dis inguished by he lowe alues on dimension 2, implying a lowe co ela ion wi h he pa ame e s yield a e (RR) and
heo e ical yield (ThP).
The ex ac ion a e (ER) o all lo s s udied was ela i ely s able, wi h alues anging om 32.81±0.74% o 34.62±1.3%,
sugges ing an e icien ex ac ion o bioac i e compounds p esen in ama ind pulp. The low de ia ion be ween
eplica es could indica e ha he ini ial p epa a ion p ocesses (so ing and soaking) a e obus and gi e ep oducible
esul s. These esul s a e in line wi h he p e ious wo k o [13] Fa e e al, (2011) on he p ocessing o ama ind pulp.
This wo k showed ha heTama ind is made up o pulp (30%), pod (30%) and seeds (40%) and he p ocessing o he
pulp gene a es a la ge quan i y o was e ha can be educed by alo izing by-p oduc s, pa icula ly he seeds. Howe e ,
These esul s a e in disag eemen wi h o he s udies on ui ex ac ion such asda e whe e he ex ac ion a e (ER) o
he da e ke nel is espec i ely 76%, 75% and 65% o he Degle Nou , Degla Baida and Gha s a ie ies [14] Khali e al,
2015. These di e ences would be in luenced ei he by he ype o ui o by he ini ial quali y o he aw ma e ial and
he p ocessing condi ions applied.
As o he heo e ical yield (ThP), he alues a e be ween 48.46±1.39% and 51.89±1.64%. The heo e ical yield (ThP)
showed a sligh a ia ion be ween g oups, bu he obse ed di e ences we e no s a is ically signi ican a he 5% le el.
These esul s can be in e p e ed as an indica o o he e iciency o d ying a 45°C. This empe a u e, chosen o p ese e
he bioac i e compounds while emo ing mois u e, seems o ha e allowed a s able yield o d y ma e . I should be
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no ed ha he heo e ical yield can also be a ec ed by ex e nal ac o s such as ambien humidi y and he o igin o he
collec ed ama ind pulp. Simila ly, d ying and g inding ope a ions can cause signi ican changes in ex u e, s uc u e,
shape and su ace [15] Chamayou and Fages (2003).
The g inding aims o ob ain a mo e homogeneous and s able mix u e [16] Melciom, (2000). The g inding e iciency
eco ds pe cen ages ha a e be ween 94.6±0.53 and 95.05±0.35. G inding e iciency (GE) showed ela i ely cons an
alues om ba ch o g oup, sugges ing ha g inding condi ions we e sui able o ans o m he d ied pulp in o a ine
powde . The lack o signi ican a ia ion be ween eplica es indica es ha he mixe used is e icien and capable o
p oducing a homogeneous powde . This consis ency could be a ibu ed o he ineness o he pulp a e d ying and he
homogenei y o he g oups. In sub-Saha an A ica, g inding is s ill he mos widely used me hod o manu ac u ing ood
powde s [17] Djan ou, (2006). Indeed, acco ding o [18] Da id e al, (2013), he g inding me hod s ongly in luences
he echnological cha ac e is ics, heal h sa e y and nu i ional alue o he lou .
The a e o e u n (RR) p esen s alues be ween 16.17±0.82% and 16.32±0.53%. The yield a e (TR) showed simila
esul s o hose o he ex ac ion a e, wi h alues indica ing a di ec ela ionship be ween he mass o aw pulp and he
mass o powde ob ained. The absence o no able di e ences be ween he eplica es sugges s ha he p ocessing s eps
(soaking, d ying and g inding) a e op imized o maximize yield while minimizing losses. These esul s a e lowe han
hose o [19] Vololoni ina e al, (2020) whe e he p oduc ion yield o o ange- leshed and o ange-skinned swee po a o
lou ob ained was 20.25±0.08%. This di e ence may be due o he di e en ia ion o he p ocessing me hods used and
he d ying ime o he p oduc s. Indeed, he o igin o he g ound ma e ial in luences he g inding and leads o a
ela ionship be ween ene gy consump ion and pa icle size ha is speci ic o i , o a gi en sys em [20] Temme man,
(2011).
The esul s o his s udy show ha he p ocesses used o ans o m ama ind pulp in o powde a e e icien and can be
applied on a la ge scale o ood p oduc ion. The absence o signi ican a ia ions be ween di e en g oups indica es
ha hese p ocesses can be ep oduced consis en ly and eliably, which is c ucial o indus ial p oduc ion o ama ind
powde . The e o e, he accu acy was imp o ed by he numbe o eplica ions in ou expe imen . Howe e , he low loss
a e du ing he ans o ma ion p ocess sugges s ha ama ind pulp can be e ec i ely alo ized in ood p oduc s.
Howe e , he sample size used in ou expe imen and he lack o e alua ion o biochemical compounds and phenolic
compounds ep esen s a limi a ion o his s udy.
4. Conclusion
This s udy p o ides a s anda dized me hod o he p oduc ion o ama ind powde wi h high ans o ma ion a es hus
p o iding guidance o i s applica ion in ood indus ies.
Compliance wi h e hical s anda ds
Disclosu e o con lic o in e es
No con lic o in e es o be disclosed.
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