35
Benguia e al.
In . J. Biosci.
2020
RESEARCH PAPER OPEN ACCESS
Phy ochemical analysis, an ibac e ial and an ioxidan ac i i ies
o pomeg ana e (
Punica g ana um
L.) peel ex ac s
Rachida Benguia 1, Imene Yahla1, Rachida Bena aba2, Sa ah Bouama 1, Ali Riazi1*
1Labo a o y o Bene icial Mic oo ganisms, Func ional Food and Heal h, Depa men o Food
Science, Facul y o Na u e and Li e Sciences, Abdelhamid Ibn Badis Uni e si y, Mos aganem,
27000 Alge ia
2Labo a o y o Imp o emen and Valo iza ion o Local Animal P oduc ions, Depa men o Na u e
and Li e Sciences, Facul y o Na u e and Li e Sciences, Ibn Khaldoun Uni e si y, Tia e , 14000
Alge ia
Key wo ds: Punica g ana um L, Phenolic compounds, Fla onoids, An ibac e ial ac i i y, An ioxidan ac i i y.
h p://dx.doi.o g/10.12692/ijb/16.6.35-44
A icle published on June 16, 2020
Abs ac
The pomeg ana e and hei de i a i e pa s a e ich sou ce o phy ochemicals wi h mul iple bene icial biological
e ec s. This s udy aims o ex ac he phenolic compound om pomeg ana e (Punica g ana um L.) peel using
me hanol and e hanol in o de o assess hei an ioxidan and an ibac e ial ac i i ies. Th e p henoli c
compound s and la onoids c on e n we e measu ed using colo ime ic me hods. The an ioxidan
ac i i y was de e mined by e ic educing an ioxidan powe (FRAP). Fu he mo e, he an ibac e ial ac i i y o
peel ex ac s was es ed on G am posi i e (S aphylococcus au eus and Bacillus sub ilis) and G am nega i e
bac e ia (Esche ichia coli) using he aga di usion and mic ob o h dilu ion me hods. The esul s ha e shown
ha he pomeg ana e peel o bo h ex ac s con ained a simila amoun o phenolic compounds and la onoids.
Howe e , he an ioxidan ac i i y was signi ican ly (p<0.05) highe in e hanolic ex ac wi h EC50 alue o
58.42± 0.21µg/mL compa ed o me hanolic ex ac (EC50 = 80±1µg/mL). Bo h ex ac s exhibi ed a good
an ibac e ial e ec agains S aphylococcus au eus and Bacillus sub ilis wi h minimal inhibi o y concen a ion
(MIC) alues anging om 0.97 o 3.9 mg/mL and minimal bac e icidal concen a ion (MBC) alues anging
om 7.81 o 62.5 mg/mL. Acco ding o hese indings, he pomeg ana e peel ex ac s ha e an impo an
an ibac e ial and an ioxidan p ope ies and may be used as an al e na i e o an ibio ics in he ea men o
in ec ions and in he p e en ion o pa hologies associa ed wi h oxida i e s ess.
* Co esponding Au ho : Ali Riazi a dz22003@yahoo.
In e na ional Jou nal o Biosciences | IJB |
ISSN: 2220-6655 (P in ), 2222-5234 (Online)
h p://www.innspub.ne
Vol. 16, No. 6, p. 35-44, 2020
36
Benguia e al.
In . J. Biosci.
2020
In oduc ion
The inc easing o an ibio ics esis an mic obes and
he undesi able e ec o syn he ic d ugs led
esea che s o ocus on al e na i e solu ion de i ed
om medicinal he b (Pa el e al., 2011). Many s udies
ha e epo ed he an imic obial and an ioxida i e
p ope ies o medicinal plan s and hei componen s
(Kusuma e al., 2014). The he apeu ic p ope ies o
hese na u al p oduc s a e due o he p esence o wide
a ie y o seconda y me aboli es, like polyphenols.
These biomolecules, wi h he apeu ic i ues, ha e
ecei ed conside able a en ion because o hei
di e se biological unc ion.
The pomeg ana e ui (Punica g ana um. L) is one
o he oldes ui s, i is cul i a ed mainly in he
Medi e anean egion, has been used o se e al
cen u ies in adi ional medicine o a wide a ie y o
diseases such as pa asi ic and mic obial in ec ions,
ulce s, dia hea and cance s (Kim e al., 2002 ; Reddy e
al., 2007; Johanningsmeie and Ha is, 2011).
Pomeg ana e can be ea en esh o made in o ui
juice, jellies and jams; howe e he consump ion o
his ui gene a es conside able quan i ies o by-
p oduc s. Indeed, pomeg ana e peels a e equen ly
ejec ed wi hou eco e y. Thus, pomeg ana e peel
con ains impo an phy ochemical compounds such
as annins and an hocyanins (Gil e al., 2000; Zaouay
e al., 2012). These bioac i e compounds posses
di e en biological ac i i ies such as sca enging o
ee adicals, inhibi ing mic obial g ow h and
educing he isk o ca dio ascula , ce eb o ascula
diseases and ce ain cance s (Mena e al., 2011; Zhu
and Liu, 2013; Romeo e al ., 2015). Pomeg ana e peel
can be conside ed as na u al p oduc s which ha e
become widely used o medical and ood
applica ions, he e o e, se e al s udies ha e
in e es ed o ind pomeg ana e peel alo iza ion
me hods and o de e mine hei he apeu ic bene i s.
I is necessa y o pay pa icula a en ion o he
p ocess and ype o sol en ex ac ion o de e mine
he ex ac wi h op imal e iciency which makes i
possible o es o e all he molecula complexi y o his
plan . In his con ex , he objec i e o his s udy is o
de e mine he phy ochemical an ibac e ial and
an ioxidan ac i i ies o pomeg ana e peel ex ac s.
Ma e ials and me hods
Chemicals
Folin-Ciocal eu, Gallic acid, Reso cinol, Ru in,
Sy ingic acid, Que ce in and Asco bic acid we e
pu chased om Sigma Chemical Co. (S . Louis, MO,
USA). All o he sol en s and chemicals we e o
analy ical g ade.
Plan ma e ial
The pomeg ana e (Punica g ana um L.) ui ype
used in his s udy is known as "Sé i"; i comes om
he egion o Mos aganem (35°55’59.999’’N and
0°4’59.999’’E in Alge ia).The pomeg ana e peels we e
d ied in da k a oom empe a u e, hen g ound wi h
a mechanical g inde (Pul e ise e, F i sch,
Ge many).
Bac e ial s ains
The s ains used o e alua e an ibac e ial ac i i y a e:
Esche ichia coli ATCC 10536, Bacillus sub ilis ATCC
6633 and S aphylococcus au eus ATCC 10876. They
we e kindly p o ided by he mic obiology uni o he
SAIDAL g oup, Media (Alge ia).
Ex ac ion o phenolic compounds
A 10 g o powde was mace a ed in 125 mL o
me hanol o e hanol o 24 h a oom empe a u e
and in he da k. The ex ac s we e il e ed h ough
Wa man n°1 il e pape . The il a e ob ained was
e apo a ed using a o a y e apo a o in o de o
ob ain a d y ex ac . The ex ac s we e kep a -20 °C
(Had ich e al., 2014).
Phy ochemical analysis
Phenolic compounds de e mina ion
The o al phenolic compounds we e es ima ed
acco ding o he Folin-Ciocal eu me hod (Single on e
al., 1999). B ie ly, 250 µL o he ex ac was added o
250 µL o Folin Ciocal eu eagen (0.2 N), he mix u e
was incuba ed a oom empe a u e o 2 min be o e
500 µL o Na2CO3 (7.5%, w/ ) we e added. The
eac ion mix u e was hen incuba ed o 30 min a
oom empe a u e and in da k. The abso bance was
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Benguia e al.
In . J. Biosci.
2020
measu ed a 760 nm agains a blank wi hou ex ac
using a spec opho ome e (Shimadzu Co po a ion,
Japan). The con en o phenolic compounds is
exp essed as mg Gallic Acid Equi alen pe g o d y
ma e (mg EAG / g DM) by e e ing o he
calib a ion cu e o gallic acid.
Fla onoids con en s
The con en o he o al la onoids was de e mined by
he me hod o Baho un e al. (1996). A 1mL o he
ex ac solu ion was added o 1mL o AlCl3 (2% w/ ),
a e 10 min o incuba ion, he abso bance was ead a
430 nm using a UV- isible spec opho ome e . To al
la onoid con en is calcula ed om he calib a ion
cu e pe o med by que ce in. The esul s a e
exp essed as mg que ce ine equi alen pe g d y
ma e (mg EQ / g DM).
Analysis o phenolic compounds by HPLC
The analysis o phenolic compounds in pomeg ana e
peel ex ac s was ca ied ou using a high
pe o mance liquid ch oma og aphy (HPLC) Agilen
YL9100 sys em equipped wi h a UV de ec o (254
nm). The sepa a ion was pe o med wi h a e e se
phase column (Zo bax eclipse×DB-C18), 15 cm long
and 4.6 mm in e nal diame e , using a low a e o 1
mL / min, and a mobile phase: acidi ied wa e /ace ic
acid 1% (A) and me hanol 100% (B), a a empe a u e
o 25°C and de ec ion a 254 nm. The g adien elu ion
s a ed wi h 95% o sol en A and 5% o sol en B and
inc ease o sol en B o 95%, a e 55 min.
Phenolic compounds o each pomeg ana e peel
ex ac sample we e iden i ied by compa ing hei
e en ion imes (R ) wi h hose o he pu e s anda ds
injec ed in he same condi ions.
An ioxidan ac i i y e alua ion
Fe ic educing an ioxidan powe (FRAP) assay
The educing powe o i on (Fe3+) in he ex ac was
de e mined acco ding o he me hod desc ibed by Yen
and Duh, (1993). 1 mL o he ex ac a di e en
concen a ions we e mixed wi h 2.5 mL o phospha e
bu e solu ion (0.2 M , pH 6.6) and 2.5 mL o a
po assium e icyanide solu ion K3Fe(CN)6 (1%, w/ ).
The mix u es we e incuba ed a 50°C o 20 min,
A e incuba ion, 2.5 mL o ichlo oace ic acid
(10%,w/ ) was added o s op he eac ion. Finally, 1
mL o uppe laye was mixed wi h 1mL o dis illed
wa e and 0.5 mL o e ic chlo ide FeCl3 (1%, w/ ),
he abso bance was measu ed a 700 nm agains a
blank. An inc ease in abso bance o he eac ion
co esponds o an inc ease in he educing powe o
he es ed ex ac . The educing po en ial o he
ex ac and o he s anda ds is exp essed by he
e ec i e concen a ion alues a 50% (EC50).
E alua ion o he an ibac e ial ac i i y
Di usion me hod aga
Bac e ial suspension was p epa ed in s e ile
physiological wa e (0.9%) o each s ain. The
u bidi y o his suspension has been adjus ed o 0.5
Mac Fa land. This inoculum was sp ead on he
su ace o Muelle -Hin on aga pla e. S e ile il e
discs (6 mm in diame e ) we e imp egna ed wi h 20
μL o each ex ac solu ion hen we e deposi ed on he
su ace o he inocula ed aga . The pla es we e
incuba ed a 37°C o 24 h (Adesokan e al., 2007).
Te acycline and chlo amphenicol an ibio ic discs
(Me ck, Ge many) se ed as posi i e con ols and
discs imp egna ed wi h dime hyl sul oxide (DMSO)
se ed as nega i e con ols. An ibac e ial ac i i y was
de e mined by measu ing he diame e o he
inhibi ion zone a ound each disc.
De e mina ion o he minimal inhibi o y
concen a ion (MIC)
Mic odilu ion assay was de e mined acco ding o he
me hod desc ibed by Klančnik e al. (2010). Two- old
se ially dilu ed pomeg ana e peel ex ac s we e
p epa ed in s e ile Muelle -Hin on b o h. 95 μL o
each solu ion we e deposi ed in he wells o a 96-well
mic opla e pla e, and hen 5 μL o each bac e ial
suspension was added o he wells. The inal olume
in each well was 100 μL. The wells con aining he
Mulle Hin on b o h alone we e used as a nega i e
con ol, while he wells con aining he Muelle
Hin on inocula ed wi h he each bac e ium and
wi hou ex ac we e used as posi i e con ols. The
mic opla es hus p epa ed we e incuba ed o 18 h a
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Benguia e al.
In . J. Biosci.
2020
37°C. A he end o his incuba ion he bac e ial
g ow h was isualized by adding 20 μL o 2,3,5-
ipheny- e azolium chlo ide (Sigma-Ald ich).
Bac e ial g ow h was indica ed by ed colou while
clea wells eco ded inhibi ion g ow h.The MIC was
eco ded om he lowes concen a ion o he ex ac
ha inhibi s he isible bac e ial g ow h. The minimal
bac e icidal concen a ion (MBC) was de e mined as
he lowes ex ac concen a ion ha killed 99% o
bac e ia in he ini ial inoculums wi hin 24 h.
S a is ical analysis
The esul s ob ained we e exp essed as means±
s anda d de ia ion (SD). The s a is ical analysis o he
da a was ca ied ou using he STATISTICA so wa e
( e sion 6.1, S a so , Tulsa. OK, USA). The
compa ison o he means was ca ied ou ia ANOVA
wi h a ac o , ollowed by he ukey Tes . A alue o p
<0.05 was used as he signi icance le el.
Resul s and discussion
Yield ex ac ion, quan i ica ion o phenolic
compounds and la onoids
The yield ex ac ion ob ained om he pomeg ana e
peel using me hanol was a high yield o 41 ± 1.73%
(w/w) compa ed o he e hanolic ex ac wi h an
a e age o 31 ± 2.47% (w /w).These esul s a e
app oxima ely simila o hose ob ained by Shiban e
al. (2012) whe e he yield was 45%. Ano he s udies
indica ed ha me hanolic ex ac ep esen s yield
anging om 31.5 o 48.2% (Li e al., 2006; Zaki e
al., 2015).
Table 1. Diame e s o inhibi ion zones (mm) o pomeg ana e peel ex ac s and an ibio ic discs agains he es ed
bac e ia.
PPEE (mg /mL)
Bac e ia
B. sub illis
S. au eus
E.coli
250
14.17 ± 0.29a
15.33± 0.58b
11 ± 1c
125
12± 1a
12.67± 0.58a
8.67±0.58b
62.5
10±1a
±0...5.5-
10.67± 0.58a
7.67 ± 0.58b
PPME (mg/mL)
250
19.67±2.52a
20 ±1.73a
13± 1b
125
14.33 ± 0.57a 4
17.33± 0.58b
11.33 ± 0.58c
62.5
10.33± 1a
12± 1a
9.33±1.15b
An ibio ics
Chlo amphenicol (30µg/mL)
33.66
30
21
Te acycline (20µg/mL)
28.33
19
15 1115151515.33
The alues ep esen ed a e he mean ±SD. PPEE: Pomeg ana e peel e hanolic ex ac ; PPME: Pomeg ana e peel Me hanolic
ex ac ; Di e en le e s (a,b,c) indica e signi ican di e ences (p<0.05).
These a ia ions obse ed be ween he yields a e may
be due o he ype o sol en in ac , i a ec s he
ex ac ion; i is clea ha he e is an a ini y be ween
he ex ac ion sol en and he ex ac ed compounds,
as well as i s biological ac i i y (Lee e al.,
2003;Ghasemzadeh e al., 2011). Fu he mo e, I is
es ablished ha a ia ions in ex ac ion yields could
be a ibu ed no only o he di e ence in sol en
pola i y, which plays a key ole in inc easing he
solubili y o phenolic compounds; bu also he
pola i y o he phenolic compounds which cons i u e
he ex ac (Felhi e al., 2017). The quan i a i e
analysis o he phenolic and la onoid con en s o he
pomeg ana e peel ex ac s was de e mined om he
linea eg ession equa ions o each calib a ion cu e
exp essed successi ely in mg EGA/g DM and in
µgEQ/g DM espec i ely. Thus, he esul s ob ained
a e illus a ed in Fig 1. and 2. In his s udy, he o al
phenolic con en s we e in o de o 379.61 ± 31.71 mg
EAG / g DM o me hanolic ex ac and 381.51 ±
32.39 mg EAG / g DM o he e hanolic ex ac . This
quan i ica ion showed no signi ican di e ence
be ween he me hanol and e hanol pomeg ana e peel
ex ac s.
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Benguia e al.
In . J. Biosci.
2020
Table 2. Minimal inhibi o y (MIC) and minimal bac e icidal (MBC) concen a ions o pomeg ana e peel ex ac s
agains he es ed bac e ia.
Bac e ia
PPEE (mg/mL)
PPME (mg/mL)
MIC
MBC
MIC
MBC
Bacillus sub illis
3.9
62.5
3.9
31.25
S aphylococcus au eus
3.90
31.25
0.97
7.81
E.coli
7.81
62.5
7.81
62.5
PPEE: Pomeg ana e peel e hanolic ex ac ; PPME: Pomeg ana e peel Me hanolic ex ac .
The la onoid con en s o he me hanolic and
e hanolic ex ac s we e ound o be simila and equal
o 50.95 ± 11.57 and 53.64 ± 12.31 mg EQ / g DM,
espec i ely. This esul is in ag eemen wi h ha
epo ed by Had ich e al. (2014). These au ho s
no ed ha he o al phenolic compounds in he
ex ac s ob ained a e 24 h o mace a ion a ied om
0 o 290.10 ± 0.57 mg EAG / g DM. Ano he s udy
showed ha he phenolic con en o he me hanolic
ex ac om he pomeg ana e peel was a ound 274
mg EAG/ g and 56.4 mg RE /g o la onoids (Shiban
e al., 2012).
Table 3. E icien concen a ion 50 (EC50) o di e en pomeg ana e peel ex ac s and s anda d an ioxidan s in
educing powe .
EC50 (µg/mL)
PPEE
58.42± 0.21a
PPME
80 ± 1.00b
Gallic acid
17.56± 0.44c
Que ce in
35.76± 0.84d
Asco bic acid
44.20± 0.84e
The alues ep esen ed a e he mean ±SD. PPEE : Pomeg ana e peel e hanolic ex ac ; PPME :Pomeg ana e peel Me hanolic
ex ac ; Di e en le e s (a,b,c,d,e) indica e signi ican di e ences (p<0.05).
HPLC analysis
The HPLC ch oma og ams o pomeg ana e peel
e hanolic and me hanolic ex ac s a e shown in
Figu e 3 .The polyphenols p o ile o he pomeg ana e
peel ex ac s we e simila , howe e peak a ea o
indi idual compounds a ied. The esul s o he
p esen s udy e ealed ha he Gallic acid,
Reso cinol, Punicalagin, Ru in, Sy ingic acid and
Que ce in we e mos abundan phenolic compounds
in bo h ex ac s. Se e al s udies ha e shown he
p esence o di e en phenolic compounds in
pomeg ana e peel ex ac s. The p esence o gallic
acid, chlo ogenic, ca eic acid annic acid and Ru in
pomeg ana e peel ex ac s was epo ed by Shaban e
al. (2013); while Cai e al. (2004) and Ahmed e al.
(2018) highligh ed he p esence o annilic acid and
que ce in. Gullon e al. (2016) also epo ed he
p esence o punicalagin and ellagic acid as main
bioac i e compounds in pomeg ana e peel.
The di e ence in he con en o phenolic and
la onoid compounds is well documen ed. This can be
explained by he ac ha he ype o sol en s, he
me hods and he ex ac ion ime can signi ican ly
in luence he con en o phenolic and la onoids in
di e en ex ac s (G ujic e al., 2012).
An ioxidan ac i i y o pomeg ana e peel ex ac s
Fe ic Reducing An ioxidan Powe (FRAP)
The esul s o he educing powe o pomeg ana e
peel ex ac s we e p opo ional o he inc ease in he
concen a ion o he ex ac s (Fig. 4). Indeed, he
e hanolic ex ac showed a highe educing powe in
compa ison wi h he me hanolic ex ac (58.42 ± 0.22
s 180 ± 5.29 μg/mL). Howe e , his i on- educing
powe emains lowe compa ed o he educing powe
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Benguia e al.
In . J. Biosci.
2020
o s anda d an ioxidan s such as gallic acid and
asco bic acid. This is no ed by EC50 (Gallic acid: 17.56
± 0.45; asco bic acid: 44.20 ± 0.84 µg / mL) (Table
3). This high educing powe o he pomeg ana e peel
ex ac may be due o he p esence o ce ain
bioac i e compounds such as ellagi annins, punicalin,
punicalagin and nume ous pipe idine alkaloids
(Gullon e al., 2016).
Fig. 1. To al phenolic con en s o pomeg ana e peel
ex ac s.
The esul s a e exp essed as means ± SD. PPEE:
Pomeg ana e peel e hanolic ex ac ; PPME:
Pomeg ana e peel me hanolic ex ac ; mg GAE /gDM:
mg Gallic acid equi alen /g d y ma e .
An ibac e ial ac i i y
The ob ained esul highligh ed ha he e hanolic and
me hanolic ex ac s ha e an inhibi o y e ec on he
g ow h o all es ed bac e ia (E.coli, B. sub ilis and S.
au eus) as shown in Table 1. The diame e s o he
inhibi ion zones we e anging om 10 o 20 mm o
he me hanolic ex ac and 10 o 15.33 mm o he
e hanolic ex ac . Indeed he G am posi i e bac e ia
S. au eus and B. sub ilis we e he mos sensi i e in
compa ison wi h he G am nega i e bac e ia E. coli,
and his could be ela ed o he di e ence in he wall
s uc u e be ween G am posi i e and nega i e
bac e ia (Ali-Sh ayeh e al., 1998).
These esul s a e in ag eemen wi h hose epo ed by
Mal iya e al. (2014), who showed ha S. au eus is
sensi i e o he me hanolic and e hanolic
pomeg ana e peel ex ac s wi h diame e inhibi ion
zones o 24 ± 0.53 mm and 20 ± 0.31mm,
espec i ely; unlike E. coli which has been shown o
be esis an o hese same compounds (7 mm) (Nazi i
e al., 2012). Thus, he esis ance o bac e ia o hese
ex ac s can be a ibu ed o he na u e and he
composi ion o lipopolysaccha ides o he cell wall o
hese s ains.
Fig. 2. To al la onoids con en s o pomeg ana e peel
ex ac s.
The esul s a e exp essed as means ± SD. PPEE:
Pomeg ana e peel e hanolic ex ac ; PPME:
Pomeg ana e peel me hanolic ex ac ; mg QE/gDM:
mg Que ce in equi alen /g d y ma e ;
De e mina ion o he minimal inhibi o y
concen a ions (MIC)
The esul s o he minimal inhibi o y concen a ion
(MIC) and he minimal bac e icidal concen a ion
(MBC) e alua ed by he mic odilu ion me hod
sugges ha bo h ex ac s o pomeg ana e peel exe
di e en deg ees o an ibac e ial ac i i y (Table 2).
The mos powe ul inhibi o y e ec o me hanolic
ex ac was obse ed agains S. au eus wi h MIC o
0.97 mg/mL ollowed by B. sub ilis and E. coli wi h
MIC o 3.9 and 7.81 mg/mL, espec i ely. Whe eas,
he s ains o S. au eus and B. sub ilis we e sensi i e
o he e hanolic ex ac , in pa icula wi h an MIC o
3.9 mg/mL and MBC anging om 31.5 o 62.5
mg/mL, espec i ely; in compa ison wi h E. coli,
whe e he MIC and MBC ob ained we e a ound 7.81
and 62.5 mg/mL, espec i ely.
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Benguia e al.
In . J. Biosci.
2020
Fig. 3. HPLC ch oma og ams o pomeg ana e peel ex ac s A) E hanolic ex ac B) Me hanolic ex ac . 1: Gallic
acid; 2: Punicalagin; 3: Sy ingic acid; 4: Ru in; 5: Que ce in.
Fig. 4. Reducing powe ac i i y o pomeg ana e peel ex ac s, gallic acid, que ce in and asco bic acid e alua ed
by FRAP me hod.
The esul s a e exp essed as means ± SD. PPEE: Pomeg ana e peel e hanolic ex ac ; PPME: Pomeg ana e peel
me hanolic ex ac .
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Benguia e al.
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2020
These indings a e in ag eemen wi h hose o Nazi i
e al. (2012), who epo ed ha he me hanolic
ex ac o he pomeg ana e peel exe s an inhibi o y
e ec on G am posi i e bac e ia compa ed o hose o
G am nega i e bac e ia. The e o e, he MIC o he
ex ac o he pomeg ana e peel de e mined by he
me hod o dilu ion agains E. coli and S. au eus we e
31.3 mg /mL and 7.8 mg /mL, espec i ely. This is in
ag eemen wi h he esul s o Naz e al. (2007).These
au ho s ha e in es iga ed he e ec o di e en
ex ac s o pomeg ana e on six bac e ial species: S
au eus, E.coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, P o eus
ulga is, B sub ilis, Salmonella yphi, and ha e
shown ha bo h ex ac s exe an an ibac e ial
ac i i y agains all es ed bac e ia. The an imic obial
ac i i y o pomeg ana e peel ex ac is belie ed o be
due o i s phy ochemical composi ion, and in
pa icula , o he na u e o i s majo phenolic
compounds. I can also be a ibu ed o one o mo e
molecules, p esen in low p opo ion (s) in he ex ac
(Mphahlele e al., 2016).
Conclusion
This s udy has shown ha he yield o pomeg ana e
peel ex ac was highe han ha o he e hanolic one.
Howe e , simila amoun s o phenolic compounds
and la onoids we e ound in bo h ex ac s.
The an ioxidan ac i i y was signi ican ly (p<0.05)
highe in e hanolic ex ac . Bo h ex ac s exhibi ed a
s ong an ibac e ial ac i i y agains G am posi i e
bac e ia (S. au eus and Bacillus sub ilis) han agains
he G am nega i e (E. coli). These ex ac s a e
p omising agen s o he p e en ion o pa hologies
associa ed wi h oxida i e s ess.
Fu he s udies such as iden i ica ion o bioac i e
molecules o pomeg ana e peel ex ac s a e needed o
de e mine he e ec i eness o each molecule in he
an ioxidan and an ibac e ial ac i i ies.
Acknowledgemen s
This wo k was suppo ed by a g an om he Alge ian
Minis y o Highe Educa ion and Scien i ic Resea ch
(PRFU P ojec N° DOOL0UN270120190003).
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