Co esponding au ho : Modes e Okon Okon
Copy igh © 2025 Au ho (s) e ain he copy igh o his a icle. This a icle is published unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion Liscense 4.0.
A i auna o he Kani sa elli e gold deposi mining a ea (Wo odougou egion,
no hwes , Cô e d’I oi e)
Okon Modes e Okon *, Gninin é Maxime Zean and Dibié Be na d Ahon
Labo a o y o Biodi e si y and T opical Ecology, UFR En i onmen , Jean Lo ougnon Guede Uni e si y, Daloa, Cô e d'I oi e.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(02), 914-932
Publica ion his o y: Recei ed on 02 June 2025; e ised on 10 Augus 2025; accep ed on 12 Augus 2025
A icle DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.30574/wja .2025.27.2.2906
Abs ac
The Kani gold mining pe ime e in he Seguela depa men o Cô e d'I oi e unde wen an a i aunal assessmen o
es ablish a baseline o i s bi d popula ion p io o p ojec implemen a ion. In woodland a eas, he lis ening poin me hod
coupled wi h poin indices o abundance was used o in en o y bi ds. In open a eas, howe e , he main me hod used
was a slow-mo ing i ine an ou e on oo , wi h s ops o obse e and coun bi ds.
A o al o 104 bi d species belonging o 41 amilies om 14 o de s we e in en o ied. Among hese bi d species, wo
(02) a e endemic o Wes A ica; se en (07) a e cha ac e is ic o he Guinean-Congolese o es biome and eigh (08)
o he s a e ecognized as being con ined o he Sudano-Guinean sa annah biome. Al hough he s udy a ea does no hos
any bi d species whose p o ec ion is o wo ldwide in e es , he signi ican numbe o bi ds in e ms o species ichness
and abundance, despi e he nume ous an h opogenic p essu es encoun e ed in he a ea, makes his si e an a ea o
in e es o a i auna conse a ion.
F om he pe spec i e o en i onmen al p o ec ion and sus ainable biodi e si y managemen , his s udy is o i al
in e es . In ac , i enabled us o ake s ock o he bi ds in he a ea, which in u n will enable us o plan app op ia e
conse a ion measu es o a i auna in he biodi e si y managemen plan p oposed a he end o he en i onmen al and
social impac s udy o he p ojec .
Keywo ds: A i auna; Gold Mining; En i onmen al P o ec ion; Biodi e si y
1. In oduc ion
Since he all in wo ld p ices o he ag icul u al aw ma e ials (in he 1980s and 1990s) on which he I o ian economy
was based, Cô e d'I oi e has unde aken o inc ease he exploi a ion o i s mining esou ces, making his sec o i s
second economic pilla , wi h a iew o di e si ying and g owing i s economy in o de o sus ainably suppo i s
de elopmen [1]. Since hen, mining, pa icula ly gold mining, has expanded o co e almos he whole o Cô e d'I oi e.
Indeed, hanks o an incen i e policy and he es ablishmen o an app op ia e ins i u ional and legal amewo k, Cô e
d'I oi e has been able o a ac signi ican in es men in he mining sec o h ough he ins alla ion o se e al mining
companies h oughou he coun y [2]. While his mining dynamic b ings undeniable socio-economic bene i s, i also
has a nega i e impac on na u al ecosys ems, po en ially leading o he e osion o biodi e si y. An h opogenic ac i i ies,
pa icula ly mining, a e known o lead o he agmen a ion o ecosys ems and he disappea ance o habi a s and
ecological niches o animal species, he eby h ea ening biodi e si y.
In addi ion, he no he n pa o Cô e d'I oi e, o which he p oposed si e belongs, has ew p o ec ed a eas and is in an
ad anced s a e o deg ada ion due o in ense human ac i i y ( a ming, li es ock b eeding, land and wa e pollu ion om
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(02), 914-932
915
ag icul u al inpu s) [3]. Since he 1992 Rio Ea h Summi , clima e and biodi e si y ha e been a he cen e o he wo ld's
conce ns [4]. Thus, he challenges o sus ainable de elopmen oblige S a es o econcile economic, ecological and social
conside a ions o he well-being o cu en and u u e gene a ions. Al hough measu es o mi iga e and compensa e o
hese nega i e impac s (des uc ion o na u al habi a s, soil deg ada ion, pollu ion, loss o ce ain species o wild lo a
and auna, e c.) on he en i onmen a e aken in mos cases, he ac emains ha mining se iously unde mines e o s
o p o ec ecosys ems and conse e biodi e si y [5]. Fo his eason, i seems necessa y o econcile mining and
biodi e si y conse a ion.
I is wi h his in mind ha bi ds, one o he essen ial componen s o biodi e si y, bes known wi h a signi ican inge o
e eb a e species [6], playing impo an ecological oles, no ably in he egene a ion o o es ecosys ems h ough seed
dispe sal and also in indica ing he ecological s a e o ecosys ems [7], we e he subjec o an in en o y in he Kani gold
mining pe ime e , wi h a iew o assessing hei s and p io o p ojec implemen a ion. The aim o his s udy is o ake
s ock o he a i auna in he gold mining a ea, wi h a iew o es ablishing a eliable da abase ha can be aken in o
accoun o he sus ainable managemen o na u al esou ces.
2. Ma e ials and me hods
2.1 S udy en i onmen
The s udy a ea is loca ed in he no hwes o Cô e d'I oi e. I is loca ed in he Wo odougou egion, p ecisely in he Kani
depa men , be ween la i ude 8029'00'‘N and longi ude 6°36'00’' W (Figu e 1). The egion is subjec o a Sudano-
Guinean clima e cha ac e ized by wo main seasons: he d y season and he ainy season. Annual ain all a ies be ween
900 and 1200 mm, wi h an a e age annual empe a u e o 27°C [8]. The egion's ege a ion is en i ely wi hin he
Sudanese domain. In ac o es o ma ions, dense d y o es o d y open o es , only exis in agmen ed pa ches,
gene ally in he alleys o majo i e s. Mos o he a ea is he e o e co e ed by sa annah wi h ees o sh ubs [9].
2.2 Technical equipmen
A pai o binocula s was used o obse e and iden i y dis an bi ds. A digi al came a was used o ake pho os o he bi ds,
and a GPS was used o loca e and geoloca e he lis ening and obse a ion s a ions. A Dic aphone was used o eco d he
unknown ocaliza ions o ce ain bi ds.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(02), 914-932
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Figu e 1 Map showing he loca ion o he si e and land use in he s udy a ea
The Wes A ican Bi d Guide [10] and compac discs (CDs) o Wes A ican bi d songs and calls [11] we e used o bi d
iden i ica ion. A si e loca ion and land use map we e used o desc ibe he ege a ion in he s udy a ea (Figu e 1).
Habi a s we e selec ed on he basis o hei ecological cha ac e is ics. Th ee (03) habi a ypes we e selec ed and
sampled wi hin he zone: o es s, plan a ions and allows, and sa annahs (Figu e 2).
2.3 Bi d in en o y
2.3.1 Sampling me hods
In woodland en i onmen s, he me hod used o bi d in en o ies is he lis ening poin me hod coupled wi h poin
indices o abundance (PAI) [12]. Se en ixed lis ening poin s we e se up in each habi a . The dis ance be ween wo
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(02), 914-932
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consecu i e lis ening poin s is 300 m, o a oid duplica ion. A each lis ening poin , all bi d species seen o hea d o 20
minu es we e eco ded. In open a eas, he me hod used is ha o a slow-mo ing i ine an ou e punc ua ed by s ops o
bi d obse a ion and coun ing. Unknown ocaliza ions we e eco ded ei he o la e iden i ica ion using he CD Rom
o Wes A ican bi d calls and songs by Chappuis (2000), o o eplay o on- he-spo species iden i ica ion. Su eys
we e ca ied ou om 06:00 o 17:00. Du ing he su eys, he numbe o bi d species and hei abundance we e no ed.
2.4 Da a analysis
The da a collec ed enabled us o de e mine a ious pa ame e s, including species ichness (S), which exp esses he
numbe o species obse ed in a s and (S = ∑ species), ela i e equency (F ), which is he ela i e impo ance o each
species compa ed wi h all hose eco ded in a gi en habi a (F = (ni/N) x100 whe e ni = popula ion size o species i
and N = sum o he popula ion sizes o he species making up he s and), he Shannon di e si y index (H'), which
calcula es he le el o di e si y in he en i onmen (H' = - Σ (ni/N) ln (ni/N)), and he ai ness
A. Pa ial iew o Cashew plan a ion
B. Pa ial iew o T ee sa annah
C. Pa ial iew o he o es unde g ow h
D. Pa ial iew o a o es island
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(02), 914-932
918
E. Pa ial iew o he o es galle y
F. Pa ial iew o he Fallow Land
Figu e 2 Pa ial iew o he ecological ea u es o he habi a s su eyed
index (J), which is he a io be ween he communi y's ac ual di e si y and i s heo e ical maximum di e si y, aking in o
accoun i s heo e ical maximum di e si y. J = H' / lnS wi h H' = Shannon index; lnS = maximum alue o H' (H' max)
wi h S = numbe o species. These pa ame e s we e calcula ed using R 2.8.0 so wa e. The conse a ion s a us o each
species was de e mined acco ding o he ca ego ies o he In e na ional Union o Conse a ion o Na u e [13]. I should
be no ed ha , in o de o s anda dize he names o he bi ds eco ded in he able, e e ence has been made o he
nomencla u e, axonomy and o de o [14]. The names o some species ha e been co ec ed acco ding o IOC
nomencla u e as p oposed by [15].
3. Resul s
3.1 O e all species composi ion
Ac oss all habi a s, 104 bi d species we e in en o ied, wi h a o al o 975 indi iduals belonging o 41 amilies and 14
o de s (Table I). Figu e 3 shows pho og aphs o some o he bi d species obse ed in he s udy a ea. Acco ding o [13],
he e a e no endange ed species in he a ea, all species being in he ca ego y o Leas Conce n (LC) (Table I). Analysis
o he esul s shows ha he Accipi idae amily (12 species) is he mos ep esen a i e in e ms o species ichness. I
is ollowed by he Cuculidae wi h eigh (08) species. Nex come he Cis icolidae, Columbidae and Nec a iniidae amilies,
each wi h six (06) species. As o species abundance, he Whi e- h oa ed Bee-ea e Me ops albicollis and he Ca le Eg e
Bibulus ibis, wi h ela i e equencies o 08% and 07.07% espec i ely, a e he wo dominan species (Table I). The
Shannon di e si y index (H') and equi abili y index (J) a e high h oughou he a ea, wi h alues o 3.99 and 0.86
espec i ely. In e ms o Wes A ican endemism, one species was epo ed. This is he iole u aco Tau aco iolaceus.
O he 182 endemic species o he Guinean-Congolese (GC) o es biome epo ed in Cô e d'I oi e, se en (07) we e
obse ed in he s udy a ea.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(02), 914-932
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Table 1 Abundance and s a us o bi d species obse ed in di e en habi a s in he s udy a ea
NO
O de s/Families/ Species
English
Names
Fo es
Sa annahs
plan a ions
and
Fallow
Wo k o ce
F
(%)
Ac
Cs
Ms
Biome
Endem
GALLIFORMES
NUMIDIDAE (1)
1
Numida meleag is (Linnaeus,
1758)
Helme ed
Guinea owl
-
7
6
13
1,33
Ra
L
C
R
PHASIANIDAE (2)
2
P e nis is ahan ensis (Temminck,
1854)
Ahan a
Spu owl
-
1
1
2
0,2
Ra
L
C
R
GC
3
P e nis is bicalca a us (Linnaeus,
1766)
Double-
spu ed
Spu owl
-
3
5
8
0,82
U
L
C
R
COLUMBIFORMES
COLUMBIDAE (6)
4
T e on cal us (Temminck, 1811)
A ican G een-
pigeon
8
-
3
11
1,13
U
L
C
R
5
Tu u ympanis ia (Temminck,
1809)
Tambou ine
Do e
5
3
7
15
1,54
F
L
C
R
6
Tu u a e (Linnaeus, 1766)
Blue-spo ed
Wood-do e
2
-
2
4
0,41
U
L
C
R
7
S ep opelia semi o qua a
(Rüppell, 1837)
Red-eyed
Do e
10
9
5
24
2,46
F
L
C
R
8
S ep opelia inacea (Bonapa e,
1855)
Vinaceous
Do e
-
10
3
13
1,33
U
L
C
R
9
Spilopelia senegalensis (Linnaeus,
1766)
Laughing Do e
-
4
5
9
0,92
U
L
C
R
CAPRIMULGIFORMES
APODIDAE (2)
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(02), 914-932
920
10
Apus apus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Common Swi
-
4
4
8
0,82
U
L
C
P
11
Apus a inis (G ay, 1830)
Li le Swi
-
6
-
6
0,61
Ra
L
C
R
CUCULIFORMES
CUCULIDAE (8)
12
Clama o le aillan ii (Swainson,
1829)
Le aillan ’s
Cuckoo
-
1
--
1
0,1
Ra
L
C
M
13
Cuculus soli a ius (S ephens, 1815)
Red-ches ed
Cuckoo
2
-
-
2
0,2
Ra
L
C
M
14
Cuculus clamosus (La ham, 1802)
Black Cuckoo
1
-
1
2
0,2
Ra
L
C
M
15
Ch ysococcyx cup eus (Shaw,
1792)
A ican
Eme ald
Cuckoo
1
-
-
1
0,1
Ra
L
C
R
16
Ch ysococcyx klaas (S ephens,
1815)
Klaas’s Cuckoo
4
-
2
6
0,61
U
L
C
R/
M
17
Ch ysococcyx cap ius (Boddae ,
1783)
Diede ik
Cockoo
1
-
2
3
0,31
Ra
L
C
R/
M
18
Cen opus g illii (Ha laub, 1861)
Black Coucal
4
-
2
6
0,61
U
L
C
M/
R
19
Cen opus senegalensis (Linnaeus,
1766)
Senegal coucal
-
10
3
13
1,33
U
L
C
R
MUSOPHAGIFORMES
MUSOPHAGIDAE (4)
20
Co y haeola c is a a (Vieillo ,
1816)
G ea Blue
u aco
2
-
-
2
0,2
Ra
L
C
R
21
Tau aco pe sa (Linnaeus, 1758)
G een Tau aco
7
-
-
7
0,72
F
L
C
R
GC
22
Tau aco iolaceus (Ise , 1788)
Tau aco
iolaceus
5
12
2
19
1,94
C
L
C
R
SG
AO
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(02), 914-932
921
23
C ini e pisca o (Boddae , 1783)
Wes e n
Plan ain-ea e
-
4
8
12
1,33
C
L
C
R
PELECANIFORMES
ARDEIDAE (1)
24
Bubulcus ibis (Linnaeus, 1758)
Ca le Eg e
-
50
19
69
7,07
C
L
C
R/
M
SCOPIDAE (1)
25
Scopus umb e a (Gmelin, 1789)
Hame kop
-
26
-
26
2,66
U
L
C
R
STRIGIFORMES
TYTONIDAE (1)
26
Ty o alba (Scopoli, 1769)
Common
Ba n-owl
-
-
1
1
0,1
Ra
L
C
R
STRIGIDAE (1)
27
S ix wood o dii (Smi h, 1834)
A ican Wood-
owl
-
-
1
1
0,1
Ra
L
C
R
ACCIPITRIFORMES
ACCIPITRIDAE (12)
28
Pe nis api o us (Linnaeus, 1758)
Eu opean
Honey-
buzza d
-
2
-
2
0,2
Ra
L
C
P
29
Elanus cae uleus (Des on aines,
1789)
Black-winged
Ki e
-
1
-
1
0,1
Ra
L
C
R
30
Mil us mig ans (Boddae , 1783)
Yellow-billed
ki e
-
6
5
11
1,28
C
L
C
M
31
Gypohie ax angolensis (Gmelin,
1788)
Palm-nu
Vul u e
-
2
-
2
0,2
Ra
L
C
R
32
Polybo oides ypus (Smi h, 1829)
A ican
Ha ie -hawk
2
-
-
2
0,2
Ra
L
C
R
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922
33
Mic onisus gaba (Daudin, 1800)
Gaba
Goshawk
-
1
-
1
0,1
Ra
L
C
R
34
Melie ax me aba es (Heuglin,
1861)
Da k
Chan ing-
goshawk
-
-
1
1
0,1
Ra
L
C
R
35
Accipi e achi o (Daudin, 1800)
A ican
Goshawk
-
1
-
1
0,1
Ra
L
C
R
36
Tachyspiza badia (Gmelin, 1788)
Shik a
-
1
1
2
0,2
U
L
C
R
37
Bu as u u ipennis (Sunde all,
1851)
G asshoppe
Buzza d
-
2
-
2
0,2
Ra
L
C
M
38
Kaupi alco monog ammicus
(Temminck, 1824)
Liza d
Buzza d
-
3
4
7
0,72
F
L
C
R
39
Bu eo augu alis (Sal ado i, 1865)
Red-necked
Buzza d
-
2
-
2
0,2
U
L
C
R/
M
BUCEROTIFORMES
BUCEROTIDAE (3)
40
Lophoce os semi ascia us
(Ha laub, 1855)
Wes A ican
Pied Ho nbill
1
9
16
26
2,46
F
L
C
R
GC
41
Lophoce os nasu us (Linnaeus,
1766)
A ican G ey
Ho nbill
-
25
22
47
4,82
C
L
C
R
42
Bycanis es is ula o (Cassin,
1852)
Wes e n
Piping
Ho nbill
6
-
-
6
0,61
U
L
C
R
GC
PHOENICULIDAE (1)
43
Phoeniculus pu pu eus (Mille ,
1784)
G een
Woodhoopoe
-
3
1
4
0,41
U
L
C
R
CORACIIFORMES
MEROPIDAE (1)
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929
Abundance cha ac e iza ion (Ac): C - Common: obse ed daily, alone o in signi ican numbe s, F - Qui e common:
obse ed almos e e y day, U - Uncommon: i egula ly obse ed and no e e y day, Ra- Ra e: a ely obse ed, one o
wo obse a ions o soli a y indi iduals. Conse a ion s a us (Cs): LC - Leas Conce n Endemism: AO - endemic o
Wes A ica. Biome: GC - con ined o he Guineo-Congolese o es , SG - con ined o he Sudano-Guinean sa anna.
Mig a o y s a us (Ms): R – Residen , M - In a-a ican mig an , P - Palea c ic mig an O – Occasional species.
A: Common Bulbul Pycnono us ba ba us
B: B oad-billed Rolle Eu ys omus glaucu us
C: S iped King ishe Halcyon chelicu i
D: Common Kes el Falco innunculus
E: Whi e-c es ed Helme shik e P ionops pluma us
F: Wes e n Plan ain-ea e C ini e pisca o
Figu e 3 Pho og aphs o some bi d species eco ded in he s udy a ea
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(02), 914-932
930
The si e also hos s eigh species o bi ds om he Sudano-Guinean (SG) sa annah biome (Table I). The bi d popula ion
in he p ojec a ea is cha ac e ized by 38% a e species, 38% uncommon species, 13% ai ly common species and 11%
common species (Figu e 4).
Based on he mig a o y s a us o he a ious species, i can be seen ha 80% o he species eco ded a e o ally esiden
(R). Howe e , 7% o species a e in a-A ican mig an s (M) and 6% a e Palea c ic mig an s (P). Mixed-s a us species
(R/M; R/P) accoun o 6%, compa ed wi h 1% o occasional species (O) (Figu e 5).
3.2 Species composi ion and di e si y index by habi a
3.2.1 Species composi ion and di e si y index in o es s
In o es s, 23 species we e obse ed, wi h a o al o 99 indi iduals (Figu e 6). The Shannon di e si y index (H') was
2.91, wi h a ai ness index (J) o 0.93 (Figu e 7). These habi a s a e home o la ge popula ions o B own Babble
Tu doides plebejus and Colla ed Do e S ep opelia semi o qua a (Table I).
3.2.2 Speci ic composi ion and di e si y index o sa annahs
In he sa annahs, 76 bi d species we e in en o ied, wi h a o al o 488 indi iduals (Figu e 6). The Shannon di e si y
index (H') is 3.62, wi h a ai ness index (J) o 0.84 (Figu e 7). The dominan species in hese habi a s a e he Whi e-
h oa ed Bee-ea e Me ops albicollis, he Ca le Eg e Bubulcus ibis and he Blue-bellied Rolle Co acias cyanogas e
(Table I).
3.2.3 Speci ic composi ion and di e si y index o plan a ions and allows
In hese habi a s, 71 bi d species wi h a o al o 388 indi iduals we e obse ed (Figu e 6). The Shannon di e si y index
(H') was 3.75, wi h a ai ness index (J) o 0.88 (Figu e 7). These habi a s con ain high popula ions o O ange-cheeked
As ilda melpoda; Black-billed Ho nbill Lophoce os nasu us; Whi e- h oa ed Bee-ea e Me ops albicollis and Ca le Eg e
Bubulcus ibis (Table I).
Figu e 4 Cha ac e is ic o he abundance o he a i auna
popula ion
Figu e 5 Mig a o y s a us o species
Figu e 6 Dis ibu ion o bi d popula ions by habi a
ypes su eyed
Figu e 7 Di e si y indices o bi d popula ions in
di e en habi a s
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4. Discussion
In he s udy a ea, 104 bi d species we e eco ded, ep esen ing 13.32% o he 781 bi d species eco ded in Cô e d'I oi e
[16]. This species ichness is ela i ely high in iew o he nume ous an h opogenic ac i i ies such as ag icul u e and
mining, which deg ade bi d habi a s and ha e a conside able impac on hei su i al [17].
In addi ion, some bi d species a e poached by local popula ions o local consump ion [18]. These a ious h ea s could
explain he absence o ce ain bi d species whose ange co e s he s udy a ea. The high alues o he a i aunal di e si y
index (3.99) and he equi abili y index (0.86) in he su eyed si e sugges ha his a ea o e s habi a a iabili y and a
good dis ibu ion o species. These esul s could undoub edly be explained by he a ailabili y o su icien ood
esou ces in he s udy si e. Indeed, [19] ha e indica ed ha he dis ibu ion o bi d species in an en i onmen is linked
o he sa is ac ion o hei ecological niches in e ms o habi a a iabili y and he a ailabili y o ood esou ces. In e ms
o ulne abili y, no endange ed species on he IUCN Red Lis ha e been obse ed on he si e. This can be explained by
he ad anced deg ada ion o habi a s in he s udy a ea. I is well known ha mos o hese endange ed species equi e
speci ic habi a s wi h low le els o human dis u bance. Howe e , he p ojec a ea is hea ily dis u bed by human
ac i i ies such as ex ensi e and in ensi e ag icul u e, land clea ing, o e -cu ing o i ewood, pollu ion by ag icul u al
inpu s, o e -g azing, e c. These a ious h ea s could explain he disappea ance o de e io a ion o hese habi a s. These
a ious h ea s could explain he disappea ance o depa u e o ce ain bi d species whose known ange in Cô e d'I oi e
la gely co e s he p ojec a ea.
Howe e , he a ea dese es special a en ion in iew o he species i con ains. Mos o he species eco ded a e
seden a y. This seden a y na u e is linked o he a ailabili y o su icien ophic esou ces o hei su i al and o ideal
ecological condi ions [20]. Mig a o y bi ds p esen in he a ea gene ally p e e we lands. They a e no eally a ached
o hese ypes o habi a s in he a ea, as hey only use hem o a sho pe iod o he yea [21].
5. Conclusion
The s udy si e is home o a ela i ely ich and di e se a i auna. In iew o he undeniable ole played by bi ds in
egene a ing o es ecosys ems and main aining ecological balance, his a i aunal da a is necessa y and dese es
pa icula a en ion om he p ojec manage s. These da a p o ide a eliable basis on which o base he si e
managemen plan, so ha app op ia e decisions can be aken o he sus ainable and a ional managemen o he a ea's
biodi e si y. Indeed, mining will ha e a conside able impac on he composi ion o he a ea's a i auna, which will
eco e slowly o e he long e m, e en a e mining ceases. I is impo an ha he p omo e s o his p ojec ake in o
accoun app op ia e mi iga ion measu es o minimize he en i onmen al impac o he p ojec . This will help o
econcile mining wi h en i onmen al p o ec ion.
Compliance wi h e hical s anda ds
Acknowledgmen s
We would like o exp ess ou since e hanks o he mine managemen and o CECAF In e na ional, who p o ided us
wi h he necessa y means o ca y ou his wo k. We would also like o hank ou mammalogis and he pe ologis
colleagues, as well as he local popula ion, o hei ank collabo a ion. We would also like o hank ou guides o hei
con ibu ion o his s udy.
Disclosu e o con lic o in e es
No con lic o in e es o be disclosed.
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