'
Pipeline & Logis ics 2025 | ISSN 2447-2069 | biblio eca.ibp.o g.b
Reducing people on boa d by using a no el dynamically
MESH AI digi al connec i i y
Gil Keda ¹
Abs ac :
One o he op ions o dec ease OPEX is o mi iga e he high cos s o people on boa d
(POB) by enabling emo e ope a ions using enhanced digi al connec i i y. Enabling
emo e ope a ions equi es planning and deploying a e y high- eliabili y ne wo k ha
suppo s high capaci y and low la ency in all condi ions conside ing end- o-end
communica ion. This equi es a se o digi al solu ions om connec i i y solu ions,
high eliabili y planning, as and s able deploymen and easy main enance. The
cu en digi al connec i i y solu ions a e based on ibe , sa elli e and mic owa e.
Fibe has e y high-capaci y solu ions bu a e high-cos and a e sensi i e o cu s.
Sa elli e solu ions su e om highe la ency, e en LEO, and lowe capaci y han he
ibe and MW solu ions. In his pape we p esen an enhanced wi eless MESH AI
ne wo k design wi h be e esul s han sa elli e and ibe solu ions. The MESH AI
solu ion also suppo s dynamic links, which means he physical links can be modi ied,
o e en u he inc ease he eliabili y o he digi al communica ion ne wo k. We
analyze ou dynamically wi eless MESH solu ion using di e en physical connec i i y,
such as ibe , sa elli e and MW and compa e hem using di e en KPIs such as CAPEX,
OPEX, la ency, and eliabili y. In addi ion, we will use se e al eal-li e examples o
demons a e ou sugges ed solu ion. We will show ha he dynamically wi eless MESH
solu ion can achie e 100% end- o-end SLA solu ions wi h lowe cos s.
Keywo ds: Reliabili y; MESH; AI planning.
Recei ed: May, 2nd | Accep ed: Augus , 6 h| A ailable online: Sep embe , 9 h
A icle nº: 4800
DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.48072/2447-2069. pl.2025.4800
¹ Ce agon. Is ael. E-mail: gilke@ce agon.com
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Reducing O sho e People on Boa d (POB) Cos s Using Dynamic AI-D i en Wi eless Mesh Digi al
Connec i i y
Gil Keda , Ce agon Ne wo ks, Is ael
“You digi al ans o ma ion is only as good as you connec i i y”
Gil Gabay, SVP Global Business De elopmen , Ce agon
Abs ac
One op ion o dec easing ope a ing expenses (OPEX) ela ed o o sho e si es is mi iga ing he high
cos s o people on boa d (POB) by enabling emo e ope a ions using enhanced digi al connec i i y.
Enabling emo e ope a ions equi es planning and deploying a e y high- eliabili y ne wo k ha
suppo s high capaci y and low la ency in all condi ions o e icien end- o-end communica ions. This
equi es a se o digi al connec i i y solu ions, high- eliabili y planning, as and s able deploymen ,
and easy main enance. Cu en digi al connec i i y solu ions a e based on ibe , sa elli e and
mic owa e (MW) echnologies. Fibe p o ides e y high-capaci y solu ions bu a e high-cos and
sensi i e o cable cu s. Sa elli e solu ions (e en LEO) su e om highe la ency and lowe capaci y
han ibe and MW solu ions.
In his pape we p esen an enhanced wi eless mesh a i icial in elligence-d i en ne wo k design wi h
be e esul s han sa elli e and ibe solu ions. The AI-d i en wi eless mesh solu ion also suppo s
dynamic links, which means physical links can be modi ied o e en u he inc ease he eliabili y o
he digi al communica ion ne wo k. We analyze he dynamic wi eless mesh solu ion using di e en
physical connec i i y op ions, such as ibe , sa elli e and MW, while using di e en key pe o mance
indica o s (KPIs) such as capi al expendi u es (CAPEX), OPEX, la ency, and eliabili y. In addi ion, we
p esen a eal-li e o sho e example o demons a e ou sugges ed solu ion. We ul ima ely show ha
he dynamic wi eless mesh solu ion can achie e 100% end- o-end SLA solu ions wi h lowe cos s.
1. In oduc ion
Reducing o sho e pe sonnel can lead o signi ican cos sa ings in a eas such as pe sonnel wages,
accommoda ions, anspo a ion, and sa e y p o isions. By es ima ing he a e age daily o weekly
cos s pe o sho e wo ke and p ojec ing he pe cen age educ ion in POB, including ope a ional
e iciencies, educed sa e y inciden s, and lowe insu ance p emiums con ibu e o o e all cos
educ ions.
O sho e oil and gas (O&G) emo e ope a ions in ol es he in eg a ion and in e connec ion o onsho e
and o sho e si es, acili ies and esou ces o inc ease p oduc ion e iciency, sa e y and secu i y, while
a he same ime dec easing he o al cos s o , and need o , o sho e pe sonnel (Söde be g, Johansen,
& Nieminen, 2015; OE, 2019). Pe sonnel ha would no mally wo k o sho e a e now able o moni o
ongoing ope a ions while physically placed onsho e, wi h eliable access o da a om mul iple
loca ions while wo king in a sa e onsho e en i onmen , educing he numbe o POB (Söde be g,
Johansen, & Nieminen, 2015; O sho e, 2023).
Remo e ope a ions include using ex ensi e moni o ing sys ems o ga he ing and ansmi ing c i ical
in o ma ion and da a o o sho e sys ems (such as pumping machines and d illing equipmen ) om
o sho e si es o pe sonnel loca ed in onsi e con ol ooms. Moni o ing ope a ions closely and in eal-
ime o any anomalies enables ope a o s o p epa e and eac o eme gencies immedia ely. The
h oughpu equi emen s o emo e ope a ion sys ems a e o e 32 Mbps o d illing igs and o e 100
Mbps o la ge p oduc ion igs (Söde be g, Johansen, & Nieminen, 2015).
Remo e ope a ions equi e bandwid h ha is beyond wha e y small ape u e e minal (VSAT)
sa elli e sys ems can o e oday. Use s in he same a ea u ilize he same bandwid h, hus capaci y is
di ided be ween hem. I was ound ha due o he la ge cell sizes in low Ea h o bi (LEO) non-
e es ial ne wo ks (NTNs), he es ima ed a ea capaci y densi y is mode a e: 1–10 kbps/km2 in he S
band downlink, and 14–120 kbps/km2 in he Ka band downlink depending on la i ude (Sedin, Fel in,
& Lin, 2020). Fo example, Gila SkyEdge IV can suppo up o 100Mbps using GEO sa elli e (Gila ,
2024).
Fibe links suppo high-capaci y demand bu equi e high-cos ins alla ion. Subma ine ibe
connec i i y equi es signi ican ins alla ion cos s; o example, ins alling a 430km line connec ing 12
p oduc ion acili ies in B azil cos $146 million (Palmigiani, 2020).
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Ano he p oblema ic aspec o subma ine ibe op ic cables is hei ulne abili y o physical damage.
Na u al disas e s such as mudslides, yphoons and ea hquakes ha e caused se ious damage o
o sho e cable ne wo ks. Based on published epo s, he e a e app oxima ely 150-200 cases o cable
cu s pe yea . Se ice-le el ag eemen (SLA) epai s ake om one week and up and cos om $0.5M
(Bu de e, 2024) (Koshino, 2024). Repa a ions can be complica ed, as cables ha e o be li ed om
he seabed and epai ed on-boa d specialized essels (Söde be g, Johansen, & Nieminen, 2015). Thus,
ibe o en lacks he lexibili y and esilience needed o suppo digi al O&G ope a ions.
In his pape we sugges a amewo k o a wi eless mesh solu ion ha co e s he ull ne wo k
li ecycle. Wi eless links can suppo e y eliable long-dis ance connec ions wi h high capaci y and
dynamic con igu a ion o onsho e and o sho e si es (Ce agon, 2025). We show ha high-capaci y
wi eless mesh ne wo ks can p o ide end- o-end eliabili y and handle disconnec e en s wi h lowe
CAPEX han ibe and sa elli e. We compa e he h ee main ele an echnologies and show ha
wi eless mesh ne wo ks a e p e e ed.
2. AI-D i en Wi eless Mesh
In wi eless mesh ne wo ks, ne wo k planning and deploymen g ea ly impac ne wo k co e age,
connec i i y, li e ime, and cos s (Bosio, Capone, & Cesana, 2007; Li, O a, Dong, & Chen, 2017; El-
Hajj, Al-Fuqaha, Guizani, & Chen, 2009). The simples a chi ec u e o wi eless links uses s a and
chain opologies whe e he e is a cen al node wi h whom all he poin s communica e, as shown in
Figu e 1. When using a ing opology, all he poin s a e ci cula ly connec ed, which inc eases ne wo k
eliabili y and makes i mo e desi able o o sho e ne wo ks (Söde be g, Johansen, & Nieminen,
2015).
Figu e 1: Example o co e node (c) connec ing o he nodes (N) using s a wi h chains
In a mul i-hop wi eless ad hoc ne wo k (WANET), all nodes wo k alongside each o he so ha hey
o m a ne wo k wi hou equi ing any in as uc u e (like bases s a ion o access poin s). In a mobile
ad hoc ne wo k (MANET), communica ion among nodes ou side he ansmission ange is enabled i
he mobile nodes can o wa d packe s o each o he . The ne wo k nodes can mo e independen ly
and in any di ec ion. These nodes can a bi a ily lea e and join he ne wo k. As a esul , a node will
egula ly go h ough changes in i s link condi ions wi h o he de ices (Chi ka a & Ahmad, 2014) (Al-
Dhie , Sab i, Fouad, La i , & Albade , 2019).
As an example o wi eless mesh o o sho e O&G, we s a wi h basic concep s om a mesh
a chi ec u e o local wi eless ne wo ks suppo ing high- eliabili y connec ions. The HART
Communica ion Founda ion p oposed he Wi elessHART s anda d (Comission, 2010), which, like
MANET (Chi ka a & Ahmad, 2014), uses ime-synch onized, sel -o ganizing and sel -healing mesh
a chi ec u e o p o ide a comple e solu ion o eal- ime p ocess con ol applica ions.
These sel -o ganizing and sel -healing mesh echnologies enable wi eless ield de ices o sel - ou e
h ough he p ocess en i onmen and e ou e when he en i onmen changes; his gua an ees long-
e m eliabili y and p edic abili y, e en unde changing en i onmen al condi ions (Chen, Zhang, Lim,
Kwok, & Sun, 2019). Those models sugges ed se e al ad-hoc ne wo k a chi ec u es and de e minis ic
ou ing algo i hms. In ou solu ion, we enhance hose concep s o suppo poin - o-poin (P P) o
poin - o-mul ipoin (P MP) links, which use di ec ional an ennas. Ou ull li ecycle solu ion s a s wi h
ne wo k planning and includes AI-based ou ing o handle ex eme e en s and enable sel -healing
capabili ies.
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As shown in Figu e 2 (below), a ne wo k li ecycle comp ises ou main s ages: planning, deploying,
ou ing, and moni o ing. In he planning s age, he ne wo k node loca ions and he links be ween
hem a e de ined, and he nodes can be s a ically o dynamically loca ed. The planning s age has a
c ucial impac on ne wo k eliabili y and i s abili y o handle ex eme e en s. In his s age, cus ome s
de ine hei h oughpu and eliabili y equi emen s. The planning s age de ines he equi ed links
be ween he nodes and he po en ial ou es o suppo cus ome equi emen s. Figu e 3 (below)
p esen s a simple example o inc easing end- o-end eliabili y by adding one link be ween wo nodes
(in his case c ea ing a simple ing). Adding a link c ea es an op ion o each any node in he ne wo k
e en i one o he links o nodes ails. Mo e eliable solu ions can also be planned o suppo ailu e
o wo links and abo e.
The deploymen s age equi es manpowe o ins all he links and con igu e he ne wo k. Ne wo k
ou ing p o ocol design in ol es sea ching o he mos app op ia e ou e s subse among all ou e s
deployed in he cu en ne wo k based on cu en ne wo k s a us and cu en demand. Ne wo k
ou ing p o ocol design is usually pe o med online a e he ne wo k has been ini ialized and
s abilized, and e ou ing will be igge ed i any node is down (Chen, Zhang, Lim, Kwok, & Sun, 2019).
We sugges dis ibu ed AI-based ou ing ha lea ns and handles ex eme e en s o dec ease ne wo k
SLA epai imes in such cases. The ne wo k is cons an ly moni o ed o handle ex eme e en s ha
impac he ne wo k. Based on he moni o ing in o ma ion, he ne wo k managemen sys em can
p edic e en s in ad ance and plan he equi ed new ne wo k con igu a ion. I using dynamic wi eless
links, such as Poin Link (Ce agon, 2025) o Nex mo e (Nex mo e, 2025) solu ions, ne wo k opology
can be econ igu ed dynamically o c ea e new ou es and bypass local p oblems.
Figu e 2: Ne wo k li ecycle
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Figu e 3: A simple example o inc easing end- o-end eliabili y wi h wi eless mesh
Two p ima y ou ing p o ocols a e de ined: segmen ou ing (IETF, Segmen Rou ing A chi ecu e - RFC
8402, 2023) and E he ne /IP ou ing (IETF, Requi emen s o IP Ve sion 4 Rou e s, 1995). In segmen
ou ing, he comple e ou ing pa h om sou ce o des ina ion is explici ly w i en in he ongoing
packe . Thus, he ou ing is p ede ined by a cen alized global ou e and each node ou es he packe
based on i s associa ed heade . The e o e, he esul ing cen alized ou ing solu ion does no suppo
dynamic and disconnec ed ne wo ks.
E he ne /IP ou ing speci ies only a des ina ion ID in he packe . The g aph in o ma ion co esponding
o his des ina ion is p econ igu ed by he ne wo k manage p io o i s use and ou e o lea n using
p o ocol messages. Thus, when an a bi a y node ecei es his packe , i will check he co esponding
ou ing able o de e mine he cu en packe o wa d des ina ion (Chen, Zhang, Lim, Kwok, & Sun,
2019). This ou ing me hod is basically s a ic since each node ou ing able is p ede ined. The e a e
ou ing enhancemen s ha upda e he node ou ing able based on link disconnec ion bu no based
on a ic p edic ion o ne wo k s a us p edic ion.
A mo e ad anced ou ing solu ion is AI-based dynamic ou ing. In his ou ing p o ocol, he ou ing is
decided in he node based on ne wo k s a us and a ic demand (Paul, Cohen, & Keda , 2023)
(Gah an, Cohen, B ons ein, & Keda , 2023) (Danilchenko, Keda , & Segal, 2023). Each node has an
in e nal machine lea ning (ML) agen ha upda es i s in e nal weigh s om a cen alized ou e and
can also lea n by i sel . When a packe a i es, he node agen decides on he nex hop node and he
nex imeslo ansmission powe , as shown in Figu e 4 (below). Those AI-based ou ing algo i hms
conside wide inpu in o ma ion and ha e an enhanced abili y o con ol he links, including deciding
which link o use and con igu ing he ansmission powe . Those solu ions handle a ious ne wo k
e ec s such as wea he , link p oblems, and use a ic demand o de ine he cu en ele an ou ing.
Thus, hey can suppo sel -healing and econ igu ing ne wo ks.
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Figu e 4: Example o AI-based ou ing decision be ween s eps
(Gah an, Cohen, B ons ein, & Keda , 2023)
3. O sho e Example Based on Real -Li e Scena io
In he ollowing example shown in Figu e 5 (below), he main si e and a seconda y si e a e connec ed
o sho e ia a P P wi eless link and a ibe connec ion o edundancy. The o sho e si es a e pa ially
mesh connec ed be ween hemsel es using P P and P MP wi eless links c ea ing a wi eless mesh
ne wo k. This a chi ec u e esul s in a e y high end- o-end eliable ne wo k by c ea ing wo di e en
onsho e connec ions and in e nal o sho e small ings. The o sho e links can be econ igu ed since
hey a e based on he Poin Link solu ion ha can o a e and di ec he link o ano he si e (cu en ly
also equi es econ igu a ion in he link uni s o con igu e he RF link).
Figu e 5: An example o possible wi eless mesh ne wo k o sho e
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4. Discussion
In his sec ion we compa e ibe , sa elli e, and wi eless mesh echnologies based on a ious
pa ame e s. The ins alla ion cos o a ibe link is he highes among he h ee, while a sa elli e link
is he cheapes ins alla ion cos since i equi es only ins alling a VSAT an enna. Wi eless links a e
mo e expensi e han sa elli e links, bu hey a e much less expensi e han ibe connec ions. Bo h
wi eless and sa elli e ne wo ks can suppo mo ing nodes such as ships, while ibe ne wo ks a e o
s a ic loca ions.
All echnologies can be a ec ed by na u al e en s, such as wea he . The main di e ence is he
ne wo k’s abili y o eco e and he cos o ix i . As was desc ibed abo e, he cos o ibe ixes is
e y high compa ed o sa elli e and wi eless links. Wi eless link capaci y can be dec eased o
disconnec ed due o wea he e en s. Howe e , wi eless ne wo ks can sel -heal hemsel es using
dynamic links and AI-based ou ing, as desc ibed abo e.
Bo h ibe and wi eless can suppo pa allel pa hs be ween wo nodes o inc ease eliabili y. Howe e ,
building a eliable ne wo k wi h se e al pa hs using ibe is e y expensi e compa ed o a wi eless
mesh ne wo k.
A unique pe spec i e o a wi eless ne wo k is ha i can suppo ne wo k sel -healing o he physical
links laye by dynamically econ igu ing he links be ween he nodes. In addi ion, AI-based dynamic
ou ing can be econ igu ed by de ining he packe s’ ou e based on he cu en ne wo k si ua ion
and a ic demand.
Table 1: High-le el compa ison be ween he h ee echnologies
Fibe
Sa elli e
Wi eless Mesh
Ins alla ion Cos
(CAPEX)
High
Low
Medium
Ope a ional Cos
(OPEX)
High
High
Low
La ency
Low
Medium / High
Low
Reliabili y
High
Medium / Low
High
Repai Cos (CAPEX &
OPEX)
High
Low
Medium
SLA Repai Time
High
Medium
Low
Dynamic Ne wo k
Suppo
No
Yes
Yes
Mo ing Endpoin
Suppo
No
Yes
Yes
Th oughpu
Ve y High
Medium / Low
High
Suppo ing scalabili y, lexibili y and high end- o-end eliabili y as O&G ope a ions g ow, wi eless
mesh ne wo ks can expand e o lessly o co e new a eas, equipmen , and IoT de ices. Adding
capaci y o co e age is seamless and does no equi e leng hy planning and cos ly in as uc u e
upg ades ha ibe demands.
5. Conclusion
AI-d i en wi eless mesh ne wo ks can se e as a pe ec solu ion o o sho e O&G emo e ope a ions.
Suppo ing low-cos OPEX, wi eless mesh echnology enables e y high- eliabili y ne wo ks ha can
be econ igu ed and sel -heal o handle ex eme e en s.
This wo k is suppo ed by UNITY-6G p ojec , unded om Eu opean Union’s Ho izon Eu ope Sma
Ne wo ks and Se ices Join Unde aking (SNS JU) Resea ch and Inno a ion P og amme unde G an
Ag eemen No 101192650.
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