45
A zal and Luqman
In . J. Biosci.
2020
RESEARCH PAPER OPEN ACCESS
Iden i ica ion and p io i iza ion o ag icul u al isks and hei
managemen s a egies adop ed by co on g owe s in he
Punjab, Pakis an
Muhammad Kashi A zal1, Muhammad Luqman2*
1PhD Schola , Depa men o Ag icul u al Ex ension, College o Ag icul u e, Uni e si y o
Sa godha, Pakis an
2Assis an P o esso , Depa men o Ag icul u al Ex ension, College o Ag icul u e, Uni e si y o
Sa godha, Pakis an
Key wo ds: Co on, Ag icul u al isks, Risk managemen s a egies.
h p://dx.doi.o g/10.12692/ijb/16.6.45-59
A icle published on June 16, 2020
Abs ac
Co on is he majo cash c op o Pakis an. Pakis an is also included in he lis o op en co on p oducing
coun ies o he wo ld. Inspi e o i s signi icance in he na ional economy and in o e all ag icul u al p oduc ion,
he a e age co on p oduc ion in Pakis an is declining since las i e yea s. A numbe o ac o s a e esponsible
o his decline o co on p oduc ion including he pe cep ion ha o e all ag icul u e has become a isky
business. Wi h his a ional he p esen esea ch was o mula ed o he iden i ica ion and p io i iza ion o
ag icul u al isks and hei managemen s a egies adop ed by co on g owe s in he Punjab, Pakis an. Da a we e
collec ed om 400 co on g owe s o h ee selec ed dis ic s o he Punjab. Face- o- ace in e iews we e
conduc ed o da a collec ion. The collec ed da a we e analyzed using SPSS. The esul s shows ha majo i y o
he esponden s had age up o 35 yea s. Majo i y o he esponden s we e li e a e ha ing educa ional le el up o
en yea s o schooling. Family landholding o 40.0% o esponden s was 6-10 Ac es. O e all a ing o isks ha
we e being aced by co on g owe s in he esea ch a ea shows ha “Human Risks” is on he op wi h highes
mean alue (4.26/5.00). Responden s p ac iced a wide a ie y o isk managemen s a egies. Ou o hese
adop ion o mul iple income sou ces was on he op wi h highes mean (3.58/5.00).
* Co esponding Au ho : Muhammad Luqman muhammad[email p o ec ed]
In e na ional Jou nal o Biosciences | IJB |
ISSN: 2220-6655 (P in ), 2222-5234 (Online)
h p://www.innspub.ne
Vol. 16, No. 6, p. 45-59, 2020
46
A zal and Luqman
In . J. Biosci.
2020
In oduc ion
Ag icul u e is one o he oldes p o essions o human
ci iliza ion (Hani e al., 2010). The his o y o human
ci iliza ion e eals ha ag icul u e sec o is he majo
p o ide o ood and ibe a ound he wo ld and s ill
possesses he same signi ican ole in insu ing ood
secu i y (FAO, 2011). The li elihoods o majo i y o
he people in he whole wo ld a e linked wi h his
sec o di ec ly o indi ec ly (Be choux e al., 2019).
Role o ag icul u e in he de elopmen o any coun y
is e y much signi ican especially in case o
de eloping coun ies whe e majo i y o he poo and
ood insecu e people a e esiding (Tadesse e al.,
2016).Ag icul u al p oduc ion is di ec ly linked wi h
a ious ac o s ha may be clima ic, non-clima ic and
socio-economic (Fahad e al., 2018). All o hese
ac o s a e beyond he con ol o a me s due o which
ag icul u e is ega ded as a isky business a ound he
globe (Ha dake e al., 2015). Due o he occu ence
o di e en isks, en i e ag icul u al p oduc ion is
qui e unp edic able ha esul s in o luc ua ion o
p ices o ood commodi ies (Sookh anlo and Sa ani,
2011).
The ypology and in ensi y o isks associa ed wi h
ag icul u al p oduc ion is a ying om egion o
egion. High le el o isks in ag icul u e is e y much
common in de eloping coun ies (Pe ez e al.,
2016).Howe e , in mos o he cases ou majo ypes
o isks a e being iden i ied as ma ke isks,
p oduc ion isks, inancial isks, ins i u ional isks
and human isks (A buckle e al., 2015; Jianjun e al.,
2015; Wang e al., 2017; Duong e al., 2019 and many
o he s).All o hese isks a e e y much sensi i e and
exp essi ely linked wi h each o he (Ullah and
Shi ako i 2014). The linkage and co ela ion be ween
di e en ypes o isks we e also epo ed by
Tange mann (2011).Wi h special e e ence o
Pakis an Iqbal e al., (2016) epo ed h ee majo
ypes o ag icul u al isks as p oduc ion, ma ke ing
and inancial.
Pakis an is de eloping as well as possesses
ag icul u al based na ional economy. Ag icul u e is
he single la ges sec o o economy ha p o ides
38.5% employmen o he o al coun y’s na ional
labou o ce. The pe cen age sha e o ag icul u e
sec o in compa ison o o he sec o s o economy i.e.
indus y and se ices du ing he las i e yea s is
e iden clea om he Fig. 1 gi en below.
Co on is he majo sou ce o ibe in he whole wo ld
and is being cul i a ed in mo e han 100 coun ies
including Pakis an (Cianche a and Da is, 2015).
Co on is well known cash c op o Pakis an and
con ibu es signi ican ly in o e all na ional economy.
This is conside ed as he whi e gold o Pakis an’s
economy. Pakis an is he 4 h la ges p oduce o
co on and 3 d la ges expo e o aw co on.
Las yea co on p oduc ion is declined by 17.5%
(Go e nmen o Pakis an, 2019).Mul iple ac o s a e
esponsible o his decline including clima ic and
non-clima ic a ibu es (Iqbal e al., 2018).
Occu ence o di e se na u e o isks is one o he
main ea u es o co on p oduc ion in Pakis an like
o he egions o wo ld wi h wide ange o equency
and magni ude (Kouse and Qaim, 2014).The
p e alence o isks in co on c op was also epo ed
by Zul iqa e al., (2016). These isks ins iga e om
mul iple sou ces like clima e a iabili y, s a e na ional
policies, in e na ional ma ke policies, access o c op
insu ance/mic oc edi se ices, p o ision o
ex ension o u al ad iso y se ices, geog aphical
loca ion e c. The mi iga ion o hese isks is la gely
depends upon he pe cep ions o a me s abou i s
in ensi y and equency (Me ane and Finge , 2017).
Risk managemen is a complex p ocess and comp ises
o di e en s eps. Fi s s ep is he iden i ica ion and
na u e o isk and 2nd s ep is o e alua e i s
consequences a a m and socie al le el. Conclusi ely,
isk assessmen is he majo elemen o any isk
managemen s a egy. Adop ion o isk managemen
s a egies a a m le el is e y much essen ial o
in ol e gene a ions in a ming (Ha dake e al.,
2004). Di e en isk managemen s a egies a e
a ailable o a me s o adop (Ullah e al., 2015).
Th ee main ypes o isk managemen s a egies we e
iden i ied by Okunmadewa (2003) as p esen a ion,
47
A zal and Luqman
In . J. Biosci.
2020
mi iga ion and copping s a egies. The esponsibili y
o selec ion o any o hese managemen s a egies lies
on he shoulde o a m manage . In de eloping
coun ies a numbe o esea ch s udies we e
conduc ed o p obe ou ypology o ag icul u al isks,
isk sou ces and managemen s a egies adop ed by
a me s. Howe e , limi ed s udies a e a ailable in
case o de eloping coun ies like Pakis an. Adop ion
o isk managemen is also e y impo an o mi iga e
he isks aced by co on g owe s in he coun y.
Mul iple ac o s manipula e he adop abili y o
di e en isk managemen s a egies by co on
g owe s in Pakis an (Zul iqa e al., 2016). Limi ed
li e a u e is a ailable ega ding iden i ica ion o
ac o s in ol ed in adop ion o isk managemen
s a egies by co on g owe s in Pakis an.
The basic objec i e o he cu en s udy was o
iden i y and p io i ize he isks associa ed wi h co on
p oduc ion along wi h iden i ica ion and
p io i iza ion o isk managemen s a egies adop ed
by co on g owe s o minimize he men ioned isks.
Me hodology
Desc ip ion o esea ch a ea
The s udy was conduc ed in he Punjab p o ince o
Pakis an. On he basis o popula ion, Punjab is he
la ges p o ince o Pakis an. The p o ince is e y
much amous o i s maximum sha e in o al
ag icul u al p oduc ion o he coun y (Go e nmen
o he Punjab, 2018). The sha e o he Punjab
p o ince in o al p oduc ion o co on c op is 64.0%.
Co on is widely g own in sou he n egion o he
Punjab.
Resea ch design
C oss-sec ional Su ey Resea ch Design was used.
This design allows collec ion o da a om di e en
g oups o esponden s a one poin in ime. Mix
me hod app oach was adop ed keeping in mind he
complexi ies o p esen esea ch s udy. Pe sonal ace-
o- ace in e iews we e conduc ed o he collec ion o
Quan i a i e da a. Fo suppo ing quali a i e da a,
ocus g oup mee ings and key in o man in e iews
we e conduc ed o collec quali a i e da a.
Sampling p ocedu e
Bo h p obabili y (Simple Random Sampling) and
non-p obabili y (Pu posi e Sampling) sampling
p ocedu es we e used in he cu en esea ch s udy.
Lis o op en (10) co on g owing dis ic s o he
Punjab was p epa ed. F om ha lis h ee (03)
dis ic s we e selec ed h ough Simple Random
Sampling echnique. Lis o a me s using di e ed
ICT ools in he selec ed dis ic s was ob ained om
Di ec o a e o Ag icul u al In o ma ion, Laho e. The
alidi y o he lis s we e i s check om NADRA and
hen om Ag icul u e Ex ension Depa men o he
espec i e Dis ic . Co on g owe s using ICTs was
selec ed h ough Pu posi e Sampling p ocedu e.
F om he lis o each dis ic esponden s we e
selec ed h ough Simple Random Sampling echnique
using web link andom.o g. The a ge ed s udy
dis ic s a e he eby highligh ed on he map o he
Punjab as shown in Fig. 2.
Sample size
The popula ion om which he sample was selec ed
as he uni s o analysis co e ed all co on g owe s
wi hin andomly selec ed dis ic s. In o de o ensu e
gene aliza ion o he p esen esea ch, a sample size
o ou hund ed (400) co on g owe s we e selec ed.
The said sample size was calcula ed by using he
o mula amed by Fishe (Fishe e al., 1998) as
gi en below.
&
The Fishe o mula comp ises o wo pa s; he i s
pa o he o mula was used o compu ing sample
size o an in ini e popula ion. The esul o ha i s
pa o o mula was hen used in o he 2nd pa o
o mula o compu ing sample size o he
known/ ini e popula ion.
Whe e:
n = sample size o in ini e popula ion
Z = 1.96 (a 95% Con idence le el)
p = es ima ed p opo ion o co on g owe s (0.1)
48
A zal and Luqman
In . J. Biosci.
2020
q = 1-p d = p ecision o he es ima e a 5% (0.05)
The sample size will be;
n =
n = sample size o in ini e popula ion n =138
The adjus ed sample size o he ini e popula ion o
co on g owe s in he selec ed dis ic s is:
=
= adjus ed sample size
n = es ima ed sample size o in ini e popula ion
N = Fini e popula ion size
= ≈ 132 household esponden s will be
selec ed om Dis ic Muza a ga h
= ≈ 134 household esponden s will be
selec ed om Dis ic Bahawalpu
= ≈ 132 household esponden s will be
selec ed om Dis ic Khanewal.
To al sample size ob ained was 398. Howe e , he
sample size was inc eased o ou hund ed (400) o
easy da a collec ion and analysis.
Resea ch ins umen s
S uc u ed in e iew schedule was used o
quan i a i e da a collec ion. Fo ob aining quali a i e
da a in e iew guide was used. Reliabili y o in e iew
schedule was measu ed h ough SPSS. The Value o
C onbach's Alpha o I ems on Like Scale was 0.773.
Acco ding o Hai e al. 1998, he alue o C onbach's
Alpha o I ems on Like Scale should be 0.7 o
highe .
I mean han in e nal consis ency o he esea ch
ins umen used in he p esen esea ch was good and
accep able and he s a emen s o all he a iables on
like scale a e ound o be eliable. Con en Validi y
o bo h he esea ch ins umen s was checked
h ough panel o expe s and hen by p e- es ing (by
conduc ing in e iews om 50 Co on g owe s).
Da a analysis
The collec ed da a we e analyzed using SPSS.
Desc ip i e s a is ics we e used o he in e p e a ion
o da a.
Resul s and discussion
Sec ion-I: Socio-economic cha ac e is ics o
esponden s
Age
Da a ega ding p esen age (a he ime o da a
collec ion du ing he yea 2018) is abula ed in Table
1. Da a p esen ed in Table 1 shows ha , nea ly hal
(49.3%) o esponden s we e wi h age up o 35 yea s.
This indica es ha majo i y o he popula ion in u al
a eas o he s udy dis ic s we e all in ca ego y o
young. Young people end o adop la es echnologies
a highe a e as compa ed o old age g oup.
Table 1. F equency and pe cen age o esponden s acco ding o hei age.
Age
F equency
Pe cen age
Up o 35 Yea s
197
49.3
36 Yea s o 45 Yea s
85
21.3
46 Yea s o 55 Yea s
101
25.3
56 Yea s and Abo e
17
4.3
To al
400
100.0
The esul s o p esen s udy a e in line wi h he
indings o Iqbal e al. (2018) who concluded ha
a e age age o esponden s in co on g owing dis ic s
(Khanewal, Veha i, Bahawalpu , Bahawalnaga ,
Muza a Ga h and RajanPu ) was 46 yea s. The da a
also indica es ha only 4.3% o esponden s we e all
in ca ego y o 56 yea s o abo e. This shows ha
p opo ion o old age g oup in he a ge ed s udy
dis ic s was e y low. In con as wi h he indings o
he p esen s udy, Na eed and Anwa (2015) epo ed
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A zal and Luqman
In . J. Biosci.
2020
ha majo i y (39.2%) o esponden s a e in he age
g oup o 36-45 yea s. They s udied he in o ma ion
needs o co on g owe s in dis ic Bahawalpu (one
o he leading co on p oducing dis ic s o he Punjab
and also one o he a ge ed dis ic s o p esen
esea ch).
Educa ional le el
Educa ion is one he mos impo an and signi ican
socio-economic ac o s ha play key ole in he
adop ion o imp o ed ag icul u al echnologies by he
a me s. The da a conce ning educa ional le el o
esponden s is p esen ed in Table 2.
Table 2. F equency and Pe cen age o esponden s acco ding o hei educa ional le el.
Educa ional le el
F equency
Pe cen age
Illi e a e
109
27.2
Up o P ima y
108
27.0
Ma icula ion
100
25.0
In e media e
49
12.3
G adua ion o Abo e
34
8.5
To al
400
100.0
Da a abula ed in Table 2 p esen s he educa ional
s a us possessed by he esponden s a he ime o
da a collec ion. The da a indica e ha 27.2% o
esponden s we e illi e a e. This indica es ha high
le el o illi e acy is s ill p e alen among u al
households in he a ge ed esea ch a ea. On he
o he hand 72.8% o esponden s we e ound li e a e.
Among li e a e esponden s majo i y (27.0%) o he
esponden s possessed educa ional le el up o p ima y
(5 yea s o schooling) and only 8.5% had educa ional
le el g adua ion o abo e. This shows ha in u al
a eas o he a ge ed s udy dis ic s in pa icula and
gene ally in all he dis ic s o he Punjab, highe le el
educa ion (Uni e si y le el) is no so common.
Table 3. F equency and Pe cen age o esponden s acco ding o hei amily land holding.
Size o amily land holding
F equency
Pe cen age
Up o 5 Ac es
142
35.5
6 o 10 Ac es
160
40.0
11 Ac es o Abo e
98
24.5
To al
400
100.0
This may be due o he non-a ailabili y o highe
educa ional ins i u ions in u al a eas.
This has been no iced ha all he public and p i a e
sec o uni e si ies and highe deg ee awa ding
ins i u ions a e loca ed in u ban locali ies.
In connec ion wi h indings o he p esen s udy
Na eed and Anwa (2015) epo ed ha in dis ic
Bahawalpu (one o he leading co on p oducing
dis ic s o he Punjab p o ince), among li e a e
co on g owe s, majo i y (31.6%) had educa ion up o
eigh yea s (middle) o schooling. Educa ional s a us
o a me s plays key ole in adop ion o imp o ed
ag icul u al echnologies as epo ed by Bakhsh e al.
(2005) while iden i ying ac o s e ec ing yield o
co on in dis ic Sa godha (Punjab p o ince).
Size o amily land holding
Land holding se es as one o he p ime physical
asse s o a me s in he whole wo ld bu pa icula ly
in de eloping and low income coun ies like Pakis an.
The da a ega ding size o amily land holding o
esponden s in he a ge ed esea ch a eas was
collec ed and p esen ed in Table 3.
50
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In . J. Biosci.
2020
Table 4. Mean and SD o p oduc ion isks.
P oduc ion Risks
Mean
SD
High/Low ain all
4.14
0.508
Flood
4.13
0.589
High/Low Tempe a u e
4.02
0.557
D ough
3.77
0.609
Hail s o m
3.69
0.772
Wind S o m
3.69
0.729
O e all Mean
3.90/5.00
0.627
Scale: 1 = S. Disag ee, 2 = Disag ee, 3 = Undecided, 4 = Ag ee, 5 = S. Ag ee.
The da a abula ed in Table 3 shows ha majo i y o
he esponden s (40.0%) possessed ag icul u al land
anging be ween 6-10 ac es in he a ge ed
popula ion. Only 24.5% o esponden s had
ag icul u al land up o 11 ac es. This indica es ha
small lande s a e in majo i y in he a ge ed dis ic s
o he p esen s udy like o he pa s o he coun y.
Sec ion II: Ag icul u al isks and managemen
s a egies
Typology o isks being aced by Co on g owe s
Di e en ypes o isks a e being aced by co on
g owe s in he esea ch a ea. These isks a e di ided
in o eigh di e en ca ego ies as explained by
di e en esea che s esea ched on ag icul u al isks
and managemen s a egies adop ed by a me s in
di e en egions o he globe. These isks a e
illus a ed in he Fig. 3 gi en below.All o he abo e
men ioned isks a e he eby explained on he basis o
sel -pe cep ion o esponden s in he esea ch a ea
one by one in he p oceeding sec ions.
P oduc ion isks
P oduc ion isks a e also e e ed o as wea he
ela ed isks. Mean and SD o di e en p oduc ion
isks is p esen ed in Table 4.
Table 5. Mean and SD o biological isks.
Biological Risks
Mean
SD
Insec a ack
4.14
0.594
Disease a ack
4.00
0.619
Roden s
3.63
0.556
O e all Mean
3.93/5.00
0.590
Scale: 1 = S. Disag ee, 2 = Disag ee, 3 = Undecided, 4 = Ag ee, 5 = S. Ag ee.
Da a p esen ed in Table 4 shows ha among di e en
ypes o p oduc ion ela ed isks being aced by co on
g owe s in he esea ch a ea “high/low in ensi y o
ain all” is on he op wi h highes mean alue (x =
4.14/5.00 and SD 0.508). The p oduc ion isk which
is anked a he las was “wind and s o m” wi h lowes
mean ((x = 3.69/5.00). O e all mean alue o all he
p oduc ion isks we e 3.90/5.00, shows ha majo i y
o he esponden s “ag eed” ega ding p e alence o
p oduc ion isks in he a ge ed esea ch a ea. In
connec ion wi h hese indings, Qasim and Ahmad
(2016) epo ed ha wea he ela ed isk sou ces like
inadequa e ain all (x = 4.91/5.00), se e e wea he
condi ions (x = 4.39/5.00) and na u al disas e s (x =
4.09/5.00) a e he leading isk sou ces o a me s o
Po hwa ( ain- ed) egion in he Punjab p o ince o
Pakis an. They concluded ha wea he is he majo
sou ce o p oduc ion isks o Pakis ani a me s.
All he p oduc ion isks a e mainly ela ed o wea he ,
which is beyond human con ol as clima ic e en s a e
na u al.
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A zal and Luqman
In . J. Biosci.
2020
Table 6. Mean and SD o inpu isks.
Inpu isk
Mean
SD
Sho age o Fuel (Diesel) & Elec ici y
4.32
0.735
Adul e a ion in pes icides
4.24
0.760
Non-a ailabili y o e ilize s a he ime o peak season
4.19
0.769
Sho age o ce i ied seed
4.17
0.777
I iga ion wa e sho age
4.05
0.769
Adul e a ion in e ilize s
4.03
0.847
O e all Mean
4.17/5.00
0.776
Scale: 1 = S. Disag ee, 2 = Disag ee, 3 = Undecided, 4 = Ag ee, 5 = S. Ag ee.
Ad e se clima ic condi ions and p oduc ion isks lead
o low c op p oduc ion. Se e al esea ch s udies
shows ha a ia ion in empe a u e and humidi y a e
he leading sou ces o p oduc ion ela ed isks aced
by a me s in di e en egions o he wo ld (Van
Asseldonk and Lansink, 2003; Richa ds e al., 2004;
Mussho e al., 2006 and Ca ie o e al., 2007).
Table 7. Mean and SD o ma ke isks.
Ma ke isk
Mean
SD
Middleman monopoly
4.30
0.729
Fluc ua ions in he p ices o inpu s
4.26
0.743
Fluc ua ions in ma ke a es o co on
4.20
0.757
Buye s monopoly
4.00
0.653
In e na ional gambling in co on ma ke
3.97
0.833
Lack o main co on ma ke in a ea
3.94
0.585
Money in la ion
3.90
0.573
O e all Mean
4.08/5.00
0.696
Scale: 1 = S. Disag ee, 2 = Disag ee, 3 = Undecided, 4 = Ag ee, 5 = S. Ag ee.
Biological isks
Biological isks a e he majo sou ces ha
signi ican ly associa ed wi h p oduc ion o ield c ops.
These isks a e closely linked wi h p oduc ion isks.
In his ega d Mille e al., (2004) epo ed ha aise
he in ensi y o p oduc ion isks. Biological isks
p e ail a each and e e y s ep o p oduc ion
echnology o each c op (Ash a e al., 2013). The da a
ega ding biological isks was collec ed and hei
mean and SD is abula ed in Table 5 gi en below.
Table 8. Mean and SD o ha es ing and anspo a ion isks.
Ha es ing and anspo a ion isk
Mean
SD
Less a ailabili y o labou (o he han picking)
3.41
1.034
Non-o less a ailabili y o skilled labou (o he han picking)
3.41
0.985
Non-a ailabili y o mechanical picke s
3.41
1.084
Con amina ion in co on du ing picking
3.37
1.110
High cos s o picking
3.34
1.098
Non-a ailabili y o skilled picke s
3.32
1.098
Con amina ion du ing anspo a ion
3.31
1.098
Sho age o skilled sp aying labou
3.29
1.132
Inapp op ia e handling and s o age o co on
3.19
1.204
O e all Mean
3.34/5.00
1.094
Scale: 1 = S. Disag ee, 2 = Disag ee, 3 = Undecided, 4 = Ag ee, 5 = S. Ag ee.
52
A zal and Luqman
In . J. Biosci.
2020
The da a ega ding biological isks as p esen ed in
Table 5 shows ha “insec a ack” is on he op wi h
highes mean ((x = 4.14/5.00 and SD 0.594). O e all
mean alue o biological isks was 3.93/5.00 wi h SD
0.590. This show ha high majo i y o he
esponden s we e ag eed ega ding occu ence o
biological isks in he esea ch a ea.
Table 9. Mean and SD o human isks.
Human isks
Mean
SD
Illi e acy
4.48
0.671
Limi ed access o Ex ension & Ad iso y Se ices
4.39
0.764
Lack o in e es in a ming
4.37
0.787
Small landholdings
4.31
0.787
Po e y & Food Insecu i y
4.31
0.848
Poo Heal h Condi ions/Illness
4.27
0.801
Lack o echnical knowledge
4.22
0.850
Lack o skills
4.20
0.830
P oduce go he
3.81
0.518
O e all mean
4.26/5.00
0.762
Scale: 1 = S. Disag ee, 2 = Disag ee, 3 = Undecided, 4 = Ag ee, 5 = S. Ag ee.
Inpu isks
In ag icul u al p oduc ion inpu s play an eminen
ole. Timely applica ion o inpu s o he espec i e
c ops enhances i s p oduc ion. Fa me s mos ly ace
inpu ela ed isks due o limi ed o non-a ailabili y o
inpu s like seed, e ilize s, i iga ion wa e and
pes icides (Khan e al., 2013). Di e en ypes o inpu
ela ed isks we e iden i ied in he p esen esea ch
and p esen ed in able 6 wi h mean alues and SD.
Table 10. Mean and SD o inancial isks.
Financial isks
Mean
SD
Poo ne e u n om c op
3.62
1.095
High p ices o inpu s
3.51
1.004
High in e es a es gained by local ag i. Deale s/in es o s
3.44
1.070
Black ma ke ing o inpu s
3.41
1.075
No o he income sou ce excep a ming
3.14
1.245
High in e es a e upon loan
3.12
1.165
Sluggish coope a i e socie ies sys em
2.84
1.178
O e all Mean
3.30/5.00
1.119
Scale: 1 = S. Disag ee, 2 = Disag ee, 3 = Undecided, 4 = Ag ee, 5 = S. Ag ee.
The da a abula ed in Table 6 ega ding inpu ela ed
isks being aced by co on g owe s in he esea ch
a ea shows ha “sho age o uel & elec ici y” is on
he op wi h highes mean (x=4.32/5.00) and 0.735
SD. On he o he hand “adul e a ion in e ilize s” is
placed a he end on he basis o lowes mean alue (x
= 4.03/5.00) among all he inpu ela ed isks. The
o e all mean alue o all he inpu ela ed isks was
ound o be 4.17/5.00 (SD 0.766) shows ha la ge
majo i y o he esponden s we e “ag eed” ega ding
occu ence o inpu ela ed isks in he esea ch a ea.
In connec ion wi h p esen indings, Rahman e al.,
(2019) concluded ha i iga ion wa e a ailabili y and
imely applica ion o balanced e ilize s a e he main
con ibu o s owa ds be e c op p oduc ion in
Pakis an.
53
A zal and Luqman
In . J. Biosci.
2020
Table 11. Mean and SD o Legal/Ins i u ional Risks.
Legal/ins i u ional isks
Mean
SD
Unce ain inancial policies (c edi , sa ing and insu ance)
3.19
1.146
Unce ain land policies and enu e sys em
3.18
1.109
Unce ain ade and ma ke policies
3.16
1.204
Unce ain mone a y and ax policies
3.11
1.141
Poli ical ins abili y
3.07
1.100
Lack o policies o land e o ms
2.96
1.242
I ele an ag icul u al policies
2.88
1.218
Co up pa wa sys em
2.78
1.213
Non-exis ence o e ec i e a me s union
2.74
1.210
O e all Mean
3.01/5.00
1.176
Scale: 1 = S. Disag ee, 2 = Disag ee, 3 = Undecided, 4 = Ag ee, 5 = S. Ag ee.
Table 12. Mean and SD o Risk Managemen S a egies being adop ed by esponden s.
Risk Managemen S a egies
Mean
SD
Adop ion o mul iple income sou ces
3.58
1.163
Ob ained loan om Banks
3.34
1.158
Sale o physical/ inancial asse s
3.27
1.204
Sha ing o in o ma ion wi hin a ming communi y
3.26
1.185
Adop conse a ion ag icul u al echnologies
3.22
1.214
Ensu e imely supply o inpu s
3.20
1.166
Use o ICTs o upda ed ma ke in o ma ion
3.18
1.221
C op insu ance policies
3.10
1.120
Pe sonal insu ance policies
3.09
1.169
Adop sui able p e en ion measu es agains insec /pes a ack
3.08
1.154
Con ac a ming
3.06
1.152
G owing c ops o he han co on ha ing high economic e u n
3.05
1.168
Pes con ol using biological me hods
3.05
1.186
Main aining eed/inpu s ese es
3.05
1.127
Use o ICTs o wea he o ecas
3.04
1.169
Coope a ion o a me s
3.04
1.228
G owing mul iple c op a ie ies
3.03
1.154
C op di e si ica ion
3.02
1.163
Es ablish s ong linkages wi h Ex ension
2.95
1.159
Small dams/ u bine scheme
2.80
1.245
Scale: 1 = V. Low, 2 = Low, 3 = Neu al, 4 = High, 5 = V. High.
Ma ke isks
Di e en ma ke o ien ed isks a e being aced by
Pakis ani a me s like o he a m p oduce s o
majo i y o he low income coun ies especially wi h
ag a ian na u e o economy. Acco ding o he epo
o SDPI (2018), small land holde s in Pakis an ace
mul idimensional ypes o isks like clima e ela ed,
ma ke o ien ed and ins i u ional ones. Di e en
ypes o ma ke o ien ed isks p e ail in he esea ch
a ea wi h hei espec i e mean alues a e p esen ed
in Table 7 gi en below.
Da a p esen ed in Table 8 shows ha among ma ke
ela ed isks being aced by co on g owe s o he
