* Co esponding au ho : Mba, Blessing A.
Copy igh © 2025 Au ho (s) e ain he copy igh o his a icle. This a icle is published unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion License 4.0.
Phy ochemical p o iling o an aqueous polyhe bal o mula ion used in adi ional
managemen o gas ic ulce
Blessing Ama achi Mba. 1, *, Chinwe Syl es e Alisi 1, Alloysius Chinedu Ene 1, Chidi Uzoma Igwe 1, Emeka Sabas ine
Asiwe 2 and Sydney Chinedu Uzoma 1
1 Depa men o Biochemis y, Fede al Uni e si y o Technology, Owe i, Imo S a e, Nige ia.
2 Depa men o Biochemis y, Uni e si y o Ag icul u e and En i onmen al Sciences, Umuagwo, Imo S a e, Nige ia.
GSC Biological and Pha maceu ical Sciences, 2025, 33(01), 239-245
Publica ion his o y: Recei ed on 06 Sep embe 2025; e ised on 14 Oc obe 2025; accep ed on 17 Oc obe 2025
A icle DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.30574/gscbps.2025.33.1.0398
Abs ac
This a icle assessed he phy ochemical p o ile o a ado-medical an i-ulce he bal o mula ion consis ing o
Ch omolena odo a a lea , honey om Apies melli e a and palm ke nel oil om Elaeis guineensis. The polyhe bal
o mula ion was p epa ed using mace a ed aqueous ex ac o C. odo a a lea , honey and palm ke nel oil combined in
he a io o 7:2:1. The phy ochemical p o ile o he o mula ion was de e mined using gas ch oma og aphy mass
spec ome y i ed ion de ec o . The esul o he analysis showed ha he mos abundan phy ochemicals in he
o mula ion we e kaemp e ol (29.60mg/L), genis ein (18.22 mg/L), ca echin (18.19 mg/L), a heme in (5.25 mg/L),
diadzin (4.02 mg/L) and bu ein (3.91 mg/L). The polyhe bal o mula ion p edominan ly composed o la onoids and
phenolic compounds. These classes o phy ochemicals ha e been cha ac e ized by hei ee adical sca enging,
an ioxidan , an i-in lamma o y and an i-cance p ope ies. The p esence o hese bioac i e compounds may be
esponsible o he he apeu ic use o he o mula ion in adi ional managemen o gas ic ulce .
Keywo ds: An ioxidan s; An i-in lamma o y; Gas ic ulce ; Phy ochemicals; Polyhe bal o mula ion
1. In oduc ion
The concep o polyhe balism has been in used in adi ional medicine o cen u ies. Polyhe bal o mula ions a e
pha maceu ical p epa a ions ha con ain combina ion o di e en medicinal he bs o plan ex ac s. These
o mula ions ha e been p o oundly used in adi ional Chinese medicine, Ayu eda and o he indigenous healing
p ac ices o cen u ies (Pa asu aman, Thing & Dhana aji, 2014). Polyhe bal o mula ions a e gaining wide ecogni ion
in mode n medicine as a esul o hei po en ial syne gis ic e ec s, he apeu ic bene i s as well as educed side e ec s
when compa ed o single he b p epa a ions (Shikha & Sup iya, 2016).
Ch omolena odo a a is a sh ub o he As e accae plan amily. I has a ious common names like Siam weed, bi e bush,
F ench weed and i is locally known as awolowo lea in he wes e n pa o Nige ia (Ajay e al, 2021). The a ow head-
shaped lea es a e 6-12cm in leng h and 3-7cm in wid h, wi h h ee eins in a pi ch o k appea ance. The lea es g ow in
opposi e pai s along he s ems and b anches. Ch omolena o do a a has been shown o possess an i-cance , an i-diabe ic,
an i-hepa o oxic, an i-mic obial and an ioxidan p ope ies (Alisi & Onyeze, 2008).
Honey om Apies melli e a is a swee luid made by honeybees using he nec a o lowe ing plan s. The e a e di e en
a ie ies o honey, which a y in colou , odou and la ou . Honey con ains mos ly suga s, amino acids, i amins and
mine als like I on and zinc. I is also ich in heal h-p omo ing plan compounds known as polyphenols (El-shahawl e
al, 2017). Honey has been used o ally o ea coughs, gas o-in es inal diso de , as hma and opically o ea bu ns,
p omo e wound healing and ea s skin ulce s in bo h humans and animals (Ozcen & Aljuhaimi, 2019).
GSC Biological and Pha maceu ical Sciences, 2025, 33(01), 239-245
240
Elaeis guineensis (oil palm), a opical ee c op o he amily o palmae, is mos ly g own o i s oil. Oil palms a e he
p ima y sou ce o palm oil and palm ke nel oil. Palm ke nel oil is ob ained om he ke nel, which is one o he esidues
go en a e palm oil ex ac ion. Palm ke nel oil, which is ich in essen ial a y acids and an ioxidan s, has ound e sa ile
applica ions in cosme ic indus ies as a mois u ize and skin so ening agen (Chiabi e al., 2011), ood indus y as an
an ioxidan and o ying (Dijkes a, 2016), in au omobile indus ies as a lub ican , and in soap and de e gen
p oduc ion as an ac i e ing edien (Picha , 2013).
2. Ma e ials and Me hods
2.1. Plan ma e ials
The esh lea es o he plan Ch omolaena odo a a (Awolowo lea ) was collec ed om he back o School o Ag icul u e
and Ag icul u al Technology (SAAT) a m, Fede al Uni e si y o Technology, Owe i (FUTO), Imo S a e, Nige ia The
plan was app op ia ely iden i ied by a plan axonomis M . F ancis Iwunze o he Depa men o Fo es y and Wild
Li e Technology, FUTO wi h ouche and he ba ium numbe FUTO/FWT/HERB/2025/122. F esh local palm ke nel oil
om Elaeis guineensis was ob ained om us ed endo a Relie Ma ke , Owe i Municipal Council, Imo S a e, and
esh a honey was sou ced om a a m a Obinze in Owe i Wes Local Go e nmen A ea, Imo S a e.
2.2. Fo mula ion o he polyhe bal d ug.
One housand g amme (g) o esh lea es o he plan Ch omolaena odo a a was ho oughly washed and squeezed o
ob ain an ex ac o 1300mlou o which 700ml o he ex ac s was collec ed and ho oughly mixed wi h 200ml o honey
and 100ml o local esh palm ke nel oil o ob ain 1000ml (1 li e) o he polyhe bal o mula ion (in he a io o 7:2:1)
used in he s udy.
2.3. Phy ochemical quan i ica ion by GC-FID
The analysis o phy ochemical was pe o med on a BUCK M910 Gas ch oma og aphy equipped wi h a lame ioniza ion
de ec o . A RESTEK 15 me e MXT-1 column (15m x 250um x 0.15um) was used. The injec o empe a u e was 280oC
wi h spli less injec ion o 2ul o sample and a linea eloci y o 30cms-1, Helium 5.0pa.s was he ca ie gas wi h a low
a e o 40mlmin-1. The o en ope a ed ini ially a 2000C. I was hea ed o 3300C a a a e o 30C min-1 and was kep a
his empe a u e o 5min. he de ec o ope a ed a a empe a u e o 3200C. Phy ochemicals we e de e mined by he
a io be ween he a ea and mass o in e nal s anda d and he a ea o he iden i ied phy ochemicals. The concen a ion
o he di e en phy ochemicals was exp essed in mg/L.
3. Resul s and Discussion
Table 1 Quan i a i e phy ochemical composi ion o he polyhe bal by GC-FID
Re en ion Time
A ea
Amoun (mg/L)
Phy ochemical Compound
2.617
210.53412
29.60385
Kaemp e ol
3.055
129.44804
18.18869
Ca echin
4.567
5.96399
8.29861e-1
Que ce in
6.160
7.40762
1.03277
Lu eolin
6.379
37.41651
5.25322
A eme in
6.817
4.44904
6.16466e-1
Re usin
7.282
1.61948
2.18481e-1
Ellagic acid
7.459
6.36053
8.85022e-1
Vanillic
7.630
14.59382
2.04247
Na ingenin
7.884
5.53773
7.57533e-1
Apigenin
8.174
4.38176
6.05930e-1
Hespe idin
8.517
1.12811
1.49398e-1
Iso hamne in
GSC Biological and Pha maceu ical Sciences, 2025, 33(01), 239-245
241
8.880
9.34233
1.30371
Ma ice in
9.326
10.89357
1.52132
Epica echin
9.618
1.03318
1.43352e-1
Sinapinic acid
9.742
3.83840
5.29175e-1
Daidzein
9.905
130.06775
18.21520
Genis ein
10.130
5.21132
7.23918e-1
Fe ulic acid
10.295
9.28244
1.29440
Apigenin
10.498
6.16782
8.56616e-1
Lunama in
10.844
5.56674
7.72013e-1
Galloca echin
11.168
4.50330
6.21931e-1
Re e a ol
11.477
5.26400
7.29956e-1
Tange e ein
11.769
2.89167
3.96346e-1
Epica echin
12.046
3.14367
4.22997e-1
Na ingin
12.310
3.36374
4.63402e-1
Hespe idin
12.563
2.44619
3.29624e-1
Silyma in
12.804
3.22722
4.40219e-1
Baicalin
13.038
1.87221
2.50707e-1
Tange e in
13.263
1.57204
2.10337e-1
Nobele in
13.483
3.23720
4.45173e-1
My ice in
13.696
9.81964
1.36958
Iso hamne in
13.903
17.29846
2.42417
Fla one
14.101
27.88656
3.90675
Bu ein
14.310
28.59438
4.01665
Daidzin
Resul s o he phy ochemical p o iling o he polyhe bal o mula ion showed a ich p esence o phy ochemicals such as
kaemp e ol, ca echin, que ce in, lu eolin, a eme in, e usin, ellagic acid, anillic, na ingenin, apigenin, hespe idin,
iso hamne in, ma ice in, epica echin, sinapinic acid, daidzein, genis ein, e ulic acid, apigenin, lunama in, galloca echin,
e e a ol, ange e ein, epica echin, na ingin, hespe idin, silyma in, baicalin, ange e in, nobele in, my ice in,
iso hamne in, la one, bu ein and daidzin (Table 1).
Table 2 Phy ochemical componen s o he polyhe bal o mula ion and hei pha macological p ope ies
S/N
Name o
pho ochemical
Pha macological p ope ies
Re e ence
1
Kaemp e ol
An i- cance and neu o-p o ec i e p ope ies
Sayed e al., 2024 Ka en e al.) 2022
2
Ca echin
Neu o-p o ec i e p ope y
Ka en e al.) 2022
3
Que ce in
An i-cance and an ioxidan p ope ies
Aghababaei & Hadidi, (2023).
4
Lu eolin
An ibac e ial and neu o-p o ec i e p ope ies
(Lo, Leung, Fed izzi, & Ba ke , 2021)
5
A heme in
An i- mala ial, an ioxidan and an imic obial
p ope ies
Kanika and Dinesh 2024
GSC Biological and Pha maceu ical Sciences, 2025, 33(01), 239-245
242
6
Na ingenin
Neph o-p o ec i e and neu o-p o ec i e
p ope ies
Kanika and Dinesh 2024 asan i e al.,
2022
7
Genis ein
An i-cance and ca dio ascula p o ec i e
p ope ies
Song, Liang
and Zhou 2004
8
Lunama in
An i-cance and an i-es ogenic ac i i ies
(Soh ab, Hasan, & Rashid, 2002)
9
Bu ein
Apop ic and an i-cance p ope ies
(Lee, Lee, Lee, & Lee, 2025)
10
Daidzin
An i-cance and an i-diabe ic p ope ies
Mohammed e al, 2021
4. Discussion
Phy ochemicals a e seconda y plan me aboli es. They a e biologically ac i e chemicals na u ally ound in plan s ha
exe p o ec i e o disease p e en i e e ec s. Phy ochemicals, especially he polyphenolic ones like la onoids a e
known o hei impo an biological ac i i ies like p o ec ion and enhancemen o he egene a ion o he hepa ic cells
(Igwe, Nwaogu, & Ujowndu, 2007), ee adical sca enging (Alisi, Asiwe, Emejulu, Ene & Nwoguikpe, 2014), an i-
mic obial and an i- i al ac i i ies (Pan e , I anche a, S ane a, & Se kedjie a, 2006), an ioxidan and ulce o-p o ec i e
ac i i ies (Mba, Alisi, & Ene, 2020). In his s udy, he phy ochemical analysis o he polyhe bal o mula ion showed he
p esence o some impo an phy ochemicals.
Kaemp e ol, a la onoid which was he mos abundan phy ochemical p esen in he polyhe bal o mula ion is a na u al
a onol ound in many plan s and plan de i ed oods known o i s an ioxidan , an i-in lamma o y and an i-cance
p ope ies (Jasemi e al., 2024). I exe s i s an icance e ec s by educing he esis ance o cance cells o an i-cance
d ugs, apop osis, cell cycle a es a he G2/M phase and down egula ion o epi helial mesenchymal ansi ion ela ed
ma ke s (Im an e al., 2019).
Ca echins which a e polyphenolic la onoids we e also abundan in he polyhe bal o mula ion. O he classes o
ca echin which a e ound in he polyhe bal o mula ion a e epica echin and galloca echin. Ca echins a e known o hei
an ioxidan and ee adical sca enging po en ials. S udies ha e shown ha ca echins a e able o c oss he blood-b ain
ba ie and a e inco po a ed in o he b ain issue whe e hey exe neu op o ec i e and an i-in lamm o y unc ions by
modula ing he mi ochond ial esponse o oxida i e s ess (Ka en, Pa icia, Almeida & Milena, 2022).
Genis ein and genis in a e na u ally occu ing iso la ones. They a e a ype o phy oes ogen and belong o he g oup o
aglycons p edominan ly ound in soya beans and o he legumes. Genis ein was abundan ly p esen in he polyhe bal
o mula ion. S udies ha e shown ha genis ein possesses an icance , an ioxidan and an i-in lamma o y p ope ies and
i exe s i s an i-cance e ec by in e e ing wi h signally pa hway (Mukund, Mukund, Sha ma, Manna apu & Alam,
2017). Genis ein is ei he p esen as unconjuga ed aglycones (genis ein) o conjuga ed o glucosides as genis in. As an
iso la one and a phy oes ogen, genis ein has been shown o p o ec agains ca dio ascula diseases and dec eases he
incidence o ce ain ypes o cance especially b eas cance (Song, Liang & Zhou, 2014). Howe e , due o he s uc u al
simila i y be ween soy genis ein and oes ogen, genis ein o en displaces oes ogen om cellula ecep o s he eby
blocking hei ho monal ac i i y (Sha i i-Rad e al., 2021).
A heme in is a na u al compound which exhibi s a ious biological e ec s ha include an i-mala ial, an ioxidan , an i-
apop o ic, an imic obial, an i-in lamma o y and hepa op o ec i e e ec s (Pa el & Pa el, 2024). A heme in, a
polyme hoxyla ed la one, was also p esen in he polyhe bal o mula ion. I has been ound o p e en oxida i e
deg ada ion o choles e ol and o he a y acids by signi ican ly educing he iabili y and modula ed lipid p o ile in
cance cells a he dose ange o 10-50µm a e incuba ion o 72 hou s (Rosa, Isola, Pollas o & Nieddu, 2021).
Daidzein is an iso la one which possess ex ensi e nu i ional alue and is majo ly ex ac ed om soy and o he legumes.
I is a phy oes ogen and an unconjuga ed aglycone which has been shown o possess an icance , an ioxidan , an i-
in lamma o y, an i-diabe ic and neu odene a i e p o ec ing e ec s (Islam e al., 2025). Daidzein was spa ingly p esen
in he polyhe bal o mula ion in i s unconjuga ed o m (Diadzein) bu abundan ly p esen in he same polyhe bal
o mula ion as a conjuga ed glycoside (Daidzin). Daidzins which a e he glycones (conjuga ed) has been shown o be
e ec i e in he ea men o alcohol dependency (Rez ani, O e s ee , Pe umi & Massi, 2003).
Na ingin and na ingenin a e dihyd oxy la onones, a ype o la onoid commonly ound in ci us ui s. They a e known
o hei an ioxidan , an i-in lamma o y, neph o-p o ec i e and neu op o ec i e ac i i ies (Su a na, Bo e, Bhawa &
Mallya, 2022). Na ingenin was p esen in he polyhe bal o mula ion. Na ingin is a disaccha ide de i a i e o na ingenin
GSC Biological and Pha maceu ical Sciences, 2025, 33(01), 239-245
243
a posi ion se en (7) h ough a glyosidic linkage. Na ingin has been ound o signi ican ly educe in es inal in lamma ion
symp oms by educing he elease o in lamma o y ac o s and inc easing he exp ession o igh junc ion p o eins in
colon issues (Xue e al., 2023).
Phy ochemicals ha e been ecen ly u ilized as p o ec i e and disease p e en ing ool agains di e se degene a i e
diseases linked o oxida i e s ess (Pa k, 2023). Due o hei oles as an ioxidan s and ee adical sca enge s,
phy ochemicals o m p o ec i e shield a ound cells and issues, de ending hem agains he ha m ul e ec s o ee
adicals, hus a e known o exhibi an i-in lamma o y, an i-cance , an i-mic obial, an ioxidan and choles e ol lowe ing
p ope ies (Yang & Ling 2024).
5. Conclusion
The Polyhe bal o mula ion was ound o be ich in phy ochemicals like keamp e ol, ca echins, daidzein, na ingin and
epica echin which ha e been p o en o possess an ioxidan , an i-cance , an i-in lamma o y and an i-diabe ic
p ope ies. These bioac i e chompounds o pha macological impo ance when ha nessed could be u ilized in he
managemen o some disease condi ions as well as o he indus ial applica ions.
Compliance wi h e hical s anda ds
Disclosu e o con lic o in e es
No con lic o in e es o be disclosed.
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