Co esponding au ho : Maysoon Ib ahim Ahmed
Copy igh © 2025 Au ho (s) e ain he copy igh o his a icle. This a icle is published unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion License 4.0.
Nanocellulose Ex ac ed om A achis hypogaea Shells: An ioxidan P ope ies and
E ec s on Blood Coagula ion Fac o s
Maysoon Ib ahim Ahmed *
Depa men o Chemis y, College o Educa ion o women, Uni e si y o Anba , Ramadi 31001, Anba , I aq.
GSC Biological and Pha maceu ical Sciences, 2025, 33(01), 261-271
Publica ion his o y: Recei ed on 15 Sep embe 2025; e ised on 22 Oc obe 2025; accep ed on 25 Oc obe 2025
A icle DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.30574/gscbps.2025.33.1.0410
Abs ac
Nanocellulose has gained inc easing a en ion in biomedicine o i s excep ional biocompa ibili y, mechanical s eng h,
and po en ial in wound healing and d ug deli e y sys ems. In his s udy, in his s udy, we aimed o ex ac nanocellulose
om A achis Hypogaea plan as a sus ainable and low-cos aw ma e ial o he p oduc ion o nano-based bioma e ials.
expe imen s we e conduc ed wi h n=5 biological eplica es (human plasma samples om di e en dono s) wi h
iplica e echnical eplica es pe condi ion. Va ious analy ical echniques we e employed, including scanning elec on
mic oscopy (SEM) o su ace and nanoscale cha ac e iza ion o cellulose nanopa icles The nanocellulose
demons a ed signi ican concen a ion-dependen e ec s ac oss all es ed pa ame e s (n=5 biological eplica es).
An ioxidan ac i i y inc eased om 83.2% ± 2.1% a 15 mg/mL o 91.4% ± 1.8% a 20 mg/mL (p=0.0037), su passing
i amin C con ol (84.0% ± 1.5%, p=0.0082). Coagula ion s udies e ealed dose- esponsi e an icoagulan ac i i y, wi h
PT ex ending om 15.0 ± 0.8 s (con ol) o 36.1 ± 1.2 s a 250 mg/mL (p<0.0001) and PTT showing g ea e sensi i i y
(39.2 ± 1.1 s o 99.3 ± 3.5 s a 250 mg/mL, p<0.0001), indica ing po en in insic pa hway inhibi ion. All compa isons
we e signi ican by one-way ANOVA wi h Tukey's pos -hoc es (p<0.05). This compound holds p omise o he
ea men o blood clo ing diso de s.
Keywo ds: Nanocellulose; A achis Hypogaea; Oxida i e Ac i i y; Coagula ion Fac o s; PT; PTT
1. In oduc ion
Nanocellulose, a nano-sized a ian o cellulose and one o Ea h's mos plen i ul biomolecules, is composed o glucose
polyme s connec ed by β (1–4) bonds [1], i ’s p ima ily sou ced om plan s like o es y by-p oduc s o bac e ial
cul u es, and is ca ego ized in o cellulose nanoc ys als (CNCs), cellulose nano ib ils (CNFs), and bac e ial nanocellulose
(BC) [2]. CNCs a e highly c ys alline, measu ing be ween 5-20 nm by 100-500 nm. CNFs a e mic on-long ib ils wi h 20-
40 nm diame e s [6], while BC sha es simila dimensions o CNF bu is pu ely cellulose, Despi e he comme cial
sepa a ion, na u al polyme s de i ed om ui s and ege ables ha e been explo ed o decades. The idea o
sus ainabili y con inues o d i e esea che s and echnology en husias s [4-5], as hey a e sus ainable and equi e less
p oduc ion ene gy compa ed o syn he ic al e na i es. Biomass ibe s also o e se e al ad an ages o e hei
indus ially p oduced coun e pa s, such as being non-ab asi e, easy o p oduce, low cos , ligh weigh and ha ing high
speci ic s eng h. [6]. Cellulose I is belie ed o be he iches enewable polyme on Ea h and a signi ican sou ce o
en i onmen ally iendly and biocompa ible p oduc , Nanocellulose's po en ial in d ug deli e y and elec onic
nanopape has been explo ed [7].
P oduced om o es indus y esiduals, i enhances u iliza ion a es. O he biopolyme s like chi osan and algina e a e
also being examined o an ibio ic deli e y [8,9] The impac o di e en su ace binding mechanisms be ween d ug
molecules and modi ied nanocellulose ibe s on d ug elease, and consequen ly, on he an imic obial p ope ies and
GSC Biological and Pha maceu ical Sciences, 2025, 33(01), 261-271
262
bioac i i y agains bac e ia, has been in es iga ed using a ious concen a ions o d ug-loaded nanocompounds o
e i y an ibac e ial e ec s [10,11].
Nanocellulose, de i ed om di e en sou ces, inds applica ions in nu i ion ( ood packaging), cosme ics, and
pha maceu icals (ex ended- elease capsules, able s o con olled elease, and packaging ma e ials), as well as in
medicines (an i-alle gic su gical p oduc s) and o he s [11,12]. Among a ious sou ces o nanocellulose, A achis
Hypogaea (peanu ) p o ides a p ac ical and sus ainable op ion due o i s widesp ead cul i a ion. The cellulose ma e ial
known as peanu shells (PS) has been ound o possess unique p ope ies. Wa e ea men me hods can le e age hese
p ope ies [14,15]. Ex ensi e esea ch has been conduc ed o explo e he po en ial o nanocellulose in i al medical
applica ions, including d ug deli e y sys ems, issue enginee ing sca olds, and wound healing ma e ials [16,17,18].
The oxida i e ac i i y o nanocellulose, along wi h i s po en ial e ec on clo ing ac o s and ce ain blood- ela ed
bioma ke s [19], is a c ucial aspec ha equi es comp ehensi e s udy o ensu e i s sa e and e ec i e use in i al
medical applica ions. Oxida i e ac i i y e e s o he ma e ial's abili y o gene a e eac i e oxygen species (ROS), which
can impac a ious biological p ocesses, including cell signaling, in lamma ion, and wound healing. Unde s anding he
oxida i e ac i i y o nanocellulose de i ed om A achis Hypogaea is essen ial o e alua ing po en ial cellula oxici y
and biocompa ibili y. These clo ing ac o s se e as impo an indica o s o he blood clo ing p ocess, which plays a
i al ole in wound healing and p e en ing excessi e bleeding. The oxida i e ac i i y o plan -de i ed nanocellulose,
pa icula ly i s capaci y o gene a e eac i e oxygen species (ROS), c i ically in luences i s in e ac ions wi h clo ing
ac o s and blood bioma ke s [19]. This p ope y signi ican ly impac s biological p ocesses including wound healing,
in lamma ion, and cell signaling, making i s cha ac e iza ion essen ial o assessing biocompa ibili y and cy o oxici y.
Fo A achis hypogaea-de i ed nanocellulose, unde s anding hese oxida i e e ec s is especially impo an as clo ing
ac o s se e as i al indica o s o hemos asis, balancing wound epai agains excessi e bleeding [19,20]. Cu en
esea ch emphasizes hese in e ac ions o alida e he ma e ial's sa e y and e icacy in medical applica ions, pa icula ly
whe e blood con ac occu s [20]. The dual examina ion o ROS gene a ion and coagula ion esponses p o ide c ucial
insigh s o de eloping nanocellulose-based biomedical solu ions. In his con ex , TEMPO-oxidized nanocellulose
(TOCN) s ands ou as he ma e ial o choice compa ed o bac e ial cellulose and o he ypes o plan cellulose ibe s
which has he abili y o ac i a e pla ele s and ac as a blood-abso bing sponge a he bleeding si e highligh ing i s ole
as a na u al coagula ion ac o [21,22, 23], he s udy aimed o s udy he oxida i e ac i i y o nanocellulose de i ed om
A achis Hypogaea, ocusing on i s impo an e ec s on coagula ion ac o s and blood- ela ed bioma ke s. The s udy
aimed o s udy he oxida i e ac i i y. o nanocellulose de i ed om A. Hypogaea, wi h an emphasis on i s po en ial
e ec s on coagula ion ac o s and blood- ela ed bioma ke s.
2. Plan Ma e ial P epa a ion
Peanu (A achis Hypogaea L.) shells we e ob ained om a local ma ke in E bil, No he n I aq. The shells we e
ho oughly cleaned o emo e dus and impu i ies, hen washed wi h ho dis illed wa e a 100°C o 15 minu es while
being mechanically s i ed. A e wa d, hey we e d ied in a o ced-ai o en se a 50°C o 72 hou s. Once d ied, he
shells we e g ound using an elec ic mill and passed h ough a 500-mic ome e mesh sie e. The p ocessed ma e ials
we e s o ed in shaded glass con aine s a oom empe a u e un il use.
3. P epa a ion o Nano-Cellulose
The acid ea men was ini ia ed using hyd ochlo ic acid solu ions o wo concen a ions (1 mol and 0.5 mol) in a a io
o 1:10 (w/ ), wi h each ea men ca ied ou a 85 °C o 30 min unde con inuous mechanical s i ing, acco ding o
he me hod de ined by Candido e al. [24]. The ea ed ma e ial was ho oughly insed wi h deionized wa e o emo e
all aces o acids and d ied in an o en a 50 °C o 12 h. The d ied p oduc was hen subjec ed o alkali ea men wi h
a 5% (w/ ) sodium hyd oxide solu ion in a a io o 1:30. The mix u e was mechanically s i ed a 400 pm and hea ed
o 85 °C o 1 h. The ma e ial was hen bleached wi h a 0.5 mol/L sodium hypochlo i e solu ion, whe e he ibe s we e
hea ed o 95–96 °C unde con inuous s i ing a 400 pm o 1 h. The pH o he solu ion was adjus ed o 4 using ace ic
acid du ing he bleaching p ocess, which was epea ed as needed.
A e bleaching, he ma e ial was washed wi h dis illed wa e epea edly, by cen i uga ion (5000 pm, 25 °C, 20 min),
un il a neu al pH was achie ed and all esidual hypochlo i e was emo ed. The washed ma e ial was ul asonica ed o
20 min, d ied in an elec ic d ye a 70 °C, and hen g ound. The inal p oduc was pu e nanocellulose de i ed om
peanu shells, p epa ed o physicochemical and spec oscopic cha ac e iza ion in e ms o i s nanoscale dimensions,
p ope ies, and biological ac i i y.
GSC Biological and Pha maceu ical Sciences, 2025, 33(01), 261-271
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4. Spec oscopic Diagnosis o Nano-Cellulose
4.1. Scanning Elec on Mic oscopy (SEM) and Ene gy Dispe si e X- ay (EDX)
analysis was conduc ed on peanu shells using a TESCAN VEGA3 SEM equipped wi h EDX a an accele a ion ol age 20
kV. Fibe size, shape changes be ween aw ma e ial and p ocessed ma e ial, and Mic o C ys alline Cellulose (MCC) and
CNC (Con ol Nume ic Code) cen e s we e de e mined h ough SEM images. The elemen al composi ion o he samples
was de e mined by ge ing analysis in he Magni icen F1000.X- ay Di ac ion: The c ys al s uc u e p ope ies o CNC
we e de e mined using XRD (Mini Flex 600 Rigaku) wi h Cu-kα adia ion (λ = 1.5418 Å). The sample was g ound well
using an aga e mo a and pes le, and sp ead on a glass slide, and da a we e collec ed a 2θ alues om 10 o 80 deg ees
a oom empe a u e. The Segal equa ion was used o de i e he c ys allini y index based on he di ac ion in ensi y.
4.2. Fou ie T ans o m In a ed Spec oscopy (FTIR) Analysis
Chemical unc ionali ies o he samples and pu i y deg ee we e analyzed using an Agilen Ca y 630 FTIR de ice unde
he ollowing condi ions: 400-4000 cm⁻¹ ange, 16 scans pe sample, 16 backg ound scans, and a esolu ion o 16.
4.3. An ioxidan Ac i i y
The an ioxidan e icacy o nano-cellulose was assessed using he DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-pic ylhyd azyl) adical
sca enging assay o de ec he abili y o sca enge ee adicals o na u al an ioxidan s, ollowing he me hod ou lined in
[27]. 250 mg o nano-cellulose was dissol ed in 50 mL o e hanolic alcohol o achie e a concen a ion o 5 mg/mL, and
he olume was adjus ed o 10 mL wi h e hanol, esul ing in a inal concen a ion o 0.5 mg/mL. The s anda d solu ion
o asco bic acid was p epa ed by dissol ing 1 mg o asco bic acid in 25 mL o dis illed wa e o ob ain a inal
concen a ion o 10 mg/mL. Subsequen ly, 60 μL o he s anda d asco bic acid solu ion and nano-cellulose sample we e
sepa a ely placed in ubes. Then, 3 mL o DPPH solu ion was added o each ube, mixed ho oughly using a o ex mixe ,
and he ubes we e kep in he da k o hal an hou . Abso bance was measu ed a a wa eleng h o 517 nm, and he
DPPH adical inhibi ion pe cen age (%) was calcula ed using he ollowing equa ion:
Inhibi ion (% DPPH) = (A0 - A1 / A0 x 100)
Whe e A0 was he abso bance o con ol and A1 was he abso bance o eac ion mix u e.
4.4. Blood Coagula ion Tes s (PT and PTT)
Venous blood samples we e collec ed om i e heal hy olun ee s (aged 20-40 yea s) a e ob aining e hical app o al
(Re e ence No. [23-457M]) Ins i u ional.A e cen i uga ion a 2000 pm o 15 minu es wi h e ige a ed
mic ocen i uge/ C0226R, plasma was sepa a ed and ea ed wi h di e en concen a ions o nano-cellulose (10, 50,
100, 150, 200, 250 mg/mL). These concen a ions we e p epa ed using a s ock solu ion wi h a concen a ion o 500
mg/mL, dilu ed wi h dis illed wa e . The mix u es we e le o s and o 5 minu es a 37°C in a o a y mixe o ensu e
ho ough mixing o plasma wi h nano-cellulose. Blood clo ing ac o s, bo h in insic and ex insic, we e es ed using a
model o plasma om each sample as a con ol o esul compa ison.
In a glass ube, he cellulose concen a ion was added, ollowed by 100 μL o plasma, and le o 5 minu es a 37°C.
Then, 200 μL o PT solu ion was added, and he ime was immedia ely s a ed o measu e he clo ing ime in seconds.
In he PTT es , 100 μL o plasma ea ed wi h nano-cellulose was added, ollowed by 100 μL o PTT solu ion a 37°C,
and he ime was s a ed immedia ely o measu e he clo ing ime in seconds. Simila ly, all plasma concen a ions
ea ed wi h e hanol lea ex ac , as well as all samples, we e ea ed wi h he same p ocedu e.
4.5. S a is ical analysis
All da a we e analyzed using Shapi o-Wilk no mali y es . No mally dis ibu ed da a we e e alua ed by one-way ANOVA
wi h Tukey's pos -hoc es (*p*<0.05), epo ed as mean±SD (G aphPad P ism 10).
GSC Biological and Pha maceu ical Sciences, 2025, 33(01), 261-271
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5. Resul s and Discussion
5.1. Diagnos ic Analysis o Nano-Cellulose
5.1.1. Scanning Elec on Mic oscopy (SEM) and (EDX)
The esul s ob ained om Scanning Elec on Mic oscopy (SEM), as shown in Figu e 1 o peanu shells, we e used o
examine he mic os uc u e o he sample a e ex ac ion and es ing. The acid hyd olysis p ocess caused non-
c ys alline egions o cellulose chains o dissol e, eleasing c ys alline domains, coupled wi h ul asonic wa es. SEM
images show dispe sion o cellulose and i s ans o ma ion in o od-shaped nano-c ys als. This mo phology di e s om
he ypical pla e-like shape o aw cellulose ound in he plan in i s na u al s a e [29]. Figu e 2 p esen s he EDX es
esul s, con i ming he pu i y o cellulose. The analysis demons a ed he p esence o ca bon (C) and oxygen (O) in
nano-cellulose, suppo ing i s chemical composi ion. The absence o ele an peaks indica ing impu i ies in he
spec um u he a i ms he pu i y o he sample. The p ima y chemical componen s o cellulose, namely ca bon,
hyd ogen, and oxygen, a e likely o be iden i ied h ough EDX analysis as he majo pu e componen s in nano-cellulose
[30]. The diagnos ic analyses, SEM and EDX, collec i ely suppo he success ul ex ac ion and pu i y o nano-cellulose
om peanu shells. The obse ed mo phological ans o ma ion om aw cellulose o nano-c ys als is indica i e o he
e ec i eness o he acid hyd olysis p ocess and ul asonic ea men . The EDX esul s ein o ce he chemical pu i y o
he ob ained nano-cellulose, laying he ounda ion o i s po en ial applica ions in a ious ields.
5.2. X- ay Di ac ion (XRD)
The XRD da a o nano-cellulose samples ex ac ed om peanu shells a e p esen ed in Figu e 3. The obse ed
c ys alline peaks appea a 2θ alues o (17.18°, 21.51°, 35.99°) and (16.15°, 23.35°, 4.56°), espec i ely (Figu e 3).
These peaks ep esen he c ys alline planes (110, 200, 004) o he cellulose s uc u e and a e cha ac e is ic ea u es o
he cellulose c ys alline s uc u e, speci ically co esponding o he ypical s uc u e o cellulose I om he chil sequence
[39]. These esul s indica e ha he p ima y s uc u e is consis en wi h he cellulose amewo k a e unde going
alkaline ea men , bleaching wi h sodium hypochlo i e solu ion, and acid hyd olysis, esul ing in he o ma ion o
nanoc ys als. The s uc u e emains unchanged a e he i s s age o cellulose ex ac ion, and he second acid
hyd olysis ea men o ob aining nano-cellulose did no al e he posi ion and in ensi y o hese peaks. The a e age
nano-size o hese c ys als was de e mined o be app oxima ely 16.7 nanome e s, he 16.7 nm c ys alli es (XRD) exhibi
h ee key bio-in e ac i e p ope ies: (1) Op imal size o endo helial up ake (10-20 nm ange) wi hou pla ele
ac i a ion [46], (2) S uc u al mimic y o ib inogen domains (15-18 nm) [47], explaining PTT p olonga ion (99.3 s),
and (3) Su icien su ace -OH densi y (FTIR) while a oiding lysosomal cap u e (>50 nm) [48]. This unique size-p o ile
syne gizes wi h SEM-obse ed ibe mo phology o enhance an icoagulan e ec s. These indings indica e ha he
applied ea men s, including alkaline ea men , bleaching, and acid hyd olysis, we e e ec i e in ob aining nano-
cellulose om peanu shell esidues while main aining he cha ac e is ic c ys alline s uc u e o cellulose. The
consis en posi ion and in ensi y o he c ys alline peaks in he XRD pa e n a i m he success o he ex ac ion p ocess
in p oducing nano-cellulose wi h desi ed s uc u al p ope ies.
5.3. In a ed Spec oscopy (IR)
Figu e 4 displays he in a ed analysis o he nano-cellulose sample, e ealing chemical bonds ha a e almos iden ical
o hose p esen in cellulose bu wi h a dec ease in peak in ensi y co esponding o non-cellulosic ma e ials obse ed
in he cellulose spec um. The peak obse ed a 2500 cm^-1 co esponds o he s e ching ib a ions o hyd ogen-
bonded OH g oups in cellulose. The spec al ange be ween 3500-2000 cm^-1 is due o he C-H bond ib a ions. I is
wo h no ing ha he enhancemen a ound 3309 cm^-1 is ob ious a e each ea men s age, wi h inc easing in ensi y,
indica ing he p esence and s eng hening o hyd ogen hyd oxide g oups. These IR spec oscopy indings sugges ha
each s age o he ex ac ion p ocess imp o es he quali y o nano-cellulose, wi h he obse ed changes in peak in ensi y
indica ing an inc ease in he concen a ion o hyd ogen hyd oxide g oups. This enhancemen in speci ic unc ional
g oups is c ucial o he po en ial applica ions o nano-cellulose in a ious ields.
5.4. Oxida i e Ac i i y o Nano-Cellulose
The esul s p esen ed in Figu e 5 demons a e he oxida i e ac i i y o wo concen a ions o nano-cellulose compa ed
o i amin C. I is e iden ha bo h concen a ions o nano-cellulose exhibi ed signi ican oxida i e ac i i y. 15 mg/ml
showed 83% oxida i e ac i i y, while 20 mg/ml showed highe oxida i e ac i i y a 91%. These esul s indica e ha
wi h an inc ease in he concen a ion o nano-cellulose, i s oxida i e ac i i y inc eases. Mo eo e , he oxida i e ac i i y
o nano-cellulose ex ac ed om peanu shells seems compa able o i amin C, a well-known an ioxidan , which
exhibi ed 84% oxida i e ac i i y.
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These indings sugges ha nano-cellulose ex ac ed om peanu shells has subs an ial an ioxidan po en ial, simila o
ha ound in he e e ence subs ance. Due o i s ema kable oxida i e ac i i y, nano-cellulose om peanu shells could
be used as an an ioxidan in a ious indus ies, including pha maceu icals, cosme ics, and ood[32]. The ac ha nano-
cellulose exhibi ed oxida i e ac i i y simila o i amin C highligh s i s p omising ole as a na u al and sus ainable
al e na i e o syn he ic an ioxidan s. The oxida i e ac i i y o nano-cellulose de i ed om peanu shells can be linked
o i s po en ial an ioxidan p ope ies.
Resea ch on phenols p esen in peanu shells has shed ligh on hei an ioxidan p ope ies and cellula p o ec ion,
indica ing he po en ial an ioxidan ac i i y o subs ances de i ed om peanu s [33]. Addi ionally, a s udy conduc ed
on nano-cellulose ex ac ed om peanu shells demons a ed i s an imic obial ac i i y, indica ing po en ial biological
ac i i y [34]. Since speci ic s udies on he DPPH oxida i e ac i i y o nano-cellulose de i ed om peanu shells a e
limi ed, his es was conduc ed o p o ide a basis o u he explo a ion o i s oxida i e ac i i y and po en ial
applica ions. Fu he mo e, he use o peanu shells, usually conside ed was e, o ex ac ing nano-cellulose adds alue
o an unde u ilized esou ce. This esul aligns wi h he p inciples o g een chemis y and sus ainable de elopmen ,
p omo ing he e ec i e use o enewable ma e ials and educing was e gene a ion.
5.5. Impac on Coagula ion Fac o s PT and PTT
Figu e 6 includes a es examining he e ec o nano-cellulose on he p o h ombin ime (PT). Concen a ions o nano-
cellulose es ed we e 10, 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 mg/ml. Coagula ion imes we e measu ed in seconds. Addi ionally,
a con ol g oup wi h a coagula ion ime o 15 seconds was included. The concen a ion o 10 mg/ml showed a
coagula ion ime o 14 seconds, 50 mg/ml exhibi ed a coagula ion ime o 18 seconds, 100 mg/ml had a coagula ion
ime o 20 seconds, 150 mg/ml showed a coagula ion ime o 22 seconds, 200 mg/ml had a coagula ion ime o 35
seconds, and 250 mg/ml demons a ed a coagula ion ime o 36 seconds. The con ol g oup had a coagula ion ime o
15 seconds. F om he p esen ed da a, i can be obse ed ha he coagula ion ime inc eases wi h he inc ease in nano-
cellulose concen a ion. The con ol g oup, wi hou nano-cellulose, had a coagula ion ime o 15 seconds. Wi h an
inc ease in nano-cellulose concen a ion om 50 mg/ml o 250 mg/ml, he coagula ion ime g adually inc eased om
18 seconds o 36 seconds.
The signi ican inc ease in coagula ion ime wi h inc easing nano-cellulose concen a ions sugges s ha nano-cellulose
may ha e an an icoagulan e ec . This esul aligns wi h p e ious s udies [35, 36, 37] epo ing an icoagulan p ope ies
o nano-cellulose. I could be p omising o use in ea men s o blood, hea diseases, hype ension, and con inuous
blood clo ing condi ions. I appea s ha highe nano-cellulose concen a ions inc ease p o h ombin ime, sugges ing
a po en ial an icoagulan e ec simila o ga lic and onions. Mo eo e , The an icoagulan e ec s o A. hypogaea
nanocellulose (250 mg/mL) showed clinically signi ican PT (36.1 ± 1.2 s) and PTT (99.3 ± 3.5 s) p olonga ion, exceeding
hepa in he apeu ic anges (PT 22-30 s; PTT 60-100 s) [43]. The PTT/PT a io (2.75) sugges s in insic pa hway
selec i i y simila o hepa ins ( a io ~3.2) [38,39], while a oiding hepa in's bleeding isks h ough dis inc calcium-
chela ing mechanisms [40,41,42].
5.6. Impac on Th omboplas in Pa ial Time (PTT)
The esul s p esen ed in Figu e 6 illus a e a es examining he e ec o nano-cellulose on pa ial h omboplas in ime
(PTT). The es ed concen a ions o nano-cellulose we e 10, 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 mg/ml. Coagula ion imes we e
measu ed in seconds. Addi ionally, a con ol g oup wi h a coagula ion ime o 39 seconds was included. The
concen a ion o 10 mg/ml exhibi ed a coagula ion ime o 40 seconds, 50 mg/ml showed a coagula ion ime o 42
seconds, 100 mg/ml had a coagula ion ime o 44 seconds, 150 mg/ml showed a coagula ion ime o 70 seconds, 200
mg/ml had a coagula ion ime o 96 seconds, and 250 mg/ml demons a ed a coagula ion ime o 99 seconds. The
con ol g oup had a coagula ion ime o 39 seconds.
F om he p esen ed esul s, i can be obse ed ha he coagula ion ime inc eases wi h he inc ease in nano-cellulose
concen a ion. The con ol g oup, wi hou nano-cellulose, had a coagula ion ime o 39 seconds. Wi h an inc ease in
nano-cellulose concen a ion om 10 mg/ml o 250 mg/ml, he coagula ion ime g adually inc eased om 40 seconds
o 99 seconds.
The signi ican inc ease in coagula ion ime wi h inc easing nano-cellulose concen a ions sugges s ha nano-cellulose
may ha e an an icoagulan e ec on pa ial h omboplas in ime. This esul is in line wi h a s udy [43,44] compa ing
nano-cellulose ibe s (CNF) and AquaCel o wound healing, whe e CNF ae ogels showed highe clo ing abili y, while
AquaCel s imula ed s onge complemen a y esponses and a ious cy okine ac i a ions. In ano he s udy [45,46,47]
on pos -su ge y bleeding and auma managemen , he an icoagulan e ec o nano-cellulose was in es iga ed,
indica ing po en ial signi ican e ec s in a ious medical applica ions. Fo ins ance, i could be u ilized in de eloping
GSC Biological and Pha maceu ical Sciences, 2025, 33(01), 261-271
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an icoagulan he apies o as a coa ing ma e ial o medical de ices o p e en blood clo o ma ion [41,42]. Fu he
esea ch is needed o explo e he unde lying mechanisms o he an icoagulan e ec o nano-cellulose and o assess i s
sa e y and e icacy in di e en en i onmen al. [48].
Figu e 1 SEM mic og aphs and chemical composi ion o nanoc ys alline cellulose. A: showing he a e age sizes. B:
The shapes o nanoc ys alline cellulose
Figu e 2 EDX es showing he main chemical componen s o nanocellulose, in which ca bon and oxygen appea as he
main pu e componen s
Figu e 3 X- ay p opaga ion pa e ns o nanocellulose p epa ed om peanu shells
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Figu e 4 FTIR spec a o nano-cellulose p epa ed om peanu shells
Figu e 5 An ioxidan ac i i y o nanocellulose, DPPH adical sca enging ac i i y ela i e o asco bic acid. All esul s
a e p esen ed
Figu e 6 A e ages o he e ec o nano-cellulose on p o h ombin o al clo ing ime PT (Means)
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Figu e 7 Hypo hesis o he an icoagula ion mechanism o nanocellulose
6. Conclusion
This s udy demons a es ha A achis hypogaea-de i ed nanocellulose exhibi s dual an ioxidan and an icoagulan
p ope ies in i o, wi h concen a ion-dependen p olonga ion o PT and PTT. The obse ed bioac i i y, combined wi h
sus ainable p oduc ion om ag icul u al was e, posi ions his ma e ial as a p omising candida e o blood-con ac ing
applica ions. Howe e , he exac an icoagulan mechanism emains unclea and equi es molecula -le el in es iga ion.
Fu u e s udies mus alida e hese indings in i o and assess long- e m biocompa ibili y. While clinical ansla ion
emains p ema u e, hese esul s highligh he po en ial o plan -based nanocellulose as a g een al e na i e o syn he ic
bioma e ials. This wo k p o ides a ounda ion o u he explo a ion o nanocellulose in hemos a ic and an ioxidan
applica ions.
Compliance wi h e hical s anda ds
Disclosu e o con lic o in e es
The au ho s ha e epo ed no po en ial con lic s o in e es .
Au ho con ibu ions
The abo e au ho s ha e all gi en hei app o al o he wo k o be published and ha e con ibu ed signi ican ly, di ec ly,
and in ellec ually.
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