659
Neo opical Ich hyology, 7(4):659-666, 2009
Copy igh © 2009 Sociedade B asilei a de Ic iologia
The ich hyo auna o uppe io Capi a i: de ining conse a ion s a egies
based on he composi ion and dis ibu ion o ish species
Paulo dos San os Pompeu1, Liana Sisi dos Reis1, Cín ia Veloso Gandini1,
Ra ael Cou o Rosa de Souza1 and Jana Menegassi del Fa e o2
Al hough he io Capi a i basin is ecognized as an a ea o g ea impo ance o he ich hyo auna, i lacks i ually e e y basic
equi emen o he de ini ion o app op ia e conse a ion s a egies, since no e en i s species composi ion is known. The
objec i e o his wo k is o de e mine he composi ion and dis ibu ion o ish species in he uppe io Capi a i basin, ela ing
hem o he local physical ea u es, and o e alua e he e ec i eness o p oposed conse a ions uni s, delimi ed based on
a eas o na i e ege a ion emains, on he conse a ion o local ich hyo auna. Du ing 2007, 50 di e en wa e cou ses we e
sampled wi h gillne s, cas ne s and kick ne s. A o al o 1308 indi iduals belonging o 41 species we e cap u ed. Deg ee o
conse a ion, al i ude and wid h we e he pa ame e s ha bes explained ish species ichness. Conside ing he ecen ly
p oposed bounda ies o po en ial conse a ion uni s in he egion only 15 o 20 ou o 41 species would be ound in he S a e
Pa k and En i onmen al P o ec ion A ea espec i ely. In p ac ice, he p oposed conse a ion uni s would no be e ec i e ools
o ish conse a ion, since i would be loca ed in moun ainous a eas o high al i ude, o headwa e s s eams and whe e ew
species a e ound. In such con ex , he conse a ion o speci ic s e ches o la ge i e s is c i ical.
Embo a o al o io Capi a i seja econhecido como á ea de g ande impo ância pa a a auna de peixes, al am p a icamen e odos
os equisi os básicos pa a a de inição de es a égias de conse ação adequadas, já que nem mesmo sua composição em
espécies é conhecida. O p esen e abalho e e como obje i o ge al de e mina a composição e dis ibuição das espécies de
peixes do al o io Capi a i e elacioná-las com as ca ac e ís icas ísicas locais. Adicionalmen e, a aliou-se a e e i idade da
implan ação de unidades de conse ação, que i e am seus limi es p opos os com base na p esença de emanescen es de
ege ação na i a, pa a a conse ação da ic io auna local. Du an e o ano de 2007 o am amos ados 50 di e en es cu sos d’água
na bacia com edes de emalha , a a as e penei as. Fo am cap u ados 1308 indi íduos pe encen es a 41 espécies. O g au de
conse ação, a al i ude e a la gu a o am os pa âme os que melho explica am a iqueza de espécies de peixes. Caso os limi es
de uma u u a unidade de conse ação ossem baseados nas manchas de ege ação emanescen es, apenas 15 ou 20 das 41
espécies se iam encon adas na á ea do Pa que Es adual ou da Á ea de P o eção Ambien al, espec i amen e. Na p á ica, as
á eas p o egidas p opos as não cons i ui iam e amen as e icazes pa a a conse ação de peixes, p incipalmen e po que se
si ua iam em á eas mon anhosas, de g ande al i ude, ab igando apenas cabecei as de ios, onde poucas espécies são
encon adas. Den o des e con ex o, a conse ação de echos especí icos de ios de maio po e é undamen al.
Key wo ds: Conse a ion uni s, Al i udinal g adien s, Rio G ande, Rese e design.
1Depa amen o de Biologia, Uni e sidade Fede al de La as, Campus Uni e si á io, 37200-000 La as, MG, B azil. [email p o ec ed]
2P og ama de Pós-G aduação em Oceanog a ia Biológica, Ins i u o Oceanog á ico, Uni e sidade de São Paulo. São Paulo, SP, B azil.
In oduc ion
Th oughou his o y, i e s ha e p o ided he ounda ion
o socioeconomic de elopmen . Wa e is used o domes ic,
indus ial, ag icul u al and powe gene a ion pu poses; i e s
p o ide na iga ion ou es and ishing is a adi ional ood
esou ce (Pe s, 1989). As a consequence, an inc easing
numbe o i e s, s eams, lakes and ese oi s ha e been
exposed o deg ada ion as a unc ion o he g owing impac
o human ac i i ies (McAllis e e al., 1997).
This pic u e is pa icula ly no iceable in densely popula ed
a eas, whe e aqua ic en i onmen s p esen poo quali y as a
esul o ecei ing a conside able amoun o domes ic and
indus ial sewage as well as sedimen s and was e. Addi ionally,
he u baniza ion p ocess causes i e e sible changes o he
local d ainage basin by inc easing impe meable a eas,
De ining conse a ion s a egies based on composi ion and dis ibu ion o ish species
660
educing ege a ion co e age, causing soil compac ion,
educing s o age a eas, concen a ing su ace d ainage and
s imula ing i e s aigh ening and channeliza ion. These
changes lead o a p og essi e inc ease in he p ecipi a ion
ac ion ha apidly goes in o wa e cou ses h ough
supe icial d ainage (Chow e al., 1988), di ec ly a ec ing he
local geomo phology. Di ec changes in wa e cou ses also
include emo al o ipa ian ege a ion, emo al o unks and
o he subme ged subs a a, elimina ion o adjacen looding
a eas and a i icial lining o i e beds and i e banks.
In a di ec associa ion wi h u ban g ow h, i e s ha e been
al e ed o a poin whe e hey lose hei na u al cha ac e is ics
(Viei a & Cunha, 2001), many o which p esen ing oday only
a small ac ion o hei o iginal biological di e si y (Shepp &
Cummins, 1997). Pa icula ly no iceable is he loss o ish
biodi e si y and abundance ha has been associa ed o
changes in o iginal lo ic cha ac e is ics (Sale, 1985) o o
disposal o domes ic and indus ial sewage (Al es & Pompeu,
2005; Pompeu e al., 2005).
The e is a consensus among he scien i ic communi y ha
chances o long- e m main enance o biodi e si y will inc ease
signi ican ly wi h he es ablishmen o a conse a ion plan o
add ess he issue on a egional scale o encompassing la ge
landscape uni s (Conse a ion In e na ional, 2000a), and
p o ec ed a eas a e he co ne s one o mos na ional
biodi e si y conse a ion s a egies, including he B azil
(Mi e meie e al., 2005). In such con ex , he ecogni ion o
a eas ha main ain ich species di e si y o p io i y a eas o
conse a ion cons i u es a undamen al ool o p o ec ion
o biodi e si y (Allan & Flecke , 1993).
The io Capi a i basin has been ecognized as one o
c i ical biological impo ance o conse a ion o he
ich hyo auna in Minas Ge ais S a e (D ummond e al., 2005)
as i is an impo an lo ic emainde in he uppe io G ande
egion and i s wa e cou ses boas excellen wa e quali y.
Addi ionally, he io Capi a i basin d ains he egion o
Luminá ias, São Tomé das Le as and Ca ancas as well as
pa o he egion ha houses he Se a da Man iquei a
moun ain ange, bo h ecognized by he same s udy o hei
ou s anding and special biological impo ance. The
impo ance o he egion was also ecognized by an assessmen
wo kshop add essing P io i y Ac ions o Conse a ion o
Biodi e si y in he A lan ic Fo es and Campos Sulinos biomes
(Conse a ion In e na ional, 2000b).
Al hough he io Capi a i basin is ecognized as an a ea
o g ea impo ance o he ich hyo auna, i lacks i ually
e e y basic equi emen o he de ini ion o app op ia e
conse a ion s a egies, since no e en i s species
composi ion is known.
The o e all objec i e o his wo k is o de e mine he
composi ion and dis ibu ion o ish species in he uppe io
Capi a i basin, ela ing hem o he local physical ea u es,
and o e alua e he e ec i eness o an e en ual s a e pa k,
ha ha e been p oposed based on a eas o na i e ege a ion
emnan s (Zambaldi e al., in p ess) on he conse a ion o
local ich hyo auna.
Ma e ial and Me hods
S udy A ea
The io G ande has a d ainage basin in Minas Ge ais S a e
wi h an app oxima e a ea o 86,800 km2 (CETEC, 1983). I
ex ends 1,930 km, wi h an a e age slope o 0.53 m km-1. I s
main ibu a ies include he i e s Ai uoca, Capi a i, São João
and Ca mo, on he le bank, and he i e s Jaca é, das Mo es,
San ana, Ube aba and Pouso Aleg e, on he igh bank. In
Minas Ge ais, io G ande is dammed along i ually i s en i e
cou se, wi h he hyd oelec ic powe plan s o Funil, I u inga
and Cama gos he ones lying ups eam.
Si ua ed among he Funil and I u inga ese oi s, he io
Capi a i is one o he main ibu a y on he le bank o io
G ande in Minas Ge ais S a e. I s uppe po ion d ains he
egions o Ca ancas and Luminá ias and has been ound
inc easingly a ac i e o ou ism as i boas s a la ge numbe
o wa e alls, good wa e quali y and a gene alized high le el
o landscape p ese a ion.
The egion is cons i u ed by la and undula ed su aces,
wi h he ascen o Complexo Se a da Bocaina moun ain ange
dese ing special a en ion, wi h al i udes eaching be ween
1,100 and 1,250 m. The high-al i ude opical clima e is
p edominan locally, wi h a e age annual empe a u es
anging be ween 19oC and 21oC and a e age annual ain all
be ween 1,200 and 1,500 mm (Quei oz e al., 1980). The
dominan ege al o ma ion is he Ce ado (sa anna like
ege a ion), and ocky landscapes p edomina e on moun ain
ange ops. Ripa ian ege a ion is also p esen along he
wa e cou ses, and la ge clus e s o mesophyllous o es a e
p esen on some s eepe hillsides.
The s udied a ea is known as ‘Al o Capi a i’ and
comp ises he en i e d ainage basin o io Capi a i, ups eam
om (and including) i s con luence wi h i s main ibu a y, io
Ingaí. I includes he a ea p e iously selec ed o conse a ion
uni implemen a ion, wi h a s a e pa k in he co e a ea and a
su ounding en i onmen al p o ec ion a ea (EPA) as a bu e
zone (Fig. 1).
Ich hyo auna sampling
Du ing 2007, 50 di e en wa e cou ses we e sampled once
in uppe io Capi a i basin (Fig. 1; Table 1), du ing Ap il, May,
Oc obe o No embe . Fish we e caugh wi h gillne s, cas
ne s (3 cm s e ch measu e mesh) and kick ne s (mesh size o
1 mm). Gillne s 10 me e s long, wi h 3 o 10 cm mesh (s e ch
measu e), we e se in he wa e column o 14 h o e nigh , in
sampling s a ions wi h a leas 1.5 me e s dep h. Kick ne s
we e employed in nea -sho e aqua ic mac ophy es (bo h
sho elines) and in i les, and cas ne s we e used in habi a s
oo deep o wade. The wo la e me hods we e employed
du ing one o h ee hou s. S e ches o 50 o 100 me e s we e
su eyed, depending on dep h and wa e low.
All samples we e sepa a ed acco ding o sampling poin ,
s o ed in plas ic bags and immedia ely ixed in 10% o malin
and p ese ed in 70% alcohol. In he labo a o y, he ish
collec ed in each sample we e iden i ied down o he lowes
P. dos S. Pompeu, L. S. dos Reis, C. V. Gandini, R. C. R. de Souza & J. M. del Fa e o 661
possible axonomic le el, measu ed (s anda d leng h - SL in
mm) and weighed (1 g p ecision). Vouche specimens we e
deposi ed in he Ich hyological Collec ion o Nupelia (NUP
ouche numbe s om 8551 o 8553 and 8574 o 8611).
Habi a assessmen
In each sampled s a ion i was measu ed he a e age wid h,
maximum dep h, al i ude, pH, empe a u e and dissol ed
oxygen using digi al oxyme e YSI-55. Simul aneously, a quick
assessmen p o ocol was pe o med (Bain & S e enson, 1999;
Ba bou e al., 1999), e alua ing nine physical pa ame e s:
a ailable co e ; embeddedness; eloci y/dep h egime;
sedimen deposi ion; channel low s a us; channel al e a ion;
bank s abili y; ege a i e p o ec ion and ipa ian ege a i e
zone wid h. Each o hese pa ame e s was assessed on a scale
om ze o o en, and o each sampled s a ion conside ed
op imal (> 8), in e media y (8 > x > 4) o poo (< 4). An o e all
sco e was also a ibu ed o each poin , conside ing he
summa o y o he nine pa ame e s sco es, di ided by 0.9, and
his was conside ed as es ima ion o he s eam each
conse a ion s a us. Addi ionally, he o de o each sampled
wa e cou se was also de e mined (S ahle , 1964), based on
1:100.000 maps.
Da a analyses
Species accumula ion cu e based on he addi ion o
new sampling poin s, and he es ima o s o species ichness
Jackkni e 1 and Chao 1 calcula ed wi h he so wa e
Es ima eS (Colwell, 1997) we e used o access he
ep esen a i eness o he ish di e si y sampling in he en i e
s udy egion. The ela ionship be ween he s eams e alua ed
a iables (o de , wid h, dep h, al i ude, and conse a ion)
and he ish ichness was es ed h ough mul iple eg ession.
Canonical Co espondence Analysis (CCA) was used o
e alua e he ela ionship be ween he ela i e abundance o
ish species (numbe o sampled ish by species di ided by
he o al abundance in each loca ion) and he a iables ha
signi ican ly explained he ish ichness and he pa ame e s
pH, dissol ed oxygen and empe a u e. This analysis was
ca ied ou using he so wa e Canoco o Windows 4.0;
only species wi h a leas i e cap u ed indi iduals we e
included.
Resul s
The sampling poin s we e si ua ed be ween 877 and 1,214
me e s o al i ude, and we e in he i s o six h s eam o de
ange, p esen ing wid h o 1 o 20 me e s and maximum dep h
o 0.5 o 3 me e s. Mos s eams p esen ed high le els o
dissol ed oxygen (> 5 ppm), sligh ly basic pH, wa e
empe a u e be ween 15oC o 20oC, and a e y good s a e o
conse a ion (Table 1). The main impac s ha we e obse ed
we e ela ed o sedimen deposi ion and educed subs a a
o he auna (Fig. 2).
Fig. 1. Map indica ing sampling poin s and p oposed bounda ies o a S a e Pa k and an En i onmen al P o ec ion A ea (EPA)
based on Zambaldi e al. (in p ess).
De ining conse a ion s a egies based on composi ion and dis ibu ion o ish species
662
The CCA analysis also e ealed a signi ican ela ionship
be ween he mos abundan ish species and habi a a iables
(p = 0.002). The wo axes in CCA accoun ed o 62.7% o he
a ia ion in species abundance and habi a a iables (Fig. 5;
Table 3). CCA 1 accoun ed o 42.6% o he a iance and was
de e mined by al i ude, conse a ion s a us and i e wid h,
smalle wa e cou ses in highe al i udes we e ound o be in
be e conse a ion s a e. In he second axis dissol ed oxygen
and empe a u e p edomina ed bu hei explained a iances
we e low (20.1%). T ichomyc e us spp., A. a . scab ipinnis
and Pa eio hina ca ancas, o ins ance, can be ega ded as
being ypical o na owe , highe and well-p ese ed
en i onmen s, while B ycon na e e i, Salminus hila ii and
Lepo inus pa anensis a e ound in la ge and well-oxygena ed
i e s.
Loca ion UTM
E UTM
N O de Al i . (m) W (m) D (m) pH Temp. (oC) D.O. (ppm) SC
1 io Ingaí - P1 510307 7633397 6 881 20 > 2 5.35 19 6.41 65
2 ibei ão da Cachoei a 512978 7620842 4 937 8 1.3 6.29 17.8 6.01 95
3 io Ingaí - P2 506337 7620173 6 906 15 12 6.8 19.6 6.46 90
4 io Ingaí - P3 506337 7620300 6 911 - > 2 5.72 19.7 5.78 -
5 có ego do Re i o 506831 7617583 2 968 2 0.5 6.22 17.8 5.15 61
6 có ego Ma a Boi 507513 7619065 4 895 4 1 6.47 17.8 6.11 61
7 có ego do Limoei o 506172 7611146 3 967 2 0.5 6.65 18 6 96
8 io Ingaí - P4 507056 7613168 6 932 20 > 2 6.67 19.6 5.9 70
9 ibei ão do La a ejo 511288 7607953 4 1067 6 1 6.35 16.6 6.77 91
10 có ego da Bela C uz 514427 7607983 4 984 3 2 6.32 16.1 5.74 89
11 io Ingaí - P5 523315 7598696 6 999 10 > 2 6.15 18 4.45 53
12 có ego T ai uba 528313 7607703 4 1015 4 0.5 6.58 14.5 6.21 99
13 có ego do Re i o 526365 7617527 3 965 12 0.6 6.6 17.4 5.27 67
14 io Capi a i - P1 530311 7624126 6 937 8 3 6.33 16.2 4.54 80
16 có ego da Bexiga 537750 7625638 3 1132 5 1.5 7.5 13.9 4.7 83
17 cachoei a do Pad e 529747 7625644 6 927 15 3 8.4 13.6 5.4 72
18 có ego do Moleque 538776 7612792 4 1214 15 > 2 7.4 13.5 2.4 73
19 có ego da Caciana 539528 7622296 3 1053 2 0.5 7.8 14 6.2 66
20 ibei ão dos Fe ei a 530799 7621079 5 982 5 1.3 8.5 13.6 6.3 78
21 có ego G ão Mogol 532094 7616800 3 1013 2 0.5 8.1 13.7 5.6 87
22 io Capi a i - P2 537511 7617296 4 1002 15 1.5 7.7 15.1 6.7 80
23 Fazenda da Ba a 512119 7639509 3 935 1 0.3 7 16.5 6.9 72
24 Fazenda Funil 519718 7628149 6 881 10 4 8.7 20.1 7.8 69
26 ibei ão da Fo aleza 517339 7628929 3 895 3 2 9.1 16.6 7 78
27 io Ingaí - P6 509003 7633096 3 906 - > 2 9 22 6.4 -
28 ibei ão da P ima e a 509431 7631576 4 908 2 1 8.5 17.1 6 76
29 io Ingaí - P7 510834 7637830 6 883 20 > 2 8.8 20.6 8.5 58
30 ibei ão Malha Feijão 508961 7638180 4 880 2.5 1.2 9.1 15.3 8.1 87
31 có ego do Quilombo 507516 7635458 4 895 2 0.5 9.1 16.4 6 74
33 Fazenda Tape a 509354 7635900 4 900 2 1.7 8.4 16.7 5.9 70
34 có ego Escu o 520866 7622623 3 962 1.5 0.9 8.7 15.8 5.8 76
35 có ego das Ped as 525840 7622564 4 942 3 0.7 8.9 16.9 6.5 79
36 io Íngai - P8 519409 7612753 6 958 13 2 9 20.2 6.6 63
37 io Íngai - P9 518014 7612517 6 974 15 2 8.8 20.1 6.5 56
38 có ego Ma a G ande 523563 7614176 3 1005 1.5 0.5 8.8 15.6 5.9 84
39 có ego dos Cab i os 528888 7617533 4 972 1.5 0.7 8.6 18.3 6.4 74
40 có ego da La inha 515870 7608807 4 984 3 0.8 9 22.3 6.5 70
41 có ego da A oei a 518740 7607912 4 993 1.7 0.6 8.5 18.9 7.6 87
42 io Ingaí - P10 522634 7607694 6 996 25 > 2 8.6 22.1 7.1 68
43 ibei ão da Boa Vis a 519152 7601983 4 996 2.5 0.7 8.9 20.2 6.6 68
45 ibei ão Fa acho 527435 7603236 4 1032 2 1 7.9 17.8 5.4 81
46 có ego da Di isa 517850 7625085 3 988 2 0.7 8.6 18.4 5.2 84
47 io Capi a i - P3 514613 7636755 6 877 18 1.7 9 22.4 7 70
48 io Ca ancas - P1 535710 7625197 3 1038 6 1.5 7.3 18.6 6 83
49 io Ca ancas - P2 534464 7625185 2 1032 3 1.5 7.3 18.5 5.6 78
50 Fazenda das Cob as 536274 7621102 5 954 10 1 8 19.3 5.9 53
Table 1. Loca ion and cha ac e iza ion o sampling poin s in uppe Capi a i basin (Al i . = al i ude; W = wid h; D = dep h;
Temp. = empe a u e; D.O. = dissol ed oxygen; SC = sco e o s a e o conse a ion).
A o al o 1,308 indi iduals o 41 species we e cap u ed
(Table 2). Two species a e conside ed alloch onous o he
s udy a ea. Despi e he s abiliza ion o he species accumula ion
cu e (Fig. 3), ichness es ima o s Jackkni e 1 and Chao 1 poin
o he possible occu ence o a much la ge numbe o species:
55.7 (SD = 5.29) and 50.5 (SD = 5.92) espec i ely.
Deg ee o conse a ion, al i ude and wid h we e he
pa ame e s ha bes explained species ichness in he sampled
wa e cou ses (p < 0.001; 2 = 0.41). Gi en he nega i e
ela ionship be ween al i ude and wid h, he in luence o hese
ac o s may be ela ed o he al i udinal dis ibu ion o species
in he egion. Only h ee species (Pa eio haphis sp.,
T ichomyc e us b asiliensis and As yanax a . scab ipinnis)
occu ed in al i udes abo e 1,070 me e s while only eigh
occu ed abo e 1,020 me e s (Fig. 4).
P. dos S. Pompeu, L. S. dos Reis, C. V. Gandini, R. C. R. de Souza & J. M. del Fa e o 663
Conside ing he ecen ly p oposed bounda ies o
po en ial conse a ion uni s in he egion (Fig. 1), only 14 o
22 ou o 41 species would be ound in he S a e Pa k and
En i onmen al P o ec ion A ea (EPA), espec i ely.
Discussion
This s udy e ealed a conside able inc ease in he numbe
o known species in he d ainage basin o uppe io G ande.
An amoun o 39 species we e known o he io G ande
(CEMIG, 2000), and 18 species o he I u inga ese oi (Al es
e al., 1998). Wi h he addi ion o ano he 41 species om his
s udy, he Minas Ge ais po ion o he basin has now 72
eco ded species. I we include he ibu a ies o io G ande
d aining he São Paulo S a e (Cas o e al., 2004), he species
ichness eaches a leas 105 species. We should no e ha
s udies a e ye sca ce on smalle wa e cou ses o he basin,
especially in he Minas Ge ais po ion, sugges ing ha
ichness is possibly much highe .
Al hough only wo exo ic species we e eco ded, his
numbe is compa ible wi h he p opo ion o hese species in
uppe io Pa aná basin in Minas Ge ais, which is abou 10%
(Al es e al., 2007). O iginally om Sou h Ame ica and A ica
espec i ely, Poecilia e icula a and Tilapia endalli a e
widely dissemina ed and ound in i ually e e y d ainage
basin o Minas Ge ais S a e (Al es e al., 2007).
The p og essi e inc ease in numbe o ish species om
headwa e o downs eam is well known (Ho wi z, 1978), and
ichness has been p edic ed by al i ude and s eam o de
measu emen s (Pla s, 1979; Beeche e al., 1988). Species
addi ion has been ela ed o he g adual inc easing on li ing
space, habi a di e si y and en i onmen al s abili y
downs eam (Ho wi z, 1978). In he io Capi a i basin, he
al i udinal e ec on ish ichness was e iden , and c ea es a
Fig. 2. Rela i e numbe o sampling poin s in di e en deg ees
o conse a ion o each e alua ed pa ame e (1 - A ailable
co e ; 2 - Embeddedness; 3 - Veloci y/dep h egime; 4 -
Sedimen deposi ion; 5 - Channel low s a us; 6 - Channel
al e a ion; 7 - Bank s abili y; 8 - Vege a i e p o ec ion; 9 -
Ripa ian ege a i e zone wid h).
Species / Occu ence SP EPA O
O de Cha aci o mes
Anos omidae
Lepo ellus i a us (Valenciennes, 1850) x x
Lepo inus ambly hynchus Ga a ello & B i ski, 1987 x
Lepo inus pa anensis Ga a ello & B i ski, 1987 x
Lepo inus sp.
Cha acidae
As yanax al ipa anae Ga u i & B i ski, 2000 x x
As yanax ascia us (Cu ie , 1819) x x x
As yanax a . scab ipinnis (Jenyns, 1842) x x x
B ycon na e e i Gün he , 1864 x
Odon os ilbe sp. x
Piabina a gen ea Reinha d , 1867 x
Salminus hila ii Valenciennes, 1850 x
Se apinnus sp. x
C enuchidae
Cha acidium gomesi T a assos, 1956 x x
Cha acidium zeb a Eigenmann, 1909 x
Cha acidium sp. x
Cu ima idae x
S eindachne ina insculp a (Fe nández-Yépez, 1948) x
He y h inidae
Hoplias malaba icus (Bloch, 1794) x
Pa odon idae
Apa eiodon a inis (S eindachne , 1879) x
Apa eiodon ibi iensis Ama al Campos, 1944 x
Pa odon nasus Kne , 1859 x
O de Cyp inodon i o mes
Poeciliidae
Phalloce os ha pagos Lucinda, 2008 x
Poecilia e icula a Pe e s, 1859* x
O de Gymno i o mes
S e nopygidae
Eigenmannia i escens (Valenciennes, 1836) x
O de Pe ci o mes
Cichlidae
Cichlasoma a . ace um (Jenyns, 1842) x x
Tilapia endalli (Boulenge , 1897)* x
Geophagus b asiliensis (Quoy & Gaima d, 1824) x x
O de Silu i o mes
Hep ap e idae
Ce opso hamdia ihe ingi Schuba & Gomes, 1959 x x
Hep ap e us sp. x
Rhamdia quelen (Quoy & Gaima d, 1824) x
Lo ica iidae
Hypos omus sp. 1 x x x
Hypos omus sp. 2 x x x
Hypos omus sp. 3 x
Neoplecos omus pa anensis Langeani, 1990 x x x
Neoplecos omus sp. 2 x
Pa eio haphis sp. x x
Pa eio hina ca ancas Bockmann & Ribei o, 2003 x x x
Pimelodidae
Ihe ingich hys lab osus (Lü ken, 1874) x
Pimelodus he aldoi Azpelicue a, 2001 x
Pimelodus macula us Lacepède, 1803 x
T ichomyc e idae
T ichomyc e us b asiliensis Lü ken, 1874 x x x
T ichomyc e us a . i a iayae Mi anda Ribei o, 1906 x x x
Table 2. Reco ded species in he egion o uppe Capi a i
Ri e (*exo ic species; SP - p oposed S a e Pa k, EPA -
p oposed En i onmen al P o ec ion A ea; O - ou side he
p oposed conse a ion a eas).
challenge conce ning he ish auna conse a ion. La ge
i e s, which shel e mo e complex ish communi ies, a e
loca ed in low al i ude a eas which a e less p ese ed.
De ining conse a ion s a egies based on composi ion and dis ibu ion o ish species
664
The consequences o his pa e n can be illus a ed by
he pi api inga (B ycon na e e i) dis ibu ion. Among he
cap u ed species, i is he only one conside ed endange ed
(Machado e al., 2005). The uppe Capi a i egion has been
used as a sou ce o his species in o de o he de elopmen
o b eeding s ock in a ming s a ions. I we conside he
bounda ies o he p oposed conse a ion uni , wo sampled
occu ence poin s o his species a e le ou (s a ions 24 and
29) while he o he wo lie in bo de ing a eas o he pa k
(s a ions 47 and 17). This occu ence pa e n can be ela ed
o i s en i onmen al p e e ences: la ge and well-oxygena ed
i e s. The conse a ion s a us o he species could be also
explained by his aspec , since well p ese ed i e s a e mos ly
small sized ones, and loca ed in he headwa e s.
Wi h ecogni ion o he global biodi e si y c isis in he
1980’s (Wilson, 1988), many e o s we e ini ia ed o p io i ize
a eas o conse a ion ac ion on he basis o o al species
ichness o he numbe o endemic species. This app oach,
analysis o geog aphic pa e ns assuming a pa icula
axonomic au ho i y lis o be ep esen a i e, leads
in es iga o s o ocus a en ion on species’ dis ibu ions
wi hou conce n o geog aphic a ia ion, sys ema ic
p oblems, o species limi s (Pe e son & Na a o-Sigüenza,
1999). In addi ion, iden i ica ion o conse a ion a eas ideally
equi es exhaus i e knowledge o species and ecosys em
di e si y and dis ibu ion, bu de ailed in en o ies in he ield
a e se e ely cons ained by limi ed esou ces and ime
(Menon e al., 2001). Fo his eason, he analysis o h ea s
o biodi e si y is equen ly based on h ea ened ege a ion
ca ego ies, p esen ing high in eg i y a eas suscep ible o
de o es a ion and no p o ec ed by law es ic ions, ha e been
he mos selec ed a eas o conse a ion.
F eshwa e ish a e p obably he wo ld’s mos h ea ened
g oup o e eb a es a e amphibians (B u on, 1995), and in
No h Ame ica he ex inc ion a e o eshwa e animals is
Fig. 3. Species accumula ion cu e o sampling poin s in
uppe io Capi a i basin.
Fig. 4. Al i udinal dis ibu ion o sampled species in he egion
o uppe io Capi a i basin.
Fig. 5. Pa e n o ish species dis ibu ion among
en i onmen al a iables, based on canonical co espondence
analysis o dina ion (A. al = As yanax al ipa anae; A. as =
As yanax ascia us; A. sca = As yanax a . scab ipinnis; B.
na = B ycon na e e i; C. ac = Cichlasoma a . ace um; C.
gom = Cha acidium gomesi; C. zeb a = Cha acidium zeb a;
C. ihe = Ce opso hamdia ihe ingi; G. b a = Geophagus
b asiliensis; Hep = Hep ap e us sp.; H. mal = Hoplias
malaba icus; Neop = Neoplecos omus pa anensis; Hyp. 1 =
Hypos omus sp. 1; Hyp. 2 = Hypos omus sp. 2; L. pa =
Lepo inus pa anensis; Odon = Odon os ilbe sp.; Pa ei =
Pa eio haphis sp.; P. ca = Pa eio hina ca ancas; P. ha =
Phalloce os ha pagos; S. hil = Salminus hila ii; T. b a =
T ichomyc e us b asiliensis; T. i a = T ichomyc e us i a iayae).
P. dos S. Pompeu, L. S. dos Reis, C. V. Gandini, R. C. R. de Souza & J. M. del Fa e o 665
es ima ed o be h ee imes highe han ha o ma ine mammals
and almos i e imes highe han ha o e es ial animals
(Riccia di e al., 1999). Dis u bances a e o a la ge ex en ela ed
o enginee ing wo ks, domes ic and indus ial sewage, land
use p ac ices as well as ishing and s o age (Mai land, 1995),
while habi a des uc ion and in oduc ion o exo ic species
a e ci ed as he p ima y causes o ex inc ion o se e al ish
species in No h Ame ica (Mille e al., 1989). Despi e he
consequences o his scena io, he p ese a ion o ish
communi ies has been ecei ing less a en ion han o he
e eb a es (Mai land, 1985).
The c ea ion o p o ec ed a eas is po en ially a pa ial
solu ion, as i could p e en he des uc ion o habi a s and
egula e p eda o y ishing p ac ices. Howe e ew o hem
ha e been c ea ed speci ically o aqua ic en i onmen s.
Examples wo ldwide include allu ial loodplains, del as and
lakes (Saunde s e al., 2002). In B azil, he bes known example
is he en i onmen al p o ec ion a ea o uppe io Pa aná
(526,000 km2), capable o emb acing mos local ish species
(Agos inho e al., 2005).
An u gen need o c ea e mo e conse a ion uni s
speci ically in ended o ish p o ec ion has been iden i ied
by se e al au ho s (Kei h, 2000; Saunde s e al., 2002). In
p ac ice, s udies indica e ha he cen al a eas o na ional
pa ks ha e been ine ec i e ools o ish conse a ion,
because mos o hem a e loca ed in moun ainous a eas o
high al i ude, whe e he e a e only headwa e s s eams and
h ea ened species a e no ound (Kei h, 2000). These a eas
a e ypically selec ed o conse a ion based on ege a ion
emains.
In Sou heas e n B azil, whe e mos h ea s o ish auna
a e concen a ed, conse a ion uni s also ollow he same
pa e n, as hey ypically comp ise hill op a eas and he e o e
exclude a la ge numbe o species ha a e no p esen in his
ype o en i onmen . Wi hin he bounda ies o Se a do Cipó
Na ional Pa k, o ins ance, only 16 species a e ound ou o
48 species in en o ied in he egion (Viei a e al., 2005), while
in io Cipó only 10 ou o 72 species eco ded in ha Ri e
(Al es & Pompeu, 2005) we e cap u ed. Low species ichness
was also ound in Se a do Ma S a e Pa k (Gomie o & F aga,
2006) and in he das Neblinas Pa k (Se a e al., 2007).
Same pa e n would be obse ed conside ing he o iginal
a ea p oposed o he S a e Pa k in he Capi a i basin egion,
whe e only 37% o he egional ish ichness would be ound.
Howe e , hese a eas play a pa ial ole in he main enance o
aqua ic biodi e si y en i onmen s, since he main enance o
wa e quali y in small headwa e s eams is a key poin o
secu e wa e quali y in la ge i e s.
Seeing he g ea numbe o ish species egis e ed,
including endange ed ones, s a e ha as has been es ablished
by he a las o p io i y a eas in Minas Ge ais S a e (D ummond,
e al., 2005), we can a i m ha he uppe Capi a i egion
emains key o he conse a ion o he ich hyo auna o uppe
io G ande. Howe e , i he es ablishmen o conse a ion
uni s in he egion will be based only on he p esence o
ege a ion emains, a small ac ion o he local ish communi y
would be p o ec ed. In such con ex , he conse a ion o o he
lu ial landscapes, such as speci ic s e ches o i e s,
loodplains, e c, is c i ical, as well as he ac ual implemen a ion
o he di e se egula ions, public policies, and mechanisms
o i e p o ec ion and es o a ion.
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Wid h 0.80 0.08 0.28 0.01
pH -0.08 0.14 -0.55 0.04
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Accep ed Sep embe 24, 2009
Published Decembe 18, 2009
