D5.3 Strategies towards sustainable open data ecosystems

Towa ds a sus ainable Open Da a ECOsys em
D5.3
S a egies owa ds sus ainable open da a ecosys ems
This p ojec has ecei ed unding om he Eu opean Unionʼs Ho izon 2020 esea ch and inno a ion
p og amme unde he Ma ie Skłodowska-Cu ie g an ag eemen No 955569.
The opinions exp essed in his documen e lec only he au ho ʼs iew and in no way e lec he
Eu opean Commissionʼs opinions. The Eu opean Commission is no esponsible o any use ha may be
made o he in o ma ion i con ains.
D5.3 S a egies owa ds sus ainable open da a ecosys ems
P ojec Ac onym
ODECO
P ojec Ti le
Towa ds a sus ainable Open Da a ECOsys em
G an Ag eemen No.
955569
S a da e o P ojec
01-10-2021
Du a ion o he P ojec
48 mon hs
Deli e able Numbe
D5.3
Deli e able Ti le
S a egies owa ds sus ainable open da a
ecosys ems
Dissemina ion Le el
Public
Deli e able Leade
Uni e si y o he Aegean (UAEGEAN)
Submission Da e
02-06-2025
Au ho
Cha alampos (Ha is) Alexopoulos
(UAEGEAN), Mohsan Ali (UAEGEAN)
Co-au ho (s)
Abdul Aziz (UNIZAR), Alejand a Celis Va gas
(AAU), Ash a Shaha udin (TU Del ), Ca e ina
San o o (KUL), Dagobe o He e a (UNIZAR)
Da ide Di S aso (TU Del ), Gio gos
Papageo giou (FAROSNET S.A.) ,Héc o Ochoa
O iz (UNICAM), Liubo Pilshchiko a (TU Del )
Ma ía Elena López Reyes (AAU), Ma ia Ioanna
Ma a si (UAEGEAN), Ramya Chand asekha
(CNRS), Sil ia Cazacu (KUL),
Umai Ahmed
(UNICAM)
Documen his o y
Ve sion
#
Da e
Desc ip ion (Sec ion,
page numbe )
Au ho & O ganisa ion
V0.0
29-08-2024
Kick-o mee ing
Cha alampos (Ha is) Alexopoulos
(UAEGEAN), Mohsan Ali (UAEGEAN)
V0.2
11-15-2024
P elimina y Toc and
ini ial Me hodology
d a ing
Cha alampos (Ha is) Alexopoulos
(UAEGEAN), Mohsan Ali (UAEGEAN)
V0.3
13-12-2024
Ini ial inpu s om he
ESRs –
ex ac ion o
key-elemen s
Abdul Aziz (UNIZAR), Alejand a Celis
Va gas (AAU), Ash a Shaha udin (TU Del )
Ca e ina San o o (KUL), Dagobe o He e a
(UNIZAR), Da ide Di S aso (TU Del ),
Gio gos Papageo giou (FAROSNET S.A.) ,
Héc o Ochoa O iz (UNICAM), Liubo
Pilshchiko a (TU Del ), Ma ía Elena López
Reyes (AAU), Ma ia Ioanna Ma a si
(UAEGEAN), Mohsan Ali (UAEGEAN),
Ramya Chand asekha (CNRS), Sil ia
Cazacu (KUL), Umai Ahmed (UNICAM)
V0.4
05-01-2025
Inpu s om he ESRS –
explaining key-
s a egies
Abdul Aziz (UNIZAR), Alejand a Celis
Va gas (AAU), Ash a Shaha udin (TU Del )
Ca e ina San o o (KUL), Dagobe o He e a
(UNIZAR), Da ide Di S aso (TU Del ),
Gio gos Papageo giou (FAROSNET S.A.) ,
Héc o Ochoa O iz (UNICAM), Liubo
Pilshchiko a (TU Del ), Ma ía Elena López
D5.3 S a egies owa ds sus ainable open da a ecosys ems
Ve sion
#
Da e
Desc ip ion (Sec ion,
page numbe )
Au ho & O ganisa ion
Reyes (AAU), Ma ia Ioanna Ma a si
(UAEGEAN), Mohsan Ali (UAEGEAN),
Ramya Chand asekha (CNRS), Sil ia
Cazacu (KUL), Umai Ahmed (UNICAM)
V0.4a
30-01 -
2025
Inpu s om he ESRs –
Explaining Open Da a
Ecosys ems
componen s
Abdul Aziz (UNIZAR), Alejand a Celis
Va gas (AAU), Ash a Shaha udin (TU Del )
Ca e ina San o o (KUL), Dagobe o He e a
(UNIZAR), Da ide Di S aso (TU Del ),
Gio gos Papageo giou (FAROSNET S.A.) ,
Héc o Ochoa O iz (UNICAM), Liubo
Pilshchiko a (TU Del ), Ma ía Elena López
Reyes (AAU), Ma ia Ioanna Ma a si
(UAEGEAN), Mohsan Ali (UAEGEAN),
Ramya Chand asekha (CNRS), Sil ia
Cazacu (KUL), Umai Ahmed (UNICAM)
V0.5
18-02-2025
Fi s d a o e iew
Cha alampos (Ha is) Alexopoulos -
UAEGEAN, Mohsan Ali - UAEGEAN
V0.5a
27-02-25
Re ision o sec ions 1-4
and con ibu ions o
sec ions 5 - 7
Melanie Dulong de Rosnay, CNRS
V0.5b
15-03-2025
Second d a .
P ocessed eedback
ob ained om he
pee e iew p ocess
Second d a .
In eg a ion o
eedback ecei ed
om bene icia ies and
collec ed du ing
S ee ing Supe iso y
Boa d mee ing
Cha alampos (Ha is) Alexopoulos -
UAEGEAN, Mohsan Ali - UAEGEAN
20-03-2025
Re iew second d a
Melanie Dulong de Rosnay, CNRS
Joep C omp oe s, KU Leu en
And ea Polini, UNICAM
Bas iaan an Loenen, TUD
V0.6
31-03-2025
Final epo
Cha alampos (Ha is) Alexopoulos -
UAEGEAN, Mohsan Ali - UAEGEAN
18-04-2025
Re iew d a inal
Melanie Dulong de Rosnay, CNRS
Joep C omp oe s, KU Leu en
And ea Polini, UNICAM
Bas iaan an Loenen, TUD
V0.6
27-05-2025
Final epo
Cha alampos (Ha is) Alexopoulos -
UAEGEAN, Mohsan Ali - UAEGEAN
V0.8
28-05-2025
App o al
Bas iaan an Loenen, TUD
V1.0
02-06-2025
Final edi ing
Dani sja an Heusden, TUD
D5.3 S a egies owa ds sus ainable open da a ecosys ems
Table o Con en s
Abb e ia ions ..................................................................................................................................................................... 7
Execu i e summa y .......................................................................................................................................................... 8
1 In oduc ion ............................................................................................................................................................... 9
1.1 Objec i es ...................................................................................................................................................... 9
1.2 Key e ms desc ibed .................................................................................................................................. 9
1.3 S uc u e o his deli e able .................................................................................................................10
2 Me hodology ..........................................................................................................................................................11
2.1 P elimina y esea ch ................................................................................................................................11
2.2 Da a collec ion ..........................................................................................................................................11
2.3 Analysis.........................................................................................................................................................12
2.4 Syn hesis o s a egies and app oaches ..........................................................................................13
3 P elimina y Resea ch – Iden i ica ion o Challenges ...............................................................................14
3.1 Cu en open da a sys ems and challenges in he li e a u e ..................................................14
3.2 Mapping he iden i ied challenges in open da a sys ems o he Open Da a Ecosys emsʼ
d i e s 16
4 Da a Collec ion .......................................................................................................................................................18
4.1 Use d i en s a egies .............................................................................................................................18
4.2 Inclusi e s a egies...................................................................................................................................18
4.3 Ci cula s a egies .....................................................................................................................................19
4.4 Skill based s a egies ..............................................................................................................................19
5 Analysis - Sus ainable Open Da a Ecosys em F amewo k ....................................................................20
5.1 Designing he Open Da a Ecosys em (ODE) amewo k ..........................................................20
5.2 Explaining sus ainable open da a ecosys em amewo kʼs componen s ...........................20
5.2.1 Open Da a Ecosys em .......................................................................................................................20
5.2.2 Open da a in as uc u e .................................................................................................................21
5.2.3 Enabling en i onmen .......................................................................................................................22
5.2.4 Go e nance ...........................................................................................................................................23
5.2.5 Resou ces ...............................................................................................................................................24
5.2.6 S akeholde g oups ............................................................................................................................25
5.2.7 Feedback/e alua ion/ ede ini ion ................................................................................................27
5.2.8 Da a exchange .....................................................................................................................................27
5.2.9 Da a quali y ...........................................................................................................................................28
5.2.10 Collabo a ion and ne wo k e ec s ..............................................................................................29
5.2.11 Co-c ea ion ...........................................................................................................................................31
5.2.12 Incen i es ...............................................................................................................................................31
5.2.13 Value ........................................................................................................................................................32
5.2.14 New concep s (AI4Da a and Da a4AI) ........................................................................................33
5.3 Towa ds a amewo k o an ODE ........................................................................................................34
6 Analysis and Syn hesis o S a egic App oaches .......................................................................................36
6.1 S a egies owa ds a use d i en open da a ecosys em ...........................................................36
6.1.1 Coo dina ed da a s ewa dship ac oss go e nmen al and non-go e nmen al ac o s
37
6.1.2 Enhancing open da a pla o ms ...................................................................................................38
6.1.3 Es ablish e ec i e eedback mechanisms .................................................................................38
D5.3 S a egies owa ds sus ainable open da a ecosys ems
6.1.4 De elop a s anda dized open da a po al in e ace o make he da a publica ion
p ocess easie .........................................................................................................................................................38
6.1.5 Technical openness o he da ase s .............................................................................................39
6.1.6 Empowe ing ma ginalized s akeholde s: encou aging inclusi e pa icipa ion in ODEs
39
6.2 S a egies owa ds an inclusi e open da a ecosys em ..............................................................40
6.2.1 Enable mul iple da a access poin s .............................................................................................40
6.2.2 Facili a ing da a sha ing among non-go e nmen da a holde s.....................................41
6.2.3 Building sha ed goals and alues in an open da a ecosys em .........................................41
6.2.4 Imp o ing open da a accessibili y h ough use - iendly and mul ilingual design..42
6.2.5 Scoping local p oblems and building collabo a i e ne wo ks o open da a solu ions
42
6.2.6 S a egies o acili a ing collabo a ion be ween domain expe s and da a expe s
43
6.2.7 Adop ing hema ic classi ica ion o da ase s om Eu opean Da a Po al (EDP) .......43
6.2.8 P ac ical implemen a ion o CARE and FAIR p inciples in open da a legal amewo ks
43
6.2.9 Es ablishing and implemen ing a na ional o sup a-na ional conso ium o open
da a sha ing .............................................................................................................................................................44
6.2.10 Thema ical anno a ion o open da a ..........................................................................................44
6.2.11 In e media ion in p o iding ools o di e se da ase s o da a augmen a ion and
quali y enhancemen ...........................................................................................................................................45
6.2.12 Low-code ools p o ision o da a analysis ..............................................................................45
6.3 S a egies owa ds a ci cula ODE......................................................................................................45
6.3.1 Resou ce p o ision and suppo o small sized NGOs .......................................................46
6.3.2 B idging s akeholde s h ough bounda y objec s ................................................................46
6.3.3 Knowledge hubs o open da a in as uc u e and expe ise exchange ......................47
6.3.4 Unlocking open da a po en ial h ough alue c ea ion and ne wo ked in e ac ions
47
6.3.5 Designing in e ac i e and adap i e isualiza ions o dynamic ODEs ...........................48
6.3.6 Employing open da a s anda ds and o ma s .........................................................................48
6.3.7 Adop ing scalable in as uc u e echnologies .......................................................................49
6.3.8 Assessing he implemen a ion o in e ac i e isualiza ion ools o da a explo a ion
and comp ehension .............................................................................................................................................49
6.3.9 Maximizing open da a u iliza ion h ough a pu pose d i en app oach .......................50
6.3.10 Make aining in da a skills and li e acy a ailable .................................................................50
6.3.11 Adap i e engagemen s a egies .................................................................................................50
6.4 In eg a ion o all s a egies o he ODE amewo k clickable e sion .................................51
7 Recommenda ions ................................................................................................................................................53
7.1 Technical ecommenda ions ................................................................................................................53
7.1.1 Imp o e disco e abili y by adop ing hema ic s uc u ed classi ica ion models ......53
7.1.2 P omo ing s anda diza ion h ough linked open da a o seman ic in e ope abili y
53
7.1.3 Es ablishing e ec i e eedback mechanisms o ODE imp o emen .............................53
7.1.4 S anda dizing open da a po al in e aces o simpli y da a publica ion ......................53
7.1.5 Imp o e echnical usabili y and openness ...............................................................................54
7.2 Go e nance ecommenda ions...........................................................................................................54
7.2.1 Build sha ed goals and alues by p omo ing sha ed cul u e ............................................54

D5.3 S a egies owa ds sus ainable open da a ecosys ems
7.2.2 Scope local p oblems and build collabo a i e ne wo ks wi h local s akeholde s ....54
7.2.3 Facili a e collabo a ion be ween domain expe s and open da a expe s ..................54
7.2.4 Empowe ing ma ginalized s akeholde s o inclusi e ODEs .............................................54
7.2.5 Es ablishing a go e nance amewo k o open da a alida ion .....................................55
7.2.6 Enabling da a analysis h ough low-code ools and aining ...........................................55
8 Limi a ions................................................................................................................................................................56
9 Conclusion ...............................................................................................................................................................57
Re e ences .........................................................................................................................................................................58
Annex 1 - Open Da a Ecosys em S a egies ........................................................................................................67
Lis o igu es
Figu e 1: ODECO deli e ables and asks ele an o his deli e able .......................................................... 9
Figu e 2: Me hodology o de eloping s a egies and app oaches o ODEs .........................................11
Figu e 3: Me hodology o he designing he open da a ecosys em amewo k .................................13
Figu e 4: Iden i ied challenges in open da a sys ems and dealing wi h hem h ough designing
and s a egizing ODE amewo k .............................................................................................................................16
Figu e 5: componen s o a sus ainable Open Da a Ecosys em amewo k .............................................20
Figu e 6: A possible isualisa ion o an open da a ecosys em amewo k ..............................................35
Figu e 7: O e a ching s a egies pe ODE d i e ...............................................................................................36
Figu e 8: Use d i en open da a ecosys em s a egies and addi ional app oaches connec ed o a
s a egy ...............................................................................................................................................................................37
Figu e 9: Inclusi e open da a ecosys em s a egies and addi ional app oaches connec ed o a
s a egy ...............................................................................................................................................................................40
Figu e 10: Ci cula open da a ecosys em s a egies and addi ional app oaches connec ed o a
s a egy ...............................................................................................................................................................................45
Figu e 11: Sc eensho o he clickable e sion de eloped o easily na iga e in he open da a
ecosys em amewo k, d i e s and co esponding s a egies ......................................................................52
Figu e 12: Clicking in e media ies on he open da a ecosys em amewo k, popups a ull lis o key
elemen s pe d i e s, and s a egies pe d i e s. ...............................................................................................52
Lis o ables
Table 1: A sample s a egy o inclusi e open da a ecosys ems ..................................................................12
Table 2: Wo kshops conduc ed o amewo k design and iden i ica ion o s a egies .....................12
Table 3: Iden i ied challenges in open da a sys ems and mapping hem o he open da a
ecosys emʼs d i e s ........................................................................................................................................................17
Table 4: S a egies o use d i en open da a ecosys ems .............................................................................67
Table 5: S a egies o inclusi e open da a ecosys ems ..................................................................................72
Table 6: S a egies o ci cula open da a ecosys ems .....................................................................................77
Table 7: S a egies o skill-based open da a ecosys ems ..............................................................................85
D5.3 S a egies owa ds sus ainable open da a ecosys ems
7
Abb e ia ions
D Deli e able
EDP Eu opean Da a Po al
ESR Ea ly-S age Resea che
FAIR Findable, Accessible, In e ope able, and Reusable P inciples
ICT In o ma ion and Communica ion Technologies
NG non-go e nmen
NGO Non-go e nmen al O ganisa ion
NLP Na u al Language P ocessing
NPO Non-P o i O ganisa ion
OD Open Da a
ODE Open Da a Ecosys em
ODP Open Da a Pla o m
ODI Open Da a In as uc u e
OGD Open Go e nmen Da a
WP Wo k Package
N
Pa ne
Pa ne sho
name
Coun y
Bene icia y
1
Technische Uni e si ei Del
TU Del
Ne he lands
2
Ka holieke Uni e si ei Leu en
KUL
Belgium
3
Cen e Na ional de la Reche che
Scien i ique
CNRS
F ance
4
Uni e sidad de Za agoza
UNIZAR
Spain
5
Panepis imio Aigaiou
UAEGEAN
G eece
6
Aalbo g Uni e si e
AAU
Denma k
7
Uni e si à degli S udi di Came ino
UNICAM
I aly
8
Fa osne S.A.
FAROSNET S.A.
G eece
Pa ne o ganisa ions
1
7eDa a
7EDATA
Spain
2
Digi aal Vlaande en
DV
Belgium
3
Ci y o Copenhagen
COP
Denma k
4
Ci y o Ro e dam
RDAM
Ne he lands
5
CoC Play ul Minds
CoC
Denma k
6
De ilinx
DERI
I eland
7
ESRI
ESRI
Ne he lands
8
Maggioli S.p.A
MAG
I aly
9
Na ional Cen e o Geog aphic In o ma ion
CNIG
Spain
10
Open Knowledge Belgium
OKB
Belgium
11
SWECO
SWECO
Ne he lands
12
The go e nmen lab
GLAB
Uni ed S a es o Ame ica
13
Agency o Da a Supply and In as uc u e
ADSI
Denma k
14
GFOSS Open Technologies Alliance
GFOSS
G eece
15
Inno3 Consul ing
IC
F ance
16
Regione Ma che
RM
I aly
17
Open Da a Ins i u e
ODI
Uni ed Kingdom
D5.3 S a egies owa ds sus ainable open da a ecosys ems
8
Execu i e summa y
This deli e able aims a de eloping an o e a ching sus ainable amewo k and s a egy by
add essing he key challenges aced by cu en open da a sys ems, which a e supplie -d i en,
linea , exclusi e, and e o -based, limi ing hei abili y o c ea e sus ainable and alue-gene a ing
Open Da a Ecosys ems (ODEs).
The main objec i e o his deli e able was o design an o e a ching sus ainable ODE amewo k
and o p opose s a egies o pa e he way owa ds a use d i en, ci cula , inclusi e, and skill-based
Open Da a Ecosys em (ODE). To achie e such an o e a ching sus ainable amewo k and
s a egies, p e ious esea ch done in his p ojec has been u ilized om di e en pe spec i es,
such as o b idging he open da a supply and demand, o inco po a ing he di e en aspec s
equi ed o ensu ing ci cula i y, and o in eg a ing equi emen s key o ensu ing inclusi eness.
Building on he wo k o Van Loenen e al. (2021) and u he de eloping he whole ODECO p ojec
based on his wo k, he deli e able p oposes a ans o ma i e ision o open da a sys ems by
inco po a ing he ODE d i e s, namely use d i en, inclusi e, ci cula , and skill-based, owa ds
sus ainable and alue-c ea ing ODEs. The goal is o mo e away om agmen ed, go e nmen -
cen ic open da a sys ems owa d ecosys ems ha maximize alue o all s akeholde s—
go e nmen , NGOs, esea che s, businesses, and ci izens alike—while ensu ing ai alue
dis ibu ion and os e ing inno a ion.
The deli e able in oduces a comp ehensi e ODE F amewo k ha in eg a es componen s such as
s akeholde g oups, da a p o ision and usage, d i ing o ces, go e nance, open da a
in as uc u e, and enabling en i onmen s. By u ilizing he ODE amewo k componen s, we ha e
illus a ed hei in e ac ions, po aying he complexi y o an ODE.
We also iden i ied 83 s a egies o u he ODE de elopmen . Fu he syn hesis gi es 29 dis inc
s a egies. This esul ed in ele en ecommenda ions o ins i u ions and ac o s p oducing, using
o o he wise con ibu ing o he ODE, o be implemen ed in o de o suppo sus ainable ODEs.
These 11 ecommenda ions may imp o e usabili y and accessibili y, quali y, and pa icipa ion
h ough a se o 5 echnical and 6 go e nance s a egies.
In conclusion, achie ing a sus ainable ODE equi es a mul i ace ed app oach ha balances
inclusi i y, ci cula i y, use d i en engagemen , and skill-based empowe men . This deli e able
ep esen s a s ep o wa d in he e olu ion o ODEs. By add essing he gaps in cu en sys ems and
le e aging he p oposed s a egies, he amewo k and s a egies ou lined in his s udy pa e he
way o a mo e inclusi e, equi able, and inno a i e open da a u u e. Ul ima ely, his wo k
con ibu es o he b oade goal o ha nessing open da a as a powe ul ool o socie al and
economic ans o ma ion.
D5.3 S a egies owa ds sus ainable open da a ecosys ems
9
1 In oduc ion
Nume ous s udies ha e examined he concep s o open da a and how building open da a
ecosys ems (ODE) can h i e open da a ini ia i es. The mo i a ion behind each s udy di e s wi h
espec o he ODEs elemen s. In a collec i e pape , he conso ium has explained he unde lining
causes ha hinde s ODEs o achie e sus ainabili y and alue c ea ion (see Van Loenen e al., 2021).
I was iden i ied ha cu en open da a sys ems a e supplie -d i en, exclusi e, linea , and e o -
based (Van Loenen e al., 2021). T ans o ming cu en open da a sys ems o use d i en, inclusi e,
ci cula , and skill-based can d i e he way owa ds alue-c ea ing and sus ainable ODEs1.
1.1 Objec i es
The objec i e o his deli e able is o de elop an o e a ching sus ainable amewo k/s a egy o
a i e a a use d i en, ci cula , inclusi e, and skill based ODE. I in eg a es ODECO Wo k Packages
(WP) WP2, WP3, WP4, T5.1 and T5.2 esul s, and builds u he on he esul s om he indi idual
esea ch p ojec s o he i een Ea ly S age Resea che s (ESRs) (see Figu e 1).
Figu e 1: ODECO deli e ables and asks ele an o his deli e able
1.2 Key e ms desc ibed
In his epo , we use se e al a he complex e ms equen ly. He e we p o ide hei desc ip ion
o de ini ion:
• Open da a ecosys em: “a cyclical, sus ainable, demand-d i en en i onmen o ien ed a ound
agen s ha a e mu ually in e dependen in he c ea ion and deli e y o alue om open da a”
(Van Loenen e al. (2018, p. 5).
• Open da a ecosys em d i e s: (1) use d i en, (2) ci cula , (3) inclusi e, and (4) skill-based:
o Use d i en: Use d i en ocus on he use needs and demands o he da a, such as
wha da a hey need, in which o ma , how is he po en ial use and euse.
o Inclusi e: an inclusi e ODE allows any ac o o pa icipa e in he ODE: “The inclusion
o p oblem owne s, i.e., ci izens, public adminis a o s, in e es g oups wi h a clea
iew o c i ical p oblems o sol e, would ins ead call o an open and b oade p ocess
based on pa icipa ion and co-c ea ion. The in e ac ion wi h indus y pa ne s, ci il
socie y, and go e nmen s is essen ial o ensu e ha open da a ini ia i es a e inclusi e.
Inclusi e ODEs add ess socie y's needs a la ge by ensu ing indi iduals and
disad an aged g oups (including elde ly, women, disabled) ha e access o and bene i
1 Please no e ha he skill-based d i e was no pa o he g an ed ODECO p ojec . I was in oduced la e in he p ojec
(see Van Loenen e al., 2021)
D5.3 S a egies owa ds sus ainable open da a ecosys ems
16
To summa ise he analysis, he limi a ions o cu en open da a sys ems—such as being supplie -
d i en, exclusi e, linea , and e o -based—hinde hei sus ainabili y and alue c ea ion (Van
Loenen, Zuide wijk, Vancauwenbe ghe, e al., 2021). Challenges ela ed o da a disco e abili y,
s akeholde collabo a ion, go e nance, and quali y u he impede he e ec i eness o open da a
ini ia i es (Ki sios e al., 2017; Wiene e al., 2016). Addi ionally, issues such as policy
agmen a ion, lack o eedback loops, and insu icien incen i es o da a sha ing make i di icul
o es ablish a well- unc ioning open da a landscape (Zuide wijk e al., 2014, 2016). The absence
o a s uc u ed, anspa en , and collabo a i e amewo k wi hin open da a sys ems esul s in
ine icien da a use, limi ing i s po en ial o economic g ow h, policy imp o emen s, and
inno a ion (Gup a e al., 2020; Lnenicka e al., 2022). The e o e, ansi ioning owa ds a sus ainable
ODE is no jus bene icial bu essen ial. By in eg a ing go e nance s uc u es, s akeholde
engagemen , da a alue mechanisms, and sus ainabili y measu es, ODEs can add ess he
sho comings o adi ional open da a sys ems, ensu ing ha open da a is no only published bu
e ec i ely u ilized o gene a e economic, social, and policy-d i en impac . The ull lis o
challenges o cu en open da a sys ems is p esen ed in Figu e 4. The challenges we e ex ac ed
om he li e a u e (Van Loenen e al., 2021; Gup a e al., 2020; Lnenicka e al., 2022; Ki sios e al.,
2017; Wiene e al., 2016; Runeson e al., 2021; S y in e al., 2017; an Schalkwyk e al., 2016;
Zuide wijk e al., 2016; Zuide wijk e al., 2014). Fu he mo e, hese limi a ions a e echnical,
o ganiza ional, and go e nance- and policy- ela ed. In he end, we p oposed ha an ODEs
amewo k, along wi h ac ionable s a egies and app oaches, can e ec i ely add ess hese
challenges and lead o a sus ainable and alue-c ea ing ODE.
Figu e 4: Iden i ied challenges in open da a sys ems and dealing wi h hem h ough
designing and s a egizing ODE amewo k
3.2 Mapping he iden i ied challenges in open da a sys ems o he Open Da a
Ecosys emsʼ d i e s
The iden i ied challenges ha e been ca ego ized based on ODE d i e s, aiming o ind solu ions
h ough hese d i e s. Fo example, how open da a d i e s add ess hese challenges and by wha
means. Speci ically, he use d i en app oach in an ODE enhances adap abili y, scalabili y, and
inno a ion by ensu ing da a is disco e able, high-quali y, and e icien ly sha ed wi h s akeholde s
as pe hei needs. Some challenges a e c oss-cu ing and equi e con inuous e o s o be
esol ed, such as in as uc u e, esou ces, go e nance, and skills; his we call ho izon al
challenges. The e ical challenges a e hose ha we can easily map o he ODE d i e s somehow
by unde s anding hei scope and ele ance. Fo ins ance, challenges wi h adap abili y, scalabili y,

D5.3 S a egies owa ds sus ainable open da a ecosys ems
17
da a disco e abili y, quali y, and inno a ion-o ien ed da a a e mapped o he use d i en d i e o
he ODE. Simila ly, he emaining cu en open da a sys ems challenges as men ioned in Figu e 4
a e mapped o he use d i en, inclusi e, and ci cula d i e s o he ODE. The mapping ins i u ions
come om he explana ions o each challenge as desc ibed h oughou his sec ion.
Table 3: Iden i ied challenges in open da a sys ems and mapping hem o he open da a
ecosys emʼs d i e s
Ve ical challenges
Use d i en
Inclusi e
Ci cula
Adap able
T anspa en
Sus ainable
Scalable
Collabo a i e
Value d i en
Disco e able da a
Clea Bounda ies
Clea oles o in ol ed s akeholde s
E icien Da a sha ing
In ol ing o ganiza ions
In e ope able
Quali y
No limi ed o go e nmen s
Economic alue-c ea ion
Inno a ion o ien ed
Clea Bounda ies
Ho izon al challenges
In as uc u e
Resou ces
Go e nance
Skill based
D5.3 S a egies owa ds sus ainable open da a ecosys ems
18
4 Da a Collec ion
We analysed ODECO epo s and he esea ch esul s o he ODECO ESRs o iden i y he
componen s and hei connec ions wi hin he ecosys em amewo k, and p opose s a egies.
Desc ip ions o p oposed s a egies we e eques ed om he ESRs and supe iso s o each
elemen (we conside ed any impo an ema ks, ecommenda ions, conclusions, o key ou comes
ega ding ODE d i e s and subsequen bene i s ela ed o hese d i e s as key elemen s) o he
pu pose o hei inclusion and implemen a ion in he ODE amewo k. In his way, ou aim was o
iden i y and unde s and he componen s o he ODE amewo k and hei ele ance o he ODE
d i e s and how hey may u he con ibu e o s a egies o achie ing a sus ainable ODE.
The da a collec ed included iden i ied s a egies s emming om conduc ed indi idual ODECO
esea ch and collec i e deli e ables, which di ec ly o indi ec ly imp o e he ODEs. The summa y
o he s a egies o co esponding ODE d i e s a e explained below ( o de ailed in o ma ion we
e e o annex 1 Table 4, Table 5, Table 6, and Table 7).
4.1 Use d i en s a egies
The s a egies ou lined o enhancing ODEs emphasize he impo ance o collabo a ion, sha ed
cul u e, accessibili y, and sus ainabili y. Public adminis a ions and non-go e nmen al
o ganiza ions (NGOs) could o m pa ne ships o co-de elop open da a ini ia i es, sha ing
knowledge and esou ces o espond o he e ol ing needs o s akeholde s. Cul i a ing an
o ganiza ional cul u e ha alues open da a and ensu ing da a quali y h ough p o iling, eedback
mechanisms, and use d i en in e aces can imp o e accessibili y and usabili y. Fu he mo e,
in eg a ing open da a ac oss domains and adhe ing o echnical s anda ds, FAIR ( indable,
accessible, in e ope able, and in e ope able) p inciples (GO FAIR, 2016), and CARE p inciples
(Resea ch Da a Alliance In e na ional Indigenous Da a So e eign y In e es G oup., 2019) p omo e
in e ope abili y and acili a e seamless da a sha ing. Building open da a communi ies and
p o iding aining oppo uni ies o use s will help de elop capaci y and os e g ea e
engagemen . Suppo ing open licenses, e hical conside a ions in da a sha ing (e.g., p i acy and
con iden iali y), and anspa ency in legal amewo ks is essen ial o ensu ing esponsible and
sus ainable da a euse. Las ly, ensu ing he economic sus ainabili y o ODEs h ough di e se
unding (public, p i a e and hyb id) models is expec ed o suppo hei long- e m success.
Collec i ely, hese s a egies aim o c ea e ODEs ha a e use d i en, in e ope able, and esponsi e
o he needs o a ious use s, ul ima ely con ibu ing o hei b oade impac and sus ainabili y.
4.2 Inclusi e s a egies
The s a egies o enhancing ODEs om he inclusi e pe spec i e emphasize he impo ance o
non-go e nmen da a publica ion, sha ed in as uc u es, and mul i- o ma da a access. The e is
a ocus on add essing ba ie s o local communi y access, suppo ing non-go e nmen al
con ibu ions, and aligning he in e es s o di e se s akeholde s o os e collabo a ion.
Recommenda ions include communi y cen ic design, lowe ing da a access ba ie s, and c ea ing
go e nance mechanisms o bo om-up ini ia i es. Fu he mo e, in e disciplina y collabo a ion,
he design o inclusi e open da a e en s, and he ins i u ionaliza ion o hese e en s a e c ucial.
Legal amewo ks should accoun o powe dynamics and p omo e equi y, in eg a ing CARE
p inciples alongside FAIR. Addi ionally, he a ailabili y o pla o ms o non-go e nmen open da a
is encou aged, wi h he sugges ion o es ablishing a conso ium o collec i e open da a sha ing
and go e nance.
In his deli e able, inclusi eness mainly ocuses on
open da a
con ibu ions om he non-
go e nmen da a. Howe e , his iew appea s oo limi ed. Inclusi i y should no be es ic ed o
p o iding open da a o he ODE; a he , i should encompass any aluable con ibu ion om non-
go e nmen ac o s o he ODE— his may include new da ase s, ools, insigh s, se ices, o
D5.3 S a egies owa ds sus ainable open da a ecosys ems
19
collabo a i e p ac ices ha enhance he ecosys em as a whole. Recognizing hese b oade
con ibu ions e lec s a mo e comp ehensi e and ealis ic unde s anding o wha sus ains an ODE
o e ime. This ma ks an impo an shi om ou ini ial pe cep ion o inclusi i y and a mo e
ma u e in e p e a ion o sus ainable ODEs.
In addi ion, he inclusi i y concep should be econside ed o include also da ase inclusi i y, as
ue inclusi eness in open da a goes beyond who con ibu es da a—i mus also ensu e ha he
da a i sel e lec s di e se con ex s, needs, and popula ions, pa icula ly hose o en
unde ep esen ed o ma ginalized in da a collec ion and sha ing p ocesses. The e o e, da ase
inclusi i y should also be conside ed in his con ex .
4.3 Ci cula s a egies
The s a egies ou line e o s o enhance he ci cula i y o ODEs by p omo ing equi able alue
dis ibu ion. S a egies include os e ing collabo a ion among go e nmen s, NGOs, and
businesses, adop ing open s anda ds, and alida ing me ada a. Ano he s a egy o d i e
pa icipa ion in he ODE is o incen i ize pa icipa ion bo h inancially and non- inancially.
Addi ionally, le e aging in e media ies h ough ad iso y se ices is c ucial o acili a ing da a
sha ing and in eg a ion, while p omo ing he use o open-sou ce so wa e u he suppo s hese
e o s.
In his deli e able (and he o e all p ojec ), ci cula i y has p ima ily ocused on non-go e nmen
(NG) ac o s u ilizing Open Go e nmen Da a (OGD) and con ibu ing enhanced e sions back o
he ODE, he eby c ea ing a loop o alue c ea ion and ai dis ibu ion. Howe e , also his iew
appea s oo limi ed. Ci cula i y should no be es ic ed o he e u n o imp o ed OGD alone;
a he , i should encompass any aluable con ibu ion om open (go e nmen ) da a use s back
o he open da a ecosys em (including he open da a p o ide ). This may include imp o ed open
(go e nmen ) da ase s, bu also ools, new insigh s, se ices, o collabo a i e p ac ices ha
enhance he ecosys em as a whole. Recognizing hese b oade con ibu ions e lec s a mo e
comp ehensi e and ealis ic unde s anding o wha sus ains an ODE o e ime. This ma ks an
impo an shi om ou ini ial pe cep ion o ci cula i y and a mo e ma u e in e p e a ion o
sus ainable ODEs.
4.4 Skill based s a egies
The s a egies ela ed o he skill-based d i e s o he ODE emphasize capaci y building, da a
quali y enhancemen , and he empowe men o in e media ies h ough accessible ools. These
s a egies include ini ia i es such as p o iding da a augmen a ion ools o imp o e da a eliabili y
and us , as well as de eloping low-code pla o ms o suppo educa o s and da a in e media ies
in os e ing b oade pa icipa ion and usabili y ac oss di e se da a en i onmen s. S eng hening
skills and capabili ies wi hin he ecosys em is essen ial o ensu ing sus ainable and e ec i e open
da a u iliza ion.
D5.3 S a egies owa ds sus ainable open da a ecosys ems
20
5 Analysis - Sus ainable Open Da a Ecosys em F amewo k
The capabili ies o open da a ecosys ems come wi h challenges in ealizing hei ull po en ial. By
analysing hese challenges and le e aging esea ch conduc ed indi idually and in deli e ables
wi hin his p ojec and beyond, we designed an open da a ecosys em (ODE) amewo k.
5.1 Designing he Open Da a Ecosys em (ODE) amewo k
The i s a emp o design he ODE amewo k was made in Ali e al. (2025). Fo his deli e able,
we adap ed he ODE amewo k o Ali e al., (2025) wi h he help o in e ac i e wo kshops and co-
c ea ion echniques by asking wo kshop pa icipan s o e lec on he p oposed ODE amewo k
and i s componen s.
In he i s wo kshop, he ini ial e sion o he amewo k was explained o he pa icipan s, asking
hei opinions on he placemen o componen s and hei connec ions wi h o he componen s.
Some componen s we e enamed, dele ed, o en iched h ough he discussion. In he subsequen
wo wo kshops, we u he imp o ed he amewo k and added policies, challenges, and
ecommenda ions. Ano he example o he changes is ha , ini ially, go e nance was no included
as a componen in he o iginal amewo k. Howe e , a e he wo kshops go e nance was
inco po a ed.
Figu e 5 p esen s a p elimina y se o ODE amewo k componen s along wi h he beyond-s a e-
o - he-a wo k equi ed o each componen . Each o hem is explained in mo e de ail below.
Figu e 5: componen s o a sus ainable Open Da a Ecosys em amewo k
5.2 Explaining sus ainable open da a ecosys em amewo kʼs componen s
5.2.1 Open Da a Ecosys em
Desc ip ion: The ODE is conside ed pi o al o sus ainable alue c ea ion h ough open da a
u iliza ion. In his s udy, i is used as an umb ella e m, as shown in Figu e 5, and wi h he inne
ed ci cle encompassing all majo componen s ha play a di ec o indi ec ole in he ODE's
sus ainable alue c ea ion. The ODE is comp ised o a dynamic en i onmen co e ing aspec s
ela ed o open da a s akeholde s, d i ing o ces, alue c ea ion, go e nance, and open da a
in as uc u e. The mo i e behind he design o he ODE is o iden i y all componen s and hei
dynamic connec ions. Fu he mo e, he iden i ica ion o mal unc ions in he cu en ecosys em
will allow o he p oposi ion o he app op ia e s a egic app oaches in o de o es ablish a well-
unc ioning ODE. In ODEs, s akeholde g oups wo k collabo a i ely o s imula e he po en ial o
D5.3 S a egies owa ds sus ainable open da a ecosys ems
21
open da a. Despi e he po en ial o ODEs, hey ace se e al challenges ega ding he
s anda diza ion o ools, echniques, and me hods o implemen ing open da a ini ia i es, as well
as gene a ing alue h ough he use and euse o open da a based on needs and equi emen s.
Add essing hese challenges can enhance alue c ea ion and suppo he sus ainabili y o he
ODE.
S a e o he a : Se e al s udies ha e explo ed he concep o ODEs (S y in e al., 2017; Van
Loenen, Zuide wijk, Vancauwenbe ghe, e al., 2021; Zuide wijk e al., 2014). ODE concep s a e a
e y beginning s age o de elopmen , acing challenges wi h p ope ac o inclusion and oles,
alue-c ea ion, alue-dis ibu ion, use -needs elici a ion, quali y o da a, u iliza ion o a i icial
in elligence, adding alue o he open da a, and making all hese s eps anspa en wi hin ODEs
and beyond. Open da a sys ems ace challenges o achie e alue-c ea ion and sus ainabili y due
o supply and demand misma ch, exclusion o ce ain use g oups and domains, linea alue-
c ea ion, and lack o skills ha e been explo ed a domain and coun y le el such as inance, legal,
educa ion, geog aphic, and ag icul u al (Van Loenen, Zuide wijk, Vancauwenbe ghe, e al., 2021).
Open da a impac s and i s ealiza ion depends on s imula ion o echnical, social, and poli ical
esou ces, beyond he da a supply bu also making a con ibu ion chain o ac i i ies a ound he
da ase s (Da ies, 2011). The ODE complexi y and challenge space obse ed om i s mul i ace ed
and mul ip o essional na u e and e en ge s mul iplied when he e ogenei y om he da a,
domains, and ac o s and each o hem ha ing hei own speci ic challenges a di e en spa ial and
empo al le els ge s in o his.
Beyond he s a e o he a : We ha e examined he di e si ied na u e o ODE concep s and
associa ed challenges wi h hem, which sugges s a clea need o he ODE amewo k c ea ion —
con aining all he majo componen s. The ole o ODE amewo kʼs componen s in s imula ing he
ODE d i e s. Fu he mo e, p oposing and o malizing s a egies o each ODE amewo kʼs
componen s, so ha ac ual ODE can be sus ained and alue-c ea ing o all in ol ed ac o s.
Addi ionally, eme ging AI echnologies, such as he open-sou ce AI models, can bo h bene i om
and con ibu e o ODEs. The o maliza ion o ODE amewo ks and co esponding s a egies
would be one s ep owa ds achie ing sus ainabili y and alue-c ea ing ODEs.
5.2.2 Open da a in as uc u e
Desc ip ion: The echnological componen s o ODEs, including ools, s anda ds, se ices, and
so wa e applica ions, suppo da a s o age, sha ing, and ope a ions such as da a in eg a ion and
in e ope abili y ac oss di e se da a domains, o m he in as uc u e o ODEs. Open da a
in as uc u e ein o ces he en i e ODE by enabling smoo h da a sha ing and suppo ing
collabo a i e ac i i ies. Open da a in as uc u e aces challenges wi h he ad ancemen o
echnologies, such as exis ing usage o obsole e echnologies and uns anda dized p ac ices.
S a e o he a : Se e al s udies emphasize he impo ance o scalable and in e ope able
in as uc u es o ensu e he sus ainabili y o ODEs. Ki s ein e al., (2020) desc ibe he idea o la ge-
scale open da a managemen pla o ms based on seman ic web echnologies. Conde e al., (2024)
u he explo e me ada a-d i en in eg a ion o open da a po als in o da a spaces, ad oca ing o
au oma ed me ada a gene a ion and alida ion h ough s anda dized models. G ossman e al.,
(2016) p opose he da a commons model, which co-loca es da a, s o age, and compu a ional
esou ces wi h common analysis ools, emphasizing pe sis en digi al iden i ie s, me ada a
se ices, APIs, and da a po abili y o in e ope abili y. Collec i ely, hese s udies unde sco e he
need o mode n, scalable, and s anda dized open da a in as uc u es ha le e age seman ic
echnologies, me ada a-d i en in eg a ion, and in e ope able amewo ks o enhance he
e ec i eness and long- e m iabili y o ODEs.

D5.3 S a egies owa ds sus ainable open da a ecosys ems
22
Beyond he s a e o he a : The u u e o ODEs could emb ace adap i e and sel -op imizing
da a in as uc u es ha e ol e in esponse o eal- ime condi ions and use in e ac ions, wha we
could de ine as li ing open da a in as uc u es. Unlike adi ional open da a eposi o ies, which
ely on pe iodic upda es and manual in e en ions, li ing open da a in as uc u es would
inco po a e machine lea ning, au oma ion, and eedback loops o enhance da a quali y, ele ance,
and in e ope abili y dynamically. By in eg a ing AI-d i en mechanisms, open da ase s could lea n
om usage pa e ns, de ec inconsis encies, and e ine hei s uc u e and con en based on
communi y con ibu ions and con ex ual changes. This app oach would os e g ea e
esponsi eness, accu acy, and e iciency, ensu ing ha open da a emains con inuously upda ed
and aligned wi h use needs. Mo eo e , sel -op imizing da ase s could enhance c oss-domain
in e ope abili y by adap ing o e ol ing da a s anda ds and seamlessly in eg a ing new
in o ma ion sou ces. Howe e , ealizing his ision equi es add essing key challenges, such as
anspa ency in algo i hmic decision-making, and sa egua ds agains biases in au oma ed
lea ning p ocesses. Addi ionally, go e nance amewo ks would need o balance openness wi h
eliabili y, ensu ing ha sel -op imizing da ase s emain e i iable and accoun able o he b oade
open da a communi y. By emb acing li ing open da a in as uc u es, u u e ODEs could mo e
beyond s a ic da a eposi o ies, enabling a mo e dynamic, in elligen , and sus ainable app oach
o da a sha ing and collabo a ion.
5.2.3 Enabling en i onmen
Desc ip ion: Enabling he en i onmen is mean o co e aspec s o sus ainable ODE such as open
da a ma ke (e.g., business models o sus ainabili y), cul u e, egula ions, and o he capaci y
building, and communi y pa icipa ion ac i i ies ha suppo o hinde he success o open da a
ini ia i es. Communi y pa icipa ion is impo an as ODEs assume he u iliza ion o da a ou side
he sys ems ha gene a ed hem o c ea e alue. The p ope a angemen s o he enabling
equi emen s educe ba ie s o open da a sha ing and use, p omo e FAIR p inciples, d i e
inno a ion, and os e anspa ency ac oss di e se cul u al con ex s. In he enabling en i onmen
he e is ele an o conside he e hical conside a ions such as bias, p i acy conce ns, and misuse
o open da a (Zuide wijk & Janssen, 2014b).
S a e o he a : I is impo an o unde s and ha any enablemen equi emen is pa o a bigge
sys em o alues in which he de ini ion o anspa ency and pa icipa ion is nego ia ed.
Knowledge p oduc ion is poli ical and shaped by powe dynamics ha enable o limi
pa icipa ion in open da a ini ia i es (Ba es, 2013; Johnson, 2014; Ki chin, 2024) . Mo e speci ically,
some ac o s lack he skills o make sense o open da a (Pe o ich e al., 2020). This is pa icula ly
ue o ma ginalized communi ies who canno ac i ely pa icipa e in open da a ini ia i es o who
migh no be ep esen ed by da a due o da a gaps (Milan, 2020; Ruije e al., 2024). Fu he , AI
and da a in as uc u es complica e and dilu e he p ocess o acing da a o igins, making alue
assessmen challenging (Publica ions O ice o he Eu opean Union., 2024). Powe imbalances
shape da a access and usage, leading o selec i e openness, whe e dominan ac o s (e.g.,
co po a ions) bene i mo e han smalle en i ies o indi iduals (B oom ield, 2023; Gu s ein, 2011).
Beyond he s a e o he a : S a ing om he conside a ion ha ODEs also b ing con lic s
among alues, di e en go e nance s a egies can be en isaged in e ms o he s udy and p ac ice
o ODEs: S udy he ex en o which open da a egula ions manda e o p omo e da a sha ing ha
is no mean o be epu posed in he da a economy. Fo ins ance, he implemen ing egula ion
on High-Value Da ase s (2023/138) p io i izes economic alue, hus enabling g ea e
economic/ma ke alue a he han o he alues, such as pa icipa ion (B oom ield, 2023).
Unde s and he ole o comme cial ac o s in open da a by adding obliga ions o open da a
sha ing in he public in e es , as seen in Ba celonaʼs ‘da a so e eign y clauses,ʼ which equi e
p i a e se ice p o ide s o sha e da a in an open, machine- eadable o ma wi hin p ocu emen
con ac s (Monge e al., 2022). Rely on p i a e law mechanisms o p omo e equi able da a use, as
D5.3 S a egies owa ds sus ainable open da a ecosys ems
23
in he case o s onge sha e-alike obliga ions ha p e en he isk o open da a exploi a ion (Da a
Science Law Lab, 2024).
5.2.4 Go e nance
Desc ip ion: Majo elemen o ODE, deals wi h se ing he oles, de ining ules o open da a
ini ia i es and open da a i sel , and mechanisms o open da a handling (managing open da a
esponsibly, jus i iably, and endu ably) h oughou open da a li e cycle and beyond. This se s he
ules such as esol ing con lic s and powe imbalances among s akeholde s (da a p o ide s,
in e media ies, and use s), p ese ing accoun abili y, adop ing/de eloping s anda ds. Good
go e nance leads he ODE o essen ial componen s such as us , da a quali y, and FAIR use o
open da a. Open da a go e nance is opaque, wi h accoun abili y dispe sed ac oss p i a e-public
pa ne ships (J. Taylo , 2017; L. Taylo e al., 2022). This lack o anspa ency makes i di icul o
ack da a mo emen , in eg i y, and secu i y, leading o isks such as unin ended da a epu posing
(e.g., U.S. open science da a used o acial ecogni ion in China) (L. Taylo e al., 2022).
S a e o he a : Go e nance in ODEs is essen ial o main aining sus ainable da a sha ing and
euse among s akeholde s, including go e nmen s, businesses, and indi iduals (Pollock, 2011; Van
Loenen, Zuide wijk, Vancauwenbe ghe e al., 2021). T adi ional go e nance models ha e la gely
ollowed hie a chical and ma ke -based mechanisms (Chan illon e al., 2017; San o o e al., 2024),
bu esea ch highligh s he bene i s o pa icipa o y, commons-based app oaches (Gu ns ein,
2011; Os om, 1990), aiming o g ea e inclusi i y and e iciency. ODE go e nance mus balance
egula ion, s akeholde in ol emen , and sus ainable da a sha ing. Hie a chical models ely on
s ic egula ions, ensu ing compliance bu limi ing adap abili y (Wee akkody, Janssen, e al.,
2017). Ma ke -based go e nance uses inancial incen i es o encou age pa icipa ion bu may
exclude esou ce-limi ed ac o s (Moo e, 1993, 2006). Ne wo k-based go e nance os e s
collabo a ion and us (P o an & Kenis, 2008), bu can su e om coo dina ion issues (Johnson,
2014). A g owing body o esea ch suppo s commons-based go e nance, ollowing Os omʼs
(1990) sel -go e ning p inciples. This app oach p omo es bounda y-making, sha ed decision-
making, and legal amewo ks o sus ainabili y (Da ies & Pe ini, 2016). Commons-based
go e nance acili a es collec i e managemen o da a esou ces, imp o ing accessibili y and
os e ing inno a ion (Ca anillas e al., 2016).
Non-go e nmen al da a holde s ace ba ie s in ODEs, including legal, inancial, and echnical
challenges (Reggi & Dawes, 2022a). Many p i a e en i ies hesi a e o sha e da a due o in ellec ual
p ope y conce ns and compe i i e isks (Eu opean Commission, 2020). To add ess hese issues,
go e nance s a egies mus p o ide egula o y cla i y and incen i es. Policy in e en ions such as
manda o y da a-sha ing o publicly unded esea ch o ax bene i s o businesses ha con ibu e
da a can b idge gaps (Wee akkody, Kapoo , e al., 2017). Collabo a i e pla o ms enable
businesses, NGOs, and esea che s o nego ia e ag eemen s, os e ing us and mu ual bene i s
(Chan illon e al., 2017). Empi ical s udies indica e ha public-p i a e pa ne ships imp o e da a-
sha ing p ac ices (Hossain e al., 2016).
Use engagemen is c ucial o ODE sus ainabili y, equi ing con ibu ions beyond da a
consump ion (Yuan, 2019). Ba ie s such as limi ed echnical li e acy, lack o awa eness, and unclea
eedback mechanisms hinde pa icipa ion (Huijboom & Van den B oek, 2011). Mo i a ion
heo ies o e insigh in o engagemen . Sel -De e mina ion Theo y unde sco es au onomy,
compe ence, and social connec ion as key d i e s (Ryan & Deci, 2000). Use s con ibu e mo e
when hei e o s ha e meaning ul impac and when pla o ms a e use - iendly and ewa ding
(Wenge , 1998). Fos e ing communi ies o p ac ice s eng hens engagemen by encou aging
knowledge-sha ing and inno a ion (Bach ia e al., 2020). E ec i e go e nance should include
gami ica ion, ecogni ion sys ems, and s eamlined con ibu ion mechanisms (Da ies & Pe ini,
2016). Open da a po als allowing use anno a ions and da ase upda es imp o e pa icipa ion
(Sa a o e al., 2017b). Pa ne ships wi h educa ional ins i u ions and ad ocacy g oups u he
enhance long- e m use engagemen (Hossain e al., 2016).
D5.3 S a egies owa ds sus ainable open da a ecosys ems
24
Beyond he s a e o he a : Go e nance amewo ks mus e ol e o add ess eme ging
challenges like da a so e eign y, AI in decision-making, and he digi al di ide (Ki chin & Lau iaul ,
2014). Hyb id models combining hie a chical, ma ke -based, and commons-based app oaches can
p o ide egula o y compliance while os e ing inno a ion and collabo a ion (Micheli e al., 2020;
Van Dijck e al., 2018). AI-d i en compliance mechanisms can s eamline go e nance by
moni o ing da a-sha ing ag eemen s, while blockchain-based sma con ac s can enhance
anspa ency (Da ies & Pe ini, 2016; Gu ns ein, 2011). Howe e , hese echnologies mus be
implemen ed ca e ully o p e en exace ba ing powe asymme ies (Ruije e al., 2024) and
en i onmen al oo p in . Ensu ing inclusi i y in ODE go e nance emains i al. Ma ginalized
g oups o en ace obs acles in da a access and con ibu ion, ein o cing inequali ies (Meije &
Po je , 2018). Policies p omo ing digi al li e acy and communi y-led go e nance can help add ess
hese dispa i ies (Ruije e al., 2024). Go e nance s a egies mus p io i ize equi y, ensu ing open
da a bene i s a e widely dis ibu ed and decision-making emains inclusi e.
5.2.5 Resou ces
Desc ip ion: Resou ces o ODEs co e dimensions like da ase s, me ada a models, ools, and
unding o manage he da a, and analy ical models which can suppo da a accessibili y and
usabili y ac oss wide domains. These esou ces a e impo an o a ain inno a ion and bene i
om open da a. Be e esou ce managemen , alloca ion, and u iliza ion a e equi ed o ensu e
anspa ency and accoun abili y o he ODE o ai alue c ea ion and dis ibu ion.
S a e o he a : Acco ding o he Open Da a Ba ome e 3, open da a ini ia i es ha ha e suppo
om he go e nmen and sus ainable a ailabili y and access o equi ed esou ces ha e a high
chance o achie ing hei de ined goals and impac . Open da a ini ia i es de elopmen and
implemen a ion needs con inuous a ailabili y o esou ces (e.g., inance) (Donke & an Loenen,
2017) . Da a cu a ion and sha ing solu ions a e conside ed impo an and hey p o ide solu ion
o “a common me ada a acking amewo k, p o iding ools and esou ces o c ea e and manage
la ge, he e ogeneous da a se s in a cohe en manne , and allowing use s o (pa s o ) da a se s o
‘connec he me ada a do s” (Sansone e al., 2012). The da a esou ces and ools a e conside ed a
cha ac e is ic o an ODE (Zuide wijk e al., 2014). The da a esou ces co e se e al aspec s,
including licensing, linked da a, da a packaging, pa ching, pull eques s, and da a me ging
op ions. The da a esou ces should also include ICT p epa edness, ICT usage, a chi ec u e, and
esou ce alloca ion (Zuide wijk e al., 2014).
A s udy by Zuide wijk e al. (2016) men ions ha open da a policies should be o ien ed and pay
a en ion o he a ailabili y and quali y o i e ypes o esou ces: open da a, open in o ma ion
echnology, in e nal IT, equi ed knowledge, and go e nance. Resou ces on he open da a
p oduce 's side a e needed, bu some esou ces a e also needed on he da a use 's side, such as
open da ase s, he skills equi ed o analyse he da a, s akeholde collabo a ion and ne wo k
e ec s, and compe i i e ad an age based on open da a. Open da a esou ces equi ed o c ea e
a compe i i e ad an age ha e also been discussed in he s udy by Zuide wijk e al. (2016). E en
companies can acqui e he equi ed esou ces om hei allies o gene a e comme cial alue in
ODEs. Resou ces om di e en companies may lead o alue c ea ion and gi e companies an
oppo uni y o ely on speci ic esou ces ha a e impo an o hem. The need o esou ces also
a ies om company o company. Resou ce needs a e also expandable o all s akeholde s o
some ex en .
Beyond he s a e o he a : The a ailabili y o esou ces is mos ly ocused on he p oduce 's
side, and less a en ion is gi en o he open da a use s and in e media ies' side. The e is also a
need o unding models o co e public-p i a e pa ne ships and open inno a ions. I ʼs also
c ucial ha sus ainable unding is p o ided o o he pa s o he ODE, including da a
3 h p://openda aba ome e .o g/
D5.3 S a egies owa ds sus ainable open da a ecosys ems
25
in as uc u e, go e nance, and communi y engagemen . We ha e seen s udies ha discuss da a
packaging and pa ching, bu c oss-pla o m in e ope abili y emains an issue. Wo k is equi ed
owa d he de elopmen o a s anda dized esou ce amewo k co e ing di e en kinds o
esou ces ( echnical, social, inancial, and e en human). Conside ing social capi al as a quan i iable
esou ce in ODEs is also impo an .
5.2.6 S akeholde g oups
S akeholde g oups can be ca ego ized in o h ee g oups: p oduce s, in e media ies, and use s.
The p oduce ʼs s akeholde g oup is esponsible o da a gene a ion and p o ision h ough he
ODE. The in e media iesʼ s akeholde g oups a e esponsible o a di e se ype o asks such as
in e media ing, aining, o de eloping applica ions. Finally, use s akeholde g oups a e using
open da a as pe hei need and de eloping applica ions o making decisions based on open da a.
Roles may o e lap ac oss di e en ac o g oups. Fo ins ance, ci izens can se e as da a p o ide s
(such as h ough pla o ms like OpenS ee Map), while also being da a use s and bene icia ies o
open da a ini ia i es. Simila ly, applica ion de elope s equen ly ake on mul iple oles as
in e media ies, use s, and enable s who con ibu e o bo h he echnical and unc ional laye s o
he ecosys em. Academia is ano he c oss-cu ing ac o , ac i ely in ol ed in da a p o ision,
s ewa dship, ad ocacy, and esea ch, he eby in luencing bo h policy and p ac ice. Fu he mo e,
da a use s a e no pe se passi e ecipien s— hey o en p o ide eedback ha shapes da a quali y
and ele ance and simul aneously bene i om he insigh s and se ices enabled by open da a.
This luidi y o oles unde sco es he dynamic and in e connec ed na u e o he open da a
landscape. In some cases, i has also seen ha oles and ac o s could be he same, o ins ance,
in e media ies can also be enable s/ da a s ewa d.
P oduce s
Desc ip ion: This g oup o s akeholde s a e esponsible o gene a ing and p o iding open da a.
They a e also known as da a p o ide s (Heijlen & C omp oe s, 2021) o da a publishe s
(Cha alabidis e al., n.d.; H us ek e al., 2023). Thei ole is o make su e ha he da a being
p oduced is ele an , use ul, accu a e, and accessible o he o he s akeholde s. They equi e o
main ain da a quali y and adhe ence o da a main enance aspec s all along he way o da a li e
cycle.
S a e o he a : They a e esponsible o he open da a supply in he ODE, and his open da a
supply is conside ed hei bes e o con ibu ed o he ecosys em. They a e esponsible o
da ase c ea ion o gene a ion (Bu eau e al., 2018; Oli ei a e al., 2017) and/o publishing (Co be
e al., 2020) open da a o ul il end-use demands in he ODE. They may sha e open da a wi h
in e media ies o en ich he da a and p epa e i (Alexopoulos e al., 2014). Da a p o ision is no
always based on demand and needs. Da a should be conside ed o publica ion i i can be used
o se ice de elopmen o ci izens, p o ide alue o companies, o con ibu e o economic
imp o emen (Kös e & Suá ez, 2016). O en, open da a p oduce s a e equi ed o de elop a
amewo k (legal o egula o y) pe aining o da a opening, da a sha ing, and da a use (Dawes e
al., 2016; Fang e al., 2024). Go e nmen s a e he mos common p o ide s o open da a, bu a ew
s udies also men ion businesses o p i a e en e p ises as open da a p oduce s (see, o example,
Ali e al., 2024).
Beyond he s a e o he a : In he ODE, he inclusi e na u e o an ODE emphasizes da a p o ision
om non-go e nmen al sou ces (Van Loenen, Zuide wijk, Vancauwenbe ghe, e al., 2021). Da a
in eg a ion echniques should be adop ed so ha new da ase s can be gene a ed om exis ing
ones. The p o ision o high-quali y and demand-o ien ed da ase s can con ibu e o alue
c ea ion and sus ainabili y in ODEs. Non-go e nmen al o ganiza ions should also be included as
D5.3 S a egies owa ds sus ainable open da a ecosys ems
32
o ganisa ional cul u e, which means hey ha e an awa eness abou he social impac o open da a
sha ing.
Addi ionally, he o ganisa ional cul u e o NPOs is o en less hie a chical, and employees
can p opose and ake pa in p ojec s hey enjoy, which means hey ha e a p esence o
engagemen o enjoymen ac i i ies o mo i a e da a sha ing. Ano he incen i e is he communi y
suppo and social impac o open da a sha ing and open da a p ojec s. I is mo i a ing o small-
sized NPOs o con inue he p ojec /da a sha ing, i he impac and suppo a e e iden , as hei
esou ces a e o he wise limi ed, so hey mus p io i ise which p ojec s o wo k on/da a o open.
Beyond he s a e o he a : Fo non-p o i and non-go e nmen al o ganiza ions, impo an
incen i es o open da a sha ing and alue gene a ion a e aining o imp o e da a-li e acy skills
o he employees oge he wi h aising awa eness o open da a concep s. Smalle sized NPOs and
NGOs may no ha e a dedica ed p og amme o skilled employee o sha e he da a p ope ly as
open o euse he exis ing open da a o c ea e social alue. To mo i a e hese ac o s, hey need
o ha e access o aining and he abili y o employ skilled employees. Ano he incen i e o NPOs
and NGOs is mo e inancial coope a ion ha would suppo da a-skilled employees and help
NPOs un hei open da a p ojec s long- e m. The e a e exis ing examples o such coope a ion,
such as he Open Knowledge Founda ion ne wo kʼs p o o ype und, ha can help small
o ganisa ions o ac i is s inancially wi h hei p ojec s and da a li e acy aining. A simila solu ion
should be p omo ed, especially ac oss he coun ies, o help dis ibu e he esou ces o he NGOs
wi h less suppo ha needed o ODE engagemen . Mo eo e , he c ea ion o a common pla o m
o NGOs o sha e he da a, like open da a go e nmen po als, could wo k as ano he incen i e.
The c ea ion o such a po al could help wi h he a ailabili y o app op ia e echnical ools
and
a ailabili y o esou ces
ha many NGOs lack and, hus, a e unable o sha e hei da a (Pe i, 2024).
5.2.13 Value
Desc ip ion: Well-o ganized open da a ini ia i es gene a e alues o di e en ypes, such as
angible and in angible alues. These alues can be g ow h in he economy, social awa eness and
empowe men , and sus ainabili y in he ield om which his open da a is gene a ed and sha ed.
The alue gene a ion and i s ai dis ibu ion is a long-s anding discussion opic in open da a.
S a e o he a : The cu en s a e o he a in alue gene a ion wi hin ODEs showcases he
balance be ween he au onomous, sel -in e es ed ac o s and he collabo a i e mechanisms ha
enable alue c ea ion. Da ies (2011) emphasizes ha success ul alue gene a ion equi es
mobilizing a combina ion o echnical, social, and poli ical esou ces while os e ing coo dina ion
and sel -o ganiza ion among ecosys em pa icipan s (Da ies, 2011). Csáki (2019) u he
elabo a es on ODEs as dynamic sys ems whe e ac o s and g oups c ea e sha ed meaning and
alue a ound open da a, wi h hei in e ac ions shaping he ecosys emʼs g ow h and heal h (Csáki,
2019). Oli ei a and Lóscio (2018) iden i y ou co e elemen s o an ODE— esou ces, oles, ac o s,
and ela ionships—unde sco ing ac o ʼs lexibili y in adop ing a ious oles (Oli ei a & Lóscio,
2018). S a egies o maximizing alue a e shi ing om op-down in e en ions o communi y-
d i en app oaches, ecognizing he inadequacies o hie a chical models o handling
mul idi ec ional da a lows.
Beyond he s a e o he a : While cu en esea ch ocuses on alue c ea ion in he ODE, he e
is a need o deepen he knowledge and unde s anding o alue dis ibu ion mechanisms and hei
adap abili y in he dynamic en i onmen o an ODE. The de elopmen o alue dis ibu ion
algo i hms in esponse o eme ging s akeholde scena ios is c ucial. Addi ionally, he c ea ion o
eedback loops and ecosys em heal h me ics can help acili a e alue c ea ion and ai dis ibu ion
wi hin he ODE. Fu he mo e, in oducing new ci cula business models in o he ODE and
explo ing how hey can in eg a e wi h he ci cula economy and mul i-s akeholde collabo a ions
will con ibu e o mo e esilien and adap able ODEs.

D5.3 S a egies owa ds sus ainable open da a ecosys ems
33
5.2.14 New concep s (AI4Da a and Da a4AI)
Desc ip ion: A i icial in elligence may be conside ed as a d i ing o ce o d i e he syne gies in
he ield o open da a. I s pu pose is wo- old, i s ly, using AI o imp o e he open da a a a ious
s ages such as quali y, me ada a, alignmen wi h s anda ds. On he o he hand, use o AI o
de elop applica ions and use-cases using open da a o b ing inno a ion and alue-gene a ion.
AI4Da a means imp o ing open da a in e ms o quali y (including also in e ope abili y,
in eg a ion, and me ada a gene a ion). Da a4AI means using open da a as a sou ce and b inging
AI analy ical capabili ies o os e inno a ion. Da a4AI co e s he aspec s o making open da a
a ailable o AI models aining and es ing. Ad ancemen in AI4Da a and Da a4AI can open new
oppo uni ies in da a-d i en solu ions o easy da a p oduc de elopmen s.
S a e o he a : A i icial In elligence has e olu ionized how open da a is used, whe he in da a
quali y enhancemen s o inno a i e applica ions. The AI4Da a pa adigm ocuses on enhancing
open da a a a ious s ages, such as gene a ing o imp o ing me ada a, enhancing da a quali y,
making da a in e ope able, and s anda dizing i . Se e al s udies ha e explo ed hese opics, and
hey a e s ill being in es iga ed a idly ollowing he ad en o mo e ad anced models. Fo
ins ance, Ahmed e al., (2024) c ea ed a hyb id me hod (BRYT) combining con en ional and
ad anced me hodologies such as BERT, RAKE, YAKE, Tex Rank o ex ac keywo ds o open da a
se s. Song e al., (2024) u ilize con empo a y La ge Language Models (LLMs) such as LLAMA and
Mis al o ex ac me ada a om mo e desc ip i e ields inside he da ase . Tu gunbae (2024)
discusses a ious con en ional machine lea ning me hodologies o he pa icula use case o
me ada a ex ac ion. Giglou e al., (2024) explo e s a e o he a LLMs such as GPT, Llama, Mis al
o pe o m on ology mapping ul ima ely as a use case o da a in e ope abili y. Bakke & Scala,
(2024) pe o m on ology lea ning om ex ual da a using con empo a y LLM: GPT-4o. Alha bi e
al., (n.d.) employ LLM- GPT o c ea e an on ological s uc u e – Knowledge G aph om medical
ex s. Ma a si e al., (2024) explo e mul iple on ologies and hei possible in e connec ed mapping.
Mo eo e , hey employ GPT 3.5 and GPT 4 o gene a e he mappings and alida e i s accu acy on
manual da a.
Da a4AI ocuses on u ilizing open da a o enhance he de elopmen o AI applica ions. Open
da ase s p o ide signi ican oppo uni ies o aining and imp o ing machine lea ning models.
Access o high-quali y open da a speeds up AI esea ch by lowe ing he cos s and ime equi ed
o da a collec ion and p epa a ion. Webe e al., (2024) emphasize he signi icance o open
da ase s o aining machine lea ning models. They e lec he challenges associa ed wi h
anspa ency, da a access, and da a cu a ion, c ucial o ad ancing open-sou ce AI de elopmen .
A beláez e al., (2024) unde sco e he signi icance o employing open da a, which migh be di e se
and e en unlabelled, as a be e cos -e ec i e al e na i e o cus om-labelled da a which migh be
expensi e and migh hinde de elopmen . Alam e al., (2023) highligh he ole o open da a and
explainable AI in enhancing anspa ency, accoun abili y, and in e p e abili y in heal hca e AI
models. Employing di e se open da a, he models can achie e be e eliabili y and accu acy,
p omo ing us and openness.
S a e-o - he-a e lec s how he syne gy be ween AI4Da a and Da a4AI can c ea e obus
eedback loops. Imp o ed da a quali y and me ada a quali y (AI4Da a) lead o g ea e model
pe o mance, while AI applica ions and inno a ions (Da a4AI) can u he enhance da a collec ion
me hods h ough he use o ools using AI. This dual ad ancemen opens oppo uni ies o new
da a-d i en solu ions, anging om au oma ed decision-making sys ems o scalable da a
p oduc s ha add ess socie al challenges.
Beyond he s a e o he a : The u u e holds signi ican po en ial o AI4Da a and Da a4AI. I
would e olu ionize da a cu a ion and AI model aining. The cu en s a e pa icula ly ocuses on
imp o ing da a quali y, in e ope abili y, and accessibili y. Mo ing o wa d, we can also ocus on
sel -op imizing dynamic ecosys ems ha use AI and ein o cemen lea ning o main ain he
in eg i y o da a, me ada a, and in e ope abili y s anda ds. F om con en ional s a ic sys ems, i
D5.3 S a egies owa ds sus ainable open da a ecosys ems
34
would mo e o mo e dynamic sys ems ha would be sel -su icien in add essing changing
con ex s and use needs. Fo ins ance, wha e e da a- ela ed needs a e communica ed o he
sys ems ia LLMs, which unde s and he con ex o use needs, i would igge he pe inen sub-
model o add ess i and esol e i .
Mo eo e , da a in on ological s uc u e and knowledge g aphs could p o e o be a game change
o anspa ency, in e ope abili y, and, ul ima ely, o aining models. We could le e age he
seman ic capabili ies o LLMs o build domain-speci ic on ologies o s uc u e open da a. I would
highly enhance he in e ope abili y and openness o he models ha will be ained h ough hose.
The domain-speci ic on ologies and s uc u e would highly enhance he AI model aining o any
pa icula domain ask. Apa om being accu a e i would u n ou o be highly anspa en and
explainable in e ms o i s p edic ions. In he u u e, we may also see he eme gence o AI-d i en
da a ma ke places ha acili a e he dynamic exchange and mone iza ion o open da a h ough
blockchain-based pla o ms. These pla o ms would po en ially enable da a sha ing by ensu ing
p o enance, secu e access, and ai compensa ion. This app oach would signi ican ly enhance
da a-d i en inno a ion and p omo e economic g ow h on a global scale.
5.3 Towa ds a amewo k o an ODE
The amewo k and associa ed componen s equi e dedica ed e o s o ans o m he open da a
ealm and ill he gaps/p oblems by p oposing speci ic s a egies o mi iga ion. E en ually, by
illing hese gaps h ough he p oposed s a egies, a sus ainable ODE amewo k can be o med.
We ha e illus a ed he ODE amewo k by i s de ailing he componen -le el aspec s and
explo ing how each componen can be heo e ically enhanced h ough suppo om he li e a u e
and beyond s a e-o - he-a wo k. We hen u he ex ended his by analysing he in e ac ions
among he componen s hemsel es, aiming o make he ODE mo e use -d i en, inclusi e, ci cula ,
and skill-based. Figu e 6 p esen s he esul ing ODE amewo k ou lining he componen s beyond
hei concep s including in e ac ions and wo king wi hin ODEs. Ou ODE amewo k includes
s akeholde s, da a, d i e s, incen i es, alues, collabo a ion/ne wo k e ec , co-c ea ion, and open
da a in as uc u e. Da a quali y and da a exchange appea as possible d i ing o ces in ODEs.
Ahmed (2023) add esses challenges in da a indabili y, accessibili y, usabili y, and alue c ea ion
h ough enhanced da a quali y. The li e a u e also links hese o ces o e ol ing concep s ha
in eg a e a i icial in elligence. Ahmed (2023) ad oca es using AI o o e come challenges in open
da a managemen —a no ion in line wi h AI4Da a—while Pa el e al. (2023) emphasize da a-cen ic
inno a ions ha exempli y Da a4AI. Da a quali y and da a exchange a e key d i ing o ces in ODEs,
ensu ing in e ope abili y and usabili y, while AI4Da a enhances da a p ocessing, and Da a4AI
elies on open da a o aining AI models (Ahmed, 2023; Ahmed e al., 2024; Kijano ić e al., 2024).
These componen s a e in eg a ed wi hin he ODE amewo k. Each componen o he ODE
amewo k has been mapped o i s co esponding d i e s using di e en colou s. G een
bounda ies ep esen use d i en aspec s, ed indica es he ci cula i y o he ODE amewo k, blue
ep esen s inclusi eness, and pu ple highligh s skill-based componen s. In some cases, mo e han
one d i e co esponds o componen s.
The componen s o he ODE amewo k a e e y di e se in na u e — encompassing en i ies
(s akeholde s), p ocesses (da a exchange and collabo a ion), in angible componen s (such as
alues and incen i es), and echnical elemen s (in as uc u e). This di e si y is in en ional, as he
amewo k aims o p o ide a holis ic iew o ODEs, whe e mul iple dimensions — social, echnical,
ins i u ional, and economic — in e ac and co-e ol e. Ra he han limi ing he amewo k o one
ype o componen , his inclusi e app oach cap u es he complexi y and in e connec edness o
eal-wo ld ODEs.
We conduc ed in e ac i e wo kshops o each he isualiza ion o he ODE amewo k and
associa ed componen s. The ODE amewo k was e ined h ough hese in e ac i e wo kshops,
discussions, and eedback wi hin he conso ium du ing he p epa a ion o his deli e able.
D5.3 S a egies owa ds sus ainable open da a ecosys ems
35
Figu e 6: A possible isualisa ion o an open da a ecosys em amewo k
In Figu e 6, we obse e nume ous in e ac ions among di e se and mul idisciplina y componen s,
which aises conce ns abou he complexi y, unde s andabili y, and s aigh o wa d applica ion o
he ODE amewo k. We ha e ealized ha his complex ep esen a ion is di icul o g asp,
indica ing he need o u he e inemen — possibly by de eloping a less complex amewo k o
b eaking he o e all amewo k in o smalle , simple sub- amewo ks. This app oach would help
achie e be e unde s anding o he ODE amewo k, i s componen s, and he necessa y suppo
o ODE d i e s. This idea will be conside ed as a u u e imp o emen o he ODE amewo k.
D5.3 S a egies owa ds sus ainable open da a ecosys ems
36
6 Analysis and Syn hesis o S a egic App oaches
In his chap e , we p esen he analysis and syn hesis o s a egies o sus ainable ODEs. We ha e
collec ed 83 p oposed s a egies (see annex 1). We g ouped and explained he p oposed
s a egies based on hei ela ionship wi h ODE F amewo kʼs componen s, and ODE d i e s.
Tho ough analysis esul ed in 29 dis inc s a egies; hese 29 dis inc s a egies a e lis ed in 6.1,
6.2, and 6.3 subheadings. These s a egies os e he sus ainabili y o an ODE. They e lec a wide
ange o mul idisciplina y no ions o be conside ed o design an ODE and u he make i
sus ainable. In his chap e , we link he 29 unique s a egies o he ODE d i e s and p esen hem
acco dingly (see Figu e 7).
Figu e 7: O e a ching s a egies pe ODE d i e
6.1 S a egies owa ds a use d i en open da a ecosys em
S a egies pe aining o a use d i en ODE include coo dina ed da a s ewa dship be ween
go e nmen al and non-go e nmen al ac o s, ensu ing open da a pla o ms inco po a e use
d i en design, eedback mechanisms, and eme ging echnologies. S anda dized in e aces,
echnical openness, and accessibili y ools empowe ma ginalized s akeholde s and acili a e
seamless da a in e ac ion. Ins i u ional suppo , legal manda es, and unding policies s eng hen
sus ainabili y, while open da a e en s and needs assessmen s align da a a ailabili y wi h socie al
and economic p io i ies. NGOs and indus y collabo a ions enhance da a usabili y, while ax
incen i es and unding models encou age sus ained con ibu ions. By os e ing awa eness o
open da aʼs social impac and aligning p i a e in e es s wi h public alue, pa icipa ion and
engagemen in he ecosys em can be u he expanded. Figu e 8 illus a es he s a egies ( i s
deg ee) and addi ional app oaches (second deg ee) o he sus ainable ODE unde he “use
d i en” d i e .
D5.3 S a egies owa ds sus ainable open da a ecosys ems
37
Figu e 8: Use d i en open da a ecosys em s a egies and addi ional app oaches connec ed
o a s a egy
6.1.1 Coo dina ed da a s ewa dship ac oss go e nmen al and non-go e nmen al ac o s
The e ec i e coo dina ion o ODEs equi es well-de ined go e nance s uc u es, ypically
managed by go e nmen al ac o s. Go e nmen s play a c ucial ole in ensu ing ha da a is
collec ed, main ained, and sha ed in a way ha maximizes i s usabili y and socie al impac . They
se policies, es ablish s anda ds, and ensu e anspa ency, making ODEs mo e accessible and
unc ional.
Howe e , elying solely on go e nmen ins i u ions o discha ge hese unc ions can lead o
ine iciencies, bo lenecks, and scalabili y limi a ions. By in oducing incen i es, non-
go e nmen al ac o s—including p i a e sec o o ganiza ions, academic ins i u ions, NGOs, and
ci ic ech communi ies—can ake on key oles in managing, imp o ing, and dissemina ing open
da a. This dis ibu ed go e nance app oach os e s a mo e dynamic, esilien , and sus ainable
ci cula da a ecosys em whe e mul iple ac o s collabo a e o enhance da a eusabili y, quali y, and
accessibili y.
By allowing non-go e nmen al ac o s o pa icipa e in open da a go e nance wi h he igh
incen i es—such as unding, ecogni ion, da a access p i ileges, o policy in luence, he sys em
bene i s om di e se expe ise, inc eased inno a ion, and a b oade engagemen base. This
app oach also ensu es ha da a emains con inuously upda ed, ele an , and applied o eal-wo ld
challenges, ein o cing da a ci cula i y.
ODEʼs d i e
Use d i en
ODEʼs amewo k componen s
Go e nance
Addi ional app oaches
•
Con inued implemen a ion o legal manda es o open go e nmen da a
• The public adminis a ion should ins i u ionalize and suppo open da a
e en s
• Ensu ing open da a ini ia i es balance public and comme cial in e es
• Ins i u ionalizing unding suppo policy suppo o
open da a
in as uc u e
• Enhancing coo dina ion and e iciency in open da a managemen
• Manda ing open da a usage and quali y eedback in go e nmen
agencies
• Cul i a ing s ong o ganisa ional cul u es o ien ed owa ds open da a
• De eloping a pipeline o engage he o he open da a p o ide s as well.

D5.3 S a egies owa ds sus ainable open da a ecosys ems
38
6.1.2 Enhancing open da a pla o ms
This s a egy os e s enhancing open da a pla o ms' in e ace and eedback mechanisms by
adop ing use d i en design, making use o new echnologies whe e e his is possible, e.g.,
Na u al Language P ocessing, Vi ual and Augmen ed Reali y, AI, and Cha bo s. This s a egy aims
o imp o e usabili y, inclusi i y, and engagemen in open da a po als by adop ing use d i en
design p inciples and in eg a ing ad anced echnologies. Na u al Language P ocessing (NLP) and
AI-powe ed cha bo s can simpli y da ase disco e y and in e ac ion, educing ba ie s o non-
echnical use s. Ac i e eedback loops ensu e con inuous pla o m imp o emen by allowing
di e se use g oups including non- echnical use s o p o ide inpu and eedback on he da a
se ices. By os e ing adap i e, in elligen , and inclusi e open da a po als, his s a egy
s eng hens he use d i en and inclusi e dimensions o he ODE, imp o ing bo h da a accessibili y
and g ea e use engagemen .
ODEʼs d i e
Use d i en
ODEʼs amewo k componen s
Da a p o ision, Enabling En i onmen , In as uc u e
Addi ional app oaches
•
Communi y-cen ic design p io i izes he needs, p e e ences and
in ol emen o communi ies in he ODE.
• By making esou ces ( inancial, ime, people/wo k o ce) a ailable, da a
con ibu ion can be enabled/le e aged
• In oduce ools o uni ied da a and physically impai ed use g oups.
6.1.3 Es ablish e ec i e eedback mechanisms
Es ablishing e ec i e eedback mechanisms s eng hens he use d i en and ci cula aspec s o
he ODE by enabling con inuous da a quali y imp o emen , use engagemen , and adap i e
pla o m de elopmen . Feedback mechanisms such as eedback o ms, da ase a ings, commen s
on he da ase s, epo ing issues ela ed o he da ase s, and discussion o ums o he open da a
po als allow use s o con ibu e insigh s and sugges enhancemen s. This os e s collabo a ion
be ween da a p o ide s and use s, ensu ing ha da ase s emain ele an , accu a e, and aluable
o di e se s akeholde s. In eg a ing s uc u ed eedback loops, such as use su eys, AI-d i en
sen imen analysis, and eal- ime engagemen dashboa ds, enhance pla o m esponsi eness and
us in open da a se ices. Ul ima ely, his app oach leads o a mo e dynamic, inclusi e, and use -
esponsi e ODE, acili a ing g ea e adop ion and impac ac oss sec o s.
ODEʼs d i e
Use d i en
ODEʼs amewo k componen s
Da a Usage
Addi ional app oaches
• Facili a ing Needs Assessmen and Communica ion in ODEs
6.1.4 De elop a s anda dized open da a po al in e ace o make he da a publica ion
p ocess easie
A s anda dized open da a po al in e ace can s eamline he da a publica ion p ocess by
p o iding a use - iendly, consis en amewo k o da a en y, me ada a documen a ion, and
access managemen . By es ablishing uni o m guidelines o o ma ing, ca ego iza ion, and
agging, such an in e ace educes inconsis encies and ensu es ha da ase s a e easily
disco e able and in e ope able ac oss di e en pla o ms. Addi ionally, au oma ion ea u es, such
as buil -in da a alida ion and e sion con ol, can enhance da a quali y while minimizing he
e o equi ed om con ibu o s. Open APIs and expo unc ionali ies u he acili a e da a
sha ing and in eg a ion wi h o he analy ical ools, maximizing he usabili y and impac o
published da ase s. Ul ima ely, a well-designed s anda dized in e ace simpli ies he wo k low o
da a p o ide s, encou ages b oade pa icipa ion, and enhances he accessibili y and eliabili y o
open da a o esea che s, policymake s, and he gene al public.
D5.3 S a egies owa ds sus ainable open da a ecosys ems
39
ODEʼs d i e
Use d i en
ODEʼs amewo k componen s
Open da a in as uc u e
6.1.5 Technical openness o he da ase s
By opening he da ase s, i echnically means o ollow open s anda ds, o ma s, and o he
p o ocols o enhance he da a in eg a ion ac oss di e en sys ems and o acili a e he be e
accessibili y o he open da a. Technical openness con ibu es o he echnical in e ope abili y o
open da a. This s a egy can be pu in o ac ion by b inging he echnical openness o he open
da a o he po als and making he open da a publica ion as pe echnical s anda ds adop ed. Fo
example, as 5-s a open da a s a es ha he highe he s a , he mo e he da a is machine- eadable
(o echnically open), in his way, da a accessibili y and euse can be maximized. Fu he mo e,
p o iding access o all echnical solu ions ( ega ding choosing me ada a, da a o ma s, and
compa ing hei bene i s and disad an ages) can help in achie ing openness by echnical means
possible.
P o iding access o he open da a h ough he means o REST APIs and ollowing Open API
speci ica ions can also enhance he echnical openness o open da a. P o iding open API explo e
is a plus in he open da a po al unc ionali ies. De eloping and u ilizing he me hodology o
quan i y he open da a echnical openness should be conside ed be o e making i online o he
wide s akeholde s.
ODEʼs d i e
Use d i en
ODEʼs amewo k Componen s
Da a P o ision
6.1.6 Empowe ing ma ginalized s akeholde s: encou aging inclusi e pa icipa ion in
ODEs
Ensu ing ha less ep esen ed, less powe ul, and disad an aged ac o s ha e oppo uni ies o
p o ide eedback and ac i ely con ibu e s eng hens he inclusi e and use d i en dimensions o
he ODE. Powe ul o ganiza ions such as go e nmen agencies, la ge co po a ions, and egional
ins i u ions should p oac i ely engage all di e se use g oups, NGOs, and small-scale da a
con ibu o s by c ea ing accessible, mul ilingual, and low-ba ie eedback channels. P o iding
incen i es, aining p og ams, and capaci y-building ini ia i es can empowe hese g oups o
pa icipa e meaning ully. Addi ionally, adop ing collabo a i e go e nance models, such as
communi y-d i en da a s ewa dship and pa icipa o y policymaking, ensu es ha eedback is no
only collec ed bu also ac ed upon. By b idging powe imbalances in da a con ibu ion and
decision-making, his s a egy enhances equi y, di e se ep esen a ion, and he long- e m
sus ainabili y o ODEs.
ODEʼs d i e
Use d i en
ODEʼs amewo k componen s
Go e nance
Addi ional app oaches
• Open da a e en s should be designed o be accessible by non-specialis
use s
• Aligning ci izen needs and da ase s o highe open da a alue no only
in economic bu also socie al con ex
• NGOsʼ cu en and po en ial con ibu ions can be in he o m o di e en
alues ha cons i u e social alues, as hese o ganisa ions co e a wide
ange o ac i i ies and exis as in e media ies a he han in end-use o
p oduce only o m. They a e helping he use s and he da a p o ided by
collabo a ing and add essing bo h and by adding alue h ough hese
collabo a ions
• Le e aging ax incen i es o suppo open da a con ibu ions (e.g.,
go e nmen agencies, companies, non-p o i o ganiza ions, and ci izens)
• Incen i izing suppo o open da a and open-sou ce p ojec s by aining
and suppo
• By aligning p i a e alue and in e es s wi h open da a sha ing, da a
con ibu ion can be enabled/le e aged (e.g., ensu ing ha da a
D5.3 S a egies owa ds sus ainable open da a ecosys ems
40
con ibu o s—especially non-go e nmen ac o s—see angible bene i s
om pa icipa ing in ODE)
• By making s akeholde s awa e o he social impac o open da a sha ing,
da a con ibu ion can be enabled/le e aged
6.2 S a egies owa ds an inclusi e open da a ecosys em
To achie e a sus ainable ODE unde he "Inclusi e" d i e , se e al s a egies a e emphasized. These
include enabling mul iple da a access poin s, os e ing collabo a ion among non-go e nmen
da a holde s, and enhancing accessibili y h ough use - iendly, mul ilingual design. Es ablishing
sha ed goals, local p oblem-sol ing ne wo ks, and pa ne ships wi h indus y playe s can u he
s eng hen inclusi i y. I also includes he implemen a ion o FAIR and CARE p inciples, me ada a
eposi o ies, open s anda ds, and anonymiza ion ools ensu es usabili y while main aining p i acy
and secu i y. Legal amewo ks, ax incen i es, and public inancing suppo in as uc u e and
long- e m sus ainabili y. Addi ionally, os e ing awa eness, suppo ing da a in e media ies, and
ins i u ionalizing open da a ini ia i es help d i e adop ion and engagemen ac oss di e se
s akeholde s. Figu e 9 illus a es he s a egies ( i s deg ee) and addi ional app oaches (second
deg ee) o he sus ainable ODE unde he “inclusi e” d i e .
Figu e 9: Inclusi e open da a ecosys em s a egies and addi ional app oaches connec ed o
a s a egy
6.2.1 Enable mul iple da a access poin s
This s a egy aims a (a) enabling di e se da a o ma s and API op ions, and (b) building accessible
use in e aces o enhance usabili y o non- echnical use s. Fi s ly, p o iding da ase s no only
h ough downloadable iles bu also h ough API endpoin s would be an op ion o suppo ing a
a ie y o o ma s. In his manne , con e sion o da ase s ac oss o ma s would be easie
p og amma ically, educing he e o o download iles and hen eeding hem in o applica ions.
Secondly, making da a accessible h ough API endpoin s and open da a po al in e aces should
be iendly o non- echnical use s oo. This will make open da a accessible o bo h echnical and
non- echnical use s.
ODEʼs d i e
Inclusi e
ODEʼs amewo k componen s
Use S akeholde ʼs g oups
Addi ional app oaches
• By making app op ia e echnical ools a ailable, da a con ibu ion can
be enabled/le e aged
• The FAIR P inciples should be applied o achie e he use d i en ODE.
• Follow some kind o quali y s anda ds and da a p o iling echniques o
achie e he use -needs ega ding he da a quali y and usabili y.
D5.3 S a egies owa ds sus ainable open da a ecosys ems
41
• Use open s anda ds, open o ma s a ailable o engage he use s wi h
di e se needs. Some use s equi e da a in bulk, o he s equi e APIs, and
o he s equi e Linked open da a
• Use o open licenses should be encou aged
6.2.2 Facili a ing da a sha ing among non-go e nmen da a holde s
This s a egy aims a analysing he ba ie s, mo i a ions, and echnical equi emen s o non-
go e nmen da a holde g oups o sha e hei da a and p opose echnical mechanisms o
enable/ acili a e his pu pose. To analyse he ba ie s, mo i a ions, and echnical equi emen s o
non-go e nmen da a holde g oups o sha e hei da a, i is essen ial o conduc a ho ough
examina ion o he speci ic challenges hese g oups ace. Ba ie s may include conce ns ela ed o
da a p i acy, secu i y, in ellec ual p ope y and o he igh s (e.g., pe sonal da a), and he po en ial
o compe i i e disad an ages. Mo i a ions o da a sha ing o en s ems om he desi e o
enhance inno a ion, os e collabo a ion, and gain access o public o academic esea ch.
Iden i ying hese d i e s can help c ea e ailo ed solu ions o o e come obs acles. Technical
equi emen s o da a sha ing include ensu ing in e ope abili y, s anda diza ion o da a o ma s,
and he a ailabili y o secu e and use - iendly pla o ms ha acili a e seamless da a exchange. I
is also impo an o conside he scalabili y and sus ainabili y o hese echnical solu ions. To
enable da a sha ing, p opose mechanisms such as he de elopmen o open-sou ce da a
pla o ms, he implemen a ion o obus da a anonymiza ion echniques, he use o clea licensing
amewo ks, and he p o ision o incen i es such as unding, ecogni ion, o access o new
ma ke s. These mechanisms should be designed o ensu e ha da a holde s eel con iden in
sha ing hei da a while maximizing he socie al alue o open da a.
ODEʼs d i e
Inclusi e
ODEʼs amewo k componen s
Enabling En i onmen
Addi ional app oaches
• Pa ne ships can encou age non-go e nmen da a holde s o con ibu e
open da a, in addi ion o being use s o open da a.
• Enhancing coo dina ion and e iciency in open da a managemen
• Suppo ing and le e aging c owdsou ced open da a in Go e nmen
Ini ia i es
• Role o open da a in e media ies in p o iding suppo o da a supply
and euse
• By making app op ia e echnical ools a ailable, da a con ibu ion can
be enabled/le e aged
• Implemen me ada a eposi o ies
• P o ide documen a ion o me ada a usabili y
• Follow some kind o quali y s anda ds and da a p o iling echniques o
achie e he use -needs ega ding he da a quali y and usabili y
•
Use/de elop ools o anonymize he open da a
6.2.3 Building sha ed goals and alues in an open da a ecosys em
This s a egy aims a c ea ing sha ed goals and alues among di e se s akeholde s wi hin an ODE.
This ensu es cohesi e collabo a ion and maximizes he ecosys emʼs abili y o deli e alue ac oss
i s use s, con ibu o s, and bene icia ies. To implemen sha ed goals and alues wi hin an ODE, i
is c ucial o engage di e se s akeholde s—such as go e nmen agencies, p i a e sec o en i ies,
esea che s, and ci izens—ea ly in he p ocess. This can be achie ed by o ganizing wo kshops,
o ums, o consul a ions o align a common ision, such as imp o ing anspa ency, inno a ion,
o social good. Clea communica ion o he ecosys em's objec i es and mu ual bene i s os e s a
collabo a i e cul u e whe e all pa icipan s unde s and hei oles in da a sha ing, usage, and
con ibu ion.
ODEʼs d i e
Inclusi e
ODEʼs amewo k componen s
Collabo a ion, Values
Addi ional app oaches
• By making da a-sha ing communi ies exis , da a con ibu ion can be
enabled/le e aged
D5.3 S a egies owa ds sus ainable open da a ecosys ems
48
6.3.5 Designing in e ac i e and adap i e isualiza ions o dynamic ODEs
Visualizing ODEs as mul i-laye ne wo ks p o ides a use ul amewo k o unde s anding he
complex in e ac ions among ac o s, da a lows, and go e nance s uc u es. Howe e , o such
isualiza ions o be e ec i e, i is c i ical o i s de ine dis inc laye s—such as da a p o ide s,
pla o ms, use s, and legal amewo ks—and iden i y ele an s akeholde s, including
go e nmen , p i a e sec o , and ci il socie y en i ies. These ela ionships, encompassing da a
sha ing, policy de elopmen , and collabo a ions, can be mapped using ne wo k echniques om
g aph heo y, which allows he isualiza ion o da a lows and he iden i ica ion o cen alized o
decen alized elemen s wi hin he ecosys em.
The use o ad anced da a isualiza ion ools like D3.js, Gephi, o Cy oscape enhances in e ac i i y
by allowing use s o explo e he ecosys em h ough zooming, il e ing, and d illing down in o
laye s. While hese dynamic ea u es p omo e deepe engagemen , hey also in oduce he isk o
o e simpli ica ion o con usion i no ca e ully s uc u ed. Addi ionally, ensu ing ha hese
isualiza ions a e linked o eal- ime da a sou ces ia APIs p esen s challenges ela ed o da a
accu acy and consis ency, as he ecosys em mus con inuously e ol e o accoun o new da a
sou ces and s akeholde s.
Inco po a ing use eedback mechanisms—such as anno a ions, o ing, o sugges ions—can
p omo e sus ained engagemen , bu he p ocess may in oduce biases i no ca e ully mode a ed.
The in eg a ion o machine lea ning o p edic i e insigh s may u he complica e he
in e p e a ion o ends i he unde lying algo i hms a e no anspa en o i hey p i ilege ce ain
da a pa e ns o e o he s. Ul ima ely, while combining mul i-laye ne wo k mapping wi h
in e ac i i y and eal- ime upda es holds signi ican po en ial o managing ODEs, he design and
implemen a ion o such isualiza ions mus ca e ully add ess challenges ela ed o da a accu acy,
use engagemen , and algo i hmic anspa ency o a oid mis ep esen a ion o o e in e p e a ion.
ODEʼs d i e
Ci cula
ODEʼs amewo k componen s
Enabling En i onmen , Da a Usage, In as uc u e
Addi ional app oaches
• Need o build skillse in he ield o da a isualisa ion and build capaci y
ega ding da a issues ( agmen a ion, agg ega ed da a, un eliable da a,
and sensi i e da a)
6.3.6 Employing open da a s anda ds and o ma s
The Open Da a Pla o m (ODP) equi es backing o da a in eg a ion and in e ope abili y om a
ange o s akeholde s, including go e nmen al and non-go e nmen al en i ies. Employing open
da a s anda ds and o ma s can s eamline da a accessibili y and sha ing wi hin ODEs, enhancing
hei ci cula i y.
ODEʼs d i e
Ci cula
ODEʼs amewo k componen s
Resou ces, open da a in as uc u e, Da a P o ide
Addi ional app oaches
•
Adop open s anda ds o da ase s
• Implemen me ada a alida ion ools o consis en da a quali y
• Enhance he da a c ea ion p ocess by employing se e al echnical
mechanisms and echnologies o imp o e c i ical aspec s o da a
c ea ion, quali y and in eg a ion, such as augmen ing seman ic
in e ope abili y wi h he help o La ge Language Models o au oma e o
semi-
au oma e p ocesses ha imp o e i , imp o ing me ada a
anno a ion in open da a po als using AI, o alida ing/checking echnical
compliance o da a on he web
• The da a should be indable o a wide ange o use s wi h di e se sea ch
op ions
• Need o build skillse in he ield o da a isualisa ion and build capaci y
ega ding da a issues ( agmen a ion, agg ega ed da a, un eliable da a,
and sensi i e da a)
• Open da a communi y po al de elopmen helps in he iden i ica ion o
issues wi h da a, he possible use o da a, and u u e imp o emen s.
• Focus should be pu on - di e en ypes o - in e ope abili y and da a
po abili y

D5.3 S a egies owa ds sus ainable open da a ecosys ems
49
• Open da a in e media ies could conside p o iding an open da a
pla o m based on ede a ed a chi ec u e
6.3.7 Adop ing scalable in as uc u e echnologies
As he amoun o da a is inc easing in a ious ways, managing and p o iding smoo h access and
o he ope a ions (que ying, il e ing, downloading, e c.) on a la ge scale equi e an unde lying
in as uc u e wi h scalabili y in e ms o memo y and p ocessing. Big da a and cloud-based
echnologies a e good op ions. Ins ead o s o ing la ge amoun s o da a on p emises, adop ing
cloud in as uc u e is a iable al e na i e. A hyb id app oach (combining on-p emises and cloud
in as uc u e) can also be conside ed.
ODEʼs d i e
Ci cula
ODEʼs amewo k componen s
Resou ces, open da a in as uc u e, Da a P o ide
Addi ional app oaches
•
Public inancing and main enance o sha ed open in as uc u es, like he
Eu opean Open Science Cloud
• Enhance he da a c ea ion p ocess by employing se e al echnical
mechanisms and echnologies o imp o e c i ical aspec s o da a
c ea ion, quali y and in eg a ion, such as augmen ing seman ic
in e ope abili y wi h he help o La ge Language Models o au oma e o
semi-
au oma e p ocesses ha imp o e i , imp o ing me ada a
anno a ion in open da a po als using AI, o alida ing/checking echnical
compliance o da a on he web
• Enhance da a licensing and anonymiza ion by employing echnological
acili a o s o achie e his pu pose, such as Machine Lea ning, da a
enc yp ion, GenAI and legal in e ope abili y acili a o s.
• Suppo ing open-sou ce so wa e de elopmen
• Implemen me ada a eposi o ies
• P o ide documen a ion o me ada a usabili y
• Use o open licenses should be encou aged
• To ensu e sus ainabili y o ODEs, di e en ypes o unding models
should be conside ed
• Open da a in e media ies could conside p o iding an open da a
pla o m based on ede a ed a chi ec u e
6.3.8 Assessing he implemen a ion o in e ac i e isualiza ion ools o da a explo a ion
and comp ehension
The implemen a ion o in e ac i e isualiza ion ools o da a explo a ion equi es ca e ul
e alua ion o ensu e hey add ess bo h use needs and da a complexi ies. While pla o ms like,
Plo ly, and Tableau and lib a y like D3.js enable dynamic in e ac ion wi h da ase s, he e is a isk
o o e simpli ica ion o in o ma ion o e load. Excessi e op ions may o e whelm use s, while
cus omiza ion ea u es—such as colou choices—can dis o da a in e p e a ions i no ca e ully
managed. Ensu ing ha isualiza ions balance lexibili y wi h cla i y is c ucial o p e en
misin e p e a ion.
Mo eo e , in e ac i e ea u es can in oduce con i ma ion bias, whe e use s manipula e he da a
o con i m p econcei ed belie s a he han explo e i objec i ely. Con ex ual guidance, such as
explana o y anno a ions, is essen ial o help use s unde s and da a limi a ions. Real- ime da a
in eg a ion is bene icial bu comes wi h challenges ega ding accu acy and consis ency, as delays
o inconsis encies could a ec he eliabili y o he ool.
While inclusi i y ea u es, like colou -blind- iendly pale es and sc een- eade compa ibili y, a e
impo an , hey o en limi design lexibili y. Addi ionally, eal- ime collabo a ion can aise
conce ns abou da a p i acy, pa icula ly in sensi i e en i onmen s. Feedback loops o e ining
ools a e impo an bu can be biased by he mos ocal use s, highligh ing he need o
e idence-based i e a ions d i en by da a-d i en insigh s. In conclusion, in e ac i e isualiza ion
ools ha e g ea po en ial, bu hei design mus add ess issues o accessibili y, da a in eg i y,
and use beha iou o p o ide meaning ul, eliable insigh s while a oiding mis ep esen a ion.
D5.3 S a egies owa ds sus ainable open da a ecosys ems
50
ODEʼs d i e
Ci cula
ODEʼs amewo k componen s
open da a in as uc u e
6.3.9 Maximizing open da a u iliza ion h ough a pu pose d i en app oach
In many ODEs, he adi ional app oach is use d i en, whe e he p ima y ocus is on enabling
access o da a and le ing use s de ine i s applica ions. While his os e s b oad engagemen , i
can also lead o agmen ed, ine icien , o e en unin ended uses o da a, wi h a ying le els o
impac .
A pu pose-d i en app oach, in con as , p io i izes clea socie al goals as he guiding p inciple o
da a publica ion, managemen , and euse. Ra he han me ely making da a a ailable and hoping
i inds use ul applica ions, his model p oac i ely aligns open da a ini ia i es wi h p essing socie al
challenges—such as clima e ac ion, public heal h, u ban esilience, and social equi y.
By embedding pu pose and social alue in o he co e o ODEs, s akeholde s—including
go e nmen s, businesses, esea che s, and ci il socie y—can ensu e ha da a-d i en ini ia i es
lead o meaning ul, measu able, and esponsible ou comes. This app oach also encou ages e hical
conside a ions, p e en s da a misuse, and os e s sus ainable long- e m engagemen in he da a
ecosys em.
ODEʼs d i e
Ci cula
ODEʼs amewo k componen s
ODE
Addi ional app oaches
• Aligning ci izen needs and da ase s o highe open da a alue no only
in economic bu also socie al con ex
• Ensu ing open da a ini ia i es balance public and comme cial in e es s
• By aligning p i a e alue and in e es s wi h open da a sha ing, da a
con ibu ion can be enabled/le e aged
• Use open s anda ds, open o ma s a ailable o engage he use s wi h
di e se needs. Some use s equi e da a in bulk, o he s equi e APIs, and
o he s equi e Linked open da a
• Focus should be pu on - di e en ypes o - in e ope abili y and da a
po abili y
6.3.10 Make aining in da a skills and li e acy a ailable
In media o ganiza ions, he lack o skills is p ominen , al hough he gap has been iden i ied bo h
by media o ganiza ions and academics in he jou nalism sec o . Uni e si y p og ams in jou nalism
now include da a jou nalism as a opic in hei cu iculum, and se e al wo kshops and online
aining oppo uni ies exis o jou nalis s o acqui e ini ial da a skills ha hey can apply in hei
wo k. While younge jou nalis s a e mo e exposed h ough hei s udies, ools and oppo uni ies
also exis o mo e senio p o essionals o de elop hese skills.
ODEʼs d i e
Ci cula
ODEʼs amewo k componen s
Incen i es
Addi ional app oaches
•
Open da a e en s should be designed o be accessible by non-specialis
use s
6.3.11 Adap i e engagemen s a egies
ODEs h i e when s akeholde s ac i ely con ibu e, access, and euse da a. Howe e , a one-size-
i s-all app oach o engagemen o en alls sho in add essing he di e se needs, incen i es, and
capabili ies o di e en ac o s, including go e nmen s, businesses, esea che s, non-p o i s, and
local communi ies.
Adap i e engagemen s a egies emphasize lexibili y and cus omiza ion in how s akeholde s
in e ac wi h open da a. Ra he han elying on s a ic ou each me hods o igid policies, adap i e
engagemen in ol es con inuously e ol ing s a egies o accommoda e changing use needs,
echnological ad ancemen s, and socie al p io i ies. This ensu es ha engagemen emains
ele an , dynamic, and inclusi e.
D5.3 S a egies owa ds sus ainable open da a ecosys ems
51
By employing da a-d i en insigh s, eedback loops, and i e a i e engagemen models, his
s a egy os e s sus ained pa icipa ion, us , and alue c ea ion in he ODE. Adap i e
engagemen is key o da a ci cula i y, as i ensu es ha da a is con inuously upda ed, e ined, and
applied ac oss di e en use cases, maximizing i s li ecycle and impac .
ODE D i e s
Ci cula
ODEʼs amewo k componen s
Incen i es
Addi ional app oaches
• Incen i izing suppo o open da a and open-sou ce p ojec s
• To ensu e sus ainabili y o ODEs, di e en ypes o unding models
should be conside ed
6.4 In eg a ion o all s a egies o he ODE amewo k clickable e sion
Figu e 11 is a sc eensho o he de eloped clickable e sion o easily na iga e h ough he ODE
amewo k, d i e s, and co esponding s a egies pe ODE amewo kʼs componen s. The second
le el o he in o ma ion, a e clicking in e media ies can be seen in Figu e, i lis s all he key
elemen s pe d i e s, and s a egies o include/ ul il hese s a egies pe d i e s ha e been popped
up on he sc een. In a simila way, use s can na iga e h ough he ODE amewo kʼs componen s
and hei ela ionship wi h ODE d i e s, key-elemen s, and s a egies. A clickable e sion is
a ailable online h ough he Gi Hub eposi o y4.
The ODE F amewo k p o ides a p ac ical, holis ic guide o ODE ini ia o s o design, e alua e, and
s eng hen hei ini ia i es. By clea ly ou lining key componen s—such as s akeholde s, da a lows,
go e nance, in as uc u e, and d i ing o ces— he amewo k helps use s unde s and how hese
elemen s in e ac and co-e ol e. The clickable online e sion allows ini ia o s o explo e each
componen in de ail, suppo ed by s a egies d awn om wo kshops and esea ch. This enables
hem o iden i y gaps, apply bes p ac ices, and ailo s a egies—such as p omo ing use
d i enness, ensu ing da a quali y, and os e ing inclusi e collabo a ion— o build sus ainable and
impac ul ODEs.
Fo example, i he G eek go e nmen is conside ing he de elopmen o a na ional ODE, he ODE
F amewo k could se e as a aluable ounda ional ool o s uc u e and guide hei e o s. By
o e ing a comp ehensi e iew o essen ial componen s—such as s akeholde s (minis ies,
agencies, ci izens, p i a e sec o ), da a p o ision and usage, go e nance models, and echnical
in as uc u e— he amewo k p o ides a clea oadmap o ac ion. Using he clickable online
e sion, go e nmen o icials could explo e each componen in g ea e dep h, suppo ed by
p ac ical s a egies and examples. Fo ins ance, hey could ocus on engaging ci izens h ough
use d i en ini ia i es, enhancing da a quali y and accessibili y, and os e ing collabo a ion
be ween public and p i a e sec o s. The amewo k also highligh s key d i e s like inclusi eness
and ci cula i y, which could in o m policy decisions and p omo e long- e m sus ainabili y. By
adop ing he ODE F amewo k, he G eek go e nmen would be well-posi ioned o ake a s a egic,
in o med, and holis ic app oach o building a obus , u u e- eady ODE.
4 h ps://mohsanaliac.gi hub.io/OpenDa aEcosys emF amewo k/
D5.3 S a egies owa ds sus ainable open da a ecosys ems
52
Figu e 11: Sc eensho o he clickable e sion de eloped o easily na iga e in he open da a
ecosys em amewo k, d i e s and co esponding s a egies
Figu e 12: Clicking in e media ies on he open da a ecosys em amewo k, popups a ull lis
o key elemen s pe d i e s, and s a egies pe d i e s.
D5.3 S a egies owa ds sus ainable open da a ecosys ems
53
7 Recommenda ions
This inal sec ion aims a p oposing ecommenda ions o ins i u ions and ac o s p oducing, using
o o he wise con ibu ing o he ODE, o be implemen ed in o de o suppo sus ainable ODEs.
The 29 s a egies led o he c ea ion o 11 ecommenda ions in echnical and go e nance
ca ego ies. These 11 ecommenda ions may imp o e usabili y and accessibili y, quali y, and
pa icipa ion h ough a se o 5 echnical and 6 go e nance s a egies. They we e designed o be
scalable and o enable hem o make a di e ence wi h limi ed budge s.
To sus ain he ecosys em, he acili a ion o open da a sha ing among non-go e nmen da a
holde s is c ucial. Encou aging p i a e en i ies, esea ch ins i u ions, and ci il socie y o ganiza ions
o sha e da a equi es add essing legal, echnical, and o ganiza ional ba ie s. Es ablishing clea
licensing amewo ks, anonymiza ion echniques, and secu e open da a-sha ing mechanisms can
help build us among non-go e nmen da a holde s. Open-sou ce pla o ms can u he suppo
seamless collabo a ion by ensu ing in e ope abili y and compliance wi h exis ing da a s anda ds.
Pa ne ships and coo dina ion e o s should also be s eng hened o p omo e con ibu ions om
di e se s akeholde s.
7.1 Technical ecommenda ions
7.1.1 Imp o e disco e abili y by adop ing hema ic s uc u ed classi ica ion models
S anda dizing he classi ica ion o da ase s ensu es consis ency and imp o es da a disco e abili y.
Adop ing es ablished classi ica ion amewo ks, such as hose used by he Eu opean Da a Po al,
acili a es in e ope abili y and alignmen wi h b oade da a ecosys ems. Thema ic ca ego iza ion
enhances he usabili y o da ase s, enabling mo e e icien sea ch, e ie al, and analysis by end
use s. Mo eo e , enhancing me ada a quali y o imp o ed da a disco e abili y o maximize he
impac o open da a, policymake s should en o ce igo ous me ada a equi emen s, ensu ing
da ase s include comp ehensi e desc ip ions, p o enance, and s uc u ed classi ica ions. This will
imp o e da a disco e abili y, suppo machine- eadable o ma s, and enable mo e e ec i e da a
u iliza ion by esea che s, businesses, and he public sec o .
7.1.2 P omo ing s anda diza ion h ough linked open da a o seman ic in e ope abili y
Go e nmen s should p io i ize he adop ion o Linked Open Da a p inciples o s eng hen
seman ic in e ope abili y. By le e aging on ologies such as SKOS and Wikida a, da a po als can
in e link da ase s mo e e ec i ely, allowing o be e con ex ualiza ion, c oss-domain analysis,
and enhanced knowledge ex ac ion. Go e nmen s and o ganiza ions should es ablish manda o y
compliance wi h widely accep ed in e ope abili y s anda ds such as DCAT, FOAF, and Schema.o g.
Ensu ing adhe ence o hese s anda ds will acili a e seamless da a exchange ac oss pla o ms,
enhance da a usabili y, and p omo e a mo e in eg a ed ODE. This will s eng hen open da a
In e ope abili y Th ough S anda diza ion.
7.1.3 Es ablishing e ec i e eedback mechanisms o ODE imp o emen
To enhance use engagemen and da a quali y, he es ablishmen o eedback mechanisms such
as use su eys, da ase a ings, and discussion o ums on open da a pla o ms should be
included. These ools allow use s o epo issues, sugges imp o emen s, and engage in
con inuous dialogue wi h da a p o ide s. In eg a ing AI-d i en sen imen analysis and eal- ime
dashboa ds can help imp o e pla o m esponsi eness and us , c ea ing a dynamic and use -
esponsi e ecosys em ha os e s con inuous da a quali y imp o emen and b oade adop ion.
7.1.4 S anda dizing open da a po al in e aces o simpli y da a publica ion
Go e nmen s should adop s anda dized in e aces o open da a po als ha s eamline he da a
publica ion p ocess. A uni o m amewo k o da a en y, me ada a documen a ion, and access
managemen will educe inconsis encies and ensu e da ase s a e disco e able and in e ope able

D5.3 S a egies owa ds sus ainable open da a ecosys ems
54
ac oss pla o ms. Au oma ion ools like da a alida ion and e sion con ol can enhance da a
quali y, while open APIs and expo unc ionali ies will maximize da a sha ing and in eg a ion,
ul ima ely imp o ing accessibili y and encou aging b oade pa icipa ion in he ODE.
7.1.5 Imp o e echnical usabili y and openness
Enhancing da a usabili y equi es o e ing di e se access poin s, including a ious da a o ma s,
APIs, and use - iendly in e aces ha accommoda e bo h echnical and non- echnical use s.
Applying FAIR (Findable, Accessible, In e ope able, and Reusable) p inciples, open s anda ds, and
da a quali y p o iling echniques ensu es g ea e accessibili y and engagemen . By enabling
mul iple en y poin s, use s can e ie e and in e ac wi h da a mo e e icien ly, os e ing b oade
adop ion and u iliza ion o open da a. Policymake s should encou age he adop ion o echnical
openness in da a publica ion by adhe ing o machine- eadable o ma s, ollowing Open API
speci ica ions, and u ilizing echnical s anda ds ha imp o e da a in eg a ion ac oss sys ems.
O e ing ools such as API explo e s and os e ing collabo a ion on echnical solu ions will ensu e
ha da ase s a e accessible and eusable. A me hodology o quan i y he echnical openness o
da ase s should be de eloped o ensu e ha open da a pla o ms mee he highes s anda ds o
da a in e ope abili y. Ensu ing inclusi i y in open da a pla o ms in ol es designing in ui i e
in e aces, o e ing in e ac i e isualiza ions, and p o iding mul ilingual suppo . Fea u es such as
sc een eade compa ibili y, high-con as isuals, and accessible na iga ion ca e o di e se use
needs, including hose wi h disabili ies. By educing usabili y ba ie s, open da a becomes mo e
accessible o a wide audience, d i ing engagemen and e ec i e u iliza ion.
7.2 Go e nance ecommenda ions
7.2.1 Build sha ed goals and alues by p omo ing sha ed cul u e
Fos e ing collabo a ion among go e nmen agencies, p i a e sec o ac o s, esea che s, and he
public necessi a es he de elopmen o sha ed objec i es and alues. O ganizing s akeholde
consul a ions, wo kshops, and collabo a i e o ums can help align goals and c ea e a common
ision o open da a ini ia i es. P omo ing a cul u e o anspa ency, inno a ion, and communi y-
d i en solu ions s eng hens long- e m commi men o open da a p ac ices.
7.2.2 Scope local p oblems and build collabo a i e ne wo ks wi h local s akeholde s
Add essing local challenges h ough open da a equi es conduc ing needs assessmen s and
ac i ely engaging wi h local s akeholde s. By iden i ying speci ic p oblems and collabo a ing wi h
communi ies, policymake s can de elop a ge ed da a-d i en in e en ions. Building sus ainable
da a-sha ing ne wo ks and os e ing pa ne ships wi h local o ganiza ions help ensu e ha open
da a ini ia i es e ec i ely espond o egional p io i ies and cons ain s.
7.2.3 Facili a e collabo a ion be ween domain expe s and open da a expe s
B idging he gap be ween subjec ma e expe s and da a scien is s enhances he quali y and
applicabili y o open da a solu ions. S uc u ed ini ia i es such as hacka hons, in e disciplina y
wo kshops, and collabo a i e esea ch p ojec s p o ide oppo uni ies o knowledge exchange.
Addi ionally, o e ing incen i es like g an s and aining p og ams encou ages long- e m
engagemen and os e s inno a ion in da a-d i en decision-making.
7.2.4 Empowe ing ma ginalized s akeholde s o inclusi e ODEs
To c ea e a mo e inclusi e ODE, go e nmen s should ensu e ha ma ginalized g oups, such as
small-scale da a con ibu o s and NGOs, ha e he esou ces and oppo uni ies o engage
meaning ully in da a-sha ing ac i i ies. This can be achie ed by c ea ing accessible, mul ilingual
eedback channels, o e ing capaci y-building p og ams, and incen i izing pa icipa ion h ough
aining and suppo . By adop ing collabo a i e go e nance models and os e ing communi y-
D5.3 S a egies owa ds sus ainable open da a ecosys ems
55
d i en da a s ewa dship, policymake s can b idge powe imbalances and ensu e ha he ODE is
equi able and sus ainable.
7.2.5 Es ablishing a go e nance amewo k o open da a alida ion
A dedica ed go e nance amewo k should be implemen ed o o e see he echnical alida ion o
open da a, ensu ing da a consis ency, eliabili y, and compliance wi h bes p ac ices. This
amewo k should include au oma ed alida ion ools, pe iodic audi s, and collabo a i e
s akeholde engagemen o main ain high da a quali y s anda ds.
7.2.6 Enabling da a analysis h ough low-code ools and aining
To enhance he accessibili y o open da a o non- echnical use s, open (go e nmen ) da a holde s
should suppo he de elopmen and dis ibu ion o low-code da a analysis ools. These pla o ms
will allow use s wi h a ying le els o expe ise o analyse open da a and gene a e insigh s. They
should also p o ide aining o educa o s and in e media ies on how o use hese ools e ec i ely,
ensu ing ha a wide ange o s akeholde s can pa icipa e in he da a-d i en decision-making
p ocess. Mo eo e , open (go e nmen ) da a holde s should encou age he de elopmen and
dis ibu ion o da a augmen a ion and alida ion ools ha suppo a ious da ase ypes. These
ools, possibly de eloped by in e media ies wi hin he ODE, should be adap able o di e en da a
ypes and in ended uses. By enhancing da a quali y h ough hese ools, go e nmen s can ensu e
ha open da a emains accu a e, ele an , and usable, u he imp o ing i s alue o s akeholde s
ac oss sec o s.
D5.3 S a egies owa ds sus ainable open da a ecosys ems
56
8 Limi a ions
While we ha e made signi ican s ides in designing a amewo k o a sus ainable ODE and
s a egies p omo ing i s sus ainabili y, we disco e ed se e al limi a ions in his wo k. Fi s ,
echnology is cons an ly e ol ing, which has been a challenge. As we wo ked on designing he
ODE amewo k o e he yea s, new ools and me hods eme ged, which some imes equi ed o
upda e ou wo k o o eassess he ele ancy o s udied echnologies. Technologies like AI and
da a in as uc u e a e apidly e ol ing, and ou s a egies may no always keep up.
Second, mul idisciplina y esea ch played a huge ole in shaping ou wo k, bu i also made hings
mo e complica ed. We b ough in expe ise om di e en ields, all highly ele an o he ODE,
which was g ea o b oadening ou app oach. Howe e , his also led o momen s o con usion as
we ied o me ge di e en ideas, me hods, and e minology. This added complexi y o he
esea ch p ocess. Fu he mo e, managing mul idisciplina y esea ch posed a signi ican challenge
and in oduced limi a ions in ou wo k. Some o he key limi a ions we obse ed include di e ing
e minologies and amewo ks, a ying esea ch me hodologies, con lic ing p io i ies and
expec a ions, and challenges wi h da a compa ibili y and in eg a ion.
Addi ionally, he design and alida ion o ou ODE amewo k was no a simple ask. I equi ed a
delica e balance be ween making i lexible enough o di e en con ex s while s ill p o iding a
solid s uc u e. The p ocess was i e a i e, and as we p og essed, we ound ou sel es e ining ideas
mo e han expec ed, which led o se e al new challenges along he way. Las ly, as we mo ed
h ough he p ojec , ou unde s anding o key concep s like inclusi eness and ci cula i y e ol ed.
This shi helped us imp o e ou app oach, bu i also showed how ha d i is o keep a long- e m
p ojec consis en when new insigh s keep eme ging.
D5.3 S a egies owa ds sus ainable open da a ecosys ems
57
9 Conclusion
The main objec i e o his deli e able was o design an o e a ching sus ainable ODE amewo k
and o p opose s a egies o pa e he way owa ds a use d i en, ci cula , inclusi e, and skill-based
Open Da a Ecosys em (ODE).
The p oposed ODE amewo k se es as a middle s ep a comp ehensi e p o o ype o achie ing
his ision. I in eg a es key componen s such as s akeholde s, da a p o ision and usage, ODE
d i e s, d i ing o ces, new concep s (e.g., AI4Da a and Da a4AI), incen i es, alues, collabo a ion,
and in as uc u e. By emphasizing con inuous ocus on esou ces, go e nance, and enabling
en i onmen s, he amewo k p o ides a s uc u ed app oach o add essing he mul i-dimensional
challenges o ODEs. The de elopmen o he amewo k also esul ed in a be e unde s anding
o he concep s o inclusi i y and ci cula i y o ODE. Ini ially, inclusi eness was amed p ima ily
a ound he inclusion o non-go e nmen al ac o s as da a p o ide s, and ci cula i y ocused on
non-go e nmen en i ies enhancing and e u ning open go e nmen da a (OGD) back in o he
ecosys em. Howe e , ou indings indica e ha hese de ini ions we e oo na ow. Inclusi eness
mus also encompass equi y in da a access and usabili y—add essing issues o ep esen a ion,
language, and digi al capaci y—while in eg a ing use d i en p inciples such as he FAIR
amewo k. Simila ly, ci cula i y should no be limi ed o imp o ed OGD bu expanded o any
aluable con ibu ion use s o open da a make o he ecosys em, whe he h ough imp o ed open
da ase s, ools, se ices, o p ac ices.
We applied an induc i e esea ch me hodology o iden i y key elemen s o ODE which we e
u he mapped o he ODE d i e s and co esponding ODE amewo k componen s so ha we
can make hem ac ionable s a egies ailo ed o pa icula ODE amewo k componen s and
d i e s. We a i ed a a se o 29 s a egies (sec ion 6.1, 6.2, and 6.3 subheadings) and addi ional
app oaches a e syn hesizing 83 ini ial s a egies. This esul ed in ele en ecommenda ions o
ins i u ions and ac o s p oducing, using o o he wise con ibu ing o he ODE, o be implemen ed
in o de o suppo sus ainable ODEs. These 11 ecommenda ions may imp o e usabili y and
accessibili y, quali y, and pa icipa ion h ough a se o 5 echnical and 6 go e nance s a egies.
To sus ain he ecosys em, he acili a ion o open da a sha ing among non-go e nmen da a
holde s is c ucial. Encou aging p i a e en i ies, esea ch ins i u ions, and ci il socie y o ganiza ions
o sha e da a equi es add essing legal, echnical, and o ganiza ional ba ie s. Es ablishing clea
licensing amewo ks, anonymiza ion echniques, and sus ainable open da a-sha ing mechanisms
can help build us among non-go e nmen da a holde s. Open-sou ce pla o ms can u he
suppo seamless collabo a ion by ensu ing in e ope abili y and compliance wi h exis ing da a
s anda ds. Pa ne ships and coo dina ion e o s should also be s eng hened o p omo e
con ibu ions om di e se s akeholde s.
In conclusion, achie ing a sus ainable ODE equi es a mul i ace ed app oach ha balances
inclusi i y, ci cula i y, use d i en engagemen , and skill-based empowe men . This deli e able
ep esen s a s ep o wa d in he e olu ion o ODEs. By add essing he gaps in cu en sys ems and
le e aging he p oposed s a egies, he amewo k and s a egies ou lined in his s udy pa e he
way o a mo e inclusi e, equi able, and inno a i e open da a u u e. Ul ima ely, his wo k
con ibu es o he b oade goal o ha nessing open da a as a powe ul ool o socie al and
economic ans o ma ion.
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Annex 1 - Open Da a Ecosys em S a egies
Table 4: S a egies o use d i en open da a ecosys ems
Key elemen
Desc ip ion o key-elemen
Connec ion
wi h ecosys em
amewo k
P oposed
s a egy/ ecommenda ion
Coo dina ing unc ions should be
discha ged by public adminis a ions
o b ing oge he open da a
p o ide s and open da a use s o
openly discuss hei needs.
Public adminis a ions should ou inely consul wi h open da a use s and p o ide s om he
ci izen y, he p i a e sec o and he public sec o o unde s and e ol ing needs o hese
s akeholde s and unde ake open da a ini ia i es ha espond o hese needs. Public
adminis a ions should also p o ide unding o collabo a i e open da a ini ia i es, which can
hen se e a coo dina ing unc ion.
A he same ime, coo dina ing unc ions can also lead o open da a ecosys ems in
unexpec ed ways. Fo ins ance, he UK mapping agency – O dnance Su ey – did c ea e la ge
geog aphic da ase s, bu many open da a use s we e dissa is ied ha hese da ase s we e
no eely dis ibu ed. This led o he bi h o OpenS ee Map (see
h ps://wiki.opens ee map.o g/wiki/His o y_o _OpenS ee Map) – an open pla o m o
c owd-sou ce geospa ial da a, which could be conside ed an example o a sus ainable ODE.
Fu u e esea ch can explo e mechanisms o non-go e nmen al ac o s o discha ge
coo dina ing unc ions.
Go e nance
Coo dina ing unc ions o be
discha ged by go e nmen al ac o s.
Wi h he igh incen i es, such
unc ions can be discha ged by non-
go e nmen al ac o s as well
Pa ne ships should be o med
be ween public adminis a ions /
in e na ional o ganisa ions and o he
ci ic open da a use g oups o co-
de elop open da a ini ia i es, which
can p omp con ibu ions om o he
ac o s.
This is ano he ool o collabo a ions be ween public bodies and o he ci ic ac o g oups.
These pa ne ships enable o he ac o s, like non-specialised use s, o con ibu e o open da a
ini ia i es. These pa ne ships can be o mal. In many cases howe e , NGOs ini ia e p ojec s
and build pa ne ships wi h go e nmen bodies on hei own, which could ake he o m o
mo e in o mal pa ne ships. In such cases, he e should be g ea e willingness on he pa o
go e nmen bodies o engage in such pa ne ships wi h NGOs. The pa ne ship (whe he
o mal o in o mal) should also include a eedback loop, whe e ci izen-con ibu ed da a (as in
he case o Ci yLAB Be lin) and NGO-c ea ed da a (as in he case o Femicides in Eu ope) a e
in eg a ed in o open go e nmen da a ini ia i es.
Go e nance,
Ma ke ,
Incen i es
Willingness on pa o public
adminis a ions o engage in o mal
and in o mal pa ne ships wi h o he
ci ic ac o g oups
A s ong in e o ganisa ional cul u e
o ien ed owa ds e ec ing social and
economic impac o open da a in a
pa icipa i e manne is also use ul.
O ganisa ions should ha e a s ong in e nal cul u e o con ibu ing o as well as ealising
alue om ODEs. This can hen enable in e -o ganisa ional cul u es, as well as po en ially
os e pa ne ships. These o ganisa ional cul u es can also se e as mo i a ions o ac o
g oups o engage in open da a ini ia i es. Such cul u es can be cul i a ed using o mal
ins i u ions like legal amewo ks, oge he wi h in o mal app oaches o c ea ing sha ed
unde s andings among he a ious open da a ac o s.
Cul u e
Cul i a ing s ong o ganisa ional
cul u es o ien ed owa ds open da a
Enhancing accessibili y o me ada a
Me ada a mus emain accessible despi e he una ailabili y o da ase s, acili a ing he
ongoing u iliza ion o his o ical con ex o esea ch pu poses.
Ensu es ha
da ase s emain
signi ican and
1. Implemen me ada a eposi o ies
2. P o ide documen a ion o
me ada a usabili y
D5.3 S a egies owa ds sus ainable open da a ecosys ems
68
Key elemen
Desc ip ion o key-elemen
Connec ion
wi h ecosys em
amewo k
P oposed
s a egy/ ecommenda ion
aluable
h oughou ime,
hence
con ibu ing o
he sus ainabili y
o he
ecosys em.
Be e in e aces and eedback
mechanisms o open da a p o ision
Impo an o design and de elop he necessa y echnical mechanisms including new
in e aces and use in e ac ion me hods ha enhance he way NGD holde s a e c ea ing
and sha ing open da a ha is a ailable, usable and aluable o a wide ange o s akeholde s,
os e ing a mo e inclusi e and e ec i e ODE.
Da a p o ision,
Enabling
En i onmen ,
In as uc u e
Enhance he os e imp o ed open
da a pla o ms' in e ace and
eedback mechanisms by adop ing
Use d i en design, inclusion o
di e se use g oups in socie y and
ac i e eedback loops while making
use o new echnologies whe e e
his is possible; e.g., Na u al
Language P ocessing, Vi ual and
Augmen ed Reali y, AI, and Cha bo s.
Use d i en Feedback mechanisms
Feedback mechanisms, including da ase a ing sys ems, da ase commen s, and di ec use
eedback h ough discussion o um, a e essen ial o enhancing da a quali y and ensu ing
use - iendly po als.
In eg a es use
con ibu ions so
ha i can
imp o e o e all
da ase
ele ance and
usabili y.
Es ablish e ec i e eedback
mechanisms.
Iden i ica ion o gaps be ween he
needs o use g oups and he cu en
ea u es o open da a
pla o ms wi h espec o use
in e aces
use -in e aces a e basic pa o he FAIR p inciples when i comes o indabili y o open da a.
The Findabili y aspec o FAIR Da a P o ision is he p ima y ocus. This p inciple o da a
disco e y is acknowledged as he undamen al p emise o da a use. Da a and me ada a
should be easy o ind o
bo h humans and compu e s.
open da a
in as uc u e
The da a should be indable o wide
ange o use s wi h di e se sea ching
op ions.
FAIR P inciples
open da a po al mus be up o pa o FAIR da a p inciples o all use s. I suppo s, FAIR
p inciples o specialis and non-specialis open da a s akeholde s
open da a
in as uc u e
The FAIR P inciples should be
applied o achie e he Use d i en
ODE.
Smoo h in eg a ion o open da a
om di e se domains
Open da a publishe s equi e a smoo h da a in eg a ion p ocess o combine da a om
di e se sou ces o make a collec i e decision. In his way, se e al issues wi h he open da a
po als such as da a in e ope abili y, da a ans o ma ion, da a ha moniza ion and in eg a ion
o ools and echnologies can be achie ed.
open da a
in as uc u e
ODE should acili a e he in eg a ion
o open da a om c oss-domains
(ei he go e nmen , non-
go e nmen , NGOs).
D5.3 S a egies owa ds sus ainable open da a ecosys ems
69
Key elemen
Desc ip ion o key-elemen
Connec ion
wi h ecosys em
amewo k
P oposed
s a egy/ ecommenda ion
Use needs quali y measu es and
p ope p o iling o he da a
By p o iding p ope da a p o ile and quali y measu es o he open da a can enhance i s
useabili y.
D i ing Fo ce:
Da a quali y
Follow some kind o quali y
s anda ds and da a p o iling
echniques o achie e he use -needs
ega ding he da a quali y and
usabili y.
Da a consume s capaci y building
isualiza ion skills, aining in da a analy ics
Value
need o build my skillse in he ield
o da a isualisa ion and build
capaci y
ega ding da a issues
( agmen a ion, agg ega ed da a,
un eliable da a, and sensi i e da a).
Mul i- o ma da a access
p o ide he end-use s wi h open da a in mul i- o ma s such as open o ma s, APIs, bulk
downloads o ackle di e se needs
open da a
in as uc u e
Use open s anda ds, open o ma s
a ailable o engage he use s wi h
di e se needs. Some use s equi e
da a in bulk, o he equi es APIs, and
o he equi es Linked open da a
Uni ied iew o open da a
publica ion p ocess
Open Da a p o ide s equi e a uni ied iew o publishing dashboa d. Fo ins ance, se e al
go e nmen le els pa icipa e in open da a publica ions, egional, decen alized, and
municipal le el. They should ha e access o uni ied po al o publish hei da ase s
open da a
in as uc u e
De elop a s anda dized open da a
po al in e ace o make he da a
publica ion p ocess easie .
Anonymiza ion o he open
da ase be o e publishing mus be
he no m
Open Da a p o ide s mus ha e access o ools o inc ease he anonymi y o open da a
be o e making i public.
open da a
in as uc u e
Use/de elop ools o anonymize he
open da a
Making a ailable in eg a ed
da ase s om di e se ields o use s
wi h di e se needs is needed
The necessi y o in eg a ion o da a and accessibili y easible o use g oups wi h a ying
needs (e.g., isual impai men , dyslexia, and o he s)
open da a
in as uc u e
In oduce ools o uni ied iew o
da a and physically impai ed use
g oups.
Po abili y o in as uc u e in he
open da a domain
The po abili y o in as uc u e will help ans e he knowledge o open da a in as uc u e
o ano he o ganiza ion
open da a
in as uc u e
Seek guidance and in as uc u e
om he al eady de eloped po als
om o he coun ies, a eas, egions
o de elop you one.
Communi y Po al o in e ac ion
The da a po al should p o ide a place whe e use s can connec wi h o he use s in a
communi y, based on simila in e es s.
Enabling
En i onmen
Open Da a communi y po al
de elopmen helps in iden i ica ion
o issues wi h da a, he possible use
o da a, u u e imp o emen s.
Technical openness o he
da ase s
By opening he da ase s, i echnically means o ollow he da ase s anda ds, o ma s, and
o he p o ocols o enhance he da a in eg a ion ac oss di e en sys ems and o acili a e he
Da a P o ision
Adop ing s anda ds, equi emen s,
and guidelines o open da a
echnically.

D5.3 S a egies owa ds sus ainable open da a ecosys ems
70
Key elemen
Desc ip ion o key-elemen
Connec ion
wi h ecosys em
amewo k
P oposed
s a egy/ ecommenda ion
be e accessibili y o he open da a. Technical openness con ibu es o he echnical
in e ope abili y o open da a.
Allowing he use o upload hei
da ase
A use can upload an upda ed e sion o he exis ing da ase . In his way, o he use s can use
cleaned, modi ied, augmen ed, o ans o med da ase s o speci ic asks. This ea u e also
con ibu es o he open da a in e ope abili y.
Da a P o ision
de eloping a pipeline o engage he
o he open da a p o ide s as well.
Bounda y-making in ela ion o
ODEs
To de ine he bounda ies o an ODE, ac o s should be awa e o he socio- echnical condi ions
whe e hei in e ac ions wi h o he ac o s ake place. These condi ions e e on one hand o
social componen s such as his o ical, geog aphical aspec s, social and cul u al no ms,
o ganiza ion no ms and communi y a ilia ions, as well as p ac ices, adi ions, pe sonal
mo i a ions and alues. On he o he hand, he echnical aspec s include so and ha d da a
in as uc u es, in e ope abili y p ac ices, s anda ds, laws and egula ions. Ecosys em
mapping can be done using ools om he discipline o design hinking and heo e ical
p inciples om he discipline o in o ma ion isualiza ion and communica ion.
ODE
Awa eness is needed o he socio-
echnical condi ions in which
in e ac ions be ween ac o s ake
place.
Suppo ing communi ies o ODEs
To suppo he o ma ion o communi ies a ound he use o open da a, ac o s o he ODE
should be knowledgeable o he pu poses and p ac ices ha can be a ec ed by open da a.
Sha ed pu poses ypically e ol e a ound public and/ o local conce ns, he e o e hey
di ec ly a ec ci izens, local communi ies o digi al communi ies. Communi ies o p ac ice
ypically o m when expe s, p ac i ione s and academics explo e socie al p oblems by
de eloping knowledge, ools, p ac ices ha add ess hose p oblems. Resea ch done in he
ield o pa icipa o y design ocuses on empowe ing communi ies o sha ed pu pose, while
disciplines such as da a science and enginee ing, enginee ing design, compu e science
ypically o m communi ies o p ac ice a ound open da a.
Enabling
en i onmen
Ac o s should be knowledgeable o
he pu poses and p ac ices ha can
be a ec ed h ough open da a.
Encou aging pa icipa ion and
sha ed decision-making
To encou age polycen ici y h ough pa icipa ion and collabo a i e decision making in he
ODE, ac o s wi h mo e powe such as ins i u ions, o ganiza ions, communi ies ha ep esen
he s a us quo should ensu e ha hose ypically wi h less powe such as ci izens, s uden s,
esea ch pa icipan s as well as less ep esen ed and disad an aged g oups a e being ac i ely
encou aged o communica e hei eedback, needs and conce ns, as a i s s ep. Mo eo e ,
hey should be empowe ed o ac i ely con ibu e o he c ea ion o s a egies and plans,
p ac ices and assessmen s, p oduc s and se ices. The discipline o (c i ical) da a s udies
p o ide ools, app oaches and heo e ical concep s ha challenge exis ing powe s uc u es
and p opose mo e jus and equi able al e na i es.
Go e nance
Powe ul ac o s and o ganiza ions
should ensu e ha less powe ed, less
ep esen ed and disad an aged
ac o s and o ganiza ions a e
encou aged o p o ide eedback and
e en ac i ely con ibu e.
Conside ing app op ia e legal
mechanisms
To encou age he use o open licenses – including open da a licenses o da abases, C ea i e
Commons licenses o con en , and open sou ce so wa e licenses o so wa e code and
o he so wa e a e ac s. Licenses ha e been cen al o he c ea ion and con inua ion o
knowledge, in o ma ion and da a commons. Whe e he da a in ques ion does no ela e o
any pe sonal o sensi i e in o ma ion, b oad licenses should be used ha impose li le o no
Enabling
En i onmen
(Regula ions)
Use o open licenses should be
encou aged
D5.3 S a egies owa ds sus ainable open da a ecosys ems
71
Key elemen
Desc ip ion o key-elemen
Connec ion
wi h ecosys em
amewo k
P oposed
s a egy/ ecommenda ion
es ic ion on euse. Fu he , go e nmen s should, o he ex en possible and subjec o
secu i y conce ns, p ocu e open-sou ce in as uc u es o open da a echnologies. He e, he
open licenses also se e o ins il a cul u e o communing.
Designing an ecology o
in e ope able p ojec s
To ocus on in e ope abili y and da a po abili y and ha e a b oad unde s anding o hese
concep s. In pa icula , e o s o in e ope abili y should encompass echnical in e ope abili y
( h ough, o example, seman ic and syn ac ic in e ope abili y o open da a sys ems/po als
and h ough s anda dized o ma s o (open) da a, as also no ed in he empi ical da a
collec ed) as well as gene a i e in e ope abili y ( h ough adop ion o policies aimed a
nu u ing public spaces o decision-making in ela ion o open da a needs and challenges).
Suppo should be p o ided o egula o y measu es aimed a b oad in e ope abili y and
po abili y, h ough ad ocacy and poli ical ac ion.
open da a
in as uc u e
Focus should be pu on - di e en
ypes o - in e ope abili y and da a
po abili y
Ensu ing sus ainabili y o ODEs
In e ms o economic sus ainabili y o ODEs, ad ocacy o a ailabili y o public unds can be
accompanied wi h insigh s om economic and business models o digi al
commons/in o ma ion commons/da a commons p ojec s, om collabo a i e pee
p oduc ion. Con ibu ions o social sus ainabili y can be ensu ed h ough he adop ion o
c i ically si ua ed app oaches o pa icipa ion om c i ical da a s udies.
Enabling
en i onmen
To ensu e sus ainabili y o ODEs,
di e en ypes o unding models
(public unding, p i a e unding, e c.)
should be conside ed.
The a ailabili y o open da a
pla o m based on ede a ed
a chi ec u e.
To some ex en , a ede a ed a chi ec u e could add ess he cu en sho comings whe e open
da a ac oss di e en domains and/o ju isdic ions a e segmen ed due o mul iple open da a
p o ide s. The ede a ed a chi ec u e means ha use s can easily in eg a e open da a om
mul iple domains and/o ju isdic ions based on in e ope able da a s anda ds, bu he
main enance o he da a s ill alls unde he esponsibili y o he o iginal p o ide . This would
be aluable o add ess complex global and local challenges equi ing a mul idisciplina y and
mul iscale da a-based app oach.
In e media ies
Open da a in e media ies could
conside p o iding an open da a
pla o m based on ede a ed
a chi ec u e.
Solici ing a ious needs o exis ing
and po en ial open da a ac o s
Open da a in e media ies can play a ole o unde s and and ga he he needs o exis ing and
po en ial open da a ac o s wi h espec o he supply, p ocessing, and euse o open da a.
Ce ain needs may no be immedia ely appa en bu can be unco e ed by unde s anding he
challenges ha hese ac o s ace. These needs may also no be di ec ly isible unless he e
a e a enues o hese needs o be communica ed by di e en ac o s. Open da a
in e media ies can p o ide such a enues.
In e media ies
Open da a in e media ies could play
an ac i e ole in iden i ying and
unde s anding a ious needs o
open da a ac o s. They can hen help
o add ess hese needs o
communica e hese needs o hose
who may be able o add ess (such as
da a p o ide s).
D5.3 S a egies owa ds sus ainable open da a ecosys ems
72
Table 5: S a egies o inclusi e open da a ecosys ems
Key elemen
Desc ip ion o key-elemen
Connec ion wi h
ecosys em
amewo k
P oposed
s a egy/ ecommenda ion
The e should be con inued ocus on
publica ion o open go e nmen
da ase s by public adminis a ion.
To ealise alue ou o open da a, i is impo an ha high-quali y open da ase s a e easily
a ailable. Acco dingly, public adminis a ions should con inue o elease open da ase s,
based on legal manda es as well as on a olun a y basis. To ensu e ha public
adminis a ions p io i ize elease o open da a, i may be impo an o e alua e di e en
en o cemen as well as incen i e s uc u es.
Enabling
En i onmen
(Regula ions)
Con inued implemen a ion o
legal manda es o open
go e nmen da a.
Sha ed open in as uc u es o
publishing and use o da a and
in o ma ion a e impo an , including
o non-go e nmen al da a holde s
Sha ed open in as uc u es o accessing, publishing and using open da a a e impo an , as
no all ac o s may ha e he esou ces necessa y o de elop such in as uc u es om sc a ch.
In as uc u e
Public inancing and main enance o
sha ed open in as uc u es, like he
Eu opean Open Science Cloud
Facili a ing mul i- o ma da a access
o di e en use s
P o iding da ase s in mul iple o ma s enhances accessibili y o NGOs, businesses, and
esea che s wi h dis inc echnical skills
I encou ages
inclusi eness ens
u ing he
accessibili y o
da a is in
acco dance wi h
he needs o
use s.
1. Enable di e se da a o ma s and
API op ions
2. Build accessible use in e aces o
enhance usabili y o non- echnical
use s.
Add essing ba ie s o local
communi y access o open da a
Communi ies equi e localized, in e p e able da ase s accompanied by me ada a o u ilize
da a e ec i ely o decision-making and ad ancemen s in socie y.
P omo es
inclusi i y by
enabling access
and u ili y o
open da a a a
communi y le el.
1. P o ide ools o local da a
in e p e a ion
2. C ea e communi y-speci ic
manuals and localized da a insigh s
pla o ms
Open Da a con ibu ion om non-
go e nmen ac o s
The need o escape he na ow limi s o only go e nmen al bodies being ac i e con ibu o s
o he ODE; a he , include o he s akeholde s (non-go e nmen al da a g oups) as po en ial
con ibu o s.
Enabling
En i onmen
Analyse he ba ie s, mo i a ions,
and echnical equi emen s o non-
go e nmen da a holde g oups o
sha e hei da a and p opose
echnical mechanisms o
enable/ acili a e his pu pose.
Alignmen o in e es s
The amewo k mus align o ganiza ional, socie al, and indi idual in e es s o os e
collabo a ion and sha ed esponsibili y
Collabo a ion,
Values
C ea e sha ed goals and alues
among di e se s akeholde s wi hin
an ODE. This ensu es cohesi e
collabo a ion and maximizes he
ecosys emʼs abili y o deli e alue
D5.3 S a egies owa ds sus ainable open da a ecosys ems
73
Key elemen
Desc ip ion o key-elemen
Connec ion wi h
ecosys em
amewo k
P oposed
s a egy/ ecommenda ion
ac oss i s use s, con ibu o s, and
bene icia ies.
Communi y-cen ic design
S uden s' mo i a ions highligh he impo ance o ocusing on eal-wo ld ele ance and
os e ing hei con ibu ions.
In as uc u e
Communi y-cen ic design p io i izes
he needs, p e e ences and
in ol emen o communi ies in he
ODE.
Lowe ing ba ie s o da a access
Ensu ing he inclusi i y o open da a po als in ol es he p o ision o mul ilingual suppo ,
use - iendly in e aces, and accessibili y o non- echnical use s.
P omo es
balanced
pa icipa ion and
equi able
oppo uni y by
expanding he
ecosys em o
unde ep esen e
d g oups.
Simpli y in e aces wi h use - iendly
designs and inco po a e mul ilingual
suppo and accessibili y ea u es.
Go e nance mechanisms o suppo
bo om-up ini ia i es
Open da a go e nance mechanisms should also suppo communi ies and local en i onmen
o in e ac and bene i o ODEs no jus as use s o da a. Local pa ne ships and ne wo ks
migh be suppo ed by new go e nance mechanisms wi h a bo om-up pe spec i e
Enabling
En i onmen ,
Da a Usage,
In as uc u e
Scoping a local p oblems and
building ne wo ks o ac o s and
open da a low among hem
In e disciplina y collabo a ion
Collabo a ion be ween domain-expe s and da a expe s. Domain-expe s can con ibu e
wi h con ex ual knowledge and p io i ies ha need o be add essed wi h open da a. Da a
expe s can con ibu e hei skills o da a analysis (cleaning, isualiza ion, e c.).
Enabling
En i onmen
Apply s a egies o incen i ize and
acili a e he collabo a ion o domain
expe s and da a expe s
Open da a e en design
Open da a e en s (such as hacka hons, mapa hons, e c.) can con ibu e o inc ease he
inclusi eness o ODEs i designed app op ia ely (g oup o ma ion me hods, agenda, ac i i ies,
e c.)
Enabling
En i onmen
Open da a e en s should be
designed o be accessible by non-
specialis use s.
Ins i u ionaliza ion o open da a
e en s
Public adminis a ion bodies can o ganize and inancially suppo open da a e en s, which
p o ide ne wo king and lea ning oppo uni ies, especially o non-specialis use s.
Enabling
En i onmen
The public adminis a ion should
ins i u ionalize and suppo open
da a e en s
Comp ehensi e da ase co e age
A ailabili y o a wide a ie y o hema ic da ase s such as om di e en domains such as
om science and anspo and so on
Da a P o ision
Adop ing hema ic classi ica ion o
da ase s om EDP o o he
classi ica ion such as SDGs
CARE p inciples accoun o powe
dynamics in ODEs.
Legal a enues o edis ibu ing alue need o ecognise and accoun o he poli ics o open
da a p oduc ion and e-use. No ma i ely, his can be achie ed h ough an o ien a ion
owa ds ‘da a jus iceʼ. (Taylo , 2017) In e ms o p ac ical implemen a ion, legal amewo ks o
open da a ini ia i es could e e o CARE p inciples in addi ion o he FAIR p inciples o da a
quali y managemen . (Di S aso e al., 2023).
ODE
In e ms o p ac ical implemen a ion,
legal amewo ks o open da a
ini ia i es could e e o CARE
p inciples in addi ion o he FAIR
p inciples o da a quali y
D5.3 S a egies owa ds sus ainable open da a ecosys ems
80
Key elemen
Desc ip ion o key-elemen
Connec ion
wi h ecosys em
amewo k
P oposed
s a egy/ ecommenda ion
The inancial alue c ea ed o
cap u ed by ac o s depend on he
oles hey play in he ODE, as hey
can play mul iple oles a he same
ime. 1/6
Ac o s in an ODE (e.g., go e nmen agencies, companies, non-p o i o ganisa ions, and
ci izens) a e no wedded o any pa icula ole. In o he wo ds, hey can play mul iple oles a
he same ime o di e en oles in di e en con ex s.
ODE
Commi men s o p o ide con inuous
and adequa e unding o
main aining and de eloping open
da a in as uc u e and suppo
ough o be ins i u ionalized, o
example, h ough sup ana ional,
na ional, o local laws. Con e sely,
open da a has o be conside ed as
an in as uc u e (like oads, clean
wa e , e c.) and be accoun ed o in
he ax policy design ha , a he
same ime, does no disincen i ize
companies om con inue using
open da a.
The inancial alue c ea ed o
cap u ed by ac o s depend on he
oles hey play in he ODE, as hey
can play mul iple oles a he same
ime. 2/6
Ac o s in an ODE (e.g., go e nmen agencies, companies, non-p o i o ganisa ions, and
ci izens) a e no wedded o any pa icula ole. In o he wo ds, hey can play mul iple oles a
he same ime o di e en oles in di e en con ex s and hese oles in luence he ypes o
inancial alue hey can c ea e o cap u e.
ODE
Some es uc u ing, s eamlining,
and coo dina ion o open da a
managemen and p o ision may be
necessa y wi hin and ac oss
go e nmen agencies o sa e
( ansac ion) cos s as open da a
p o ide s u he . A he same ime,
i may also be wo h coo dina ing
wi h o he agencies ha a e no
necessa ily open da a p o ide s o
implemen con ac ual obliga ions
wi h hi d-pa y endo s ha collec
da a h ough hei go e nmen -
unded p ojec s/unde akings o
gi e such da a o he go e nmen
ee o cha ge (including augmen ed
da a on op o ini ially go e nmen
open da a), so ha (some o ) he
da a can hen be p o ided as open
da a. This sa es he go e nmen
om ( e)collec ing he da a.

D5.3 S a egies owa ds sus ainable open da a ecosys ems
81
Key elemen
Desc ip ion o key-elemen
Connec ion
wi h ecosys em
amewo k
P oposed
s a egy/ ecommenda ion
The inancial alue c ea ed o
cap u ed by ac o s depend on he
oles hey play in he ODE, as hey
can play mul iple oles a he same
ime. 3/6
Ac o s in an ODE (e.g., go e nmen agencies, companies, non-p o i o ganisa ions, and
ci izens) a e no wedded o any pa icula ole . In o he wo ds, hey can play mul iple oles a
he same ime o di e en oles in di e en con ex s and hese oles in luence he ypes o
inancial alue hey can c ea e o cap u e.
ODE
One possible way o ecupe a e
some o he cos s o p o iding open
da a is o go e nmen agencies o
also p o ide alue-added se ices
based on open da a a ees. This
in ol es e isi ing, cla i ying, and
po en ially amending exis ing laws
ela ed o go e nmen -ma ke oles
and compe i ion.
The inancial alue c ea ed o
cap u ed by ac o s depend on he
oles hey play in he ODE, as hey
can play mul iple oles a he same
ime. 4/6
Ac o s in an ODE (e.g., go e nmen agencies, companies, non-p o i o ganisa ions, and
ci izens) a e no wedded o any pa icula ole . In o he wo ds, hey can play mul iple oles a
he same ime o di e en oles in di e en con ex s and hese oles in luence he ypes o
inancial alue hey can c ea e o cap u e.
ODE
Go e nmen agencies should be
obliga ed o use open da a
whene e i is a ailable and o
in o m open da a p o ide s o any
e o s in he da a. This sa es cos s
o hem as open da a use s as well
as o open da a p o ide s in
ensu ing da a quali y.
The inancial alue c ea ed o
cap u ed by ac o s depend on he
oles hey play in he ODE, as hey
can play mul iple oles a he same
ime. 5/6
Ac o s in an ODE (e.g., go e nmen agencies, companies, non-p o i o ganisa ions, and
ci izens) a e no wedded o any pa icula ole. In o he wo ds, hey can play mul iple oles a
he same ime o di e en oles in di e en con ex s and hese oles in luence he ypes o
inancial alue hey can c ea e o cap u e.
ODE
Tax incen i es may be wo h
conside ing en icing companies and
ci izens o con ibu e o open da a
ini ia i es as unde s o da a
p o ide s. The case o he Wikimedia
Founda ion and OpenS ee Map
Founda ion being g an ed ax-
deduc ible s a us in some coun ies,
whe e companies and ci izens who
dona e o hese o ganiza ions can
claim ax deduc ions, is a good
example o conside o o he open
da a ini ia i es.
The inancial alue c ea ed o
cap u ed by ac o s depend on he
oles hey play in he ODE, as hey
can play mul iple oles a he same
ime. 6/6
Ac o s in an ODE (e.g., go e nmen agencies, companies, non-p o i o ganisa ions, and
ci izens) a e no wedded o any pa icula ole. In o he wo ds, hey can play mul iple oles a
he same ime o di e en oles in di e en con ex s and hese oles in luence he ypes o
inancial alue hey can c ea e o cap u e.
ODE
Go e nmen s should ecognize ha
hey a e no longe he only open
da a p o ide s. Hence, hey should
conside suppo ing ci izen-
gene a ed o c owdsou ced open
da a p ojec s, such as
D5.3 S a egies owa ds sus ainable open da a ecosys ems
82
Key elemen
Desc ip ion o key-elemen
Connec ion
wi h ecosys em
amewo k
P oposed
s a egy/ ecommenda ion
OpenS ee Map, by inancially
suppo ing o con ibu ing hei own
da a o hese p ojec s. A he same
ime, go e nmen s can also le e age
open da a om hese p ojec s as
one o hei da a sou ces. This may
lead o mo e cos -sha ing in open
da a ini ia i es wi hin he ecosys em.
In ODEs, alue is seen as
mul i ace ed and dependen on he
dynamics o use engagemen ,
ci cula i y, inclusi i y, and skill-based
de elopmen wi hin open da a
sys ems
The complexi y o ‘ aluingʼ open da a a ises om he a ious s ages in he open da a usage
p ocess, which ange om collec ion and s o age o analysis and sha ing. Each s age p esen s
unique equi emen s and isks ha need o be managed o main ain he da a's u ili y and
in eg i y while ensu ing esponsible da a p ac ices ha conside p i acy, equi y, and
accoun abili y (S. G. Ve huls , 2021). In he ODEs p oposal, he concep o alue is app oached
om a b oade , ecosys em-o ien ed pe spec i e a he han me ely adi ional use- alue.
ODE
A pu pose-d i en app oach, a he
han a Use d i en one, can enhance
ODEs o be e e lec he
unde s anding o social alue.
Pu pose-di ec ed models es ablish
clea goals, usually concen a ing on
encou aging esponsible da a usage
while ad ancing socie al bene i s,
such as imp o ed heal hca e and
en i onmen al sus ainabili y.
Va ious open da a in e media ion
alue p oposi ions add essing
a ious eal-wo ld challenges and
p o iding inno a i e solu ions
G ea e awa eness and inspi a ion on he po en ial alue-added se ices based ha can be
o e ed based on open da a should be p omo ed ac oss a ious sec o s/domains o
encou age he eme gence o mo e open da a in e media ies ha help add ess eal-wo ld
challenges.
In e media ies
Open da a ad oca es (such as open
da a NGOs, esea che s, and public
agencies) could engage wi h
domain-speci ic indus y playe s
(such as mobili y, ag icul u e, ene gy
sec o s) o showcase he po en ial
use o open da a and exempla y
alue-added se ices.
Ad iso y, consul ancy o suppo
se ices o exis ing o po en ial open
da a ac o s
Some exis ing o po en ial open da a ac o s may equi e addi ional a ious o ms o suppo
and knowledge o supply, p ocess, o euse open da a.
In e media ies
Open da a in e media ies (wi hin o
ou side public sec o ) should
conside in oducing unc ions o
p o ide echnical and non- echnical
suppo s o o he open da a ac o s
in supplying, p ocessing, and eusing
open da a.
Ini ia ing engagemen and
in e ac ion among open da a ac o s
Some po en ial collabo a ions be ween open da a ac o s may happen wi h he help o open
da a in e media ies ha b ing di e en ac o s oge he o ini ia e possible connec ion o
engagemen .
In e media ies
Beyond holding e en s such as
hacka hons o con e ences ha
b ing a ious ac o s in one place o
D5.3 S a egies owa ds sus ainable open da a ecosys ems
83
Key elemen
Desc ip ion o key-elemen
Connec ion
wi h ecosys em
amewo k
P oposed
s a egy/ ecommenda ion
connec , open da a in e media ies
may also conside ini ia ing o
leading collabo a i e ini ia i es ha
ha ness he esou ces and expe ise
o mul iple open da a ac o s.
The a ailabili y o open-sou ce
so wa e o open da a supply,
p ocessing, and euse
Ce ain open da a ac o s may ace inancial cons ain s o pu chase o subsc ibe p op ie a y
so wa e o supply, p ocess, o euse open da a. Hence, he a ailabili y o open-sou ce
so wa e may alle ia e such cons ain s.
In e media ies
The de elopmen o open-sou ce
so wa e should be suppo ed,
especially by p o iding unds o
open-sou ce so wa e de elopmen
and main enance.
Sus ainable business models o
open da a in e media ies
Open da a in e media ies equi e sus ainable business models o ensu e i s longe i y and
pe o mance.
In e media ies
Incuba o o simila p og ams o
suppo he design and
de elopmen o open da a
in e media ies' business models
could be ini ia ed o help exis ing
and u u e open da a in e media ies.
These p og ams could be ca e ed
no only o o -p o i bu also non-
p o i open da a in e media ies, as
he o me also equi es sus ainable
business models.
Fiscal incen i es in exchange o
con ibu ions o open da a ini ia i es
Open da a ini ia i es ca ied ou by non-p o i en i ies such as Wikimedia and
OpenS ee Map equi e sus ained unding. The same goes o open-sou ce so wa e ini ia i es
ha enable he p ocessing and use o open da a. Ci izens and companies could be gi en
iscal incen i es (such as ax discoun s) in exchange o hei con ibu ion o hese open
da a/open-sou ce ini ia i es, ei he in mone a y o da a/con en o m.
Resou ces
Go e nmen s should conside
o e ing inancial incen i es o
ci izens and companies ha suppo
open da a o open-sou ce p ojec s.
Enable : A ailabili y o aining in
da a skills and li e acy
The mo i a ions and ba ie s o non-go e nmen ac o s o become ac i e con ibu o s o he
ODE we e ound. F om hese mo i a ions and ba ie s, 7 key enable s we e iden i ied. F om
he ba ie "Lack o da a skills and li e acy", he enable "A ailabili y o aining in da a skills
and li e acy" was iden i ied.
Incen i es
By making aining in da a skills and
li e acy a ailable, da a con ibu ion
can be enabled/le e aged
Enable : A ailabili y o app op ia e
echnical ools
The mo i a ions and ba ie s o non-go e nmen ac o s o become ac i e con ibu o s o he
ODE we e ound. F om hese mo i a ions and ba ie s, 7 key enable s we e iden i ied. F om
he mo i a ion "To imp o e echnical skills o in e nal da a p ocesses" and he ba ie "Lack o
echnical ools", he enable "A ailabili y o app op ia e echnical ools" was iden i ied.
Incen i es
By making app op ia e echnical
ools a ailable, da a con ibu ion can
be enabled/le e aged
Enable : Alignmen o p i a e alue
and in e es s wi h open da a sha ing
The mo i a ions and ba ie s o non-go e nmen ac o s o become ac i e con ibu o s o he
ODE we e ound. F om hese mo i a ions and ba ie s, 7 key enable s we e iden i ied. F om
Incen i es
By aligning p i a e alue and
in e es s wi h open da a sha ing,
D5.3 S a egies owa ds sus ainable open da a ecosys ems
84
Key elemen
Desc ip ion o key-elemen
Connec ion
wi h ecosys em
amewo k
P oposed
s a egy/ ecommenda ion
he mo i a ion "P i a e alue" and he ba ie "Misaligned goals and in e es s", he enable
"Alignmen o p i a e alue and in e es s wi h open da a sha ing" was iden i ied.
da a con ibu ion can be
enabled/le e aged
Enable : A ailabili y o esou ces
( inancial, ime, people/wo k o ce)
The mo i a ions and ba ie s o non-go e nmen ac o s o become ac i e con ibu o s o he
ODE we e ound. F om hese mo i a ions and ba ie s, 7 key enable s we e iden i ied. F om
he ba ie "Lack o esou ces", he enable "A ailabili y o esou ces" was iden i ied.
Incen i es
By making esou ces ( inancial, ime,
people/wo k o ce) a ailable, da a
con ibu ion can be
enabled/le e aged
Enable : Exis ence o da a-sha ing
communi ies
The mo i a ions and ba ie s o non-go e nmen ac o s o become ac i e con ibu o s o he
ODE we e ound. F om hese mo i a ions and ba ie s, 7 key enable s we e iden i ied. F om
he mo i a ions "Suppo ing o he s akeholde s", "Suppo ing communi ies" and
"Belonging", he enable "Exis ence o da a-sha ing communi ies" was iden i ied.
Incen i es
By making da a-sha ing
communi ies exis , da a con ibu ion
can be enabled/le e aged
Enable : Awa eness abou he social
impac o open da a sha ing
The mo i a ions and ba ie s o non-go e nmen ac o s o become ac i e con ibu o s o he
ODE we e ound. F om hese mo i a ions and ba ie s, 7 key enable s we e iden i ied. F om
he mo i a ion "C ea ing social impac " and he ba ie "Lack o awa eness", he enable
"Awa eness abou he social impac o open da a sha ing" was iden i ied.
Incen i es
By making s akeholde s awa e abou
he social impac o open da a
sha ing, da a con ibu ion can be
enabled/le e aged
Enable : P esence o engagemen o
enjoymen ac i i ies
The mo i a ions and ba ie s o non-go e nmen ac o s o become ac i e con ibu o s o he
ODE we e ound. F om hese mo i a ions and ba ie s, 7 key enable s we e iden i ied. F om
he mo i a ion "Engagemen / enjoymen ", he enable "P esence o engagemen o
enjoymen ac i i ies" was iden i ied.
Incen i es
By ha ing engagemen o enjoymen
ac i i ies, da a con ibu ion can be
enabled/le e aged
D5.3 S a egies owa ds sus ainable open da a ecosys ems
85
Table 7: S a egies o skill-based open da a ecosys ems
Key elemen
Desc ip ion o key-elemen
Connec ion wi h
ecosys em amewo k
P oposed
s a egy/ ecommenda ion
P o iding assis ance o da a
in e media ies o imp o e he quali y
o da a
The use o me hods/app oaches ha inc ease da a quali y, such as alida ion and
augmen a ion, is c ucial in o de o make open da ase s be e and o ensu e ha hey a e
accessible o all di e en kinds o use s simul aneously.
In e media ies a e gi en
he capaci y o inc ease
he u ili y o da a while
also de eloping us and
eliabili y wi hin he
ecosys em.
"1. C ea e and dis ibu e da a
augmen a ion ools adap able o
di e en da ase ypes
De eloping low-code ools o
educa o s and da a in e media ies
Low-code pla o ms enable eache s and in e media ies o p ocess, analyse, and ex ac
insigh s wi hou ad anced echnical expe ise, empowe ing b oade pa icipa ion in he ODE.
2. The ools should be
capable o suppo ing a
wide a ie y o da a ypes
and in ended uses."