Status of three West Greenland caribou populations 2001. 1) Akia-Maniitsoq, 2) Ameralik, 3) Qeqertarsuatsiaat. Technical Report No. 46

1
Technical Repo No. 46, 2002
G eenland Ins i u e o Na u al Resou ces
1) Akia-Manii soq,
2) Ame alik,
3) Qeqe a sua siaa
S a us o h ee Wes G eenland
ca ibou popula ions 2001
2
Ti le: S a us o h ee Wes G eenland ca ibou popula ions 2001.
1) Akia-Manii soq,
2) Ame alik,
3) Qeqe a sua siaa .
Au ho s: Ch is ine Cuyle , Michael Rosing, John D.C.Linnell, Pipaluk Mølle Lund,
Pe Jo dhøy, Anne Loison & A ild Landa
T ansla ion: none
Da e o publica ion: mon h + yea
Funding: DANCEA, Danish Coope a ion o En i onmen in he A c ic  Minis y
o En i onmen and Ene gy, S andgade 29, Copenhagen K, Denma k
Se ies: Technical Repo no. 46, 2002
Publishe : G eenland Ins i u e o Na u al Resou ces
Co e pho o: Two emale ca ibou in win e . Pho og aphe : Ch is ine Cuyle
ISBN: 87-90024-87-7
ISSN: 1397-3657
Layou : Ki s en Rydahl
P in ing: Oddi P in ing L d, Reykja ik, Iceland
P in s: 150 (Danish & G eenlandic summa ies)
Re e ence: Cuyle , C., M. Rosing, J.D.C. Linnell, P.M. Lund, P. Jo dhøy, A. Loison
& A. Landa 2002. S a us o h ee Wes G eenland ca ibou popula ions
2001; 1) Akia-Manii soq, 2) Ame alik, 3) Qeqe a sua siaa .
G eenland Ins i u e o Na u al Resou ces. Technical epo No. 46.
xx pp.
A ailable om: G eenland Ins i u e o Na u al Resou ces
P.O. Box 570
DK-3900 Nuuk
G eenland
Phone: +299 32 10 95
Fax: +299 32 59 57
www.na u .gl
3
by
Ch is ine Cuyle 1, Michael Rosing1, John Linnell2,
Pipaluk Mølle Lund3, Pe Jo dhøy2,
Anne Loison4 & A ild Landa1 & 2
1 G eenland Ins i u e o Na u al Resou ces, P.O. Box 570, DK  3900 Nuuk, G eenland
2 No wegian Ins i u e o Na u e Resea ch, Tungasle a 2, 7485 T ondheim, No way
3 Technical Di ision, Ci y Hall, 2080 Eids oll No way
4 UMR  CNRS 5558, Labo a oi e de Biome ie e Biologie E olu i e, 69622 Villeu banne cedex, F ance
Technical Repo No. 46, 2002
G eenland Ins i u e o Na u al Resou ces
1) Akia-Manii soq,
2) Ame alik,
3) Qeqe a sua siaa
S a us o h ee Wes G eenland
ca ibou popula ions 2001
4
Sammen a ning
5
Eqikkaaneq

6
7
In Ma ch 2001 ae ial su ey by helicop e
o ca ibou abundance and he d s uc u e
was comple ed o 3 popula ions. The i s
was he Akia-Manii soq ca ibou popula ion
in egion Cen al. The las wo we e popu-
la ions in egion Sou h, he Ame alik and
Qeqe a sua siaa he ds. Fligh heigh was
15 me es, ligh speed a e aged 80 km/h ,
and s ip wid h was 300 me es o ei he
side o he helicop e , o a o al o 600
me es. Du ing Ma ch-Ap il o 1998 and
2000, snowmobile g ound su eys o he d
s uc u e we e also comple ed in egion
Cen al. Bo h ae ial and g ound su eys
ga e annual ec ui men es ima es.
Akia-Manii soq he d
 egion Cen al
The es ima e o p e-cal ing popula ion size
o Akia-Manii soq he d o egion Cen al in
Ma ch 2001 is c. 46,236 ca ibou (37,115 -
55,808; 80% CI). Win e ange des uc ion
has been obse ed. A dec ease in he d size
is ad isable o p e en u he des uc ion
o he ange. The e o e a la ge emale ha -
es is needed. Nei he hal ing popula ion
g ow h no he d size educ ion can be
e ec i ely achie ed h ough hun e ha es
unless emales make up a la ge p opo ion
o he animals aken.
Ca ibou densi y in 2001 was 4.0 ca ibou pe
km2 in he high-densi y s a um, and 1.1
ca ibou pe km2 in he low-densi y s a um.
The o me is high and conside ed a h ea
o ege a ion. Mean g oup size declined om
6.4 in 1998 o 3.2 in 2001. Cal pe cen age
also declined om 25% in 1998 o 17% in
2001. Simila ly annual ec ui men was 65
cal es/100 cows in 1998 bu only 31 in 2001.
The high 1998 ec ui men could ha e p o-
mo ed apid inc ease in popula ion size,
speci ically since he e a e no na u al p e-
da o s. The p esen subs an ial d op in cal
ec ui men may indica e a popula ion al-
eady in decline. The bull o cow a io was
abou one bull o e e y 1.72 cows, which is
no unusual. I na u al mo ali y is be ween
8 and 10% hen on a he d his size be ween
3,700 and 4,600 animals may be expec ed o
die annually.
The Akia-Manii soq ca ibou he d may ha e
been s eadily inc easing in numbe since he
1950s. I is p obable ha he d size did in-
c ease subs an ially du ing he 1990s, gi en
he ini ial 2-yea ban on hun ing, he ollow-
ing 5 yea s o low ha es quo as, he ich
lichen ange desc ibed by se e al au ho s,
and he high ec ui men obse ed in 1998.
Recen ly ca ibou ha e been using he Da is
S ai seacoas ange, mos no iceably he
sp ing o 2001, when hey we e nume ous
on he no h sho elines o he God håbs jo d
along Akia/No dlande . Since u iliza ion o
coas al ange occu s du ing popula ion
peaks, he p esen es ima e may be a maxi-
mum o he egion. The densi y o 4 ca i-
bou/km2 appea s o suppo his. The he d
size es ima e in 2001, which is la ge han
all p e ious es ima es need no mean a con-
inued inc easing numbe o ca ibou in he
Akia-Manii soq he d, since cal ec ui men
d opped and is now poo . The imp o ed
sampling design p oduced a high popula ion
es ima e, bu he he d may be in decline o
on he b ink o decline. Suppo o his hy-
po hesis is ound in he p esen ema kably
low ec ui men alue and obse ed cu en
ange deg ada ion. This si ua ion unde lines
he impo ance o moni o ing and managing
each he d sepa a ely in he u u e.
Ame alik He d
 no he n a ea o egion Sou h
The Ame alik he d may ha e s eadily in-
c eased since he 1940s un il a possible e-
cen peak in he la e 1990s. These ca ibou
Summa y
8
ha e been using he seacoas hea ily since
1997/98, which indica es bo h ood limi a-
ion elsewhe e on he ange and a peak in
animal numbe s. The p esen high ca ibou
densi y and ange deg ada ion suppo s
his sugges ion. This s udys es ima e o he
p e-cal ing popula ion size o he Ame alik
he d in egion Sou h in Ma ch 2001 is c.
31,880 ca ibou (24,721  39,305; 80% CI).
The la ge es ima e need no mean a con i-
nued inc easing numbe o ca ibou in he
Ame alik he d. The he d may be in decline,
gi en he poo cal ec ui men , ange de-
g ada ion, and p obable high popula ion
numbe s o e he pas 5 yea s.
Ca ibou densi y in 2001 was 3.7 ca ibou/
km2. Range des uc ion has been obse ed.
Gi en ha he e a e no p eda o s, cal pe -
cen age is a low 18% and ec ui men only
40 cal /100 cows. This may signal a he d
al eady in decline. The ela i ely e en bull
o cow a io sugges s ha ha es s since
1995, al hough male-biased, ha e been oo
small o a ec he popula ion, e.g., he d size
was likely la ge. I na u al mo ali y is be-
ween 8 o 10% hen be ween 2,500 and
3,200 animals may be expec ed o die
annually.
Once again hal ing u he popula ion
g ow h and dec easing he d size is ad isable
o p e en u he des uc ion o he ange.
P ese ing he ange will ensu e he u u e
o he ca ibou he d. As wi h he Akia-
Manii soq he d a la ge emale ha es is
needed o e ec i ely hal popula ion g ow h
o educe he d size.
Qeqe a sua siaa He d
 sou he n a ea o egion Sou h
The 2001 Qeqe a sua siaa ca ibou he d
size es ima e o c. 5,372 ca ibou (2,864 
8,244; 80% CI) is coupled wi h an excellen
la e win e cal ec ui men (61 cal /100
cow) and easonable ca ibou densi y (1.1
ca ibou/km2). Wi h he high cal ec ui men
an inc ease in numbe is p obable unless
egula ed by hun e ha es . The he d p o-
duces la ge animals o he ha es and p e-
sen he d size does no appea o ep esen
a h ea o ange condi ion. Howe e , li le
is known abou lichen ange in he a ea. Fo
e e y bull he e a e 1.4 cows. I na u al
mo ali y is be ween 8 o 10% hen be ween
400 and 550 animals may be expec ed o die
annually.
Ha es s should be abou hal emale, so as
o p o ec gene ic a iabili y in his ela i ely
small popula ion and p omo e emale ecun-
di y. A ha es s a egy, which main ains
he he d a i s cu en size es ima e, may be
sus ainable o bo h he d and ange.
9
Es ima es o he d size, he d s uc u e and
ec ui men a e impo an o ca ibou mana-
gemen decisions. Ha es egula ion in wes
G eenland began in ea nes du ing he
1990s wi h ca ibou he d size as he sole
ounda ion. Animal abundance es ima es
a e cen al o managemen in G eenland.
Alone howe e , an es ima e ells no hing
abou body condi ion, e ili y, o ec ui -
men , which a e also ele an o manage-
men decisions, and can o en explain he
causes behind popula ion luc ua ions. The
1990s ae ial su eys in wes G eenland,
speci ically 1995 and 1996, had he bes
me hod design up o hei ime. Ye su eys
a e subjec o unce ain y and ypically
unde es ima e numbe s (Thomas 1998).
The e o e i is c i ical o u he imp o e
me hods i he esul ing es ima e is o accu-
a ely e lec popula ion size. Recen ly h ee
ca ibou popula ions in Wes G eenland
we e in es iga ed; Akia-Manii soq, Ame a-
lik and Qeqe a sua siaa .
Akia-Manii soq ca ibou:
egion Cen al
The Akia-Manii soq ca ibou popula ion o
egion Cen al (Figu e 1) is composed o
na i e wes G eenland ca ibou (Rangi e
a andus g oenlandicus) gene ically mixed
wi h e al semi-domes ic eindee (Rangi e
a andus a andus) (Jepsen 1999), which
we e in oduced o he God håb/Kapisilli
a ea in 1952 (Figu e 2). Ea -ma ked escaped
eindee we e al eady being ha es ed in e-
gion Cen al, speci ically Qussuk, du ing
he 1970s (K is ian Egede pe s. comm.). As
wi h all egions in wes G eenland he e a e
no na u al p eda o s. Region Cen al may
con ain sub-popula ions o ca ibou, bu
esul s om sa elli e colla ed indi iduals
(Cuyle & Linnell in p ess) sugges ha he
ca ibou o he egion may be conside ed one
popula ion.
In oduc ion
Figu e. 2. Place names in egion Cen al.
16
Figu e 4. Ae ial helicop e su ey o he Akia-Manii soq ca ibou popula ion in egion Cen-
al.
Figu e 5. Ae ial helicop e su ey o he Ame alik ca ibou popula ion in egion Sou h.

17
missed ca ibou pe ansec , was calcula ed
om he esul s o he 2000 su ey in egion
No h (Cuyle e al. 2002). Rea sea (le and
igh ) obse e abili y, howe e , was ini ially
unknown. The e o e he ea sea obse e s
al e na ed sea posi ion, so each sa on he
same side as he known-abili y obse e a
leas once. Also se e al obse e s we e used.
I was assumed ha his sp ead he bias isk
o e an a e age o se e al indi iduals abili-
y a he han isk he possibili y o a poo
obse e , si ing in he igh ea sea , cau-
sing high nega i e bias.De ails speci ic o
each ca ibou popula ion s udied a e gi en
below in he o de in which he su eys
we e comple ed.
Akia-Manii soq ca ibou popula ion
( egion Cen al)
The ae ial su ey o egion Cen al occu ed
12-16 Ma ch 2001. Region Cen al encom-
passes app oxima ely 15,362 km2. The 47
andom ansec lines we e di ided be ween
2 s a a, one high and one low ca ibou den-
si y s a um (Figu e 4). The high-densi y
s a um in ol ed c. 10,037 km2, while he
low-densi y s a um encompassed c. 5,325
km2. 34 ansec s we e alloca ed o he high
ca ibou densi y s a um and 13 ansec s o
he low ca ibou densi y s a um. He d s uc-
u e and ec ui men coun s we e lown on
5 ansec s, and o e la ge a eas in bo h he
high and low ca ibou densi y s a a.
Ame alik ca ibou popula ion
( egion Sou h)
The ae ial su ey o he Ame alik he d oc-
cu ed 12-21 Ma ch 2001. Region Sou h
encompasses app oxima ely 13,473 ice- ee
km2, howe e he Ame alik a ea in ol es
abou 8,377 km2. 40 andom ansec lines
we e alloca ed o he la e (Figu e 5). He d
s uc u e and ec ui men coun s we e
lown on 4 o he ansec s, and also o e
a eas whe e ca ibou we e nume ous.
Qeqe a sua siaa ca ibou popula ion
( egion Sou h)
The ae ial su ey o he Qeqe a sua siaa
he d occu ed 21-22 Ma ch 2001, and used
21 andom ansec lines (Figu e 6). Region
Sou h encompasses app oxima ely 13,473
Figu e 6. Ae ial helicop e su ey o he Qeqe a sua siaa ca ibou popula ion in egion Sou h.
18
Figu e 7. Akia-Manii soq he d s uc u e zigzag o e ligh s.
Figu e 8. Ame alik he d s uc u e zigzag o e ligh s.
19
ice- ee km2, howe e he Qeqe a sua siaa
a ea in ol es abou 5,096 km2. He d s uc-
u e and ec ui men coun s we e lown
h oughou he egion o e la ge a eas,
whe e ca ibou we e nume ous.
Es ima ing abundance
Popula ion es ima es o he 3 ca ibou popu-
la ions in es iga ed and he minimum num-
be o he missed animals we e calcula ed
acco ding o Cuyle e al. (2002) (Appendi-
ces 3 & 4). The s anda d me hod when each
missed animal is iden i ied ollows Pollock
& Kendall (1987).
He d s uc u e &
cal ec ui men
Du ing ae ial su eys, he d s uc u e and
ec ui men coun s we e ob ained by back-
acking ansec s in a zigzag ligh pa e n,
ne e lying mo e han c. 2 kilome es om
he ansec line (Figu es 7, 8 & 9). Al e na-
ely, a eas o high ca ibou densi y we e
chosen. Choice o a ansec o a ea depen-
ded on how many ca ibou we e p esen ,
since he goal was o maximize he numbe
o ca ibou, sexed and aged, o he d s uc-
u e and ec ui men . Akia-Manii soq an-
sec numbe s 1, 39, 68, 105 & 227 we e back-
acked, as we e Ame alik ansec numbe s
94, 206, 282 & 295. The e was close commu-
nica ion be ween all obse e s and pilo du-
ing his exe cise. All ca ibou sigh ed we e
sexed and aged (< o > 1 yea old) ollowing
a b ie o e pass wi h he helicop e .
Sex was de e mined by he p esence o ab-
sence o a ul a and/o u ine pa ch on he
ump. This eliably indica ed a emale on
bo h adul s and cal es. No o he me hod
was 100% ce ain, e.g., an le size, shape,
p esence o absence, we e no used, as he
p esence o an le s on emale ca ibou is
highly a iable in wes e n G eenland. Age
was de e mined by body size. Cal es o
bo h sexes we e conside ably smalle han
all o he age classes a his ime o yea .
The e we e wo age classes used in subse-
quen analyses, i.e., cal (≥ 9-10 mon hs old)
Figu e 9. Qeqe a sua siaa he d s uc u e zigzag o e ligh s.
20
Figu e 10. Akia-Manii soq he d s uc u e g ound su ey, ou es aken
egion Cen al: (A) 1998 & (B) 2000.
and adul (> 1 yea ). Cal pe cen age gi en
is he pe cen age o he o al numbe o ca i-
bou seen. Cal ec ui men is he la e-win e
cal /100 cow a io.
G oup size was based on p oximi y and
g oup cohesion du ing possible ligh e-
sponse, e.g., h ee cow/cal pai s, sepa a ed
by se e al hund ed me es, would no be
ega ded as a g oup o six.
The sex and age s uc u e o he Akia-Manii -
soq he d, egion Cen al, we e also in es i-
ga ed by g ound su ey, be ween 25 Ma ch 
3 Ap il 1998, and 29 Ma ch  9 Ap il 2000
(Figu e 10). A eas we e coun ed only once
and apid e ain co e age was used o
a oid he possibili y o double coun ing.
Binocula s and Leica spo ing scopes we e
used o sex and age animals obse ed.
21
Local in ol emen
Local hun e s and hun ing o ice s pa ici-
pa ed in he su eys as ca ibou obse e s,
and p o essional hun e s we e chosen by
he G eenland Associa ion o Comme cial
Hun e s (KNAPK) and G eenland Di ec o-
a e o Fishe ies Hun ing and Municipali-
ies (DFFB). Local p o essional hun e s
Aslak Jensen, Johannes Egede, Niels Olsen,
and Rink Hein ich pa icipa ed in he heli-
cop e su ey 2001. The Manii soq wildli e
o ice , Jakob Heilmann, pa icipa ed in he
egion Cen al snowmobile g ound su ey
o he d s uc u e assessmen 2000, while
local ec ea ional hun e Jacob Poulson
pa icipa ed in 1998.
Desc ip ion egion Cen al
Region Cen al encompasses app oxima ely
15,362 km2, and ca ibou u ilise much o his
a ea o e he cou se o a yea . The egions
bounda ies e lec geog aphic ea u es. To
he no h is he Sukke oppen Ice Cap, o
he no h wes is Sønd e S øm jo d, o he
wes is he Da is S ai , o he sou h is God -
håbs jo d and o he eas he G eenland in-
land Ice Cap. Today, he la ges human
se lemen wi hin he egion is he ci y o
Manii soq, wi h 2,929 inhabi an s, while a
u he 796 people li e in smalle se lemen s
(G ønlands S a is isk Å bog 2000). Only a
ew kilome es sou h lies G eenlands capi-
al ci y, Nuuk, wi h c. 13,445 inhabi an s,
and he Kapisilli se lemen , wi h c. 115.
Mos ci ies and se lemen s a e loca ed on
he Da is S ai seacoas . Vas po ions o
egion Cen al a e eadily accessible o
G eenlands echnologically mode n and
mobile hun e s due o he na u al agmen-
a ion o he landscape by jo d, lake and
i e sys ems.
The no he n hi d o egion Cen al, speci-
ially he inland named Qaamassoq, can be
desc ibed as high moun ain pla eau wi h a
mi iad o lakes sp inkled h oughou . The
a ea ecei es plen y o p ecipi a ion yea
ound, and in win e his can c ea e deep
snow condi ions ha d i e ca ibou ou o
his a ea, eas o he bo de s o he Ice Cap,
sou h owa ds Fiske jo d, o wes owa ds
he Da is S ai coas (Thing & Falk 1990,
S andgaa d e al. 1983). Snow co e is
ypically good un il May-June. In 1999 his
a ea was s ill snow co e ed on he 25 h o
June. Al hough lichen ange was good du-
ing he 1970s, wen y yea s la e i was
o e g azed (Thing & Falk 1990).
The sou hwes po ion o egion Cen al is
Akia/No dland, and lies be ween Fiske jo d
o he no h and God håbs jo d o he sou h.
The landscape is mono onous issu ed ocky
lowlands wi h a my iad o lakes and i e s.
The e is a cen al moun ain idge, which
uns SW-NE. The clima e is we and ma i-
ime wi h ypically deep snow in win e ,
and p e iously ca ibou concen a ions ha e
been ound on he sou h sho es o Fiske jo d
and in he moun ain egion no h o Qussuk
bu elsewhe e on Akia almos none a all
(Thing & Falk 1990). This a ea con ained
some o he bes lichen ange in wes G een-
land, wi hou e idence o o e g azing (Thing
& Falk 1990; Lund e al. 2000). Du ing he
ea ly 1980s lichens s ood 2 o 3 cm high in
nea coas al a eas (S andgaa d e al. 1983).
This a ea cu en ly ep esen s a ou ed win-
e ing ange o he Akia-Manii soq he d
(Cuyle & Linnell in p ess). Du ing summe
o 2000 se e al Na u e Ins i u e s a no iced
independen ly ha ege a ion was amp-
led o o e g azed in he Qussuk a ea o
Akia/No dlande , which only 3 yea s p e-
iously had been good lichen hea hs. Lichen
anges close o he Da is S ai coas ha e
also been educed o e he las ew yea s
(Ti us Egede pe s. comm.).
The sou heas e n a ea, Uja agssui Nunaa ,
which is sou h o he Sa qap Se me ssua
glacial ongue and eas o he lake Tase s-
suaq and jo d Iluljalik, is domina ed by
high moun ainous e ain, p oximi y o he
inland Ice Cap and a con inen al clima e,
which means li le p ecipi a ion annually
and ligh snow dep hs in win e . Ca ibou
ha e been known o p e e his a ea, bu
he win e lichen ange was o e g azed in
1990 (Thing & Falk 1990). E en in he ea ly

22
1980s lichens he e we e desc ibed as o e -
g azed and in some places consis ing only
o dead lichen ma s (S andgaa d e al.
1983).
The coas no h o Fiske jo d up o Sønd e
S øm jo d is a ied. Moun ainous e ain is
ypical and much o he a ea is di ided by
deep long alleys unning SW-NE. The e
a e se e al alpine ice caps. Snow co e can
be deep and o al, and a he high ele a-
ions snow co e can emain un il mid-July.
Desc ip ion egion Sou h
Region Sou h encompasses app oxima ely
13,473 ice- ee km2. The egions bounda ies
e lec geog aphic ea u es. To he no h is
God håbs jo d, o he eas is he G eenland
inland Ice Cap, o he sou h is F ede ikshåb
Isblink, and o he wes he ou e coas along
he Da is S ai . The egion is cha ac e ized
by a geog aphically agmen ed landscape.
S eep sided jo ds pene a e deeply owa ds
he inland Ice Cap and glacial ongues o
he Ice Cap o en begin a he jo d heads.
Today, he la ges human se lemen wi hin
he egion is G eenlands capi al ci y o
Nuuk, wi h 13,445 inhabi an s, while a
u he 388 people li e in smalle se lemen s
(G ønlands S a is isk Å bog 2000). Also
using egion Sou h o hun ing, speci ically
he G æde jo d a ea, a e hun e s om e-
gion Paamiu , 2,085 inhabi an s.
Ame alik
This 8,377 km2, a ea includes all ice- ee land
and islands. This a ea be ween he God håb
and Se milik jo ds (and Se meq glacial
ongue) has a sha ply con as ing landscape.
The e a e low coas al la lands on he Da is
S ai coas and high sha p moun ain peaks
wi h alpine glacie s elsewhe e. The la ge
lake, Kange dlua ssungûp ase ssua, and
he Ame alik jo d domina e in he cen e,
unning gene ally eas -wes ac oss he e-
gion. Snow is ypically deep a he coas
and dec eases s eadily owa ds he eas
un il almos no hing close o he inland Ice
Cap (Thing & Falk 1990). The e ain eas o
50°30W sees li le p ecipi a ion, while wes
o ha ecei es plen y, e.g. snow dep hs a e
commonly 1.5 me es a 51°W du ing win e
(Jack F ede iksen pe s. comm.). Howe e
o a leas he pas 2 decades, he wind-
blown coas al lowlands a he seacoas sel-
dom can keep any snow co e o speak o
du ing win e (Gö an Lindma k pe s.
comm.).
His o ically he lichen anges in Ame alik
we e excellen . Knud Rasmussen (1910)
in es iga ed God håbs jo d-Ame alik a ea
wi h Saami du ing 1905. He desc ibed a
ange co e ed ex ensi ely wi h ich deep
eindee -lichen hea hs, eaching e en up o
1,000 m ASL in places. He w o e ha he
ange was be e sui ed o eindee han
anywhe e in Scandina ia a ha ime.
Lichens we e s ill ich du ing he 1940s
along he Da is S ai coas line om Lille
Na saq down o Bukse jo den and all along
he sho es o Bukse jo den. These anges a e
now o e g azed (Ti us Egede pe s. comm.).
Ame alik had good quali y win e ange
du ing he ea ly 1980s (Aas up 1983,
1984), and lichen anges we e gene ally
assumed o good quali y in he ea ly 1980s,
due o obse a ions o body condi ion
(Thing 1982a; S andgaa d e al. 1983).
Howe e lichen anges nea he Ice Cap
we e poo ela i e o u he wes (S and-
gaa d e al. 1983). Lichen anges on he
Nuna a ssuaq, eas o Kapisilli we e o e -
g azed in la e 1980s (Nikolaj Hein ich pe s.
comm.). Ame alik in 1990 s ill con ained
some o he bes lichen ange in wes G een-
land, second only o Akia in egion Cen al,
being ela i ely good in many a eas bu
again o e g azed nea he Ice Cap (Thing &
Falk 1990). The a e age lichen co e in
1984 o he land be ween Ame alik and
Kange dlua ssungûp ase ssua was 45-55%
(Aas up 1986). Howe e , he en i e sou h
sho e o he Ame alik jo d was o e g azed
by he la e 1990s (Jens Bje ge pe s comm).
In 1998 he lichens ma s o he Eqalui al-
ley we e obse ed o e g azed and ampled
(GN unpublished). Be ween 1985 and 2000
he lichen hea hs we e se e ely o e g azed
and ampled (Lund e al. 2000).
23
Qeqe a sua siaa
This 5,096 km2, a ea includes all ice- ee
land and islands. The a ea is na u ally ag-
men ed o a se e e deg ee by s eep sided
jo ds and glacial ongues om he inland
Ice Cap. Hal he egion is alpine, being
g ea e han 700 me es ASL (Thing & Falk
1990), bu he e a e low coas al la lands
and islands along he Da is S ai coas .
Snow co e can be o al om Da is S ai
coas o he inland Ice Cap. Al hough no
examined, Thing & Falk (1990) assumed he
win e lichen ange in his a ea was o e -
g azed and in poo condi ion, because he
1990 su ey es ima ed a low ca ibou popu-
la ion size. O he explaina ions a e possible.
Fo example a hea y hun ing p essu e could
ha e kep ca ibou numbe s low, despi e good
ange condi ions. Al e na ely, he popula-
ion size migh ha e been unde es ima ed,
and ha e no hing o do wi h ange condi-
ion. Hence ange condi ion was unknown.
24
5HJLRQ 3RSXODWLRQ (VWLPDWH &RQILGHQFH,QWHUYDO

Cen al Akia-Manii soq 46,236 37,115 – 55,808
Sou h Ame alik 31,880 24,721 – 39,305
Sou h Qeqe a sua siaa 5,372 2,864 – 8,244
1 non-pa ame ic (boo s ap) CIs.
5HJLRQ 3RSXODWLRQ /RZGHQVLW DUHD +LJKGHQVLW DUHD
Cen al Akia-Manii soq 1.1 / km²4.0 / km²
Sou h Ame alik -3.8 / km²
Sou h Qeqe a sua siaa - 1.05 / km²
5HJLRQ&HQWUDO 5HJLRQ6RXWK
$NLD0DQLLWVRT $PHUDOLN 4HTHUWDUVXDWVLDDW
Yea 2001 2000 1998 2001 2001
Me hod Ae ial G ound G ound Ae ial Ae ial
To al sexed &
aged 758 590 575 555 107
A e age g oup
size 3.2 3.6 6.4 4.3 2.9
Maximum g oup
size 18 17 36 28 6
Bull (>1 yea ) 232 (30.6%) 236 (40.0%) 206 (35.8%) 207 (37.3%) 33 (30.8%)
Cow (>1 yea ) 400 (52.8%) 237 (40.2%) 224 (39.0%) 249 (44.9%) 46 (43.0%)
Cal 126 (16.6%) 117 (19.8%) 145 (25.2%) 99 (17.8%) 28 (26.2%)
Rec ui men
(cal /cow*) 0.31 0.49 0.65 0.40 0.61
* all cows >1 yea old
Table 5. La e win e he d s uc u e pa ame e s o 3 ca ibou he ds in Wes G eenland.
Table 3. Es ima es o ca ibou abundance 2001 o 3 he ds in Wes G eenland. Co ec ed
o missed ca ibou as ollows Cuyle e al. (2002).
Table 4. Ca ibou densi y 2001 o 3 he ds in Wes G eenland. Co ec ed o
missed ca ibou as ollows Cuyle e al. (2002).
25
Ca ibou popula ion size &
he d s uc u e
Inco po a ing a co ec ion o missed ca i-
bou (Cuyle e al. 2002), popula ion size es i-
ma es o he 3 ca ibou popula ions in es i-
ga ed a e, 1) Akia-Manii soq c. 46,236 ca i-
bou, 2) Ame alik c. 31,880 ca ibou, and 3)
Qeqe a sua siaa c. 5,372 ca ibou (Table 3),
while mean densi ies anged up o 4 ca i-
bou/km2 (Table 4). He d s uc u e and cal
ec ui men a ied subs an ially among he
3 ca ibou popula ions (Table 5).
Dis ibu ion changes we e obse ed o bo h
he Akia-Manii soq and Ame alik ca ibou
popula ions. Unusually la ge numbe s o
Akia-Manii soq ca ibou we e obse ed on
he Da is S ai coas and he no he n
sho elines o God håbs jo d. A la ge po ion
o he Ame alik ca ibou popula ion was
obse ed in he ex eme sou h o hei ange
and bo de ing on he Qeqe a sua siaa
ca ibou ange.
Akia-Manii soq ca ibou
dis ibu ion
Wi hin he high-densi y s a um, la ge num-
be s, i.e. high densi ies, o ca ibou we e p e-
sen all along he sou h- acing slopes o he
hilly no h sho e o God håbs jo d. The
a ou ed Akia/No dland win e ing ange
jus no h o hese hills, was also densely
popula ed. Fo example, ansec line 68 had
a densi y o c. 23 ca ibou/km2, and hal o
ansec line 227 had a densi y o c. 20
ca ibou/km2 (Appendix 5).
Coas al a eas along he Da is S ai we e
also ull o ca ibou. Coas al ansec line 39,
which was a he mou h o Fiske jo d, sou h
side, had a densi y o c. 15 ca ibou/km2,
while ansec lines 97, 17 and 77 had densi-
ies o c. 3, 2 and 2 ca ibou/km2 espec i ely.
Fu he no h he Da is S ai coas line was
s ill suppo ing subs an ial numbe s o ca i-
bou. T ansec lines 84, 56 and 107 had densi-
ies o c. 5, 4 and 4 ca ibou/km2 espec i ely.
Also a eas u he inland had high densi ies.
T ansec 1 had a densi y o c. 7 ca ibou/
km2. Inside a na ow inland alley, which
lies on a N-S o ien a ion, 197 ca ibou we e
sexed and aged. We named his alley El-
do ado because i s ca ibou densi y was c.
30 ca ibou/km2. This alley was an obse -
ed Ap il mig a ion ou e o sou h o no h
mo emen o he Akia-Manii soq he d du-
ing he 1998 and 2000 g ound su eys.
A eas u hes inland by he Ice Cap, i.e.,
he I isa oq and Uja agssui Nunaa a eas,
we e also well popula ed hough no as ex-
cessi ely as elsewhe e wi hin he high-den-
si y s a um. Densi ies ypically lay abo e 2
ca ibou/km2, while lines 166, 108, and 96
had densi ies o 4.4, 4 and 3.8 ca ibou/km2
espec i ely.
Al hough he low-densi y s a um in he
no he n po ion o egion Cen al ypically
had ew ca ibou, ansec line 105 beside
he inland Ice Cap was an excep ion. I had
a densi y o c. 17 ca ibou/km2. T ansec li-
nes 53 and 61 in he mid-in e io had den-
si ies o 1.6 and 2 ca ibou/km2 espec i ely.
La ge ac s whe e ew ca ibou we e p esen
we e also no ed. The a ea be ween ansec
lines 18 and 193 we e li le used o o he
han bee-line mig a ion ails heading
due no h h ough he e. This pa e n was
also no iced du ing he g ound coun s o
1998 and 2000. The e we e se en ansec s
in he high-densi y s a um whe e ze o o
one ca ibou only we e sigh ed. These we e
ansec s 3, 18, 58, 65, 136, 181 and 186.
The e we e ou ansec s in he low-densi y
s a um wi h ze o ca ibou sigh ed. These
we e ansec s 15, 52, 95 and 126.
Resul s
32
he A ammik a ea. The p esen s udy also
obse ed high densi ies o ca ibou along he
Da is S ai seacoas .
Fu he inland, along he inne God håbs-
jo d coas s, ca ibou a e also now no iceable
a sho elines. Since 1996, and un il his
s udy, mo e ca ibou ha e been p esen , han
e e emembe ed, nea he coas s o egion
Cen al and hun e s could make easy kills
by jus c uising he jo ds. The p esen s udy
also obse ed high densi ies o ca ibou
along he God håbs jo d coas s.
Ca ibou in wes G eenland use seacoas
a eas when ca ibou numbe s a e high (G øn-
now e al. 1983; Meldgaa d 1986). Ca ibou
also mo e when ood is in sho supply
(Habe & Wal e s 1980). The g ea e he
lack o ood he g ea e he ca ibou will
mo e (Baskin 1990). Coupled wi h he p e-
sen popula ion size es ima e, he abo e di-
s ibu ion da a s ongly sugges s ha he
Akia-Manii soq he d has been inc easing
o se e al yea s, and we e pa icula ly
abundan in Ma ch 2001. Food supply may
ha e begun o be a limi ing ac o .
Ame alik he d
Ca ibou numbe in he no he n po ion o
egion sou h was low o yea s. Meldgaa d
(1986) gi es sou ces, which desc ibe egion
Sou h Ame alik ca ibou he ds dis ibu ion
100 yea s ago. I was good on he nuna aks,
Nuna a ssuaq & Akugdle ssuaq, which a e
eas o he se lemen Kapisilli . The popula-
ion sou h and eas o Ame alik jo d was
hen desc ibed as la ge. Du ing he ea ly
1980s ew ca ibou used he wes e n hal o
he egion, bu concen a ed hemsel es in
he no heas e n co ne (Thing 1982a). Win-
e ca ibou dis ibu ion in he ea ly 1980s
was concen a ed p ima ily in he a eas
no h and sou h o he lake Kange dlusa s-
sungûp, wi h cal ing occu ing in he con-
inen al inland a ea nea he Ice Cap (Thing
1982a, S andgaa d e al. 1983). Summe
ound he animals dispe sed. Then owa ds
win e he animals ollowed hei old ails
wes wa d o hei coas al win e ing ange
(Meldgaa d 1986; Aas up 1984). Du ing
he win e o 1990, ca ibou s ill occupied
he land no h o he lake Kange dlua ssu-
ngûp ase ssua since ange quali y sou h o
he lake was poo (Thing & Falk 1990). The
abo e desc ibes he Ame alik ca ibou he ds
dis ibu ion when numbe s we e low.
Recen ly ca ibou numbe inc eased. Range
expansion has been e iden du ing he
1990s. Be o e he 1990s ca ibou pa hs
we e nonexis an on he ou e God håbs
peninsula o in he Ame alik/Bukse jo d
a ea, howe e by he la e 1980s and du ing
he 1990s bo h pa hs and animals became
no iceable. Cu en ly he Ame alik ca ibou
popula ion appea s o be using seacoas
a eas and mo ing away om he no he n
po ion o egion Sou h, which is o e g azed
(Lund e al. 2000), and colonizing li le-used
coas al ange u he sou h, which bo de s
on he Qeqe a sua siaa ca ibou ange.
Since ca ibou mo emen is p opo ional o
ood sca ci y and G eenland ca ibou use
seacoas a eas du ing popula ion peaks, he
abo e sugges s ha Ame alik he d size has
been high o se e al yea s al eady and ha
ange condi ion is al eady a limi ing ac o .
The p esen popula ion size es ima e and
documen ed o e g azing makes u he ca i-
bou mo emen p obable. Range deg ada ion
a new loca ions may ollow.
Al hough his su ey obse ed no ca ibou
acks be ween he ac ual Ame alik and
Qeqe a sua siaa he ds, gi en he sou h-
wa d mo emen o he Ame alik ca ibou,
mingling o hese wo sub-popula ions may
occu in u u e.
Qeqe a sua siaa he d
Qeqe a sua siaa ca ibou a e gene ally
ound in he inne eaches be ween he
heads o he majo jo ds and he inland Ice
Cap, i.e., heads o he jo ds, G æde jo d,
Qeqe a sua siaa kange dlua , and Bjø ne-
sund (Agdlume sa ) (Meldgaa d 1986). Di-
s ibu ion du ing he au umn hun ing sea-
son was locally known o be bes in he in-
land a eas close o he inland Ice Cap (Meld-
gaa d 1986). This was also he case du ing

33
an ai su ey in 1982 (S andgaa d e al.
1983). Local knowledge ells ha shi s in
dis ibu ion ha e occu ed in he pas
(Meldgaa d 1986). La ge concen a ions can
in some yea s be ound a ound he jo d
head o G æde jo d (Kange dlua ssugssuaq)
and o he yea s a ound he jo d head o
Bjø nesund (Agdlume sa ), al hough ca ibou
a e seldom obse ed sou h o Bjø nesund.
Annual mo emen s include mo ing o low
lying coas al win e ing a eas in Sep embe -
Oc obe and in sp ing mo ing inland o cal-
ing g ounds and summe anges (in Meld-
gaa d 1986).
The p esen s udy ound a simila dis ibu-
ion o ca ibou o ha desc ibed abo e. No
ca ibou we e ound nea he Da is S ai
seacoas . This may ha e been due o he
lack o sea ice on he jo ds. Ca ibou may be
eluc an o swim cold jo ds in la e win e ,
i lichen ange was adequa e whe e hey
we e. Gi en ha G eenland ca ibou use he
seacoas s du ing popula ion peaks and
mo e g ea ly when ange is poo (Habe &
Wal e s 1980; G ønnow e al. 1983; Meld-
gaa d 1986; Baskin 1990), hei p esen di-
s ibu ion sugges s ha hei he d size is no
nea a peak and u he ha hei ange is
adequa e o he p esen densi y. Mos ani-
mals we e in he ugged uplands jus eas o
he own o Fiskenæsse /Qeqe a sua siaa .
Su p isingly he sp ing mig a ion o he
inland had begun a he ime o his su ey.
The a ea whe e mig a ion mo emen occu -
ed was su eyed in unde 2 hou s and
agains he low o mo emen , which emo-
ed he possibili y o double coun ing.
Fu he , he obse ed maximum s aigh
line mo emen o wes G eenland ca ibou
in Ma ch was unde 5 km pe day (Cuyle
& Linnell in p ess).
Expec ed na u al mo ali y
Adul na u al mo ali y o ca ibou in 5
No h Ame ican he ds wi hou na u al
p eda o s is 4-6% annually (Be ge ud 1967;
1971; Skoog 1968; Kelsall 1968), which
co esponds o a li e expec ancy o 17 o 25
yea s. Adul annual na u al mo ali y has
been c. 8% on Sou hamp on Island (NWT,
Canada), which is also wi hou p eda o s
(Hea d & Ouelle 1994), and Thing (1982b)
sugges ed a na u al mo ali y o 7% o adul
ca ibou o egion No h in wes G eenland.
Ac ual na u al mo ali y alues o G een-
land ca ibou appea a ound 8-10%, gi en
he gene al li e expec ancy o 10 o 12 yea s
ound in Loison e al. (2000) and Cuyle &
Øs e gaa d (2002). I should come as no
su p ise o ind a numbe o dead ca ibou in
he e ain o e he cou se o each yea .
Du ing a li e ime o hun ing, K is ian Egede
(pe s. comm.) ound abou 10 dead ca ibou
a yea while ou in he e ain.
Using a na u al mo ali y o 8-10% and he
cu en popula ion es ima e o c. 46,236
(37,115  55,808; 80% CI) ca ibou o he
Akia-Manii soq he d, equa es o an expec ed
na u al mo ali y o be ween c. 3,700 and
4,600 ca ibou each yea in egion Cen al.
Simila ly, he expec ed na u al mo ali y is
be ween 2,500 and 3,200 ca ibou each yea
o he Ame alik popula ion and be ween
400 and 550 ca ibou o he Qeqe a sua -
siaa popula ion.
Implica ions o ca ibou ha es
Akia-Manii soq & Ame alik he ds
Gi en he 2001 he d size es ima e o c. 46,236,
obse ed ca ibou densi ies and dis ibu ion,
and local knowledge on ange expansion, i
is possible ha he Akia-Manii soq ca ibou
he d is now a h ea o i s ange. The he d
may e en ha e eached peak numbe s, gi-
en i s p esen seacoas dis ibu ion, low
cal ec ui men and e idence o ange de-
g ada ion. The si ua ion is simila o he
Ame alik ca ibou he d, which appea s o
ha e been abundan o se e al yea s
al eady, gi en he expanded dis ibu ion o
he seacoas , local knowledge accoun s, and
documen ed ange des uc ion o he la e
1990s. Today he 2001 he d size es ima e o
c. 31,880 (80% CI: 24,721  39,305) ca ibou
coupled wi h he obse ed high densi y, low
cal ec ui men and poo ange sugges a
he d p imed o a decline.
P e en ing u he des uc ion o he ange
is necessa y i heal hy he ds o easonable
34
This p ojec was inanced by DANCEA,
Danish Coope a ion o En i onmen in he
A c ic  Minis y o En i onmen and
Ene gy, Denma k. Since e hanks o Mike
Fe guson and Michael Kingsley o aluable
inpu and b ains o ming on al e na e su ey
designs and me hodologies. Thanks o Pipa-
luk Mølle Lund o gene a ing he andom
ansec s. Thanks o G eenlandAi and heli-
cop e pilo s Wilhelm Von Pla en and Ul
Øs e lund o supe b lying unde di icul
condi ions. Thanks om he bo om o ou
s omach o S ein Villiksen and Paulus Ha d
a he Bukse jo d Hyd o Powe s a ion o
hei hospi ali y, co ee and delicious wa les.
Thanks o he compe en and eady help as
obse e s in he helicop e , KNAPK hun e s
Aslak Jensen, Johannes Egede, Niels Olsen,
Rink Hein ich, and also o biology assis an s
Caspe Ch is o e sen & Lo e Rasmussen
o he same. Thanks o Pe Jo dhøy and Ja-
kob Heilmann o he sp ing 2000 g ound
su ey o he d s uc u e. Thanks o Jacob
Poulsen o he sp ing 1998 g ound su ey
o he d s uc u e, and o Joseph Gogie
McCullough o logis ical suppo du ing he
ield wo k. Since e hanks o E ik Bo n, La s
Wi ing, Mads-Pe e H.-Jø gensen and Mi-
chael Kingsley o e iewing he manusc ip .
A wa m hank you o all local knowledge
sou ces, hose hun e s, wildli e o ice s,
helicop e pilo s and in e es ed locals who
ga e o hei ime o p o ide local knowled-
ge. These included, in alphabe ical o de ,
A le Dahl (Nuuk), Bi ge Knudsen (Paamiu ),
Bjø n Rosing (Nuuk), Esma Be gs øm
(Nuuk), Gö an Lindma k (Pilo ), Hans Hen-
ik Sko (Pilo ), Jack F ede iksen (Nuuk),
Jacob Poulsen (Nuuk), Jakob Heilmann
(wildli e o ice , Manii soq), Jan Kleinschmid
(Nuuk), Jens Bje ge (Nuuk), Johannes Rosing
(Nuuk), K is ian Egede (Nuuk), Minik Møl-
le Lund (Nuuk), Mo en Jø gen Heilmann
(Nuuk), Nikolaj Hein ich (Nuuk), Ti us
Egede (Nuuk), Vic o McG ego (A ammik)
and Vi us Nielsen (wildli e o ice , Nuuk).
size a e o be main ained in u u e. Ca ibou
densi y likely needs o be educed o p e en
ange des uc ion. Thus he he ds should
no be allowed o inc ease u he , a he a
dec ease om p esen numbe s is ad isable.
Main aining a low ca ibou densi y o se e-
al decades could allow sus ainable lichen
hea hs. A a ge densi y o unde 2 ca ibou/
km2 is sugges ed as a managemen goal o
be eached by 2006. Gi en he nea by la ge
numbe o po en ial hun e s, egula ed ha -
es p essu e could be a use ul managemen
ool in luencing he d size, densi y and he d
s uc u e.
Since 1995 he ca ibou ha es s ha e been
se e ely (90%) sex-biased owa ds males
(Loison e al 2000). Highly male-biased sex
a ios in ha es ing can lead o g ea ly e-
duced emale ecundi y and popula ion
collapse (Ginsbe g & Milne -Gulland 1994),
and may e en endange he gene ic a iabi-
Acknowledgemen s
li y o a popula ion (Ryman e al 1981). Be-
cause o his and he need o educe he d
size, mo e emales in he ha es a e needed.
Nei he hal ing popula ion g ow h no he d
size educ ion can be e ec i ely achie ed
h ough hun e ha es unless emales make
up a la ge p opo ion o he quo a aken.
Qeqe a sua siaa he d
Today he 2001 Qeqe a sua siaa ca ibou
he d size es ima e o 5,372 (80% CI: 2,864 
8,244) ca ibou is coupled wi h an excellen
cal ec ui men and easonable ca ibou den-
si y o he a ea. The p esen size o he he d
appea s o p omo e la ge heal hy animals,
while no ep esen ing a h ea o ange qua-
li y. Howe e , li le is known abou lichen
ange in he a ea. Main aining he he d a
i s cu en size es ima e h ough wise ha -
es ing may be sus ainable o bo h he d
and ange.
35
Aas up, P., 1984.
Vandk a i G ønland. Rensdy . In: G ønlands Fi-
ske i- og Miljøunde søgelse & G ønlands Bo ani-
ske Unde søgelse . 68 pp.
Aas up, P., 1984.
Rensdy unde søgelse og ege a ionsko lægning
ed andk a æ k Bukse jo d, Nuuk/God håb,
1983. Unde søgelse a ensdy bes anden: 40-72.
 In: G ønlands Fiske i- og Miljøunde søgelse &
G ønlands Bo aniske Unde søgelse . 81 pp.
Aas up, P., 1986.
Rensdy unde søgelse ed andk a p ojek
Kange lua suunguaq/Bukse jo d, Nuuk/God -
håb, 1984-1985. G ønlands Fiske i- og Miljø-
unde søgelse , Københa n. 80 pp.
Baskin, L.M., 1990.
Popula ion dynamics o eindee . Rangi e , Special
Issue No. 3: 151-156.
Be ge ud, A.T., 1967.
Managemen o Lab ado ca ibou. J. Wildl. Manage.
31: 621-642.
Be ge ud, A.T., 1971.
The popula ion dynamics o New oundland
ca ibou. Wildl. Monog . 25. 55 pp.
Caughley, G., 1977.
Analysis o e eb a e popula ions. John Wiley &
Sons, New Yo k, N.Y. 234 pp.
Cuyle , C. & J.D.C. Linnell, in p ess.
Å lig and ingsmøns e hos sa elli mæ kede
ensdy i Ves g ønland. Kapi al 6 in: P. Aas up
(ed.). Unde søgelse a es g ønlandske ensdy s
ak i i e som åde og and inge sam e ek e a
menneskelige o s y else . G ønlands Na u -
ins i u . Teknisk appo n . 49.
Cuyle , C. & J. Øs e gaa d, 2002.
Fe ili y in wo wes G eenland ca ibou popula-
ions on di e en anges, 1996/97. G eenland In-
s i u e o Na u al Resou ces. P og ess No e 1. 11 pp.
Cuyle , C., M. Rosing, J.D.C. Linnell, A. Loison,
T. Inge lse & A. Landa, 2002.
S a us o he Kange lussuaq-Sisimiu ca ibou po-
pula ion (Rangi e a andus g oenlandicus) in 2000,
Wes G eenland. G eenland Ins i u e o Na u al
Resou ces. Technical epo No. 42. 52 pp.
Cuyle , C., M. Rosing, J.D.C. Linnell, P.M. Lund,
A. Loison & A. Landa, in p ep.
Reconnaissance o ca ibou abundance, he d
s uc u e and ec ui men , Ne ia & Qassi ca ibou
he ds (Rangi e a andus g oenlandicus) in 2000,
Paamiu , Wes G eenland. G eenland Ins i u e o
Na u al Resou ces. Technical epo No. 48.
Dzus, E., 1999.
Popula ion dynamics: How a e he ca ibou doing?
In: Bo eal Ca ibou Resea ch P og am (BCRP) p o-
g ess epo 1999. Bo eal Resea ch Commi ee 15810-
114 A e., Edmon on, Albe a T5M 2Z4 Canada. 37 pp.
Fancy, S.G., K.R. Whi en & D.E. Russell, 1994.
Demog aphy o he po cupine ca ibou he d,
1983-1992. Can. J. Zool. 72: 840-846.
Ginsbe g, J.R. & E.J. Milne -Gulland, 1994.
Sex-biased ha es ing and popula ion dynamics
in ungula es: implica ions o conse a ion and
sus ainable use. Conse a ion Biology 8: 157-166.
G ønlands S a is isk Å bog 2000.
G ønland 2000 Kalaalli Nunaa : s a is isk å bog
Ukiumoo umik kisi sisi igu paasissu issa .
G ønlands Hjemmes y e. G ønlands S a is ik
2000. Jydsk Cen al ykke i A/S, Viby J. 624 pp.
G ønnow, B., M. Meldgaa d & J.B. Nielsen, 1983.
Aasi issui  The G ea Summe Camp A chaeologi-
cal, e hnog aphical and zoo-a chaeological s udies
o a ca ibou hun ing si e in Wes G eenland. Med-
delelse om G ønland. Man & Socie y No. 5: 96 pp.
Habe , G.C. & C.J. Wal e s, 1980.
Dynamics o he Alaska-Yukon ca ibou he ds and
managemen implica ion.  In: Reime s, E., E.
Gaa e & S. Skjennebe g (eds.). P oceedings o he
Second In e na ional Reindee /Ca ibou Sympo-
sium, Di ek o a e o il og e sk ann isk,
T ondheim. 645-663.
Hea d, D.C., 1985.
Ca ibou census me hods used in he No hwes
Te i o ies.  In: P oceedings o he 2nd No h
Ame ican Ca ibou wo kshop, 1984. McGill
Suba c ic Res. Pap. No. 40: 229-238.
Hea d, D.C. & J.P. Ouelle , 1994.
Dynamics o an in oduced ca ibou popula ion.
A c ic 47(1): 88-95.
Li e a u e ci ed
36
Helle, T., T. Helle, S.-S. Kilpelä & P. Aikio, 1990.
Lichen anges, animal densi ies and p oduc ion in
Finnish eindee managemen . Rangi e . Special
Issue No. 3: 115-121.
Jepsen, B.I., 1999.
Popula ionsgene iske s udie a ild en (R. . g oen-
landicus) and am en (R. . a andus) i Ves g ønland.
M.Sc. Thesis, Bo any Ins i u e, Uni e si y o Copen-
hagen, Denma k. 64+ pp.
Kelsall, J.P., 1968.
The mig a o y ba en-g ound ca ibou o Canada.
Can. Wildl. Se ., Queens P in e , O awa, Canada.
340 pp.
Klein, D.R., 1987.
Vege a ion eco e y pa e ns ollowing o e g a-
zing by eindee on S . Ma hew Island. Jou nal o
Range Managemen . 40(4): 336-338.
Lund, P.M., E.S. Hansen & C. Bay, 2000.
G æsnings u de ing a d æ gbuskhede i Eqalui
ilo lii og Qasigianngui , i Ame alik- jo d, jag om-
åde Kuja aa. G ønlands Na u ins i u . Teknisk
appo n . 36. 32 pp.
Loison. A., C. Cuyle , J.D.C. Linnell & A. Landa, 2000.
The ca ibou ha es in wes G eenland, 1995-98:
sex, age and condi ion o animals based on hun e
epo s. G eenland Ins i u e o Na u al Resou ces.
Technical epo No. 36. 33 pp.
Meldgaa d, M., 1986.
The G eenland ca ibou  zoogeog aphy, axono-
my, and popula ion dynamics. Meddelelse om
G ønland. Bioscience no. 20. 88 pp.
Pa ke , G.R., 1972.
Biology o he Kaminu iak popula ion o ba en-
g ound ca ibou Pa I. Can. Wildl. Se . Rep. Se .
No. 20. 95 pp.
Pollock, K.H. & W.L. Kendall, 1987.
Visibili y bias in ae ial su eys: a e iew o es ima-
ion p ocedu es. Jou nal o Wildli e Managemen .
51: 502-510.
Rasmussen, K., 1910.
Renbej e-unde søgelses-ekspedi ionens ejse i
G ønland, somme en 1905 (Rappo il inden igs-
minis e ie ). A lan en, Medlemsblad o o eningen
De Danske A lan e ha søe  Bind II 1907-1910.
Københa en : 43-58.
Ryman, N., R. Baccus, C. Reu e wall &
H.M. Smi h, 1981.
E ec i e popula ion size, gene a ion in e al, and
po en ial loss o gene ic a iabili y in game species
unde di e en hun ing egimes. Oikos 36: 257-266.
Skogland, T., 1985.
The e ec s o densi y-dependen esou ce limi a-
ion on he demog aphy o wild eindee . J. Ani.
Ecol. 54: 359-374.
Skoog, R.O., 1968.
Ecology o he ca ibou (Rangi e a andus g an i) in
Alaska. Ph.D. Thesis, Uni e si y o Cali o nia,
Be keley. 699 pp.
S andgaa d, H., V. Ho he, P. Lassen & H. Thing, 1983.
Rensdy sunde søgelse i Ves g ønland 1977-82.
Job comple ion epo . Vild biologisk S a ion,
Kalø: 1-29.
Thing, H., 1981.
Feeding ecology o he Wes G eenland Ca ibou
(Rangi e a andus g oenlandicus) in he Hols eins-
bo g-Sd . S øm jo d egion, a Thesis, Uni e si y o
Aa hus, June 1981.
Thing, H., 1982a.
Fly ælling a es g ønlandske ild enbes ande
ma s 1982. Vild biologisk S a ion, Kalø. 10 pp.
Thing, H., 1982b.
S uk u og å lig il æks i en bes and a es g øn-
landsk ild en (Rangi e a andus g oenlandicus).
Rangi e 2: 28-35.
Thing, H, & K. Falk, 1990.
S a us o e ensdy bes andene i Ves g ønland
mellem Nassu ooq og Paamiu Se mia , Ma s-
Ap il 1990. G ønlands Hjemmes y e Miljø- og
Na u o al ningen, Maj 1990. 23 pp.
Thomas, D., 1969.
Popula ion es ima es and dis ibu ion o ba en-
g ound ca ibou in MacKenzie Dis ic , N.W.T.,
Saska chewan, and Albe a, Ma ch o May 1967.
Can. Wildl. Se ., Rep. Se . No. 9. 44 pp.
Thomas, D., 1998.
Needed: Less coun ing o ca ibou and mo e
ecology. Rangi e , Special Issue No. 10: 15-23.
Vibe, C., 1967.
A c ic animals in ela ion o clima ic luc ua ions.
Meddelelse om G ønland. The Danish
Zoogeog aphical In es iga ions in G eenland.
Københa en. 170 (5): 277 pp.
Ydemann, D. & C.B. Pede sen, 1999.
Rensdy i Ves g ønland 1993-1996. Unpublished
epo o G eenland Ins i u e o Na u al
Resou ces, Nuuk, G eenland.
37
Local knowledge sou ces ha e been plen i-
ul ega ding he Ame alik ca ibou popula-
ion, ewe o he Akia-Manii soq he d and
only a single sou ce was a ailable o he
Qeqe a sua siaa ca ibou popula ion. This
e lec s he haphaza d collec ion o local
knowledge, a he han a de ini e lack o
sou ces. Fu u e wo k would bene i om a
mo e sys ema ic app oach o iden i ying
good sou ces o local knowledge.
Akia-Manii soq ca ibou popula ion
 egion Cen al
Despi e he su ey es ima es om 1977-1996,
local knowledge sugges s ha he Akia /
Manii soq ca ibou he d numbe has inc eased
s eadily wi h each decade since he 1950s
un il p esen day wi h no ma ked peaks o
d ops (K is ian Egede & Jacob Poulsen pe s.
comm.). P io o he 1950s ca ibou on
Akia/No dlande we e e y sca ce (Bjø n
Rosing & K is ian Egede pe s. comm.). By
he 1990s ca ibou we e commonly seen on
Akia/No dlande (Bjø n Rosing pe s. comm.).
Fu he , Jacob Poulsen (pe s. comm.) desc i-
bes he ollowing. Du ing he 1970s i
would ake 3 o 4 men one week o hun 6
o 8 ca ibou, howe e du ing he 1980s 4
men could easily ake 14 ca ibou in one day
and ano he 4 o 5 mo e o e he nex 2
days o a o al o 5 ca ibou pe man. Since
he ea ly 1990s ca ibou ha e been obse ed
along he Da is S ai coas line and islands,
u he ha his had ne e occu ed be o e
(Jacob Poulsen, Vic o McG ego , Ti us
Egede & K is ian Egede pe s. comm.).
Ame alik ca ibou popula ion
 egion Sou h
Gene ally local knowledge sugges s Ame alik
ca ibou numbe was low 60 yea s ago, ose
s eadily h ough he 1980s, and a ained a
high du ing he la e 1990s. Local knowledge
sugges s ha he Ame alik ca ibou popula-
ion abundance was high jus p io o his
s udy.
The Ame alik ca ibou numbe s we e low
du ing he 1940s and inc eased s eadily
since he 1940s, i.e., no ma ked peaks o
d ops, (Ti us Egede & K is ian Egede pe s.
comm.). In 1997 he ca ibou o Ame alik
we e desc ibed as oo many (Jack F ede ik-
sen, Jens Bje ge, Bjø n Rosing, Ti us Egede
& Nikolaj Hein ich pe s. comm.). By 1998
ca ibou we e plen i ul e e ywhe e, no jus
a he inne jo d coas lines, bu also on he
islands and coas s o he Da is S ai (Ti us
Egede & Nikolaj Hein ich pe s. comm.).
The e a e always ca ibou in he no heas e n
co ne (be ween Kange dlua ssungûp
ase ssua/Mae agdla/Nauja kûa ) o e-
gion Sou h, because his a ea ecei es li le
snow (Jens Bje ge pe s. comm.).
Bjø n Rosing (pe s. comm.) desc ibed he si-
ua ion as ollows. Hun e e o dec eased
s eadily om he 1940s un il p esen day,
e.g., long hikes inland and up o one week
we e needed o ge 1 o 2 ca ibou du ing
he 1940s. By he 1970s hun ing was easie ,
bu one s ill had o walk a inland. The
same applied o he 1980s, bu by hen one
could see plen y o animals. Al eady du ing
he hun ing ban, 1993-94 he e was a no ice-
able inc ease o ca ibou occu ence on he
low coas al la lands a he mou h o Bukse-
jo d du ing bo h summe and win e , and
also along he coas no h o Lille Na saq
and Ame alik. Ca ibou we e i s seen a
Lille Na saq in 1994 o 1995, and ca ibou
p esence on he coas inc eased s eadily
he ea e . Since 1995, one no longe needed
o go in o he adi ional inland hun ing
a eas. A 1 km walk om you boa would
ob ain all he ca ibou wan ed. Finally by he
la e 1990s animals could be aken om he
beaches. Beha iou has changed in ecen
yea s. P io o he hun ing p ohibi ion in
Appendix 1
Local knowledge on animal abundance

38
1993 he ca ibou we e wa y, which mean
hun e s had o sneak up o hem. Howe e
since he hun ing ban was li ed in 1995 he
ca ibou a e no longe wa y, e.g. hey now
wande close o cabins and hun e s. Hun-
ing became easie a e he hun ing ban
(Mo en Jø gen Heilmann pe s. comm.).
Geologis Vic o McG ego (pe s. comm.)
desc ibes a simila pic u e. In 1968-69 he e
we e no ca ibou anywhe e in he icini y o
Lille Na saq (abandoned illage) o P es e-
jo den. Du ing he 1970s he e we e no
ca ibou pa hs, o ca ibou o speak o , on he
sou h sho es o Ame alik jo d. By he mid-
1980s and ea ly 1990s, howe e , he e we e
de ini ely mo e ca ibou and ca ibou pa hs
could be seen e e ywhe e, and he ege a-
ion was showing signs o o e g azing. Es-
ma Be gs øm (pe s. comm.) hun ed and
ished in he a ea be ween Ame alik and Se -
milik jo ds since 1970. 1985 was he i s
yea he obse ed ca ibou he e. Un il hen
he e we e none. Now he sees hem e en a
he coas nea Fæ ingsha n, e.g., 15 ca ibou
we e on a nea by iny island du ing July
2000.
Since he la e 1990s ca ibou ha e been ob-
se ed yea ound on he low coas al la -
lands be ween Bukse jo d and Se milik jo d.
Oc obe 1998 saw exceedingly la ge num-
be s o ca ibou a Lille Na saq and along
he seacoas be ween Ame alik jo d and
Bukse jo d, when c. 2000 ca ibou we e
obse ed, and he e we e no iceably mo e
ca ibou in 1998 han he e had been in 1997
(La s Ma hiasen pe s. comm.). Du ing mid-
Oc obe o 1998 Jens Bje ge & Jack F ede ik-
sen (pe s. comm.) no iced ha he Ame alik
ca ibou we e nume ous, in la ge g oups
and on he mo e. The e we e c. 100 a he
head o Bukse jo d, c. 300 a he mou h o
Eqalui , 5 km wes , and c. 500 in P æs e jo -
den. The e had been only 150 o 200 ca i-
bou in P æs e jo den he p e ious yea (Ja-
cob Rhode pe s. comm.). All acks led o
he Da is S ai sea coas , whe e pilo
Gö an Lindma k (pe s. comm.) obse ed,
o e 200 ca ibou in Oc obe /No embe
1998. Tha au umn he G eenland Ins i u e
o Na u al Resou ces coun ed jus unde
1,000 ca ibou along he sho eline in he ici-
ni y o Lille Na saq (GNI unpublished da a).
La ge numbe s o ca ibou eoccu ed in he
au umn o 1999 (Ti us Egede pe s. comm.).
In he au umn 2000 a g oup o c. 50 ca ibou
we e seen a Lille Na saq (Hans Hen ik
Sko pe s. comm.).
On he God håbs peninsula, which de ines
he no h side o Ame alik jo d, Mo en
Jø gen Heilmann (pe s. comm.) obse ed
ha be o e 1975 he e we e no ca ibou
pa hs on he ou e God håbs peninsula (las
20 km), howe e , mo e ca ibou we e i s
no iced in he la e 1980s and now ca ibou
pa hs a e p esen . Fu he , since 1996 he e
has been a small numbe o ca ibou, c. 20,
e e y au umn nea he Kobbe jo d ski cen-
e. La ge g oups ha e been seen by o he s.
A ca ibou g oup o 55 animals was obse -
ed on he no h side o Kobbe jo d, only c.
17 km eas o Nuuk in 1998 (A le Dahl pe s.
comm.) and la e c. 30 ca ibou we e obse -
ed in he same place (A ild Landa pe s.
comm.).
The la ge numbe s seen along he sho eline
du ing 1998 and 1999 we e no seen e en
du ing Melgaa ds (1983) sugges ed peak
popula ion size o he ea ly 1980s, ne e in
memo y we e so many animals o be seen a
he coas lines (Bjø n Rosing, Minik Mølle
Lund, & K is ian Egede pe s. comm.). The
la e 1990s saw ca ibou hea ily using he
Da is S ai coas be ween Ame alik jo d
and Bukse jo d, and e en swimming ou o
he islands, U o ga miu and speci ically
Qeqe a ime dlî igdlue, a he mou h o
Bukse jo d (La s Ma hiasen & Nikolaj Hein-
ich pe s. comm.). Hun e s om Paamiu
commonly sailed up o Se milik jo d and
en e ed Alángo dlia jo d o ake ca ibou,
because animals could be sho om he
beaches (Bi ge Knudsen pe s. comm.).
Body condi ion has de e io a ed in ecen
yea s. A p esen and since he la e 1990s,
ca ibou a ound Ame alik ha e had poo e
body condi ion, i.e., hinne (Nikolaj Hein-
ich & Ti us Egede pe s. comm.). Sp ing
39
2000 saw 15 o 20 ca ibou o poo condi ion
in he icini y o Lille Na saq (Jan Klein-
schmid pe s. comm.). Ca ibou aken in
Alángo dlia jo d in 1997 we e la ge, bu
he ha es s o 1999 and 2000 yielded hin
animals (Bi ge Knudsen pe s. comm.). The
ca ibou seem oo nume ous and a e amp-
ling he ange and pulling up bushes (Bi ge
Knudsen pe s. comm.), and he ca ibou
we e al eady coming ou o he jo d sho e-
lines and Da is S ai seacoas in la e 1990s
because hei pas u es we e o e g azed in
he inland (Nikolaj Hein ich pe s. comm.).
Qeqe a sua siaa ca ibou popula ion
 egion Sou h
Few ca ibou ha e e e been obse ed sou h
o Bjø nesund, howe e , hose seen and he
5 sho in 2000 we e big and a (Bi ge
Knudsen pe s. comm.).
40
o al numbe o ansec s
20 30 40 50 60 70 80
12000 14000 16000 18000 20000 22000 24000
&
R
Q
I
L
G
H
Q
F
H

L
Q
W
H
U
Y
D
O

P
H
D
Q

Y
D
O
X
H
1XPEHURIWUDQVHFWV
Region Cen al
Region Cen al was di ided in o wo s a a,
one wi h high ca ibou densi y and one wi h
low densi y (Figu e 4). 34 ansec s we e
alloca ed o he high ca ibou densi y s a-
um, and 13 ansec s we e alloca ed o he
low densi y. Op imal alloca ion o ansec s
be ween s a a is go e ned as ollows: he
numbe o ansec s in each s a um mus
be p opo ional o he p oduc o he s a-
ums a ea and he s anda d de ia ion o
he ca ibou densi y wi hin he s a um.
How many ansec s a e needed?
One o he mos impo an ques ions ha
ha e o be answe ed be o e unde aking
any su ey is whe he he su ey will yield
da a o a su icien quali y o answe he
ques ion ha he su ey a emp s o answe ;
animal abundance. A ela ed ques ion is he
choice o sample size. In a helicop e su ey,
whe e ligh hou s in G eenland a e e y
expensi e, his ques ion becomes e y impo -
an .
An idea o he expec ed a iance is necessa-
y. In ligh su eys he a iance is in ima e-
ly ela ed o he densi y o animals. The p io
in o ma ion a ailable be o e he su eys was
ela i e densi ies om a p e ious su ey in
1996 and densi ies ound in egion No h in
2000. The assump ion made was ha al-
hough he 1996 su eys used a adically di -
e en me hodology, he ela i e densi ies
would emain ai ly cons an . Implici in ha
assump ion is he expec a ion ha he
ca ibou popula ions in all egions ha e had
simila g ow h a es since 1996 despi e ha
hey o m clea ly dis inc popula ions wi h
di e en demog aphics.
A simula ion expe imen was pe o med in
he ollowing ashion. The highes densi y
a ea in he 1996 su ey was he high-den-
si y a ea o egion No h, he densi y o he
o he a eas was known as a ac ion o he
densi y o ha high densi y a ea. Fo each
simula ed ansec he numbe seen is ound
as ollows. A andom ansec om he
high-densi y a ea in egion No h is chosen
Appendix 2
Region S a i ica ion & T ansec Alloca ion
Figu e 11. How many ansec lines needed o a ela i ely accu a e and
p ecise su ey o egion Cen al. Simula ion o con idence in e al mean
alues e sus he numbe o ansec s used.
41
and he numbe seen he e is called s. I
is he ela i e densi y o he a ea in ques ion
and w is he ela i e wid h o he ansec s
hen a numbe seen can be simula ed as a
binomial:
Once a simula ion was done, he esul ing
da a was analyzed using s anda d pa ame ic
me hods, and a con idence in e al ound.
The p ocedu e was epea ed o di e en
o al numbe s o ansec s. The da a was
hen plo ed by aking all he con idence
in e als, cen e ing hese on hei common
mean and plo ing hem agains he o al
numbe o ansec s (Figu e 11).
F om he g aph i is ob ious ha an e o
smalle han 40 lines will esul in a wide
con idence in e al, whe eas a numbe la -
ge han 60 will be a was e o esou ces.
The esul is simila o egion Sou h. No e
ha he pic u e he e is sligh ly misleading
since i akes in o accoun only he wid h o
he con idence in e al a ound he g and
mean o he es ima es. In eali y he means
will jump a ound less o highe sample
sizes. Fo economic easons he inal num-
be o ansec lines was se o 48.
T ansec alloca ion
Since egion Cen al is di ided in o wo
s a a wi h di e en expec ed densi ies,
ansec alloca ion mus be decided. He e a
simple ma hema ical me hod was used o
alloca ing ansec s o each s a a. The s an-
da d me hod o alloca ion o ansec s o
s a a is o alloca e p opo ional o he p o-
duc o he a ea and he expec ed s anda d
de ia ion o each s a a.
I : is he a ea o s a a i
is he expec ed densi y o s a a i
hen he bes alloca ion is p opo ional o
whe e: co esponds o he squa e
oo o he expec ed densi y.
No e ha i is su icien o ha e he expec-
The e a e se e al ways o choosing a. Fo
animals ha end o be in g oups he ques-
ion cen es a ound whe he hey end o
inc ease he g oup size when he densi y is
highe . I he g oup size is he same ega d-
less o densi y hen a = 0.5. I on he o he
hand he g oup size ends o go up wi h
highe densi y wi hou he numbe o g oups
changing hen a = 1. In his case we chose
a = 0.75 as a comp omise solu ion.
The alloca ion assumed ha he ela i e den-
si ies emained unchanged since las su ey
o 1996. The s a i ica ion was no he same
as in he las su ey, bu was al e ed based
on he obse ed densi ies in 1996. Region
Cen al was di ided in o wo s a a, wi h
he a ea no heas o Manii soq conside ed
he low densi y s a um.
On he basis o he abo e men ioned o mu-
las 13 ansec s we e alloca ed o he low
densi y a ea and 34 ansec s we e alloca ed
o he high densi y a ea.
Region Sou h
P e ious su eys ha e been unable o cla i y
dis ibu ion o ca ibou densi ies in egion
Sou h. Su ey s a i ica ion was he e o e
no possible. Region Sou h con ains wo
dis inc ca ibou he ds, he Ame alik and he
Qeqe a sua siaa . I he egion had con ai-
ned only one he d he alloca ion scheme
would ha e been simila o egion Cen al.
I is necessa y, howe e , o make sepa a e
ha es ecommenda ions o each he d.
The e o e, a much simple alloca ion scheme
was chosen. The alloca ion was made acco -
ding o he ela i e sizes o he wo a eas, so
ha each ecei ed iden ical co e age.
On his basis, 40 ansec s we e alloca ed o
he a ea o he Ame alik he d, and 21 o he
a ea o he Qeqe a sua siaa he d.
(, )%LQRPLDO V U Z⋅
L
$
L
G
LL
$G
α
⋅
0.5
α
=
11
1
1
11 1 11
11 1
LL LL L L LL
LLL L
$G
S$G $G $ G $G
$
$G G $G
α
αα α α
αα
⋅
== = =
⋅⋅ 
⋅⋅

⋅
∑∑∑∑
ed ela i e densi ies and a eas. Fo a eas
{1,..,i} he p opo ions o ansec s alloca ed
o a ea 1 will be.
48
Appendix 5
Ae ial su ey 2001 da a o 3 ca ibou he ds in wes
G eenland
Table 11. Ae ial su ey Akia-Manii soq ca ibou he d, egion Cen al, Ma ch 2001.
+LJKGHQVLW
VWUDWXP
/RZGHQVLW
VWUDWXP
7RWDO
A ea size1 (km²) 10,037 5,325 15,362
Numbe s ips (Q)341347
Leng h o each s ip (km) 7.5 7.5
To al s ip wid h (me es) 2 x 300 2 x 300
A ea co e ed (km²) 153 58.5 211.5
Fligh heigh (me es) 15 (50 ee ) 15 (50 ee )
Fligh speed (km/h ) 40 o 110 40 o 110 Mean 80
To al ca ibou seen 570 61 631
1 includes islands, lakes & i e s, bu dele es ice caps and glacie s
1 includes islands, lakes & i e s, bu dele es jo ds, ice caps & glacie s
* mean 80 km/h
$PHUDOLN 4HTHUWDUVXDWVLDDW
A ea size¹ (km²)8,377 5,096
Numbe s ips (Q)40 21
S ip leng h (km) 7.5 7.5
To al s ip wid h (me es) 2 x 300 2 x 300
A ea co e ed (km²)180 94.5
Fligh heigh (me es) 15 (50 ee ) 15 (50 ee )
Fligh speed (km/h )*40 o 110 40 o 110
To al ca ibou seen 632 96
Table 12. Ae ial su ey Ame alik & Qeqe a sua siaa ca ibou he ds, egion
Sou h, Ma ch 2001.

49
1XPEHUFDULERXREVHUYHGRQWUDQVHFW 5HDUVHDW
REVHUYHUV
'DWH
GGPP
7UDQVHFW
QXPEHU
'HQVLW
VWUDWXP
/HIWIURQW&& /HIWUHDU 5LJKWUHDU /HIW 5LJKW
12.03.01 68 High 17 15 63 LR CCh
12.03.01 227 High 3 1 32 LR CCh
12.03.01 18 High 0 0 0 LR CCh
12.03.01 1 High 17 13 13 LR CCh
12.03.01 124 High 8 4 6 LR CCh
12.03.01 87 High 12 1 20 LR CCh
12.03.01 21 High 13 17 5 CCh NO
12.03.01 8 High 8 10 5 CCh NO
12.03.01 36 High 20 20 20 CCh NO
12.03.01 193 High 10 13 10 CCh NO
12.03.01 191 High 15 13 10 CCh NO
12.03.01 108 High 10 13 5 CCh NO
12.03.01 96 High 11 14 3 CCh NO
13.03.01 77 High 5 0 4 JE MR
13.03.01 97 High 13 13 2 JE MR
13.03.01 17 High 5 5 4 JE MR
13.03.01 39 High 22 27 21 JE MR
13.03.01 84 High 2 5 19 JE MR
13.03.01 58 High 0 0 0 JE MR
13.03.01 56 High 12 12 7 JE MR
13.03.01 107 High 14 14 4 JE MR
13.03.01 181 High 0 0 0 MR JE
13.03.01 164 High 0 0 3 MR JE
13.03.01 3 High 1 1 0 MR JE
13.03.01 183 High 4 5 5 MR JE
13.03.01 46 High 8 8 2 MR JE
13.03.01 65 High 0 0 0 MR JE
13.03.01 186 High 0 0 1 MR JE
13.03.01 19 High 6 6 0 MR JE
13.03.01 141 High 6 6 4 MR JE
15.03.01 135 High 0 1 7 AJ CCh
15.03.01 166 High 6 11 9 AJ CCh
15.03.01 136 High 0 0 0 AJ CCh
15.03.01 64 High 5 5 3 AJ CCh
16.03.01 15 Low 0 0 0 RH MR
16.03.01 92 Low 4 6 0 RH MR
16.03.01 105 Low 25 19 0 RH MR
16.03.01 126 Low 0 0 0 RH MR
16.03.01 121 Low 2 2 1 RH MR
16.03.01 155 Low 3 3 0 RH MR
16.03.01 95 Low 0 0 0 RH MR
16.03.01 52 Low 0 0 0 RH MR
16.03.01 139 Low 2 2 0 RH MR
16.03.01 53 Low 5 3 2 MR RH
16.03.01 61 Low 5 3 4 MR RH
16.03.01 149 Low 2 0 0 MR RH
16.03.01 28 Low 2 0 2 MR RH
7RWDOV  
Appendix 6
G ound su eys 1998 & 2000 Akia-Manii soq
ca ibou he d
Table 13. Raw da a ae ial su ey Akia-Manii soq ca ibou he d, egion Cen al, Ma ch 2001.
Akia-Manii soq su ey obse e s: (CC) Ch is ine Cuyle , (LR) Lo e Rasmussen, (CCH) Caspe Ch is o e sen,
(NO) Niels Olsen, (JE) Johannes Egede, (MR) Michael Rosing, (AJ) Aslak Jensen, and (RH) Rink Hein ich.
50
1XPEHUFDULERXREVHUYHGRQWUDQVHFW 5HDUVHDWREVHUYHUV'DWH
GGPP
7UDQVHFW
QXPEHU /HIWIURQW&& /HIWUHDU 5LJKWUHDU /HIW 5LJKW
12.03.01 246 8 11 0 CCh NO
12.03.01 23 0 0 0 CCh NO
15.03.01 115 1 2 6 AJ CCh
15.03.01 282 2 3 19 AJ CCh
15.03.01 87 5 6 9 CCh AJ
15.03.01 11 6 3 10 CCh AJ
15.03.01 271 0 0 0 CCh AJ
15.03.01 190 0 0 3 CCh AJ
15.03.01 94 25 25 12 CCh AJ
15.03.01 188 2 8 4 CCh AJ
15.03.01 267 10 8 22 CCh AJ
15.03.01 96 5 5 7 CCh AJ
15.03.01 44 2 2 0 CCh AJ
15.03.01 197 0 0 0 AJ CCh
15.03.01 206 11 14 15 AJ CCh
15.03.01 7 0 1 7 AJ CCh
15.03.01 46 0 2 0 AJ CCh
15.03.01 109 0 0 0 AJ CCh
20.03.01 257 24 13 4 NO CCh
20.03.01 41 2 4 23 NO CCh
20.03.01 28 0 4 2 NO CCh
20.03.01 167 24 27 16 NO CCh
20.03.01 91 14 11 9 NO CCh
20.03.01 34 38 37 12 NO CCh
20.03.01 40 39 48 46 NO CCh
20.03.01 258 7 7 16 NO CCh
20.03.01 295 33 31 3 NO CCh
20.03.01 77 0 0 7 CCh NO
20.03.01 172 0 0 0 CCh NO
20.03.01 170 27 28 3 CCh NO
21.03.01 296 0 1 2 MR CCh
21.03.01 180 0 0 3 MR CCh
21.03.01 2 0 0 5 MR CCh
21.03.01 240 10 10 0 MR CCh
21.03.01 37 2 1 11 MR CCh
21.03.01 233 0 0 0 MR CCh
21.03.01 212 8 8 6 MR CCh
21.03.01 182 0 0 0 MR CCh
21.03.01 99 0 0 3 MR CCh
21.03.01 210 0 0 4 MR CCh
7RWDOFDULERXVHHQ  
Table 14. Raw da a ae ial su ey Ame alik ca ibou he d, egion Sou h, Ma ch 2001.
Ame alik su ey obse e s: (CC) Ch is ine Cuyle , (CCH) Caspe Ch is o e sen, (NO) Niels Olsen, (AJ) Aslak Jen-
sen, and (MR) Michael Rosing.
51
1XPEHUFDULERXREVHUYHGRQWUDQVHFW 5HDUVHDWREVHUYHUV'DWH
GGPP
7UDQVHFW
QXPEHU /HIWIURQW&& /HIWUHDU 5LJKWUHDU /HIW 5LJKW
21.03.01 185 0 0 0 CCh MR
21.03.01 105 0 0 0 CCh MR
21.03.01 59 5 5 6 CCh MR
21.03.01 150 3 3 0 CCh MR
21.03.01 26 24 15 5 CCh MR
21.03.01 14 8 6 7 CCh MR
21.03.01 12 8 10 0 CCh MR
21.03.01 126 9 13 2 CCh MR
21.03.01 3 5 5 7 CCh MR
21.03.01 90 0 0 0 CCh MR
21.03.01 174 0 0 0 CCh MR
21.03.01 62 0 0 0 CCh MR
22.03.01 86 0 0 0 JE CCh
22.03.01 108 0 0 0 JE CCh
22.03.01 199 0 0 0 JE CCh
22.03.01 140 0 0 0 JE CCh
22.03.01 30 0 0 0 JE CCh
22.03.01 10 0 0 0 JE CCh
22.03.01 64 0 0 0 JE CCh
22.03.01 1 0 0 1 JE CCh
22.03.01 136 0 0 0 JE CCh
7RWDOFDULERXVHHQ  
Qeqe a sua siaa su ey obse e s: (CC) Ch is ine Cuyle , (CCH) Caspe Ch is o e sen, (MR) Michael Rosing
and (JE) Johannes Egede.
Table 15. Raw da a ae ial su ey Qeqe a sua siaa ca ibou he d, egion Sou h, Ma ch 2001.
52
Table 16. Random ansec s o ae ial su ey Akia-Manii soq ca ibou he d, egion Cen al,
Ma ch 2001.
7UDQVHFWVWDUW 7UDQVHFWHQG'DWH
GGPP
'LUHFWLRQ
IORZQ
7UDQVHFW
QXPEHU /DWLWXGH /RQJLWXGH /DWLWXGH /RQJLWXGH
12.03.01 S – N164º 47.14' 51º 32.91' 64º 50.49' 51º 27.56'
13.03.01 N – S365º 09.80’51º 21.80’65º 05.79’51º 22.96’
12.03.01 S - N 8 64º 49.86’ 51º 03.41’64º 53.51’51º 07.52’
16.03.01 W – E1565º 20.68’50º 47.81’65º20.52’50º38.12’
13.03.01 S - N 17 64º 36.97’52º 04.81’64º 40.68’52º 01.00’
12.03.01 S –N 18 64º 43.05’51º 20.32’64º 45.39’51º 28.05’
13.03.01 N – S1965º 09.15’50º 34.45’65º 05.24’50º 31.98’
12.03.01 S – N2164º 46.09’51º 02.62’64º 49.33’51º 08.32’
16.03.01 SE-NW 28 65º 30.11’50º 55.63’65º 31.96’51º 04.32’
12.03.01 S – N3664º 54.46’51º 11.98’64º 56.09’51º 20.72’
13.03.01 S – N3964º 40.85’52º 03.31’64º 43.95’51º 57.21’
13.03.01 NW-SE 46 65º 02.89’51º 12.83’65º 00.80’51º 04.61’
16.03.01 S – N5265º 40.79’51º 56.24’65º 44.54’51º 52.55’
16.03.01 NW-SE 53 65º 27.61’51º 42.92’65º 25.81’51º 34.19’
13.03.01 S - N 56 65º 18.61’52º 01.44’65º 22.37’52º 05.01’
13.03.01 S - N 58 65º 19.84’51º 44.91’65º 23.29’51º 49.99’
16.03.01 SW-NE 61 65º 23.39’51º 21.39’65º 26.66’51º 15.66’
15.03.01 W – E6464º 50.56’49º 43.96’64º 49.53’49º 53.16’
13.03.01 SE-NW 65 65º 01.78’51º 01.07’65º 05.11’51º 06.50’
12.03.01 S – N6864º 22.11' 51º 37.73' 64º 25.95' 51º 40.69'
13.03.01 W - E 77 64º 18.99’51º 57.18’64º 18.11’52º 06.29’
13.03.01 S – N8465º 00.67’52º 10.06’65º 04.40’52º 06.31’
12.03.01 E – W8764º 58.55’51º 25.42’64º58.78’51º 34.97’
16.03.01 SW-NE 92 65º 21.48’50º 30.04’65º 24.06’50º 22.56’
16.03.01 S – N9565º 36.87’51º 40.90’65º 40.92’51º 41.22’
12.03.01 S – N9664º 46.69’50º 30.23’64º 50.72’50º 31.05’
13.03.01 E - W 97 64º 28.06’52º 06.60’64º 29.03’51º 57.48’
16.03.01 S – N 105 65º 38.69’50º 27.48’65º 42.25’50º 32.19’
13.03.01 E - W 107 65º 21.66’52º 24.97’65º 22.37’52º 15.41’
12.03.01 S – N 108 64º 51.34’50º 38.18’64º 54.72’50º 32.96’
16.03.01 NE-SW 121 65º 38.27’51º 13.44’65º 36.60’51º 22.38’
12.03.01 S – N 124 64º 49.51’51º 38.92’64º 53.44’51º 36.66’
16.03.01 NE-SW 126 65º 37.47’50º 38.29’65º 36.02’50º 47.44’
15.03.01 W – E 135 65º 03.43’50º 14.72’65º 03.25’50º 05.14’
15.03.01 N – S 136 64º 53.40’50º 02.64’64º 49.88’49º 57.96’
16.03.01 E – W 139 65º 31.92’52º 02.11’65º 32.39’51º 52.4’
13.03.01 S – N 141 65º 07.52’50º 28.98’65º 11.23’50º 25.13’
16.03.01 SW-NE 149 65º 29.47’51º 09.85’65º 30.74’51º 00.58’
16.03.01 SE-NW 155 65º 35.85’51º 26.31’65º 37.49’51º 35.26’
13.03.01 E - W 164 65º 05.72’51º 43.85’65º 05.81’51º 53.45’
15.03.01 N – S 166 64º 57.85’50º 01.89’64º 53.92’49º 59.59’
13.03.01 N – S 181 65º 10.39’51º 47.28’65º 06.81’51º 42.78’
13.03.01 NW-SE 183 65º 03.25’51º 25.54’65º 01.64’51º 16.74’
13.03.01 NW-SE 186 65º 10.27’51º 04.97’65º 07.62’50º 57.69’
12.03.01 N – S 191 64º 50.56’50º 54.21’64º 49.24’50º 45.21’
12.03.01 N – S 193 64º 54.99’51º 21.95’64º 52.77’51º 13.97’
12.03.01 E – W 227 64º 37.95' 51º 24.53' 64º 38.00' 51º 33.97'
53
7UDQVHFWVWDUW 7UDQVHFWHQG'DWH
GGPP
'LUHFWLRQ
IORZQ
7UDQVHFW
QXPEHU /DWLWXGH /RQJLWXGH /DWLWXGH /RQJLWXGH
21.03.01 S – N264º 03.30’50º 27.78’64º 07.29’50º 29.33’
15.03.01 SE-NW 7 64º 36.38’50º 28.59’64º38.98’50º 35.83’
15.03.01 S – N1164º 22.34’49º 43.68’64º 25.41’49º 37.58’
12.03.01 NE-SW 23 64º 10.78’51º 27.77’64º 08.79’51º 35.85’
20.03.01 NNW-
SSE 28 63º 51.02’51º 24.10’63º 47.51’51º 19.54’
20.03.01 N – S3463º 39.08’51º 09.81’63º 35.08’51º 08.49’
21.03.01 S – N3763º 59.41’50º 03.76’64º 03.44’50.02.78’
20.03.01 N – S4063º 35.05’51º 03.50’63º 31.13’51º 01.22’
20.03.01 SW-NE 41 63º 55.42’51º 16.78’63º 57.73’51º 09.22’
15.03.01 SW-NE 44 64º 19.89’50º 35.79’64º 21.79’50º 27.54’
15.03.01 NW-SE 46 64º 23.58’50º 49.45’64º 21.21’50º 41.87’
20.03.01 S – N7763º 22.12’50º 51.44’63º 26.15’50º 50.58’
15.03.01 N – S8764º 29.99’49º 57.17’64º 27.81’49º 49.27’
20.03.01 SW-NE 91 63º 38.14’51º 19.09’63º 41.52’51º 14.06’
15.03.01 E – W9464º 13.81’50º 02.19’64º 13.93’49º 52.88’
15.03.01 E – W9664º 15.74’50º 26.94’64º 16.98’50º 18.07’
21.03.01 E – W 99 63.55.88’50º 23.52’63º 56.31’50º 14.37’
15.03.01 NW-SE 109 64º 14.15’50º 58.05’64º 12.56’50º 49.49’
15.03.01 W – E 115 64º 36.12’50º 10.24’64º 34.14’50º 02.02’
20.03.01 N – S 167 63º 45.73’51º 23.67’63º 41.79’51º 21.61’
20.03.01 SW-NE 170 63º 25.19’51º 07.12’63º 28.36’51º 01.50’
20.03.01 SE-NW 172 63º 26.36’50º 45.12’63º 27.71’50º 53.65’
21.03.01 W – E 180 64º 01.86’50º 26.17’64º 01.82’50º 35.41’
21.03.01 S – N 182 63º 52.03’49º 55.05’63º 55.35’50º 00.31’
15.03.01 S – N 188 64º 18.39’50º 00.62’64º 21.88’50º 05.34’
15.03.01 SE-NW 190 64º 10.74’49º 43.36’64º 12.64’49º 51.57’
15.03.01 S – N 197 64º 28.05’ 50º 26.06’64º 31.40’50º 20.77’
15.03.01 S – N 206 64º 34.78’50º 23.33’64º 38.37’50º 18.99’
21.03.01 S – N 210 63º 52.95’50º 28.25’63º 59.28’50º 28.21’
21.03.01 S – N 212 63º 52.95’49º 49.88’63º 56.02’49º 55.89’
21.03.01 S – N 233 64º 03.32’50º 03.68’64º 06.68’50º 08.85’
21.03.01 SW-NE 240 63º 59.75’50º 27.49’64º 02.59’50º 20.90’
12.03.01 W – E 246 64º 36.77’50º 53.28’64º 36.71’50º 43.84’
20.03.01 S – N 257 63º 57.00’51º 24.00’64º 01.24’51º 21.40’
20.03.01 S – N 258 63º 37.18’50º 58.55’63º 40.68’51º 03.13’
15.03.01 N – S 267 64º 15.90’50º 07.09’64º 12.31’50º 11.37’
15.03.01 N – S 271 64º 15.52’49º 39.83’64º 11.48’49º 40.51’
15.03.01 W – E 282 64º 33.86’49º 45.24’64º 32.36’49º 53.98’
20.03.01 SE-NW 295 63º 52.37’ 50º 50.03’63º 55.46’50º 55.96’
21.03.01 W – E 296 64º 04.00’50º 49.48’64º 03.06’50º 58.47’
Table 17. Random ansec s o ae ial su ey Ame alik ca ibou he d, egion Sou h, Ma ch
2001.

54
7UDQVHFWVWDUW 7UDQVHFWHQG'DWH
GGPP
'LUHFWLRQ
IORZQ
7UDQVHFW
QXPEHU /DWLWXGH /RQJLWXGH /DWLWXGH /RQJLWXGH
22.03.01 SSW-
NNE 1 62º 56.89’50º 10.86’63º 00.40’50º 06.42’
21.03.01 SE-NW 3 63º 09.89’49º 37.02’63º 12.30’49º 44.23’
22.03.01 SE-NW 10 62º 55.81’50º 04.06’62º 57.61’50º 04.06’
21.03.01 NE-SW 12 63º 15.57’49º 35.00’63º 12.89’49º 41.72’
21.03.01 NE-SW 14 63º 17.15’49º 38.18’63º 15.47’49º 46.36’
21.03.01 NW-SE 26 63º 19.83’49º 46.79’63º 17.32’49º 39.73’
22.03.01 SW-NE 30 62º 56.35’49º 51.16’63º 00.22’49º 48.53’
21.03.01 E – W5963º 22.87’49º 28.02’63º 24.04’49º 36.67’
21.03.01 S – N6263º 05.32’50º 46.84’63º 09.34’50º 45.76’
22.03.01 SSW-
NNE 64 62º 52.73’50º 06.93’62º 56.60’50º 04.29’
22.03.01 SSE-
NNW 86 62º 36.03’50º 09.64’62º 39.78’50º 12.95’
21.03.01 E – W9063º 11.06’49º 54.53’63º 12.07’49º 45.84’
21.03.01 NW-SE 105 63º 29.69’49º 51.97’63.27.53’49º 44.31’
22.03.01 SW-NE 108 62º 40.44’50º 16.14’62º 42.84’50º 09.05’
21.03.01 NE-SW 126 63º 12.78’49º 25.17’63º 10.74’49º 32.93’
22.03.01 SSW-
NNE 136 63º 02.39’49º 51.73’63º 06.42’49º 51.04’
22.03.01 SE-NW 140 62º 59.15’49º 35.60’63º 01.89’49º 42.16’
21.03.01 E – W 150 63º 20.24’50º 02.82’63º 21.74’49º 54.44’
21.03.01 S – N 174 63º 09.38’50º 12.00’63º 13.43’50º 12.20’
21.03.01 NNW-
SSE 185 63º 31.05’50º 03.93’63º 27.47’49º 59.70’
22.03.01 SE-NW 199 62º 45.60’49º 48.48’62º 47.60’49º 56.17’
Table 18. Random ansec s o ae ial su ey Qeqe a sua siaa ca ibou he d, egion Sou h,
Ma ch 2001.
55
Table 19. Raw da a ae ial su ey he d s uc u e Akia-Manii soq ca ibou he d, egion Cen al,
Ma ch 2001.
'DWH
GGPP
7UDQVHFWQXPEHU
6WUDWXPGHQVLW
*URXS
VL]H
0DOHV
$JH! HDU
)HPDOHV
$JH! HDU
&DOYHV
$JH HDU
12.03.01 68 4 2 2
12.03.01 68 2 1 1
12.03.01 68 3 2 1
12.03.01 68 5 3 2
12.03.01 68 4 1 3
12.03.01 68 2 1 1
12.03.01 68 8 2 3 3
12.03.01 68 2 1 1
12.03.01 68 2 1 1
12.03.01 68 2 1 1
12.03.01 68 5 3 2
12.03.01 68 2 1 1
12.03.01 68 2 1 1
12.03.01 68 2 1 1
12.03.01 68 4 2 1 1
12.03.01 68 6 2 3 1
12.03.01 68 3 1 2
12.03.01 68 1 1
12.03.01 68 3 1 2
12.03.01 68 7 4 2 1
12.03.01 68 2 2
12.03.01 68 8 4 2 2
12.03.01 68 2 2
12.03.01 68 1 1
12.03.01 68 5 1 1 3
12.03.01 68 3 3
12.03.01 68 2 1 1
12.03.01 227 3 3
12.03.01 227 1 1
12.03.01 227 1 1
12.03.01 227 2 2
12.03.01 227 2 2
12.03.01 227 3 3
12.03.01 227 7 2 2 3
12.03.01 227 1 1
12.03.01 227 2 1 1
12.03.01 227 3 1 2
12.03.01 227 2 2
12.03.01 227 5 5
12.03.01 227 5 2 2 1
12.03.01 227 2 2
12.03.01 227 2 1 1
12.03.01 227 1 1
12.03.01 227 2 2
12.03.01 1 1 1
12.03.01 1 2 1 1
12.03.01 1 6 6
12.03.01 1 4 3 1
12.03.01 1 1 1
12.03.01 1 6 4 2
12.03.01 1 4 3 1
12.03.01 1 4 1 3
12.03.01 1 2 1 1
12.03.01 1 3 3
56
'DWH
GGPP
7UDQVHFWQXPEHU
6WUDWXPGHQVLW
*URXS
VL]H
0DOHV
$JH! HDU
)HPDOHV
$JH! HDU
&DOYHV
$JH HDU
13.03.01 97 3 2 1
13.03.01 97 5 1 3 1
13.03.01 97 2 1 1
13.03.01 17 4 4
13.03.01 39 2 1 1
13.03.01 39 4 2 2
13.03.01 39 4 2 1 1
13.03.01 39 1 1
13.03.01 39 5 5
13.03.01 39 4 4
13.03.01 39 2 1 1
13.03.01 39 7 7
13.03.01 39 2 1 1
13.03.01 39 4 1 2 1
13.03.01 39 4 1 3
13.03.01 39 1 1
13.03.01 39 6 5 1
13.03.01 39 2 1 1
13.03.01 39 6 6
13.03.01 39 2 1 1
13.03.01 39 5 3 2
13.03.01 39 6 4 2
13.03.01 84 2 1 1
13.03.01 56 2 1 1
13.03.01 107 4 2 2
13.03.01 46 2 1 1
13.03.01 46 3 2 1
13.03.01 141 1 1
15.03.01 166 2 1 1
15.03.01 166 2 1 1
15.03.01 64 5 2 3
15.03.01 64 2 1 1
16.03.01 105 10 2 5 3
16.03.01 105 2 1 1
16.03.01 105 2 1 1
16.03.01 105 2 1 1
16.03.01 105 1 1
16.03.01 105 3 1 2
16.03.01 105 4 1 1 2
16.03.01 105 1 1
16.03.01 105 1 1
16.03.01 105 1 1
16.03.01 105 3 3
16.03.01 105 1 1
16.03.01 105 2 1 1
16.03.01 105 2 2
16.03.01 105 2 1 1
16.03.01 105 3 2 1
16.03.01 105 7 6 1
16.03.01 105 1 1
16.03.01 105 1 1
16.03.01 105 3 3
16.03.01 155 3 3
16.03.01 53 2 1 1
16.03.01 61 2 1 1
16.03.01
61
2
1
1
16.03.01 28 2 1 1
16.03.01 28 2 1 1
57
'DWH
GGPP
7UDQVHFWQXPEHU
6WUDWXPGHQVLW
*URXS
VL]H
0DOHV
$JH! HDU
)HPDOHV
$JH! HDU
&DOYHV
$JH HDU
16.03.01
28
2
1
1
16.03.01 Low densi y s a um 1 1
16.03.01 Low densi y s a um 1 1
16.03.01 Low densi y s a um 1 1
16.03.01 Low densi y s a um 3 1 2
16.03.01 High densi y s a um 1 1
16.03.01 High densi y s a um 3 2 1
16.03.01 High densi y s a um 1 1
16.03.01 High densi y s a um 2 1 1
16.03.01 High densi y s a um 3 2 1
16.03.01 High densi y s a um 1 1
16.03.01 High densi y s a um 2 2
16.03.01 High densi y s a um 5 4 1
16.03.01 High densi y s a um 2 1 1
16.03.01 High densi y s a um 5 1 3 1
16.03.01 High densi y s a um 2 1 1
16.03.01 High densi y s a um 2 1 1
16.03.01 High densi y s a um 2 1 1
16.03.01 High densi y s a um 2 2
16.03.01 High densi y s a um 1 1
16.03.01 High densi y s a um 2 1 1
16.03.01 High densi y s a um 1 1
16.03.01 High densi y s a um 3 2 1
16.03.01 High densi y s a um 1 1
16.03.01 High densi y s a um 2 2
16.03.01 High densi y s a um 1 1
16.03.01 High densi y s a um 3 3
16.03.01 High densi y s a um 2 1 1
16.03.01 High densi y s a um 10 3 6 1
16.03.01 High densi y s a um 2 1 1
16.03.01 High densi y s a um 2 2
16.03.01 High densi y s a um 2 1 1
16.03.01 High densi y s a um 2 2
16.03.01 High densi y s a um 3 3
16.03.01 High densi y s a um 2 2
16.03.01 High densi y s a um 2 1 1
16.03.01 High densi y s a um 4 4
16.03.01 High densi y s a um 1 1
16.03.01 High densi y s a um 2 1 1
16.03.01 High densi y s a um 2 1 1
16.03.01 High densi y s a um 1 1
16.03.01 High densi y s a um 3 3
16.03.01 High densi y s a um 1 1
16.03.01 High densi y s a um 5 2 3
16.03.01 High densi y s a um 3 2 1
16.03.01 High densi y s a um 3 2 1
16.03.01 High densi y s a um 2 1 1
16.03.01 High densi y s a um 11 5 6
16.03.01 High densi y s a um 3 1 2
16.03.01 High densi y s a um 3 3
16.03.01 High densi y s a um 6 3 3
16.03.01 High densi y s a um 4 1 3
16.03.01 High densi y s a um 2 1 1
16.03.01 High densi y s a um 2 1 1
16.03.01 High densi y s a um 1 1
16.03.01 High densi y s a um 13 2 10 1
gy
16.03.01 High densi y s a um 4 1 3
16.03.01 High densi y s a um 5 2 2 1
64
31.03.98 5 2 3
31.03.98 2 2
31.03.98 3 1 1 1
31.03.98 7 2 2 3
31.03.98 3 1 2
31.03.98 36 4 4 23 5
31.03.98 6 2 2 2
01.04.98 11 2 2 7
01.04.98 2 1 1
01.04.98 3 1 2
01.04.98 1 1
01.04.98 11 5 5 1
01.04.98 5 4 1
01.04.98 5 2 3
01.04.98 1 1
01.04.98 35 17 12 6
01.04.98 3 1 2
01.04.98 3 2 1
01.04.98 18 4 8 6
02.04.98 12 2 5 5
02.04.98 17 9 3 5
02.04.98 3 3
02.04.98 9 6 1 2
02.04.98 16 8 8
02.04.98 10 7 3
02.04.98 3 2 1
02.04.98 1 1
02.04.98 2 1 1
02.04.98 35 19 8 8
02.04.98 22 9 6 7
02.04.98 5 5
02.04.98 6 3 2 1
02.04.98 9 4 4 1
02.04.98 6 4 2
02.04.98 9 2 5 2
02.04.98 2 1 1
02.04.98 14 4 10
02.04.98 1 1
02.04.98 5 2 3
03.04.98 17 2 7 8
03.04.98 2 1 1
03.04.98 4 3 1
03.04.98 12 7 5 2
03.04.98 10 4 5 1
03.04.98 2 1 1
03.04.98 10 4 5 1
03.04.98 7 6 1
03.04.98 7 4 3
'DWH
GGPP
*URXSVL]H )HPDOHV
! HDU
&DOYHV
 HDU
0DOHV
! HDU
6H[
XQNQRZQ
03 0 98
3
03.04.98 14 7 2 5
7RWDOV     

65
Table 23. Raw da a g ound su ey he d s uc u e Akia-Manii soq ca ibou he d, egion Cen al, Ma ch/
Ap il 2000.
)HPDOHV &DOYHV 0DOHV *36SRVLWLRQ'DWH
GGPP
*URXS
VL]H ! HDU  HDU ! HDU ! HDU ! HDU
6H[
"/DW /RQJ
29.03.00 2 1 1 64º14.1' 51º52.4'
29.03.00 4 4 64º15.1' 51º54.4'
29.03.00 2 1 1 64º16.7' 52º00.3'
30.03.00 3 3 64º15.0' 51º51.6'
30.03.00 4 1 3 64º15.2' 51º51.4'
30.03.00 1 1 64º15.4' 51º51.4'
30.03.00 4 3 1 64º16.5' 51º50.3'
30.03.00 4 2 1 1 64º16.5' 51º50.3'
30.03.00 3 1 2 64º15.8' 51º51.1'
30.03.00 4 2 2 64º16.8' 51º51.1'
30.03.00 3 1 1 1 64º18.1' 51º51.3'
30.03.00 3 1 1 1 64º18.8' 51º52.7'
30.03.00 4 2 1 1 64º18.8' 51º52.7'
30.03.00 5 2 1 2 64º19.5' 51º54.1'
30.03.00 1 1 64º20.6' 51º55.6'
30.03.00 4 1 1 2 64º20.9' 51º56.0'
30.03.00 2 1 1 64º20.9' 51º56.0'
30.03.00 1 1 64º21.6' 51º58.0'
30.03.00 2 1 1 64º22.7' 51º37.8'
30.03.00 2 1 1 64º25.9' 51º54.2'
30.03.00 3 2 1 64º26.4' 51º53.9'
30.03.00 2 2 64º26.6' 51º53.1'
30.03.00 5 2 3 64º27.1' 51º52.6'
30.03.00 3 2 1 64º28.9' 51º50.4'
30.03.00 2 1 1 64º14.1' 51º52.4'
30.03.00 3 3 64º14.1' 51º52.4'
30.03.00 3 3 64º29.9' 51º51.3'
30.03.00 3 3 64º29.9' 51º51.3'
30.03.00 3 2 1 64º30.9' 52º06.4'
30.03.00 6 6 64º30.9' 52º06.4'
30.03.00 2 1 1 64º32.7' 52º02.1'
30.03.00 2 1 1 64º32.8' 51º58.4'
30.03.00 1 1 64º32.5' 51º58.2'
30.03.00 1 1 64º32.5' 51º58.2'
30.03.00 10 2 1 2 5 64º32.5' 51º58.2'
30.03.00 2 1 1 64º32.5' 51º58.2'
30.03.00 2 2 64º32.0' 51º58.8'
30.03.00 1 1 64º30.7' 51º51.8'
31.03.00 6 2 2 2 64º32.2' 51º50.8'
31.03.00 2 2 64º32.8' 51º50.7'
31.03.00 1 1 64º34.1' 51º50.4'
31.03.00 1 1 64º34.3' 51º50.3'
31.03.00 2 1 1 64º34.2' 51º49.8'
31.03.00 7 7 64º35.0' 51º49.5'
31.03.00 5 1 4 64º35.0' 51º49.5'
31.03.00 6 1 1 4 64º35.0' 51º49.5'
31.03.00 4 4 64º35.0' 51º49.5'
31.03.00 2 2 64º35.0' 51º49.5'
31.03.00 3 2 1 64º36.3' 51º49.0'
31.03.00 5 2 2 1 64º36.7' 51º49.0'
31.03.00 2 1 1 64º38.4' 51º48.6'
31.03.00 2 2 64º39.4' 51º49.1'
31.03.00 4 2 2 64º39.4' 51º49.1'
31.03.00 2 1 1 64º39.5' 51º49.5'
31.03.00 5 2 2 1 64º39.8' 51º49.3'
31.03.00 3 1 2 64º41.7' 51º51.1'
31.03.00 4 2 1 1 64º42.1' 51º51.4'
31.03.00 4 2 2 64º42.1' 51º51.4'
31.03.00 1 1 64º36.1' 51º54.7'
31.03.00 1 1 64º36.1' 51º54.7'
66
)HPDOHV &DOYHV 0DOHV *36SRVLWLRQ'DWH
GGPP
*URXS
VL]H ! HDU  HDU ! HDU ! HDU ! HDU
6H[
"/DW /RQJ
31.03.00
1
1
64 36.1
51 54.7
31.03.00 5 2 1 2 64º35.3' 51º54.0'
31.03.00 3 2 1 64º34.1' 51º53.2'
31.03.00 2 1 1 64º33.5' 51º54.7'
31.03.0083311 64º33.5' 51º54.7'
31.03.00 10 2 1 7 64º36.0' 51º56.6'
31.03.00 4 2 2 64º35.9' 51º57.5'
31.03.00 8 3 1 4 64º35.6' 51º57.2'
31.03.00 3 1 1 1 64º34.9' 51º56.7'
31.03.00 2 2 64º30.1' 51º52.4'
31.03.00 7 7 64º30.1' 51º52.4'
31.03.00 7 7 64º30.1' 51º52.4'
02.04.00 2 2 64º29.1' 51º51.2'
02.04.00 3 2 1 64º29.0' 51º50.5'
02.04.00 1 1 64º29.8' 51º48.5'
02.04.0061131 64º29.8' 51º48.5'
02.04.0093231 64º29.8' 51º47.9'
02.04.00 2 1 1 64º31.0' 51º46.5'
02.04.00104141 64º29.8' 51º48.7'
02.04.00174252 4 64º31.5' 51º46.0'
03.04.00 2 2 64º31.2' 51º50.6'
03.04.00 2 0 64º31.5' 51º50.0'
03.04.00 1 0 64º31.5' 51º50.0'
03.04.00 2 1 1 64º31.4' 51º48.3'
03.04.00 1 1 64º31.4' 51º48.3'
03.04.00 3 1 2 64º31.7' 51º47.2'
03.04.00 3 2 1 64º31.7' 51º47.2'
03.04.001052111 64º31.7' 51º47.2'
03.04.00 2 1 1 64º31.7' 51º47.2'
03.04.00 4 3 1 64º31.8' 51º44.0'
03.04.00 6 5 1 64º32.0' 51º42.8'
03.04.00 3 1 2 64º32.0' 51º42.8'
03.04.00 2 1 1 64º32.0' 51º42.8'
03.04.00 1 1 64º40.3' 51º29.2'
03.04.00 2 1 1 64º39.1' 51º35.8'
03.04.00 1 1 64º37.2' 51º40.8'
04.04.00 4 2 2 64º28.6' 51º50.7'
04.04.00 2 1 1 64º27.6' 51º48.9'
04.04.00 2 2 64º22.3' 51º40.3'
05.04.00 2 1 1 64º31.2' 51º47.5'
05.04.00 2 1 1 64º32.1' 51º46.1'
05.04.00 4 2 2 64º32.1' 51º46.1'
05.04.00 6 2 4 64º32.1' 51º46.1'
05.04.00 2 2 64º31.9' 51º45.1'
05.04.00 4 1 1 2 64º41.8' 51º18.5'
05.04.00 3 2 1 64º44.2' 51º18.8'
05.04.00 8 5 2 1 64º48.1' 51º27.2'
05.04.00 1 1 64º48.1' 51º27.2'
05.04.00 11 6 3 2 64º48.9' 51º27.5'
05.04.00 4 2 2 64º49.0' 51º27.8'
05.04.00 2 1 1 64º48.9' 51º24.1'
05.04.00 6 5 1 64º49.8' 51º25.1'
05.04.00 2 1 1 64º49.8' 51º25.1'
05.04.00 1 1 64º51.1' 51º24.4'
05.04.00 2 1 1 64º51.1' 51º24.4'
05.04.0083311 64º51.5' 51º23.9'
05.04.00 8 6 2 64º51.5' 51º23.9'
05.04.00 6 2 4 64º51.3' 51º21.9'
05.04.00 1 1 64º51.3' 51º21.9'
05.04.00 8 4 3 1 64º51.3' 51º21.9'
05.04.00 3 1 2 64º46.8' 51º24.8'
05 0 00
3
668
5 8
06.04.00 4 2 1 1 64º44.2' 51º16.7'
06.04.00 3 3 64º45.1' 51º16.3'
06.04.00 1 1 64º45.7' 51º14.7'
06.04.00 2 1 1 64º46.3' 51º12.8'
67
)HPDOHV &DOYHV 0DOHV *36SRVLWLRQ'DWH
GGPP
*URXS
VL]H ! HDU  HDU ! HDU ! HDU ! HDU
6H[
"/DW /RQJ
06.04.00
2
1
1
64 46.3
51 12.8
06.04.00 4 2 2 64º46.5' 51º12.5'
06.04.00 6 4 2 64º46.7' 51º12.3'
06.04.00 1 1 64º46.7' 51º12.3'
06.04.00 1 1 64º47.9' 51º12.4'
06.04.00 3 3 64º48.7' 51º11.3'
06.04.00 4 2 1 1 64º48.5' 51º11.6'
06.04.00 5 2 2 1 64º47.8' 51º12.4'
06.04.00 2 1 1 64º47.8' 51º17.9'
06.04.00 1 1 64º47.8' 51º17.9'
06.04.00 1 1 64º48.9' 51º18.6'
06.04.00 3 3 64º49.1' 51º18.6'
06.04.00 3 3 64º51.7' 51º20.7'
06.04.00 3 3 64º52.3' 51º20.9'
06.04.00 5 3 1 1 64º52.0' 51º18.7'
06.04.001243122 64º52.0' 51º18.6'
06.04.0041111 64º51.8' 51º17.8'
06.04.00831211 64º51.8' 51º17.8'
06.04.00 4 1 1 2 64º51.8' 51º17.8'
06.04.00 4 4 64º53.1' 51º16.9'
06.04.00 9 4 2 3 64º53.1' 51º16.9'
06.04.00 5 3 2 64º53.1' 51º16.9'
06.04.00 2 2 64º53.1' 51º16.9'
06.04.00 5 3 1 1 64º53.1' 51º16.9'
06.04.00 5 5 64º53.1' 51º16.9'
06.04.00 2 1 1 64º51.6' 51º17.1'
06.04.00 3 2 1 64º51.3' 51º16.7'
06.04.00 2 1 1 64º51.1' 51º16.2'
06.04.00 3 2 1 64º51.1' 51º16.2'
06.04.00 1 1 64º50.8' 51º16.4'
06.04.00 3 2 1 64º50.5' 51º17.5'
06.04.00 6 3 1 2 64º50.2' 51º18.2'
06.04.00 2 2 64º38.5' 51º21.8'
06.04.00 5 5 64º38.5' 51º21.8'
06.04.00 2 2 64º41.1' 51º20.5'
07.04.00 2 2 64º44.4' 51º15.2'
07.04.00 3 1 2 64º46.3' 51º12.9'
07.04.00 1 1 64º46.3' 51º12.9'
07.04.00 8 2 6 64º46.6' 51º11.0'
07.04.00 5 2 2 1 64º46.9' 51º09.8'
07.04.00 7 1 1 5 64º46.4' 51º08.2'
07.04.00 3 1 1 1 64º46.4' 51º08.2'
07.04.00 1 1 64º47.0' 51º09.3'
07.04.00 1 1 64º45.6' 51º15.7'
07.04.00 1 1 64º44.0' 51º17.2'
07.04.00 2 2 64º37.5' 51º24.2'
07.04.00 1 1 64º38.3' 51º25.2'
07.04.00 2 1 1 64º38.3' 51º25.2'
07.04.00 4 2 2 64º38.3' 51º25.2'
07.04.00 2 1 1 64º38.3' 51º25.2'
07.04.00112144 64º38.3' 51º25.2'
07.04.00 1 1 64º38.5' 51º26.8'
07.04.00 1 1 64º38.5' 51º26.8'
07.04.00 5 2 3 64º40.8' 51º20.7'
09.04.00 6 5 1 64º26.4' 51º42.8'
09.04.00
6
5
1
64 26.4
51 4
2.8
09.04.00 5 2 3 64º24.9' 51º44.2'
09.04.00 1 1 64º23.1' 51º43.5'
09.04.00 2 2 64º23.1' 51º43.5'
09.04.00 7 2 5 64º22.1' 51º40.8'
09.04.0063111 64º22.3' 51º41.7'
7RWDOV       
68
Accu acy  how well a su ey es ima e o animal
numbe s e lec s he ue popula ion size.
Annual  occu ing, o done e e y yea .
Bias  desc ibes how a he a e age alue o he
es ima o is om he ue popula ion alue. An
unbiased es ima o cen e s abou he ue alue o
he popula ion. Bias is he ex en o which an
es ima e is sys ema ically w ong. Bias dec eases
he accu acy o a su ey. In popula e ms, nega-
i e bias in su eys mo es he inal es ima e o
below he ue popula ion size and posi i e bias
can mo e i abo e he ue popula ion size.
Body condi ion  pe aining o amoun o a p esen ,
i.e., plen y o a equals excellen body condi ion.
Con idence in e al  s a is ical e m o when he
SE is combined wi h a p obabili y (P) le el o yield
con idence limi s (CL) and hei in e al, he con i-
dence in e al (CI). Fo example: a a P = 0.90 (al-
pha = 0.1) hen assuming no bias a 90% CI is like-
ly o con ain he ue popula ion size in 90% o
su eys o he same ype and in ensi y. NOTE: i is
inco ec o s a e ha he e is a 90% chance ha
he ac ual numbe o ca ibou in a su ey a ea is
wi hin he CI.
C i e ia  s anda ds se on which judgemen can
be made, i.e. he sex o age o a ca ibou.
Densi y  he numbe o ca ibou pe squa e kilo-
me e o land a ea.
Es ima e  a calcula ion as o he likely o app oxi-
ma e size o he ca ibou popula ion.
Fecundi y  ela ed o e ili y and is he po en ial
le el o ep oduc i e pe o mance o a popula ion,
which is usually much g ea e han he ealised
ep oduc ion ( e ili y). Howe e , ecundi y and
e ili y a e o en used inconsis en ly and e en
in e changeably in he li e a u e.
Fe ili y  o a popula ion is he numbe o li e
bi hs o e a ime pe iod, usually a yea , e.g., he
numbe o li e bi hs pe emale, o he numbe o
emale young bo n pe emale. To calcula e e ili y
we need o know he a e age li e size, a e age
numbe o li e s p oduced pe ime in e al (yea )
and he sex a io a bi h (Caughley 1977).
Fe ili y index  see also unde ec ui men . Ra io o
cal es o emales o cal es o adul s.
He d  see also unde popula ion. Indigenous
G eenlandic ca ibou seldom o ne e agg ega e
in o la ge cohe en g oups. G oup size ypically
s ays unde 4 animals, wi h g oups sca e ed
h oughou a la ge a ea.
He d s uc u e  his is he sex and age dis ibu ion
o he animals wi hin a gi en popula ion/he d.
Logis ics  he ob aining, dis ibu ion, main enan-
ce and eplacemen o ield equipmen and pe son-
nel.
Managemen  e.g., wildli e managemen , which is
he ac o manipula ing, di ec ing, con olling, e-
gula ing and/o adminis a ing a wildli e esou -
ce and any numbe o he ac o s a ec ing ha
wildli e esou ce.
Na u al mo ali y  all mo ali y due o ac o s o he
han hun ing (disease, acciden , s a a ion, p eda-
ion, pa asi es, e c.).
Ne ec ui men  o a e o inc ease o he he d is
de e mined by sub ac ing he adul mo ali y a e
om he g oss ec ui men .
Popula ion  see also unde he d. All he animals o
he same species li ing in a speci ic egion, which
do no mix wi h animals om o he egions, i.e.,
hey a e ep oduc i ely isola ed. A popula ion is a
demog aphic uni dis inc by i ue o i s unique
densi y, dis ibu ion, bi h & dea h a e, sex & age
s uc u e, immig a ion and emig a ion a es, and
o he demog aphic pa ame e s.
Popula ion s a us  s a es a wildli e species occu -
ence and abundance, i.e., whe e and how many.
Popula ion analysis  a emp s o de e mine he d
s uc u e (sex & age) and he o ces con olling he
composi ion o he popula ion/he d.
Popula ion dynamics  in any analysis o he d
s uc u e and s a us he pa ame e s a e seldom i
e e s a ic, he e o e he e m popula ion dynamics.
P ecision  is a measu e o he quali y o he su ey
es ima e o animal numbe , i.e., how close you
could expec he es ima e o app oxima e i s expec-
Appendix 7
Lis o e ms
69
ed alue. P ecision e e s o he a ia ion in epea-
ed measu emen o he same quan i y. P ecision is
de e mined p ima ily by he a ia ion in he popu-
la ion and he size o he sample. An indica o o
he p ecision o an es ima e is he con idence in e -
al.
Range  he ex en o he land a ea on which he
ca ibou wande and g aze. The land a ea used
du ing o aging/cal ing/ u ing by he ca ibou,
e.g., summe and win e anges. The wo d is o en
synonymous wi h pas u e o habi a , howe e , he
e m ange b ings ege a ion o mind a he han
o example opog aphy.
Rec ui men  see also unde e ili y index. The la e
win e (Ma ch) alue o cal es/100 cows, which
indica es he inc emen in ca ibou numbe o a
speci ic popula ion/he d om one yea o he nex .
Sigh abili y  he p obabili y o ac ually seeing a
ca ibou p esen wi hin he s ip lown.
S anda d E o (SE)  s anda d e o is he s anda d
de ia ion (SD) di ided by he squa e oo o samp-
le size (n) o (n-1) i SD is calcula ed using n and
no n-1. Sampling e o would be ze o i he same
numbe o ca ibou we e seen on each ansec
lown.
S a a  (plu al o s a um) in his epo e e s o
he di ision o egion Cen al acco ding o expec-
ed ca ibou densi y.
Te ain  e e s o he land o g ound, usually in
conjunc ion wi h a desc ip ion o opog aphy, e.g.,
ough e ain, moun ainous e ain, e c.
Va iance  s a is ical e m o he amoun o a ia-
ion in measu emen s. Va iance is he expec ed
squa e de iance ega dless o he dis ibu ion. I s
squa e oo is s anda d de ia ion (SD). No e: a i-
ance is dis ibu ion independen . I is simply he
expec ed squa e de ia ion.

70
Ae ial Su ey me hod & design
Since su ey me hodology is complex, colla-
bo a ion o biologis s and biome icians ex-
pe ienced in ae ial su ey design was con-
side ed a p e equisi e o success. Me hods
we e planned in acco dance wi h la e ana-
lysis needs. Reducing he bias (missed ca i-
bou) was p io i ised o e lowe ing he a-
iance. A co ec ion o unde ec ed ca ibou
was also applied. The esul was a popula-
ion size es ima e which we conside o an
accep able accu acy and p ecision. Fu u e
su eys a e ecommended o ake he same
measu es.
Su ey e o
47 ansec s we e used in he p esen su ey
o egion Cen al a he cos o app oxima-
ely a qua e o a million Danish k one . As
a ule o humb, new su eys o he same
e o can de ec a change in popula ion size,
which is equal o he sum o he p e ious
con idence in e al, e.g., a new es ima e o
he Akia-Manii soq he d would ha e o d op
below 28,000 o ise abo e 65,000 ca ibou
be o e a su ey wi h he same e o could
show a di e ence. Rega dless o he e o ,
i will no be possible o de ec a change o
Akia-Manii soq ha alls wi hin he p esen
con idence in e al, which is 18,693. How-
e e , a se ies o su eys yield much mo e in-
o ma ion han he sum o he indi idual
su eys. Wi h a sui able plan i would be
possible o design a se ies o su eys ha
could se e o adjus he quo a sys em o e
a pe iod o ime. I is impo an ha he
su eys a e done in a manne compa able
o he su eys done p e iously in he same
a ea and wi h a clea objec i e. Repea ing
su eys e e y i e yea s may be enough.
S a i ica ion
Fu he e inemen o he s a i ica ion o
Akia-Manii soq can be based on he densi-
ies ound in his and ea lie su eys, and
would educe he a iance hus imp o ing
p ecision. Pe haps ansec s wi h ze o o
ew ca ibou ( ansec s 3, 58, 65, 181 and
186), could be included in he low-densi y
s a um.
Field me hods
O e all snow co e was highly a iable in
bo h Ame alik and Qeqe a sua siaa . This
su eys low ligh al i ude and speed, plus
he na owed s ip wid h, we e necessa y
o de ec ing ca ibou unde hese luc ua-
ing condi ions.
Fu u e ae ial su eys would be well ad ised
o con inue he use o low ligh al i udes.
This su ey lew a 50 ee , an al i ude,
which can make many pilo s c inge, bu
which pe mi ed excellen sigh -abili y o
ca ibou on he s ip. Howe e , a heigh o
100 o 150 ee may be jus as sui able. The
ex a heigh would make i ual g ound
speed appea slowe (gi ing mo e ime o
obse e he same e ain) and could make
he en i e 2 x 300 me e s ip isible in hilly
e ain. Al i udes o e 150 ee a e no e-
commended. E en a an al i ude o 50 ee
many ca ibou jus s ood and looked a he
helicop e wi hou eac ing. I is di icul o
de ec non-mo ing ca ibou e en a 50 ee
ega dless o snow co e o e ain ea u es.
I is ad ised o con inue using ligh speeds
a e aging 80 km/h o less and a s ip
wid h o 2 x 300 me es. Obse e s a e able
o de ec mos o he ca ibou p esen a di-
s ances ≤ 300 me es om he helicop e .
Accu acy o any su ey depends on edu-
cing he bias incu ed by obse e s ailing o
de ec he ca ibou p esen in hei s ip. A
na owe s ip whe e mos ca ibou a e de-
ec ed is be e han a wide s ip whe e
un old numbe s o ca ibou may be missed.
Appendix 8
Recommenda ions o u u e
71
Random ansec s o sho leng h e ased
obse e a igue and p omo ed 100% con-
cen a ion du ing ac ual ansec s. These
should be con inued.
Obse e s
Using local hun e s wi h ca ibou expe ience
as obse e s can lead o mo e ca ibou being
seen. Since ini ially hei ac ual abili y was
unknown i was an ad an age o use se e al
and change hei sea ing posi ion. This allo-
wed an a e age o he indi iduals abili ies
a he han isking he possibili y o a one
poo obse e sea ed cons an ly in he same
posi ion causing a high nega i e bias. Since
only one obse e coun ed ca ibou om he
igh sea posi ion, a s a iona y poo obse -
e he e could cause unde es ima ing o po-
pula ion size.
Numbe s o ca ibou seen by he bes back
sea obse e s we e ne e signi ican ly (p <
0.05) be e o wo se han he on sea ob-
se e . This may occu i a) he e is no in in-
sic sigh ing ad an age o he on -sea
obse e , o b) i a sigh ing ad an age exis s,
he bes ea -sea obse e was be e han
he on sea obse e . In u u e hese wo
al e na i es could be es ed by o a ing he
on sea obse e .
Using a minimum o h ee obse e s on each
ansec is ecommended. Ca ibou coun s
we e consis en be ween on and ea sea s,
gi ing con idence o he obse ed numbe s.
A u he imp o emen would be a leas
wo obse e s o each side o he helicop-
e . Local in ol emen will con inue o be
encou aged, and u u e su eys would do
well by con inuing o employ me hods o
inding local hun e s bes able o pe o m
he ask.
Equipmen
The compu e da a-logge used was an iqua-
ed and un eliable. Thus i was impossible
o eco d ca ibou g oup numbe o size on
each ansec . A new da a logge is neces-
sa y o eco d he numbe g oups obse ed
and hei size pe ansec in o de o allow
a calcula ion o su ey p ecision. Rega dless,
con inued use o manual click-coun e s,
as back-up, would be wise conside ing he
e e -p esen possibili y o echnology b eak-
down in he ield. Owing o e ain di icul-
ies in G eenland, helicop e s a e be e sui-
ed o su eying ca ibou popula ions han
ixed-wing ai c a o su eys.
G ound su ey logis ics
In egion Cen al snowmobile g ound su -
eys should begin ea ly Ma ch and inish
be o e Ap il, because Ap il g ound ogs can
immobilize ield eams, and sp ing b eak-up
may occu e en in la e Ma ch.
Mo e o egion Cen als ca ibou popula ion
could be moni o ed o he d s uc u e i em-
po ay win e camps we e used. The g ound
su eys o 1998 and 2000 used pe manen
camps, so back acking was a daily necessi-
y. Ten ing a a new loca ion each nigh
would acili a e a con inuous pa h h ough
he egion and inc ease he o al a ea co e-
ed. He d s uc u e da a ep esen ing he
en i e egions ca ibou popula ion would be
possible.
72
73