S udies Managemen and Finance Economics, o Jou nal
0504-2644 (online): ISSN 0490,-2644 (p in ): ISSN
5202 No embe 11 Issue 80 Volume
8.317 Fac o : Impac ,35-i11-10.47191/je ms/ 8 DOI: A icle
6974-7460 No: Page
JEFMS, Volume 08 Issue 11 No embe 2025 www.ije m.co.in Page 7460
T ans o ma ional Leade ship and he Dynamics o Engagemen And Agili y: A
S udy on Indi idual Pe o mance in S a e-Owned En e p ises.
Rizky Mochamad
Facul y o Economics, Doc o al P og am in Managemen Uni e si as P ima Indonesia
ABSTRACT: Leade ship is one o he impo an componen s ha di ec s an o ganiza ion o gain compe i i eness and achie e
o ganiza ional goals. The pu pose o his s udy is o analyze he ole o wo k engagemen and wo k o ce agili y as media ing
ac o s in he in luence o ans o ma ional leade ship on pe o mance. This s udy is a quan i a i e s udy and based on i s pu pose
is an explana o y esea ch ype wi h a sample o 215 employees o PT PLN. The da a analysis me hod used is SEM-PLS analysis.
The esul s o he analysis show ha ans o ma ional leade ship has a posi i e e ec on wo k engagemen . ans o ma ional
leade ship has a posi i e e ec on wo k o ce agili y, wo k engagemen has a signi ican e ec on indi idual pe o mance,
wo k o ce agili y has a posi i e e ec on indi idual pe o mance, wo k engagemen media es he e ec o ans o ma ional
leade ship on indi idual pe o mance, wo k o ce agili y media es he e ec o ans o ma ional leade ship on indi idual
pe o mance. Fo he managemen o PT. PLN, inc easing indi idual pe o mance can be done by implemen ing a ans o ma ional
leade ship s yle in all lines so ha wo k engagemen can be main ained and ul ima ely be able o d i e p ime pe o mance.
KEYWORDS: T ans o ma ional leade ship, Wo k engagemen , wo k o ce agili y, indi idual pe o mance, SEM-PLS Analysis
I. INTRODUCTION
In oday’s dynamic and apidly e ol ing en i onmen , o ganiza ions a e equi ed o con inuously imp o e hei pe o mance o
deli e he bes se ices possible. Pe o mance ep esen s he measu able ou comes o an employee’s wo k wi hin a speci ic
pe iod, benchma ked agains p ede e mined s anda ds, goals, o c i e ia. E ec i e pe o mance no only e lec s indi idual o
eam achie emen s bu also embodies an o ganiza ion’s abili y o ul ill i s mission in a law ul, e hical, and e icien manne .
One o he key ac o s in luencing o ganiza ional pe o mance is leade ship. T ans o ma ional leade ship, in pa icula , has been
widely ecognized as a leade ship s yle ha inspi es and mo i a es ollowe s o anscend pe sonal in e es s, aligning hem owa d
collec i e goals and highe pe o mance le els. Howe e , exis ing s udies e eal a ying pe spec i es on how ans o ma ional
leade ship impac s employee pe o mance, sugges ing he p esence o media ing ac o s such as o ganiza ional ci izenship
beha io , eam cohesion, job sa is ac ion, inno a i e wo k beha io , and knowledge managemen .
Building upon hese insigh s, his s udy ocuses on wo k engagemen as a media ing a iable ha may explain he ela ionship
be ween ans o ma ional leade ship and employee pe o mance. Wo k engagemen , de ined as a posi i e, ul illing, wo k- ela ed
s a e cha ac e ized by igo , dedica ion, and abso p ion, e lec s he deg ee o which employees a e emo ionally and cogni i ely
in es ed in hei oles. Fu he mo e, his esea ch ex ends he model by in oducing wo k o ce agili y as an addi ional media ing
a iable. Wo k o ce agili y employees’ abili y o adap quickly and posi i ely o changes has become inc easingly i al in ensu ing
o ganiza ional esilience amid business unce ain y.
The esea ch is conduc ed wi hin he con ex o Pe usahaan Lis ik Nega a (PLN), Indonesia’s s a e owned elec ici y company
and he sole p o ide o elec ici y na ionwide. Despi e consis en g ow h in elec ici y sales, PLN con inues o ace pe o mance
challenges, as e idenced by nume ous consume complain s ela ed o se ice dis up ions and eliabili y issues. Add essing hese
challenges necessi a es a deepe unde s anding o how leade ship can enhance employee pe o mance h ough psychological
and beha io al mechanisms such as wo k engagemen and wo k o ce agili y.
This s udy, he e o e, aims o examine he media ing oles o wo k engagemen and wo k o ce agili y in he ela ionship
be ween ans o ma ional leade ship and employee pe o mance wi hin PLN. The indings a e expec ed o con ibu e bo h
heo e ically and p ac ically o e ing insigh s in o leade ship s a egies ha can os e a mo e adap i e, mo i a ed, and high
pe o ming wo k o ce in Indonesia’s public u ili y sec o .
T ans o ma ional Leade ship and he Dynamics o Engagemen And Agili y: A S udy on Indi idual Pe o mance in
S a e-Owned En e p ises.
JEFMS, Volume 08 Issue 11 No embe 2025 www.ije m.co.in Page 7461
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
T ans o ma ional leade ship
T ans o ma ional leade ship is a leade ship s yle ha emphasizes he abili y o leade s o inspi e, mo i a e, and guide
subo dina es o go beyond pe sonal in e es s in o de o achie e o ganiza ional goals. Acco ding o Bass B. M. & A olio B. J.,(1994),
his leade ship s yle consis s o ou main dimensions: idealized in luence (leade s ac as ole models and gain us ), inspi a ional
mo i a ion (p o iding ision and en husiasm), in ellec ual s imula ion (encou aging inno a ion and c ea i e hinking), and
indi idualized conside a ion (a ending o he needs and po en ial o subo dina es). T ans o ma ional leade s os e us , loyal y,
and s ong commi men among employees, which posi i ely in luence hei mo i a ion and pe o mance (Judge & Piccolo, 2004;
Kinicki, 2021).
Wo k Enggamen
Wo k engagemen is a posi i e psychological s a e ha e lec s an indi idual’s ull in ol emen in hei wo k, cha ac e ized by
igo , dedica ion, and abso p ion (Schau eli e al., 2002). Employees wi h high wo k engagemen display s ong ene gy,
en husiasm, and deep imme sion in hei job ac i i ies (Bakke & Alb ech , 2018). Acco ding o (Schau eli & Bakke , 2004)wo k
engagemen consis s o h ee dimensions: igo (high ene gy and men al esilience a wo k), dedica ion (a sense o p ide,
en husiasm, and meaning ulness owa d one’s job), and abso p ion (deep concen a ion and imme sion in wo k o he poin o
di icul y de aching om i ). High le els o wo k engagemen enhance employee commi men , posi i e beha io , and
pe o mance, making i a c ucial ac o o o ganiza ional success (Bakke e al., 2008; Schau eli, 2012).
Wo k o ce agili y
Wo k o ce agili y e e s o he abili y o employees o p oac i ely adap and espond o dynamic and unp edic able changes
in he wo k en i onmen (Ala i e al., 2014; She ehiy & Ka wowski, 2014). This concep e lec s a combina ion o employees’
capabili ies, a i udes, and beha io s in dealing wi h change (Muduli & Pandya, 2018). Agile employees possess a b oad ision, a
posi i e a i ude owa d lea ning and inno a ion, and com o wi h change and new echnologies (Plonka, 1997; Zhang & Sha i i,
2000). F om a beha io al pe spec i e, wo k o ce agili y consis s o h ee main dimensions: p oac i i y (ini ia ing ac ions o
an icipa e and add ess change), adap abili y ( he abili y o adjus o new en i onmen s, oles, and echnologies), and esilience
( he capaci y o emain e ec i e unde p essu e and unce ain y). An agile wo k o ce can main ain high pe o mance amid
challenges and ans o ma ion, making i a c ucial ac o o o ganiza ional success in an e e -changing business en i onmen .
Indi idual pe o mance
Indi idual pe o mance e e s o he esul s achie ed by employees in ca ying ou hei wo k based on speci ic c i e ia ele an
o hei job (Robbins & Judge, 2013). I ep esen s he accomplishmen s and con ibu ions made by indi iduals wi hin he
wo kplace. Pe o mance in ol es main aining planned e o s while s i ing o desi ed ou comes. Al hough pe o mance
e alua ion is a co e aspec o pe o mance managemen (Ca dy, 2004), indi idual pe o mance is in luenced by a ious
o ganiza ional ac o s, including policies, p ac ices, and s uc u al design. Acco ding o he con igu a ional app oach in s a egic
human esou ce managemen , achie ing o ganiza ional goals equi es no jus indi idual ac ions bu an in eg a ed pa e n o HR
ac i i ies ha collec i ely enhance employee pe o mance (Dele y & Do y, 1996).
III. HYPOTHESIS DEVELOPMENT
T ans o ma ional leade ship plays a i al ole in enhancing employee wo k engagemen h ough inspi a ion, mo i a ion, and
in ellec ual s imula ion. T ans o ma ional leade s encou age employees o hink c ea i ely, ake ini ia i e, and iew p oblems
om mul iple pe spec i es, os e ing a sense o owne ship and meaning ulness owa d hei wo k. Emo ional and psychological
suppo om leade s also c ea es a sa e and suppo i e wo k en i onmen ha p omo es deepe engagemen . The e o e,
ans o ma ional leade ship is assumed o ha e a posi i e e ec on employee wo k engagemen (Bass, 1985; Chua & Ayoko, 2021;
Yasin Ghadi e al., 2013). T ans o ma ional leade s help o ganiza ions adap o change by c ea ing new isions, encou aging
inno a ion, and enhancing employees’ abili ies o deal wi h unce ain y. Th ough idealized in luence, inspi a ional mo i a ion, and
empowe men , leade s os e con idence and eadiness among employees o ace change. A pa icipa i e and open wo k
en i onmen makes employees mo e agile, adap i e, and p oac i e in esponding o o ganiza ional dynamics. Thus,
ans o ma ional leade ship is expec ed o ha e a posi i e e ec on wo k o ce agili y (Muduli, 2017; Sha i e al., 2020).
Employees wi h high wo k engagemen end o demons a e be e indi idual pe o mance because hey possess en husiasm,
dedica ion, and a willingness o go beyond o mal job equi emen s. Wo k engagemen encou ages ex a- ole beha io s such as
helping colleagues and con ibu ing mo e o o ganiza ional goals. Wi h s ong ene gy and commi men , engaged employees no
T ans o ma ional Leade ship and he Dynamics o Engagemen And Agili y: A S udy on Indi idual Pe o mance in
S a e-Owned En e p ises.
JEFMS, Volume 08 Issue 11 No embe 2025 www.ije m.co.in Page 7462
only pe o m hei du ies e ec i ely bu also ac i ely con ibu e o c ea ing a p oduc i e wo k en i onmen . The e o e, wo k
engagemen posi i ely a ec s indi idual pe o mance (Owens, 2016; Rich e al., 2010).
Agile employees a e capable o quickly adap ing o changes in he business en i onmen , showing p oac i e beha io s, and
emaining esilien unde p essu e. These abili ies make hem mo e e ec i e in comple ing asks, os e ing inno a ion, and
main aining p oduc i i y in dynamic condi ions. Mo eo e , wo k o ce agili y which encompasses p oac i i y, adap abili y, and
esilience has been p o en o enhance indi idual and o ganiza ional e ec i eness. Hence, wo k o ce agili y posi i ely in luences
indi idual pe o mance (Cai e al., 2018; She ehiy, 2008).
T ans o ma ional leade ship indi ec ly imp o es indi idual pe o mance h ough inc eased wo k engagemen . Leade s who
p o ide meaning ul goals, suppo , and adequa e esou ces encou age employees o be mo e emo ionally and cogni i ely in ol ed
in hei wo k. This engagemen d i es employees o be mo e en husias ic, ini ia i e-o ien ed, and commi ed o achie ing op imal
esul s. The e o e, wo k engagemen se es as a media ing a iable linking ans o ma ional leade ship and indi idual
pe o mance (Lai e al., 2020; Zhu e al., 2009).
T ans o ma ional leade ship can also enhance indi idual pe o mance h ough he s eng hening o wo k o ce agili y. Leade s
who p omo e lea ning, lexibili y, and c ea i i y de elop agile employees who can ace change and quickly adap o wo k demands.
Agile employees end o be mo e inno a i e, p oduc i e, and e icien in comple ing hei asks, he eby imp o ing o e all
pe o mance. Consequen ly, wo k o ce agili y ac s as a media o in he ela ionship be ween ans o ma ional leade ship and
indi idual pe o mance (Ala i, 2016; Mun eanu, 2020). Based on he p e ious desc ip ion, u he hypo heses can be de eloped
in his s udy as ollows:
H1: T ans o ma ional leade ship has a posi i e and signi ican e ec on wo k engagemen .
H2: T ans o ma ional leade ship has a posi i e and signi ican e ec on wo k o ce agili y.
H3: Wo k engagemen has a posi i e and signi ican e ec on indi idual pe o mance.
H4: Wo k o ce agili y has a posi i e and signi ican e ec on indi idual pe o mance.
H5: Wo k engagemen media es he ela ionship be ween ans o ma ional leade ship and indi idual pe o mance.
H6: Wo k o ce agili y media es he ela ionship be ween ans o ma ional leade ship and indi idual pe o mance.
The heo e ical amewo k p esen ed in Figu e 1
Figu e 1 : Theo e ical F amewo k
IV. RESEARCH METHODS
This s udy employed a quan i a i e explana o y esea ch design aimed a examining he causal ela ionships among
ans o ma ional leade ship, wo k engagemen , wo k o ce agili y, and indi idual pe o mance. The esea ch sough o analyze
how ans o ma ional leade ship in luences indi idual pe o mance bo h di ec ly and indi ec ly h ough he media ing e ec s o
wo k engagemen and wo k o ce agili y. The popula ion in his s udy consis ed o employees o PT PLN (Pe se o) No h Suma a
Region. The sampling echnique used was con enience sampling, whe e esponden s we e selec ed based on accessibili y and
hei sui abili y wi h he esea ch c i e ia (Sugiyono, 2021). Acco ding o (Hai , Hul , e al., 2014), he minimum sample size
equi ed o S uc u al Equa ion Modeling (SEM) should be i e o en imes he numbe o indica o s. Since his s udy employed
53 indica o s, he minimum sample size equi ed was 265 esponden s. The e o e, a o al o 265 employees om PT PLN No h
Suma a Region we e included as he s udy sample. The s udy in ol ed ou main a iables: ans o ma ional leade ship as he
independen a iable, wo k engagemen and wo k o ce agili y as media ing a iables, and indi idual pe o mance as he
dependen a iable. T ans o ma ional leade ship was measu ed using he scale de eloped by Ca less e al., (2000), consis ing o
se en dimensions: ision, s a de elopmen , suppo i e leade ship, empowe men , inno a i e hinking, lead by example, and
cha isma. Indi idual pe o mance was measu ed using he ins umen adap ed om Pe e mann and Zache (2022), which includes
T ans o ma ional Leade ship and he Dynamics o Engagemen And Agili y: A S udy on Indi idual Pe o mance in
S a e-Owned En e p ises.
JEFMS, Volume 08 Issue 11 No embe 2025 www.ije m.co.in Page 7463
dimensions o quali y, quan i y, and imeliness. Wo k engagemen was measu ed using he ins umen om Mills e al. (2012)
consis ing o igo , dedica ion, and abso p ion dimensions, while wo k o ce agili y was measu ed using indica o s om Cai e al.
(2018), which include p oac i i y, adap abili y, and esilience. All indica o s we e measu ed using a i e-poin Like scale anging
om 1 (s ongly disag ee) o 5 (s ongly ag ee).
This esea ch u ilized bo h p ima y and seconda y da a. P ima y da a we e collec ed di ec ly om esponden s h ough an
online ques ionnai e dis ibu ed ia Google Fo m, while seconda y da a we e ob ained om company epo s, o ganiza ional
documen s, and ele an li e a u e. The ques ionnai e se ed as he main esea ch ins umen , and i s quali y was assessed
h ough alidi y and eliabili y es s. Con en and cons uc alidi y we e examined using Con i ma o y Fac o Analysis (CFA), wi h
a ac o loading alue o ≥ 0.5 as he h eshold (Hai , Black, e al., 2014). Reliabili y was es ed using C onbach’s Alpha and
Composi e Reliabili y (CR), whe e alues equal o o g ea e han 0.7 indica e accep able eliabili y (Seka an & Bougie, 2013). The
s udy was conduc ed a PT PLN (Pe se o) No h Suma a Region, loca ed a Jl. KL Yos Suda so No. 284, Medan, Indonesia, du ing
he pe iod o Ap il o May 2025. Da a we e analyzed using Pa ial Leas Squa es–S uc u al Equa ion Modeling (PLS-SEM) wi h
Sma PLS 4.0 so wa e. The analysis consis ed o wo s ages: he ou e model, which assessed indica o alidi y, eliabili y, and
disc iminan alidi y h ough A e age Va iance Ex ac ed (AVE), Composi e Reliabili y, and HTMT a io; and he inne model, which
e alua ed pa h coe icien s, R² alues, and he signi icance o ela ionships using he boo s apping echnique. In addi ion,
desc ip i e s a is ics such as mean, s anda d de ia ion, and equency dis ibu ion we e employed o desc ibe esponden p o iles
and p o ide an o e iew o each esea ch a iable.
V. FINDING AND DISCUSSION
The esul s o he s udy begin wi h he p esen a ion o he esponden p o ile which can be seen in he ollowing able:
Table 1. P o ile o Pa icipa ing Responden s
Demog aphics
Ca ego y
Numbe o
Consume s
Pe cen age (%)
Gende
Male
103
47,9
Female
112
52,1
Age
18 - 25 Yea s
41
19,1
26 - 35 Yea s
71
33,0
36 - 45 Yea s
67
31,2
> 45 Yea s
36
16,7
Fo mal educa ion
Junio High School
7
3,3
High School
57
26,5
Diploma
13
6,0
Bachelo ’s deg ee
102
47,4
Mas e ’s deg ee
36
16,7
Ma i al S a us
Single
41
19,1
Ma ied
170
79,1
O he s
4
1,9
Yea s o Se ice
< 5 Yea s
78
36,3
5-10 Yea s
64
29,8
11-15 Yea s
46
21,4
16-20 Yea s
16
7,4
> 20 yea s
11
5,1
Mon hly Income
< 5 million
114
53,02
5 million – 7 million
84
39,07
7 million – 10 million
9
4,19
> 10 million
8
3,72
Employmen S a us
Pe manen
150
69,8
Non-pe manen
65
30,2
To al
215
100
T ans o ma ional Leade ship and he Dynamics o Engagemen And Agili y: A S udy on Indi idual Pe o mance in
S a e-Owned En e p ises.
JEFMS, Volume 08 Issue 11 No embe 2025 www.ije m.co.in Page 7464
Based on able 1, i can be seen ha he majo i y o he esponden s in his s udy a e emale, o aling 112 people (52.1%). Mos
esponden s a e aged 36–45 yea s, o aling 67 people (31.2%), hold a Bachelo ’s deg ee (S1) o aling 102 people (47.4%), and a e
ma ied, o aling 170 people (79.1%). Fu he mo e, 78 esponden s (36.3%) ha e a wo king pe iod o less han 5 yea s, 114
esponden s (53.0%) ea n less han 5 million upiahs pe mon h, and 150 esponden s (69.8%) ha e pe manen employmen
s a us.
Measu emen Model Assessmen
Measu emen Model Assessmen (MMA) is use ul o knowing he ela ionship be ween s a emen i ems and a iables consis ing
o con e gen alidi y and disc iminan alidi y (Hai , Black, e al., 2014).
Tabel 2. The Resul s o Con e gen Validi y
Valid
I em
Ou e
Loadings
C onbach's
Alpha
Composi e
Reliabili y
A e age
Va iance
Ex ac ed (AVE)
Indi idual
pe o mance
13
0.676 - 0.852
0,952
0,958
0,636
T ans o ma ional
leade ship
7
0.696 - 0.865
0,916
0,933
0,668
Wo k engagemen
9
0.683 - 0.893
0,934
0,945
0,660
Wo k o ce agili y
14
0.604 - 0.846
0,930
0,938
0,525
The esul s o con e gen alidi y analysis in Table 2 p esen s he esul s o he con e gen alidi y es o each esea ch cons uc ,
which include Indi idual Pe o mance, T ans o ma ional Leade ship, Wo k Engagemen , and Wo k o ce Agili y. The able shows
ha all cons uc s mee he c i e ia o con e gen alidi y, as indica ed by he ou e loading alues exceeding 0.60. The Indi idual
Pe o mance cons uc consis s o 13 alid i ems wi h ou e loadings anging om 0.676 o 0.852, a C onbach’s Alpha o 0.952, a
Composi e Reliabili y o 0.958, and an A e age Va iance Ex ac ed (AVE) o 0.636. The T ans o ma ional Leade ship cons uc has
7 alid i ems wi h ou e loadings be ween 0.696 and 0.865, a C onbach’s Alpha o 0.916, a Composi e Reliabili y o 0.933, and an
AVE o 0.668. Fu he mo e, he Wo k Engagemen cons uc comp ises 9 alid i ems wi h ou e loadings anging om 0.683 o
0.893, a C onbach’s Alpha o 0.934, a Composi e Reliabili y o 0.945, and an AVE o 0.660. Las ly, he Wo k o ce Agili y cons uc
consis s o 14 alid i ems wi h ou e loadings be ween 0.604 and 0.846, a C onbach’s Alpha o 0.930, a Composi e Reliabili y o
0.938, and an AVE o 0.525. These esul s indica e ha all cons uc s demons a e adequa e eliabili y and alidi y, as he
C onbach’s Alpha and Composi e Reliabili y alues a e abo e 0.70, and he AVE alues mos ly exceed he ecommended h eshold
o 0.50. O e all, all a iables ha e AVE alues abo e 0.5 and Composi e Reliabili y alues exceeding 0.7, con i ming ha all esea ch
a iables sa is y he c i e ia o con e gen alidi y (Hai , Black, e al., 2014).
Table 3. Resul s o Disc iminan Validi y-Fo nell-La cke C i e ion
Indi idual
pe o mance
T ans o ma ional
leade ship
Wo k
engagemen
Wo k o ce
agili y
Indi idual pe o mance
0,798
T ans o ma ional leade ship
0,694
0,817
Wo k engagemen
0,432
0,317
0,812
Wo k o ce agili y
0,560
0,522
0,190
0,724
The esul s o he disc iminan alidi y es using he Fo nell-La cke c i e ion in Table 3 p esen s he esul s o he disc iminan
alidi y es using he Fo nell-La cke c i e ion. The disc iminan alidi y is con i med when he squa e oo o he A e age Va iance
Ex ac ed (AVE) o each cons uc ( ep esen ed by he diagonal alues in bold) is g ea e han he co ela ions be ween ha
cons uc and o he cons uc s. As shown in he able, he squa e oo s o AVE o each a iable a e 0.798 o Indi idual
Pe o mance, 0.817 o T ans o ma ional Leade ship, 0.812 o Wo k Engagemen , and 0.724 o Wo k o ce Agili y. These alues
a e highe han he co esponding in e -cons uc co ela ions in each column and ow. Fo ins ance, he co ela ion be ween
Indi idual Pe o mance and T ans o ma ional Leade ship is 0.694, which is lowe han hei espec i e AVE squa e oo s (0.798
T ans o ma ional Leade ship and he Dynamics o Engagemen And Agili y: A S udy on Indi idual Pe o mance in
S a e-Owned En e p ises.
JEFMS, Volume 08 Issue 11 No embe 2025 www.ije m.co.in Page 7465
and 0.817). Simila ly, o he co ela ions among cons uc s also show lowe alues han hei diagonal coun e pa s. The e o e,
hese esul s indica e ha all cons uc s ul ill he c i e ia o disc iminan alidi y, sugges ing ha each cons uc is empi ically
dis inc and measu es a unique aspec wi hin he esea ch model. These indings con i m ha he analysis sa is ies he Fo nell-
La cke c i e ion as expec ed (Hai , Black, e al., 2014).
Table 4: The Resul s o Disc iminan Validi y -C oss Loadings
Indi idual pe o mance
T ans o ma ional
leade ship
Wo k
engagemen
Wo k o ce
agili y
IP1
0,815
0,532
0,396
0,342
IP10
0,815
0,532
0,404
0,346
IP11
0,837
0,671
0,402
0,410
IP12
0,676
0,441
0,174
0,517
IP13
0,835
0,578
0,370
0,537
IP2
0,852
0,686
0,416
0,426
IP3
0,677
0,432
0,175
0,513
IP4
0,838
0,560
0,368
0,526
IP5
0,814
0,531
0,398
0,342
IP6
0,845
0,671
0,415
0,413
IP7
0,676
0,428
0,179
0,511
IP8
0,835
0,557
0,361
0,523
IP9
0,818
0,532
0,398
0,344
TL1
0,583
0,842
0,262
0,385
TL2
0,571
0,861
0,276
0,379
TL3
0,586
0,846
0,267
0,398
TL4
0,578
0,865
0,282
0,388
TL5
0,498
0,696
0,210
0,464
TL6
0,584
0,800
0,239
0,464
TL7
0,558
0,797
0,272
0,479
WA1
0,392
0,423
0,137
0,844
WA10
0,371
0,339
0,099
0,676
WA11
0,560
0,486
0,204
0,661
WA12
0,393
0,407
0,155
0,846
WA13
0,391
0,403
0,139
0,842
WA14
0,384
0,396
0,139
0,833
WA2
0,268
0,201
0,126
0,617
WA3
0,313
0,222
0,168
0,627
WA4
0,285
0,216
0,149
0,604
WA5
0,294
0,237
0,081
0,671
WA6
0,435
0,402
0,074
0,726
WA7
0,453
0,398
0,156
0,702
WA8
0,392
0,411
0,087
0,685
WA9
0,522
0,483
0,177
0,737
WE1
0,373
0,239
0,882
0,183
WE2
0,374
0,228
0,892
0,135
WE3
0,332
0,358
0,726
0,118
WE4
0,271
0,157
0,683
0,118
T ans o ma ional Leade ship and he Dynamics o Engagemen And Agili y: A S udy on Indi idual Pe o mance in
S a e-Owned En e p ises.
JEFMS, Volume 08 Issue 11 No embe 2025 www.ije m.co.in Page 7466
WE5
0,396
0,248
0,893
0,204
WE6
0,392
0,238
0,885
0,202
WE7
0,366
0,224
0,888
0,134
WE8
0,356
0,354
0,731
0,144
WE9
0,254
0,213
0,686
0,134
Based on he esul s o he c oss-loading es , all indica o ou e loading alues on hei espec i e cons uc s a e g ea e han
hei c oss-loading alues on o he cons uc s. This inding indica es ha each indica o is mo e s ongly associa ed wi h i s
in ended cons uc han wi h any o he cons uc in he model. The e o e, i can be concluded ha all cons uc s exhibi good
disc iminan alidi y. Fu he mo e, his esul implies ha each cons uc in he measu emen model is empi ically dis inc ,
meaning ha he indica o s e ec i ely measu e he speci ic la en a iable hey a e in ended o ep esen . In o he wo ds, he e
is no signi ican o e lap be ween cons uc s, and he indica o s demons a e adequa e disc iminan powe . This s eng hens he
alidi y o he measu emen model, con i ming ha he cons uc s a e concep ually and s a is ically well di e en ia ed, which
suppo s he o e all obus ness and eliabili y o he esea ch ins umen .
Table 5. The Resul s o Disc iminan Validi y-He e o ai -Mono ai Ra io
Sa u a ed Model
Es ima ed Model
SRMR
0,115
0,132
d_ULS
12,406
16,517
d_G
23,123
23,293
Chi-Squa e
12830,542
12905,398
NFI
0,338
0,334
Table 5 indica es he SRMR alue ob ained in his s udy is 0.132, which alls wi hin he medium GoF (Goodness o Fi ) ca ego y
and is s ill conside ed accep able. The e o e, i can be concluded ha he model used in his s udy is app op ia e and i s well wi h
he empi ical da a. This conclusion is u he suppo ed by he d_ULS alue g ea e han 2.000 and he d_G alue g ea e han
0.900, bo h o which indica e ha he model demons a es a sa is ac o y le el o i wi h he obse ed da a.
Table 6. R Squa e
R Squa e
R Squa e Adjus ed
Ca ego y
Indi idual pe o mance
0,424
0,419
Mode a e
Wo k engagemen
0,101
0,096
Weak
Wo k o ce agili y
0,273
0,269
Weak
Based on Table 6, he R-squa e alue o he Indi idual Pe o mance a iable is 0.424, which means ha 42.4% o he a iance in
Indi idual Pe o mance is explained by Wo k Engagemen and Wo k o ce Agili y. The R-squa e alue o Wo k Engagemen is
0.101, indica ing ha 10.1% o he a iance in Wo k Engagemen is in luenced by T ans o ma ional Leade ship. Meanwhile, he
R-squa e alue o Wo k o ce Agili y is 0.273, sugges ing ha 27.3% o he a iance in Wo k o ce Agili y is explained by
T ans o ma ional Leade ship. These esul s show ha he model has mode a e explana o y powe , pa icula ly o he Indi idual
Pe o mance a iable, which is classi ied as weak (Hai , Black, e al., 2014).
S uc u al Model Assessmen
S uc u al Model Assessmen (SMA) is conduc ed o e alua e he in luence o one o mo e a iables on o he a iables. The esul s
o he SMA using he boo s apping me hod a e p esen ed as ollows:
T ans o ma ional Leade ship and he Dynamics o Engagemen And Agili y: A S udy on Indi idual Pe o mance in
S a e-Owned En e p ises.
JEFMS, Volume 08 Issue 11 No embe 2025 www.ije m.co.in Page 7467
Figu e 2: S uc u al Model Assessmen
Table 7. The Resul s o Di ec Rela ionship
O iginal
Sample (O)
T S a is ics
(|O/STDEV|)
P
Values
Hipo esis
T ans o ma ional leade ship -> Wo k
engagemen
0.317
3.636
0.000
H1
Accep ed
T ans o ma ional leade ship ->
Wo k o ce agili y
0.522
9.733
0.000
H2
Accep ed
Wo k engagemen -> Indi idual
pe o mance
0.338
5.095
0.000
H3
Accep ed
Wo k o ce agili y -> Indi idual
pe o mance
0.496
9.212
0.000
H4
Accep ed
Based on Table 7, p esen s he esul s o hypo hesis es ing o he s uc u al model. The esul s show ha all p oposed hypo heses
(H1–H4) a e accep ed, as indica ed by he T-s a is ics alues g ea e han 1.96 and P- alues less han 0.05. Speci ically,
T ans o ma ional Leade ship has a signi ican posi i e e ec on Wo k Engagemen wi h an o iginal sample alue o 0.317, a T-
s a is ic o 3.636, and a P- alue o 0.000, suppo ing H1. Fu he mo e, T ans o ma ional Leade ship also has a signi ican posi i e
in luence on Wo k o ce Agili y wi h an o iginal sample alue o 0.522, a T-s a is ic o 9.733, and a P- alue o 0.000, suppo ing H2.
In addi ion, Wo k Engagemen posi i ely and signi ican ly a ec s Indi idual Pe o mance wi h an o iginal sample alue o 0.338, a
T-s a is ic o 5.095, and a P- alue o 0.000, con i ming H3. Las ly, Wo k o ce Agili y shows a s ong posi i e e ec on Indi idual
Pe o mance wi h an o iginal sample alue o 0.496, a T-s a is ic o 9.212, and a P- alue o 0.000, hus suppo ing H4. These indings
indica e ha all ela ionships hypo hesized in he model a e s a is ically signi ican , demons a ing ha ans o ma ional
leade ship, wo k engagemen , and wo k o ce agili y play c ucial oles in enhancing indi idual pe o mance.
Table 8. The Resul s o he Indi ec In luence
O iginal
Sample (O)
T S a is ics
(|O/STDEV|)
P
Values
Hipo esis
T ans o ma ional leade ship -> Wo k
engagemen -> Indi idual
pe o mance
0.107
2.331
0.020
H5
Accep ed
T ans o ma ional leade ship ->
Wo k o ce agili y -> Indi idual
pe o mance
0.259
5.835
0.000
H6
Accep ed
T ans o ma ional Leade ship and he Dynamics o Engagemen And Agili y: A S udy on Indi idual Pe o mance in
S a e-Owned En e p ises.
JEFMS, Volume 08 Issue 11 No embe 2025 www.ije m.co.in Page 7468
Table 8, The indi ec e ec o T ans o ma ional Leade ship on Indi idual Pe o mance h ough Wo k Engagemen has a P- alue o
0.020, which is less han 0.05. This indica es ha Wo k Engagemen media es he ela ionship be ween T ans o ma ional
Leade ship and Indi idual Pe o mance. The e o e, H5, which s a es ha Wo k Engagemen ac s as a media ing a iable in he
in luence o T ans o ma ional Leade ship on Indi idual Pe o mance, is suppo ed. Simila ly, he indi ec e ec o
T ans o ma ional Leade ship on Indi idual Pe o mance h ough Wo k o ce Agili y has a P- alue o 0.000, which is also less han
0.05. This means ha Wo k o ce Agili y media es he ela ionship be ween T ans o ma ional Leade ship and Indi idual
Pe o mance. Hence, H6, which posi s ha Wo k o ce Agili y se es as a media ing a iable in he e ec o T ans o ma ional
Leade ship on Indi idual Pe o mance, is suppo ed. O e all, hese indings demons a e ha bo h Wo k Engagemen and
Wo k o ce Agili y play signi ican media ing oles in enhancing he impac o ans o ma ional leade ship on indi idual
pe o mance, highligh ing he impo ance o employee mo i a ion and adap abili y in imp o ing wo k ou comes.
VI. CONCLUSIONS
Based on he esul s o he esea ch and discussion, i can be concluded ha 1) ans o ma ional leade ship has a posi i e
e ec on wo k engagemen , indica ing ha leade s who a e able o inspi e, mo i a e, and suppo hei subo dina es can enhance
employees’ emo ional and psychological a achmen o hei wo k. Fu he mo e, 2) ans o ma ional leade ship also has a posi i e
e ec on wo k o ce agili y, as leade s who encou age inno a ion and adap abili y help employees become mo e agile in acing
dynamic wo k en i onmen s. The s udy also ound ha 3) wo k engagemen has a signi ican posi i e in luence on indi idual
pe o mance, meaning ha employees who a e mo e engaged end o be mo e dedica ed, ocused, and p oduc i e in achie ing
o ganiza ional goals. Simila ly, 4) wo k o ce agili y posi i ely a ec s indi idual pe o mance, showing ha employees wi h highe
adap abili y and esponsi eness o change a e mo e capable o main aining high pe o mance le els.
In addi ion, he esea ch e eals ha 5) wo k engagemen media es he ela ionship be ween ans o ma ional leade ship and
indi idual pe o mance, sugges ing ha leade s indi ec ly imp o e employee pe o mance by os e ing g ea e engagemen .
Likewise, 6) wo k o ce agili y also media es he e ec o ans o ma ional leade ship on indi idual pe o mance, indica ing ha
ans o ma ional leade s con ibu e o be e pe o mance ou comes by enhancing employees’ agili y and lexibili y. O e all, hese
indings con i m ha ans o ma ional leade ship plays a i al ole in imp o ing indi idual pe o mance, bo h di ec ly and
indi ec ly, h ough he de elopmen o engaged and agile employees. This highligh s he impo ance o e ec i e leade ship in
c ea ing a mo i a ed, adap i e, and high-pe o ming wo k o ce wi hin PT. PLN.
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