*Co esponding au ho : Ela een Belljoy Donshiew
Copy igh © 2025 Au ho (s) e ain he copy igh o his a icle. This a icle is published unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion License 4.0.
HR-LCMS Analysis o he iden i ica ion o bioac i e compound o Jus icia adha oda L.
lea ex ac and he po en ial An ioxidan and An i-lipid pe oxida ion Assay In i o
Ela een Belljoy Donshiew *, Ridashisha Rymbai and Su ya Bhan
Depa men o Biochemis y, No h Eas e n Hill Uni e si y, Shillong, Meghalaya, India-793022
GSC Biological and Pha maceu ical Sciences, 2025, 33(01), 326-343
Publica ion his o y: Recei ed on 18 Sep embe 2025; e ised on 24 Oc obe 2025; accep ed on 28 Oc obe 2025
A icle DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.30574/gscbps.2025.33.1.0414
Abs ac
Th oughou human his o y, medicinal plan s ha e always been used as medicine o ea a ious diseases, ex ac s and
ac i e compounds o he medicinal plan mos use o he he apies and play a majo ole in medica ion since he
beginning o human ci iliza ion and also con ibu e o he manu ac u ing o d ugs hese days. The pu pose o his s udy
was o assess he Jus icia adha oda L. bu anol (JABE) and me hanol (JAME) lea es ex ac s o po en ial agains lipid
pe oxida ion ac i i y, as well as o se e al an ioxidan assays. A numbe o cha ac e is ics we e examined, such as an i-
lipid pe oxida ion, sca enging o ee adicals ( e ic educing powe po en ial, i on chela ing ac i i y, hyd oxyl,
hyd ogen pe oxide, supe oxide and ni ic oxide adicals). The JABE and JAME ex ac s was also subjec ed o HR-LCMS
analysis. The HR-LCMS analysis e ealed he makeup o a a ie y o bioac i e compounds, such as And og apholide,
Vasicinone, incamine, Cu cumin, Kaemp e i in, 6-Ginge ol, Si aglip in, Kynu enic acid, Oleoyl e hanolamide, Luo onin
A and many mo e, which exhibi nume ous pha macological ac i i ies such as an ioxidan , an i-in lamma o y,
an icance , and an idiabe ic, an ihype ensi e, an imic obial, an iaging, hepa op o ec i e, lipid lowe ing po en ial.
These ac ions also demons a ed a s ong co ela ion wi h he IC50 alues o he sca enging o hyd ogen pe oxide
adicals, supe oxide adicals, an i-lipid pe oxida ion, ni ic oxide, i on chela ing and hyd oxyl adical e icacy.
Addi ionally, he maximum sca enging ac i i y o he abo e men ion assays and o he educ ion o Fe3+ o Fe2+ was
demons a ed by bo h he ac ions. The cu en indings indica ed ha Jus icia adha oda L. lea es, speci ically he JABE
and JAME ac ions, ha e he apeu ic po en ial as agen o p e en damage caused by ee adicals.
Keywo ds: Medicinal plan ; F ee adical; HR-LCMS; Hepa op o ec i e; An ioxidan ; Lipid pe oxida ion
1. In oduc ion
The use o plan s as medicines is as old as human ci iliza ion i sel , and mo e han 10% o he app oxima ely 258,650
species o highe plan s known o exis wo ldwide a e used o ea sick popula ion [1]. Plan s ha e been essen ial o
p ese ing human heal h and imp o ing he quali y o human li e o housands o yea s. Nume ous na u ally occu ing
an ioxidan s ha e been iden i ied and ex ac ed om he apeu ic plan s. Mo eo e , phy ochemicals' an imic obial,
an i h ombo ic, and asodila o po en ial ha e aised in e es in hem as complemen a y and al e na i e he apies [2].
Reac i e oxygen species, including ni ic oxide, pe oxide, hyd oxyl, and supe oxide adicals, apa om he dange s
oxida i e s ess poses o biological sys ems, i is also he cause o ch onic illnesses like cance , hea disease, aging,
diabe es, and ca a ac s [3]. Nume ous s udies ha e p oposed a link be ween consuming hese phy ochemicals h ough
ood and p e en ing a ange o abno mali ies b ough on by s ess [4–8]. Gi en ha he majo i y o people in
unde de eloped na ions use adi ional medicines, i is impe a i e ha medicinal plan s be desc ibed acco ding o hei
pha macological cha ac e is ics [8–10].Many medicinal plan s and he bs con ain high concen a ions o an ioxidan s,
such as polyphenols, i amin C, i amin E, selenium, β-ca o ene, lycopene, lu ein, and o he ca o enoids, which ac as
an ioxidan s by neu alizing, quenching, educing, o b eaking down pe oxides [11]. In o de o p e en he possible
ha m o syn he ic an ioxidan s, ecen esea ch is concen a ing on subs i u ing na u ally occu ing an ioxidan s o
GSC Biological and Pha maceu ical Sciences, 2025, 33(01), 326-343
327
syn he ic ones [12–15]. A syne gic e ec o phy ochemicals om medicinal plan s exis s o exhibi he obse ed
pha macological p ope ies [16]. The inc easing use o phy ochemicals in adi ional medicinal sys ems is because o
he cu en end owa d applying g een p oduc s [17].
Reac i e oxygen species [ROS], a e di e en ypes o ac i a ed oxygen ha include non- ee adical species like
hyd ogen pe oxide (H2O2) and ee adicals like supe oxide ions (O2-) and hyd oxyl adicals (OH-) [18]. Degene a i e o
pa hological p ocesses like aging, cance , co ona y hea disease, Alzheime 's disease, neu ological diso de s,
a he oscle osis, ca a ac s, and in lamma ion a e all signi ican ly impac ed by hese ROS [19]. Nume ous ROSs a e
p oduced in li ing o ganisms by a a ie y o mechanisms, such as pe oxisomes, mac ophages, ac i a ed
polymo phonuclea leukocy es, and egula ae obic espi a ion. These seem o be he p ima y endogenous sou ces o
he majo i y o oxidan s ha cells gene a e. Tobacco smoke, ionizing adia ion, ce ain pollu an s, o ganic sol en s, and
pes icides a e examples o exogenous sou ces o ee adicals [18]. The ac ion o many i amins, mine als, and o he
phy ochemicals o p e en damage om ROS is e e ed o as "an ioxidan " [20]. Al hough hey a e u ilized in p ocessed
oods, syn he ic an ioxidan s like bu yla ed hyd oxy oluene (BHT) and bu yla ed hyd oxyanisole (BHA) ha e nega i e
side e ec s. Due o sa e y conce ns, plan -based an ioxidan s a e now p e e ed o e syn he ic ones [21]. As a esul ,
s udies on he an ioxidan po en ial o plan s a e c ucial [22]. Cu en ly in e es in an ioxidan compounds has inc eased
because hey play key unc ion in heal h and diseases and also ha e nu i ional alue. The an ioxidan ac i i ies o plan s
a e di e en when di e en p ooxidan s a e used.
HR-LCMS is an impo an analy ical echnique e.g. me abolomics expe imen s [23]. HR-LCMS-based app oaches a e
expec ed o be o pa icula impo ance in plan s, owing o he highly ich biochemis y o plan s, which co e s many
semi-pola compounds, including key seconda y me aboli e g oups, which can bes be sepa a ed and de ec ed by HR-
LCMS app oaches [24].
Acco ding o es ima es om he Wo ld Heal h O ganiza ion (WHO), 80% o he wo ld's popula ion ely on adi ional
medicine o hei p ima y medical need en ailed applying plan ex ac o ac i e ing edien s [25]. The selec ed plan
Jus icia adha oda L. ound in Shillong Meghalaya, India is a membe o Acan haceae locally known as ‘dieng k hang’ in
Khasi Hills and ‘de lamach’ in Ga o Hills. Jus icia adha oda L. is a sh ub widesp ead h oughou he opical egion o
Sou heas Asia. I is a pe ennial e e g een and highly b anches sh ubs, 1-1.5 m heigh , wi h bi e as e. The ende
lea es o his plan a e used as ege ables a e cooking by he Khasi and Ga o ibes. I is also been used adi ionally
o yea s as he bal medicine o ea ing cold, cough, bleeding, skin disease, wounds, headache, e e and o lowe ing
blood p essu e. The e ms J. adha oda L. is equen ly e e ed o as Malaba nu o Vasaka [26]. I has been widely used
in Chinese and Indian medicines. Ex ac s om a ious pa o he plan has been used o he ea men o a a ie y o
diseases such as lep osy, skin diseases, piles, as hma e c. Vasicine is one o he compounds om he plan which belongs
o quinazoline alkaloid class. Vasicine has been demons a ed o be ac i e agains ube culosis [27]. Vasicinone is
ano he compound ound which also is classi ied as quinazoline alkaloid. Bo h asicine and asicinone con ibu e o he
an ioxidan ac i i ies o he plan ex ac [28]. In addi ion, asicol and asicinolone a e also ound in he plan ex ac
[29], ex ac has been shown o possess an i-in lamma o y, an ioxidan p ope ies [30-32]. Hence, his s udy was aimed
o de e mine he composi ion o bioac i e compound by HR-LCMS and in i o an ioxidan ac i i ies o bu anol and
me hanol ex ac using di e en assays.
2. Ma e ials and Me hods
2.1. Plan ma e ial collec ion
Du ing he mon h o Sep embe - Oc obe 2021, ae ial plan pa s o Jus icia adha oda L. we e ga he ed om Laban-
Ba ik a ea Shillong, Eas Khasi Hills Dis ic Meghalaya, India, lea es we e collec ed, iden i ied, and a e being cleaned
wi h dis illed wa e , he enewed oliage was d ied o 14 days a oom empe a u e (25-30 °C), ou o di ec sunligh ,
and g ound in o a powde using an elec onic g inde . The c ushed sample lea es we e kep a oom empe a u e in
d y, ai igh plas ic bags
2.2. P epa a ion o Bu anolic and Me hanolic Ex ac
To aid in he ex ac ion o phy ocons i uen s, a 25g powde ed sample was s eeped in 250 ml o bu anol (JABE), me hanol
(JAME) sol en s in a conical lask o 48 hou s, wi h con inuous s i ing. Wha man (No. 1) il e pape we e hen used
o il e he en i e mix u e. Using a o a y e apo a o se o lowe p essu e and empe a u e, he il a e was u he
e apo a ed and eeze-d y, he pu e c ude ex ac s we e hen collec ed and s o ed unde -20°C o u he analysis.
GSC Biological and Pha maceu ical Sciences, 2025, 33(01), 326-343
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2.3. Chemicals
Hyd ogen pe oxide, Fe ic Chlo ide, Di-Sodium hyd ogen Phospha e ob ained om Me ck Special ies P . L d., Mumbai,
India, bu anol and me hanol, gallic acid, asco bic acid, Po assium pe sulpha e, Po assium e icyanide and
T ichlo oace ic acid, e ic chlo ide, e ozine, e hylenediamine e aace ic acid EDTA, N-1-naph hyl e hylene diamine
dihyd ochlo ide [NED], sul anilamide, H3PO4, ibo la in, ni o blue e azolium (NBT) we e was pu chased om Sisco
Resea ch Labo a o ies P . L d., Mumbai, India. Sodium phospha e,1,1,3,3- e ae hoxyp opane (TEP), hioba bi u ic
acid (TBA) we e p ocu ed om Sigma-Ald ich (S . Louis, USA). O he sol en used we e o analy ical g ade.
2.4. In i o an ioxidan s udy
2.4.1. Reducing powe assay: Fe ic educing an ioxidan powe (FRAP) assay
This me hod is based on he con e sion o he Fe3+/ e icyanide complex o i s e ous o m o o med a iole -colo ed
solu ion, whose in ensi y is p opo ional o he sample concen a ion. A highe abso bance o he eac ion mix u e is
indica i e o a g ea e educing powe o he ex ac [33]. The e ic ion educing powe es was used o measu e he
educing powe o he JABE and JAME ex ac o Jus icia adha oda L. 2 ml o phospha e bu e (0.2 M) wi h a pH o 6.6
was mixed wi h 2 ml o a ious concen a ion o plan ex ac s (µg/ml), and 2 ml o po assium e icyanide we e added.
Fo 20 minu es, he mix u e was incuba ed a 50°C. 2 ml o 10% ichlo oace ic acid (w/ ) was added o he mix u e, i
was cen i uge o 10 minu es a 3000 pm, 4 °C. Then equal olume o he supe na an wi h dis illed wa e and 0.1 ml
o 0.1% e ic chlo ide was mixed, incuba ed a oom empe a u e o 10 minu es, abso bance o ch omogen o med
was ead a 700 nm, inc eased abso bance alue indica ed high educ ion capaci y [34]. A each concen a ion,
expe imen was ca ied ou in iplica e.
2.4.2. I on chela ing assay
The abili y o an ioxidan s o s op elec on anspo by c ea ing a coo dina ion complex wi h me al ions, which s ops
oxida ion eac ions and he p oduc ion o ee adicals. Consequen ly, he ed colo o he i on (II)– e ozine complex is
decolo ized when o he chela ing agen s a e p esen as hey compe e wi h e ozine o he e ous ions. The dec eased
in abso bance a 562 nm indica es he chela ing ac i i y o e ous ions [35]. A common spec opho ome ic echnique,
was used o measu e he chela ing ac i i y o e ous ions. 1 ml o 0.125 Mm e ous sul a e solu ion, 1 ml o JABE and
JAME ex ac s a di e en concen a ions (μg/ml) and 1 ml o e ozine (0.3125 mM), was added o s a he eac ion.
Vo exed, and allowed o s and a oom empe a u e o 10 minu es. EDTA was used as a posi i e con ol. The
abso bance was ead a 562 nm using UV-Vis spec opho ome e . A each concen a ion, es s we e pe o med in
iplica es. The endency o he sample o chela e he e ous ion was calcula ed using he ollowing o mula:
% I on II chela ing ac i i y = [(A0- A1)/A0] × 100
Whe e,
A0 = con ol abso bance
A1 = ex ac o EDTA abso bance
2.4.3. Hyd oxyl Radical (OH-) Sca enging assay
This assay elies on he ex ac 's capaci y o p e en he deoxy ibose deg ada ion caused by hyd oxyl adicals h ough
he Fen on's eac ion, which uses a eac ion combina ion o Fe3+-EDTA-asco bic acid and H2O2. [36-37]. Reagen
solu ion was p epa ed by sequen ial addi ion o 50 mM KH2PO4-KOH bu e (pH 7.4), 200 mM FeCl3 (1:1 / ), EDTA
(1.04 mM), H2O2 (2.0 mM) 200μl, asco bic acid (1.0 mM), 2-deoxy-2- ibose (28 mM) 100μl, and 100μl he ex ac a
di e en concen a ion (μg/ml) we e all added o a eac ion mix u e. Fo 1 h, he mix u e was incuba ed a 37°C.
Following incuba ion, 1ml o 2.8% ichlo oace ic acid (TCA) and 1% hioba bi u ic acid (TBA) we e added, and he
mix u e was hen incuba ed o an addi ional 20 minu es a 100 °C o o med a pink colou ed complex. Once cooled, he
abso bance a 532 nm was measu ed. All o he eagen s, excluding he ex ac , we e p esen in he blank solu ion. Gallic
acid was used as posi i e con ol. Each expe imen was ca ied ou in iplica es. The hyd oxyl adical sca enging
ac i i y pe cen age was calcula ed using he o mula below:
% OH- sca enging ac i i y = [(A0 - A1) / A0] × 100
Whe e,
A0 = con ol abso bance
A1 = ex ac o s anda d.
GSC Biological and Pha maceu ical Sciences, 2025, 33(01), 326-343
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2.4.4. Ni ic oxide (NO) sca enging assay
Sodium ni op usside (SNP) gene a ed ni ic oxide on i s own. This ni ic oxide hen combines wi h molecula oxygen
o o m ni i e ions, which may be measu ed wi h he G iess eagen . The ex ac 's ni ic oxide sca enge s compe e wi h
molecula oxygen, which lowe s he amoun o ni i e ions p oduced. [38]. Ni ic oxide adical sca enging ac i i y o
JABE and JAME was de e mined, Ni ic oxide gene a ed om SNP in aqueous solu ion a physiological pH in e ac ed
wi h oxygen o p oduce ni i e ions which we e measu ed using G iess eac ion me hod. 3 ml o 10mM SNP in phospha e
bu e 0.2M, pH 7.4 was added o 1 ml o di e en concen a ions o ex ac s p epa a ion (µg/ml). A simila p ocedu e
was epea ed wi h me hanol as a blank, we e incuba ed a oom empe a u e o 30 minu es. Following incuba ion, 1.5
ml o sample solu ion incuba ed and 1.5 ml o G iess eagen (0.1% N-1-naph hyl e hylene diamine dihyd ochlo ide
[NED], 1% sul anilamide, and 2% H3PO4) was added (The ex ac s mixed wi h an equal olume o eshly p epa ed
G iess eagen ). Ni i e ion diazo iza ion wi h sul anilamide and pink ch omopho e was p oduced by a subsequen
in e ac ion wi h NED, whose Spec opho ome ic measu emen s o abso bance we e made a 546 nm agains eagen
blank [39]. Th ee duplica es o each es we e pe o med. Asco bic acid was used as he posi i e con ol. The pe cen age
ni i e adical sca enging ac i i y o he ex ac s and asco bic acid we e calcula ed using he ollowing o mula:
% NO sca enging ac i i y = [(𝐴0 – A1)/A0] × 100
Whe e
𝐴0 = abso bance o con ol
𝐴1 = abso bance in he p esence o ex ac s / s anda d.
2.4.5. Hyd ogen pe oxide (H2O2) sca enging assay
The dec ease in abso bance ha occu s when he an ioxidan chemical educes H2O2, is basis o his sca enging assay.
The sca enging capaci y o ex ac s o H2O2 was es ablished wi h mino adjus men s. H2O2 (100 mM) was made in o a
solu ion wi h 40 mM phospha e bu e saline a pH 7.4. [40]. 2 ml o hyd ogen pe oxide solu ion wi h 1 ml o a ying
concen a ion o he ex ac s, we e added o exed, hen incuba ed. A e 10 mins, he abso bance o hyd ogen pe oxide
a 230 nm was measu ed agains blank solu ion ha con ained phospha e bu e bu no hyd ogen pe oxide. A di e en
blank sample was u ilized o backg ound sub ac ion a e e y concen a ion. Gallic acid was employed as posi i e
con ol. Each es was conduc ed in iplica e. Pe cen inhibi o y ac i i y was calcula ed using he ollowing o mula:
% H2O2 sca enging ac i i y = [(A0 – A1)/A0] × 100
Whe e,
A0 = is he abso bance o he con ol
A1 = is he abso bance o he ex ac /s anda d,
2.4.6. Supe oxide (O2-) sca enging assay
The assay elies on he ex ac 's capaci y o sca enge he supe oxide adicals p oduced in he ibo la in-ligh -ni o blue
e azolium (NBT) sys em, he eby p e en ing he o ma ion o o mazan [41], 50 mM sodium phospha e bu e (pH
7.6), 20µg ibo la in, 12 mM e hylenediamine e aace ic acid (EDTA), 1.22 mM NBT we e added. The o al olume o
eac ion mix u e was 3 ml which was p epa ed by sequen ial addi ion o 1 ml o plan ex ac s a a ying concen a ion.
The samples o di e en concen a ions we e p epa ed in 50 mM sodium phospha e bu e (pH 7.6.) The pho o-induced
eac ions we e ini ia ed by illumina ing he eac ion mix u es. Illumina ing he eac ion mix u e wi h a ying
concen a ions o plan ex ac s o 90 seconds ini ia ed he eac ion a oom empe a u e. To asce ain he amoun o
o mazan p oduced, he abso bance o he eac ion mix u e a 562 nm was measu ed igh a e illumina ion is
comple ed. Asco bic acid was used as he posi i e con ol, and each es was un in iplica es, he pe cen age inhibi ion
was de e mined using he ollowing o mula:
% O2- sca enging ac i i y = [(A0 – A1) / A0] × 100
Whe e,
A0 = abso bance o con ol
A1 = abso bance o es / s anda d
2.4.7. In i o an i-lipid pe oxida ion assay
A pink subs ance wi h an abso p ion maximum a 532 nm is o med when malondialdehyde (MDA), a byp oduc o lipid
pe oxida ion ( he b eakdown o polyunsa u a ed a y acids), combines wi h hioba bi u ic acid (TBA). MDA was
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measu ed using a sligh ly modi ied e sion as desc ibed by Smail Aazza e al., (2011) [42]. 2.0 ml o he TCA HCl eagen
15% (w/ ) TCA, 0.375% (w/ ) TBA, and 0.25 N HCl and he plan ex ac a di e en concen a ion we e p esen in he
eac ion mix u e wi h a inal olume o 1.0 ml. To emo e he TCA p ecipi a e ha o med he ligh pink supe na an
(MDA), he eac ion mix u e was incuba ed in a wa e ba h a 90 °C o 10 minu es, cooled, and cen i uged a 10,000
pm o 10 minu es. Asco bic acid was used as a s anda d. Abso bance o clea supe na an o MDA gene a ed was
measu ed in each sample a 532 nm agains he eagen blank. All es s we e pe o med in iplica e. The pe cen age o
lipid pe oxida ion inhibi ion was calcula ed using he ollowing equa ion:
% Lipid pe oxida ion= [ (A0 – A1)/A0] × 100
Whe e,
A0 = con ol abso bance
A1 = ex ac / asco bic acid abso bance
2.4.8. High Resolu ion Liquid Ch oma og aphy and Mass Spec ome y (HR-LCMS) Analysis
A e being p epa ed in hei espec i e sol en , he JABE and JAME was analyzed using HR-LCMS. Using he Agilen
high esolu ion liquid ch oma og aphy and mass spec ome y model-G6550A wi h 0.01% mass esolu ion, chemical
inge p in s o a chosen medicinal plan ex ac we e c ea ed. MS was used as he acquisi ion me hod, wi h a scanning
a e o one spec um pe second wi h a minimum ange o 50 (M/Z) and a maximum o 1000 Dal on (M/Z). each
spec um wi h scanning a e pe second, a 250 °C he gas ch oma og aphy was kep wi h a low o 13 psi/minu e. Wi h
an auxilia y speed o 100μl/minu e, an ejec ion speed o 100μl/minu e, a lush ou ac o o 5μl and 8μl injec ion olume
used o HR-LCMS, Hip sample wi h model- G4226A was used. Wi hin hal an hou du ing he i s wo minu es o he
acquisi ion ime, he sol en composi ion A:B low was 95:5. HR-LCMS used a sol en i.e., wa e 100%, Ace oni ile a
100%.
2.4.9. S a is ical analysis
In i o and o he pa ame ic assays we e pe o med and shown as mean ± s anda d e o o mean o he esul s o
h ee eplica es pe sample used o exp ess he alues o he JABE and JAME ex ac o Jus icia adha oda L. lea es o
i on chela ing ac i i y, hyd oxyl ac i i y, hyd ogen pe oxide ac i i y, supe oxide sca enging ac i i y, ni ic oxide
sca enging ac i i y, e ic educing powe ac i i y and an i-lipid pe oxida ion assay. An ioxidan po en ial o di e en
assays was de e mined as IC50 alues by applying G aph Pad P ism 5 and Mic oso Excel 2021 used o examine he
esul s.
3. Resul s
3.1. In i o an ioxidan s udy
3.1.1. Fe ic educing an ioxidan powe (FRAP) Assay
Depending on each compound's educing capabili y, he es solu ion's yellow colo in his assay changes o a a ie y o
g een and blue hues. The p esence o adicals (i.e. an ioxidan s) causes he con e sion o he Fe3+ / e icyanide complex
u ilized in his app oach o he e ous o m indica ed by he p oduc ion o b illian P ussian blue. Figu e 1 displays he
indings o he FRAP assay o he JABE and JAME a 700 nm wi h e e ence o he s anda d asco bic acid. The s anda d
cu e was plo ed using OD alue agains a ious concen a ions o bo h he ex ac s and asco bic acid s anda d.
Addi ionally, i has been shown ha when he concen a ion o s udy plan ex ac s in he es sample inc eases, he
abso bance alues con inue o inc ease signi ican ly. The e ic educ i e ac i i y inc eased in p opo ion o he i e
es ed concen a ions o he JABE and JAME. In e ms o hei abili y o educed, all o he concen a ions we e
s a is ically compa able o he asco bic acid s anda d concen a ion.
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Figu e 1 In i o e ic- educing an ioxidan powe o JABE and JAME. Resul s a e exp essed as means ± SD o
eplica e measu emen s, n = 3; JABE: Jus icia adha oda L. bu anolic ex ac ; JAME: Jus icia adha oda L. me hanolic
ex ac ; ASA: Asco bic acid
3.1.2. Hyd ogen pe oxide (H2O2) adical sca enging ac i i y
Table 1 displays he indings o he hyd ogen pe oxide sca enging ac i i y o he JABE and JAME a 230 nm wi h
e e ence o he s anda d. The s anda d cu e used o de e mine each sample's IC50 (µg/ml) was plo ed using he
pe cen age o inhibi ion agains a ious concen a ions o bo h ex ac s and gallic acid. The esul s showed ha he IC50s
o he JABE ex ac , JAME ex ac , and gallic acid we e 170.59 ± 0.20, 187.58 ± 0.18, and 26.32 ± 0.25, espec i ely.
Hyd ogen pe oxide, al hough i is no e y eac i e by i sel , i can occasionally be ha m ul o cell because i can p oduce
hyd oxyl adical inside he cells. Consequen ly, elimina ion o H2O2 is c ucial o sa egua ding he sys ems.
3.1.3. Ni ic oxide (NO) sca enging ac i i y
Mammalian cells p oduce he ee adical ni ic oxide (NO), which egula es a numbe o physiological unc ions.
Howe e , a numbe o diso de s may be ini ia ed and de eloped as a esul o excessi e NO gene a ion [43]. An ioxidan
po en ial in JABE, JAME may compe e wi h oxygen o eac wi h ni ic oxide [44], so inhibi ing he p oduc ion o ni i e.
This migh explain he ni ic oxide sca enging ac i i y ha was epo ed o be concen a ion dependen . The quan i y
o ni ous acid d ops when a sca enge , is p esen . In compa ison o he s anda d asco bic acid, which had espec i e
IC50 alues o 34.59 ± 0.36 µg/m, he pe cen age inhibi ion o JABE and JAME o iplica e eadings e ealed IC50 alues
o 250.31 ± 0.25 and 602.33 ± 0.20 µg/ml espec i ely.
3.1.4. Supe oxide (O2-) sca enging ac i i y
The i s educ ion p oduc o oxygen ha is quan i ied by he supp ession o O2 p oduc ion is supe oxide anion [45].
In ae obic o ganisms, he supe oxide adical is ubiqui ous in na u e. Despi e being sligh ly eac i e wi h biological
molecules, he supe oxide adical migh change in o an ex emely ha m ul and oxic hyd oxyl adical. The dismu a ion
o eac i e supe oxide anion o oxygen and hyd ogen pe oxide is ca alyzed by supe oxide dismu ase. Plan ex ac 's
abili y o sca enged anions may be a ibu ed o i s supp ession o supe oxide p oduc ion. The JABE and JAME was
shown o ha e his e ec , he indings indica e ha he possibili ies o sca enging po en ial o JABE and JAME we e
disco e ed o be compa able o he asco bic acid ha was used as a o able con ol. The supe oxide adical sca enging
ac i i y o JA ex ac s shown in Table 1. The sca enging ac i i ies was compa able o he s anda d in concen a ion
dependen manne . The IC50 alue was ound ou o be 31.38 ± 0.64 o asco bic acid, 81.12 ± 0.29 o JABE, 63.82 ± 0.25
o JAME espec i ely.
3.1.5. Hyd oxyl (OH-) adical sca enging ac i i y
A all ex ac concen a ions, he JABE and JAME showed s ong hyd oxyl adical sca enging ac ion. Jus icia adha oda L.
lea ex ac 's capaci y o sca enge hyd oxyl adicals was obse ed o be in a concen a ion dependen manne . The
hyd oxyl adical sca enging ac i i y o JABE and JAME was s a is ically compa able o ha o a s anda d e e ence gallic
acid. The hyd oxyl adical sca enging ac i i y a ied he ex ac 's abili y o sca enge hyd oxyl adicals ele a ed
d as ically wi h inc easing concen a ions, wi h he highes ex ac concen a ion showing he highes ac i i y. Findings
o he p esen s udy also e ealed ha he JABE and JAME IC50 alue o 275.56 ± 6.38 and 344.71 ± 7.85 µg/mL
compa able o ha o he s anda d, gallic acid, whose IC50 alue was 234.78 ± 8.54 µg/mL as illus a es in able 1.
GSC Biological and Pha maceu ical Sciences, 2025, 33(01), 326-343
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3.1.6. I on-Chela ing ac i i y
The in es iga ion indica es ha he e was a concen a ion ela ed inc ease in i on chela ing ac i i y o he JABE and
JAME. The po en ial o inhibi he o ma ion o i on (II)– e ozine complex was signi ican ly di e en among all he
concen a ions. The highes ex ac concen a ion showed signi ican ly highe ac i i y han hose o he lowe ex ac
concen a ions. The i on-chela ing ac i i ies exhibi ed by JABE and JAME we e s a is ically compa able o ha o he
s anda d e e ence, EDTA. Fu he mo e, i was obse ed ha he IC50 alue o he JABE and JAME showed 280.51 ± 3.45
and 380.39 ± 1.89 µg/mL, whe eas he IC50 alue o he s anda d, EDTA, was 194.55 ± 2.54 espec i ely ( able 1).
3.1.7. Lipid Pe oxida ion Inhibi ion ac i i y
Lipid pe oxida ion inhibi ion inc eased wi h concen a ion in he JABE and JAME lea ex ac . The Jus icia adha oda L.
lea 's abili y o inhibi lipid pe oxida ion ex ac a ied conside ably, he inc ease in ex ac concen a ion
demons a ed subs an ially highe inhibi ion compa ed o he inhibi ion a he lowes ex ac concen a ion. JABE and
JAME supp ession lipid pe oxida ion a a ious concen a ions we e s a is ically compa able o he s anda d asco bic
acid. The JABE and JAME displayed an IC50 alue o 110.78 ± 2.58 ,238.37 ± 8.25 which is compa able o s anda d
asco bic acid 105.78 ± 5.23 espec i ely.
Table 1 Resul s o all he % Inhibi ion and IC50 s udies. Values a e p esen ed as M ± SEM (n = 3) M: Mean; SEM: S anda d
e o o mean; JABE: Bu anolic ex ac ; JAME: Me hanolic lea es ex ac ; IC50, hal maximal inhibi o y concen a ion;
MDA: malondialdehyde; EDTA :e hylenediamine e aace ic acid.
Resul o Radical Gene a ed
Samples
IC50 (µg/ml) om s anda d cu e
Hyd oxyl (OH-)
Gallic acid
JABE
JAME
234.78 ± 8.54
275.56 ± 6.38
344.71 ± 7.85
I on (II)- e ozine complex
Hyd ogen pe oxide (H2O2)
Ni ic oxide (NO)
Supe oxide (O2-)
EDTA
JABE
JAME
Gallic acid
JABE
JAME
Asco bic acid
JABE
JAME
Asco bic acid
JABE
JAME
194.55 ± 2.54
280.51 ± 3.45
380.39 ± 1.89
26.32 ± 0.25
170.59 ± 0.20
187.58 ± 0.18
34.59 ± 0.36
250.31 ± 0.25
605.33 ± 0.20
31.38 ± 0.64
81.12 ± 0.29
63.82 ± 0.25
GSC Biological and Pha maceu ical Sciences, 2025, 33(01), 326-343
333
MDA
Asco bic acid
JABE
JAME
105.78 ± 5.23
110.78 ± 2.58
238.37 ± 8.25
3.1.8. HR-LCMS Analysis
Majo phy ocons i uen s we e ch oma og aphically iden i ied om he Jus icia adha oda L. bu anolic and me hanolic
ex ac s p oducing spec a wi h mo e han 500 compounds and hei co esponding e en ion imes in bo h posi i e
and nega i e ioniza ion modes. The e e ence lib a y was used o iden i y and compa e hese peaks. E e y peak in
Figu e 2 (a) and (b) ch oma og ams ep esen ed a dis inc compound ound in he JABE and JAME. The medicinal
signi icance and dis inc i e de ails o he bioac i e chemicals isola ed by HR-LCMS analysis we e shown in Table 2 (a)
and (b), we e among he main bioac i e compounds iden i ied. These compounds ha e s ong an ioxidan s wi h
bac e icidal, an i-in lamma o y, an i-aging, an i-diabe ic, an i-cance , neu op o ec i e, and hepa op o ec i e
p ope ies. Fu he mo e, phenolics and la onoids se e as p o ec i e subs ances [46]. Due o hei an imic obial
quali ies, plan me aboli es ac as chemical ba ie s agains in ec ions and a e u ilized in a a ie y o ood sec o s as
la ou ing, colou ing, and ex u izing [47].
2 (a)
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2 (b)
Figu e 2 HR-LCMS ch oma og ams o (a) JABE, (b) JAME based on e en ion ime plo ed agains ela i e abundance.
Peaks a e he inge p in s o bioac i e componen s in bo h posi i e and nega i e modes
Table 2 (a) Majo bioac i e compounds iden i ied by HR-LCMS Analysis: JABE posi i e and nega i e ioniza ion mode
S
No.
Bioac i e compound
Molecula
Mass
(g/mol)
RT
min)
Pha macological Signi icance
1.
And og apholide
350.2093
11.90
An ioxidan , an icance , an ihype ensi e, an i-in lamma o y
[48].
2.
Luo onin A
285.0902
12.231
An ioxidan , an ihype lipidemic, an idiabe ic, an icance ,
an imic obial [49].
3.
Oleoyl e hanolamide
325.2981
19.40
An i-in lamma o y, an i- an ioxidan [50].
4.
asicinone
202.0742
8.366
An i-in lamma o y, an ioxidan , an icance , an iaging,
an imic obial, an idiabe ic, hepa op o ec i e [51].
5.
Kynu enic acid
189.042
8.726
An i-in lamma o y, an idiabe ic, an ihype lipidemic,
An ioxidan [52]
6.
Vincamine
354.1943
An ioxidan , an idiabe ic, an ihype lipidemic [53]
7.
Be aine
117.0791
1.215
An ioxidan , an i-in lamma o y [54]
8.
Si aglip in
407.1181
10.221
An ioxidan s, an i-in lamma o y [55]
9.
6-Ginge ol
294.3859
13.49
An ioxidan , lipid-lowe ing, an ihype glycemic [56]
10
Cu cumin
368.1260
13.889
An ioxida i e, an i-in lamma o y, hypolipidemic e ec [57].
11.
Benzoic acid [Nega i e]
122.0368
6.20
An ioxidan s, an idiabe ic, an i-in lamma o y [58].
12.
(±)9-HpODE
312.2301
14.91
An ioxidan , an idiabe ic [59].
GSC Biological and Pha maceu ical Sciences, 2025, 33(01), 326-343
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