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ENHANCING RESILIENCE IN VIETNAMESE AGRICULTURE THROUGH
DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT
T an Thi Anh Nguye
PH.D. P og am o In as uc u e Planning and Enginee ing,
College o Cons uc ion and De elopmen , Feng Chia Uni e si y, Taichung 40724, Taiwan
ABSTRACT
Na u al disas e s ha e become inc easingly complex, causing se e e losses o Vie nam’s ag icul u al p oduc ion,
di ec ly a ec ing ood secu i y, u al li elihoods and he na ional sus ainable de elopmen p ocess. As one o he
coun ies mos ulne able o clima e change, Vie nam aces mul iple ypes o disas e s, including yphoons,
loods, d ough s, salini y in usion and landslides. Consequen ly, disas e isk managemen in ag icul u e is no
only an u gen issue bu also a long- e m s a egic equi emen o minimize damages, enhance esilience and
ensu e sus ainable de elopmen . This s udy examines he challenges posed by na u al disas e s o Vie nam’s
ag icul u al sec o and e alua es he e ec i eness o cu en disas e esponse measu es. D awing on a
combina ion o policy analysis, seconda y da a on ag icul u al losses and case s udies o local adap a ion p ac ices,
he esea ch p o ides a comp ehensi e assessmen o disas e impac s on ag icul u al p oduc ion sys ems. In
addi ion, he s udy e iews na ional s a egies and ins i u ional amewo ks o disas e isk educ ion and clima e
change adap a ion, wi h a ocus on hei implemen a ion a he communi y and a m le els. Findings e eal ha
while Vie nam has es ablished legal and policy amewo ks o add ess disas e isks, signi ican gaps emain in
local implemen a ion, esou ce alloca ion and communi y engagemen . Smallholde a me s a e pa icula ly
ulne able due o limi ed access o echnology, inance and ea ly wa ning in o ma ion. The s udy also highligh s
eme ging bes p ac ices such as in eg a ed wa e esou ce managemen , c op di e si ica ion and communi y-based
adap a ion ini ia i es ha can enhance ag icul u al esilience.
The pape con ibu es o he li e a u e by linking disas e isk managemen wi h sus ainable ag icul u al
de elopmen , o e ing bo h heo e ical and p ac ical implica ions. Fo schola s, i en iches he unde s anding o
how disas e isk go e nance in e ac s wi h ag icul u al sys ems unde clima e s ess. Fo policymake s and
p ac i ione s, i p o ides e idence-based ecommenda ions o s eng hen disas e p epa edness, imp o e adap i e
capaci y and align ag icul u al de elopmen wi h he b oade goals o sus ainable de elopmen and clima e change
adap a ion. In eg a ed disas e isk go e nance is essen ial o sus ainable ag icul u e.
Keywo ds:
Na u al disas e s; sus ainable ag icul u e; isk managemen ; clima e change; Vie nam.
I. INTRODUCTION
In he e a o globaliza ion and amid he g owing impac s o clima e change, na u al disas e s ha e become one o
he mos u gen challenges o Vie nam’s socio-economic de elopmen . Wi h a coas line s e ching mo e han
3,200 kilome e s, di e se opog aphical condi ions, and a opical monsoon clima e, Vie nam is especially
suscep ible o ex eme wea he e en s and luc ua ions in clima e. (The Wo ld Bank, 2022)). Each yea , Vie nam
is s uck by nume ous yphoons and opical dep essions ha cause ex ensi e ag icul u al losses alued in illions
o Vie namese Dong. These disas e s no only unde mine ood secu i y bu also endange he li elihoods o
millions o u al households whose incomes depend hea ily on a ming.
Ag icul u e con inues o se e as a co ne s one o he na ional economy, con ibu ing app oxima ely 12% o
Vie nam’s GDP while employing nea ly 40% o he labo o ce (Pham, T. 2024). Ye , pa adoxically, his sec o
is also he mos se e ely a ec ed by clima e-induced haza ds. In he Cen al egion, ecu en loods wash away
ice ha es s; in he Mekong Del a, d ough s and sal wa e in usion ende hund eds o housands o hec a es o
a mland unp oduc i e; while in he No he n moun ainous p o inces, landslides cause no only human casual ies
bu also signi ican damage o ag icul u al in as uc u e. The immedia e consequences o hese disas e s include
educed yields and declining household incomes, while hei long- e m impac s ex end o e oded esilience,
diminished adap i e capaci y and se backs in sus ainable de elopmen ajec o ies.
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Gi en his con ex , disas e isk managemen in ag icul u e should be concep ualized no me ely as an eme gency
o eac i e esponse bu as an in eg al componen o long- e m de elopmen planning. A p oac i e s a egy
equi es he sys ema ic in eg a ion o science and echnology, a ional land-use and p oduc ion planning, clima e-
esilien in as uc u e in es men and enhanced communi y-based pa icipa ion. Such measu es a e essen ial o
minimize economic and human losses while simul aneously s eng hening adap i e esilience. Mo eo e , disas e
isk managemen in ag icul u e mus be closely aligned wi h Vie nam’s b oade agenda o p omo ing g een
g ow h, sus ainabili y and clima e- esilien ag icul u al ans o ma ion.
Agains his backd op, academic inqui y in o disas e isk managemen s a egies o ag icul u e in Vie nam is
bo h imely and impe a i e. This pape seeks o answe how disas e isk managemen can enhance esilience in
Vie namese ag icul u e, iden i y exis ing gaps and limi a ions and p opose s a egic di ec ions o enhancing
esilience wi hin he ag icul u al sec o . By ad ancing solu ions ha in eg a e en i onmen al sus ainabili y,
economic s abili y and social equi y, he pape aims o con ibu e o Vie nam’s pu sui o i s na ional sus ainable
de elopmen goals and o s eng hen he li elihoods o u al communi ies in he ace o escala ing clima e isks.
II. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Building on he heo e ical ounda ions o disas e isk managemen and i s signi icance in bols e ing ag icul u e
sec o esilience, he ollowing sec ion examines he Vie namese se ing o e alua e he p ac ical applica ion o
hese p inciples.
2.1. Na u al Disas e s and Thei Impac s
Acco ding o he Disas e Managemen Cen e (2017), “A na u al disas e is a na u al p ocess o phenomenon ha
can cause dea h, inju y o o he heal h impac s; lead o damage o p ope y, li elihoods and se ices; dis up socio-
economic ac i i ies; o cause en i onmen al des uc ion.”. Na u al disas e s include yphoons, opical
dep essions, loods, lash loods, inunda ion, hea y ain all, o nadoes, ligh ning, landslides, s o m su ges,
ea hquakes, sunamis, d ough s, hea wa es, ex eme cold, hail, land subsidence and sal wa e in usion.
Mo e speci ically, DMC p o ides de ailed de ini ions o each ype o disas e . Fo ins ance, “A yphoon is a
opical cyclone wi h maximum sus ained winds o le el 8 o highe , possibly accompanied by gus s. A yphoon
wi h maximum winds o le el 10–11 is conside ed a s ong yphoon, le el 12–15 is a e y s ong yphoon and
le el 16 o abo e is a supe yphoon.” A lood is de ined as “a phenomenon in which i e wa e le els ise
signi ican ly o a ce ain pe iod be o e eceding.” In Vie nam, yphoons and loods a e he mos common
disas e s; he e o e, his s udy ocuses on hei de ini ions. De ini ions o o he disas e s can be ound on he
o icial websi e o he Disas e Managemen Cen e (2017).
Addi ionally, o s a is ical pu poses, he Cen e o Resea ch on he Epidemiology o Disas e s (CRED) de ines
a na u al disas e based on i s impac s as an e en ha mee s a leas one o he ollowing ou c i e ia: (i) 10 o
mo e people epo ed killed, (ii) 100 o mo e people epo ed a ec ed, (iii) decla a ion o a s a e o eme gency o
(i ) a call o in e na ional assis ance. This de ini ion has been widely used in in e na ional disas e esea ch, such
as S ombe g (2007), Noy (2009), Noy and Nuals i (2007).
When na u al disas e s occu , hey ine i ably a ec socio-economic ac i i ies. Acco ding o Pelling e al. (2002),
disas e impac s can be di ided in o wo ca ego ies: di ec impac s and indi ec impac s. Di ec impac s e e o
he immedia e consequences o a disas e , ep esen ed by indica o s such as he numbe o a ali ies, numbe o
people a ec ed, alue o damaged asse s, des oyed houses and o he immedia e damages. Typical s udies
ocusing on di ec impac s include Ca allo e al. (2010) and Hallega e (2008). Indi ec impac s, on he o he hand,
e e o he subsequen economic e ec s ha occu a e he disas e e en . These a e o en measu ed h ough
a iables such as GDP, p ices, ade, labo , employmen , exchange a es and o he economic indica o s. Ca allo
and Noy (2011) u he di ide indi ec impac s in o sho - e m and long- e m e ec s.
Acco ding o he FAO (2023), he equency o na u al disas e s wo ldwide has been inc easing signi ican ly,
leading o escala ing economic damages. These s a is ics no only highligh he g owing ecu ence and scale o
na u al disas e s bu also ea i m he u gency o s udying hei impac s on socio-economic de elopmen .
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Figu e 1: Numbe o na u al disas e s by EM-DAT classi ica ion and o al economic damage (1972–2022)
(Sou ce: FAO, 2023)
Based on EM-DAT s a is ics o he pe iod 1972–2022, i is e iden ha he numbe o na u al disas e s wo ldwide
has shown a ma ked upwa d end in bo h equency and economic damage. In he ea ly yea s (1972–1985), he
numbe o disas e s emained ela i ely low, below 100 e en s pe yea . Howe e , he igu e ose sha ply
he ea e , peaking a o e 400 e en s annually in he la e 1990s and ea ly 2000s. Since 2000, he annual numbe
o disas e s has s abilized a a high le el, luc ua ing be ween 300 and 400 e en s, e lec ing he end o disas e s
becoming mo e equen and se e e.
In e ms o composi ion, me eo ological disas e s (such as yphoons and opical dep essions) and hyd ological
disas e s (such as loods, lash loods and inunda ions) accoun o he la ges sha e and ha e inc eased
signi ican ly, especially since he 1990s. Clima ic disas e s such as d ough s and hea wa es, hough less
nume ous, ha e also s eadily inc eased, linked o he g owing impac s o clima e change. In con as , geological
disas e s (ea hquakes, olcanic e up ions) ha e emained mo e s able and less a iable, as hey a e inhe en ly less
in luenced by clima e ac o s.
F om an economic pe spec i e, disas e - ela ed losses ha e luc ua ed sha ply yea by yea , wi h some pe iods
exceeding USD 400–500 billion, pa icula ly in yea s wi h la ge-scale ca as ophic e en s such as supe yphoons,
sunamis o se e e ea hquakes. Compa ed wi h he 1970s–1980s, he scale o economic losses has isen
d ama ically in he pas wo decades, e lec ing no only he inc eased numbe o disas e s bu also he g owing
concen a ion o popula ions, in as uc u e and socio-economic asse s in ulne able a eas.
This eali y highligh s ha na u al disas e s a e becoming an inc easingly se ious h ea o sus ainable
de elopmen , equi ing coun ies o place g ea e emphasis on in es ing in ea ly wa ning sys ems, de eloping
esilien in as uc u e and es ablishing inancial and insu ance mechanisms o mi iga e bo h he di ec and indi ec
impac s o disas e s on socio-economic de elopmen .
2.2. Disas e Risk Managemen in Ag icul u e
Disas e Risk Managemen (DRM) is unde s ood as a sys ema ic p ocess aimed a iden i ying, assessing and
educing disas e isks ha may nega i ely impac people, asse s and he en i onmen . Acco ding o he Uni ed
Na ions (2015), DRM encompasses p e en i e, mi iga ion, esponse and eco e y measu es designed o minimize
losses and enhance communi y esilience.
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In he ag icul u al sec o , DRM e e s o he in eg a ed applica ion o policies, s a egies, echnologies and
managemen p ac ices o educe he impac o disas e s on ag icul u al p oduc ion, including c ops, li es ock,
ishe ies and u al in as uc u e. Disas e isk managemen in ag icul u e does no solely ocus on eme gency
esponse once disas e s occu bu also emphasizes p e en ion and adap a ion h ough:
• Risk assessmen : Iden i ying ulne able a eas, seasons and p oduc ion sys ems exposed o disas e s such
as s o ms, d ough s and sal wa e in usion.
• Risk educ ion: Applying d ough - esis an c op a ie ies, upg ading i iga ion sys ems, plan ing coas al
mang o e o es s and es ablishing ea ly wa ning sys ems.
• C isis managemen and eme gency esponse: Suppo ing a me s in eloca ing li es ock, p o ec ing c ops
be o e s o ms and loods and p o iding pos -disas e elie .
• Reco e y and econs uc ion: Res o ing in as uc u e, p o iding c edi suppo and ag icul u al
insu ance and es uc u ing p oduc ion owa d g ea e sus ainabili y.
Thus, DRM in ag icul u e is a comp ehensi e cycle ha combines long- e m p e en i e measu es wi h eme gency
esponses, wi h he o e a ching goal o sa egua ding ag icul u al p oduc ion and secu ing u al li elihoods.
2.3. The Rela ionship Be ween Disas e Risk Managemen and Sus ainable Ag icul u al De elopmen
Sus ainable ag icul u e is de ined as a sys em ha mee s cu en ood and li elihood needs wi hou comp omising
he abili y o u u e gene a ions o mee hei own needs (FAO,2014). A sus ainable ag icul u al sys em mus
ensu e h ee pilla s: economic, social and en i onmen al. Disas e isk managemen is closely linked o each o
hese pilla s.
• Economic aspec : Disas e s o en cause se e e c op losses, educing p oduc i i y and a me s’ incomes.
Wi hou e ec i e isk managemen measu es, people may all in o a cycle o po e y, making
ep oduc ion and ein es men di icul . Con e sely, good isk managemen helps minimize economic
losses, s abilize ag icul u al ma ke s and main ain na ional ood secu i y.
• Social aspec : Ru al a eas in Vie nam a e home o mo e han 60% o he popula ion, wi h li elihoods
la gely dependen on ag icul u e (Gene al S a is ics O ice o Vie nam [GSO], 2023). Disas e s no only
des oy p oduc ion in as uc u e bu also di ec ly a ec people’s li elihoods, heal h and educa ion. Risk
managemen measu es such as ag icul u al insu ance, communi y aining and coope a i e de elopmen
help s eng hen social cohesion, enhance au onomy and imp o e communi y esilience.
• En i onmen al aspec : Disas e isk managemen is inhe en ly ied o p o ec ing and imp o ing
ecosys ems. Fo example, plan ing ups eam o es s helps educe landslides, es o ing coas al mang o es
p o ec s agains wa es o adop ing Clima e-Sma Ag icul u e (CSA) educes g eenhouse gas emissions.
These measu es bo h mi iga e disas e isks and con ibu e o en i onmen al p o ec ion and clima e
change adap a ion.
F om his ela ionship, i sugges s ha disas e isk managemen is an in eg al componen o sus ainable
ag icul u al de elopmen s a egies. Neglec ing isk managemen will lea e ag icul u e pe pe ually ulne able,
hinde s able p oduc ion and make i di icul o achie e long- e m de elopmen goals.
2.4. The Role o Ad anced Technology in Disas e Risk Managemen
Globally, ad anced echnologies such as he In e ne o Things (IoT), sa elli e da a, a i icial in elligence (AI) and
eal- ime da a analy ics a e being widely applied o moni o , o ecas and p o ide ea ly wa nings o na u al
disas e s. These sys ems collec and p ocess da a on wea he , geology, wa e le els and o he en i onmen al
ac o s, he eby deli e ing accu a e o ecas s and imely wa nings o minimize damages. In Vie nam, he
applica ion o echnology in disas e isk managemen has made signi ican p og ess. Ea ly wa ning sys ems o
loods, s o ms and landslides a e being de eloped based on senso echnology, sa elli e da a and ad anced wea he
o ecas ing models. These echnologies enable au ho i ies o con inuously moni o wea he and en i onmen al
condi ions, he eby issuing ea ly wa nings and imely esponse measu es o sa egua d people’s li es and p ope y.
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Figu e 2. The Role o Ad anced Technology in Disas e Risk Managemen
(Sou ce: K ichen, M., Abdalzahe , M. S., Elwekeil, M., & Fouda, M. M., 2024)
III. NATURAL DISASTERS AND THEIR IMPACTS ON AGRICULTURE IN VIETNAM
3.1. Cu en Si ua ion o Na u al Disas e s in Vie nam
Loca ed in he opical monsoon egion, wi h h ee- ou hs o i s e i o y consis ing o moun ains and highlands,
a dense sys em o i e s and s eams, o e 3,200 km o coas line and ex ensi e ma i ime zones, Vie nam is among
he coun ies mos equen ly exposed o mul iple ypes o na u al disas e s, especially loods, yphoons,
hea wa es, d ough s, sal wa e in usion and landslides (Minis y o Ag icul u e and Ru al De elopmen
(MARD), 2022). In ecen yea s, abno mal wea he pa e ns caused mainly by clima e change, combined wi h
unsus ainable socio-economic de elopmen wi hin he coun y, ups eam impac s om neighbo ing na ions
sha ing ansbounda y i e s and inc easing popula ion p essu es, ha e made na u al disas e s mo e ex eme and
unp edic able in bo h in ensi y and ecu ence. Se e e s o ms, supe yphoons, his o ic loods, d ough s and
salini y in usion ha e caused de as a ing losses o li es and p ope y, posing majo challenges o disas e
p e en ion and con ol.
Vie nam is anked among he i e coun ies mos se e ely a ec ed by na u al disas e s and clima e change. On
a e age, disas e s claim abou 240 li es annually and cause economic losses o nea ly VND 30,000 billion
(app oxima ely USD 1.2 billion, using an exchange a e o 1 USD = 25,000 VND) (Khanh Linh, 2025). The
main ypes o disas e s include yphoons, opical dep essions, localized hea y ains, lash loods, landslides,
d ough s and sal wa e in usion. Acco ding o he 2023 Annual Disas e P e en ion Repo o he Gene al
Depa men o Disas e P e en ion and Con ol, na u al disas e s killed and le 169 people missing and caused
an es ima ed VND 10,000 billion (≈ USD 400 million) in economic damage in 2023.
In 2024, Vie nam eco ded 1,340 disas e e en s, co e ing 21 ou o 22 ypes o disas e s. The mos de as a ing
was Typhoon No. 3 (Yagi), he s onges s o m in 30 yea s in he Eas Sea and in 70 yea s on land. I s ci cula ion
igge ed hea y ains ac oss No he n Vie nam and Thanh Hoa, leading o la ge-scale looding wi h mos i e s
exceeding ala m le el 3, wi h his o ic loods eco ded on se en i e sys ems and widesp ead landslides, lash
loods and mud lows in almos all no he n moun ainous and midland p o inces, pa icula ly Lao Cai, Yen Bai
and Cao Bang.
Typhoon No. 3 and subsequen loods claimed 345 li es, which was wice he o al numbe o disas e - ela ed
a ali ies in 2023. The o al economic damage was nea ly VND 83,746 billion (≈ USD 3.35 billion), abou nine
imes highe han he o al losses om disas e s in 2023. P elimina y s a is ics indica e ha disas e s in 2024 killed
o le 514 people missing, h ee imes highe han in 2023 and 2.4 imes highe han he 10-yea a e age om
2014 o 2023, wi h 2,207 people inju ed. The o al es ima ed economic loss eached VND 88,748 billion (≈ USD
3.55 billion), 9.52 imes g ea e han in 2023 and 4.19 imes he 10-yea a e age (Do, T. T. H., 2025).
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3.2. Impac s o Na u al Disas e s on Ag icul u e in Vie nam
Ag icul u e in Vie nam is one o he sec o s mos di ec ly and se e ely a ec ed by na u al disas e s, as p oduc ion
hea ily elies on na u al condi ions, wa e esou ces, soil quali y and clima e. O e he yea s, a ious ypes o
disas e s, including s o ms, loods, d ough s, sal wa e in usion and landslides, ha e caused subs an ial losses in
ag icul u al p oduc ion, educing p oduc i i y and a ec ing ood secu i y and he li elihoods o millions o
a ming households.
C op p oduc ion losses a e among he mos signi ican impac s. Na u al disas e s equen ly des oy cul i a ed
a eas, esul ing in c op ailu e o subs an ial yield educ ions. Acco ding o he S a is ical O ice (2023), in 2024
alone, na u al disas e s damaged 302,400 hec a es o ice and 111,400 hec a es o o he c ops. In he Mekong
Del a, sal wa e in usion has become inc easingly se e e. Du ing he 2023–2024 d y season, sal wa e in usion
and d ough caused a educ ion in yield o 1,189 hec a es o ice, comple e loss o 43 hec a es and a ec ed nea ly
74,000 households lacking access o clean wa e . In con as , in he no he n and cen al egions, s o ms and loods
egula ly lead o widesp ead wa e logging, causing o al c op losses in a ec ed a eas.
Li es ock p oduc ion is also hea ily impac ed. La ge-scale disas e s such as s o ms and lash loods o en esul
in mass dea hs o li es ock and poul y, dis up eed supply and acili a e he sp ead o diseases. In 2024, na u al
disas e s caused he dea hs o 5.4 million li es ock and poul y (GSO, 2023). P olonged d ough s u he limi
access o d inking wa e and g een odde , a ec ing o e all li es ock p oduc i i y.
Aquacul u e and ishe ies ace simila ulne abili ies. Coas al s o ms equen ly damage ish cages and sh imp
a ms, while loods and landslides al e aqua ic habi a s, causing widesp ead mo ali y among aqua ic species.
S o m No. 3 (Yagi) in 2024 caused se e e damage o aquacul u e p oduc ion, esul ing in sho ages o aw
ma e ials o sea ood p ocessing and expo . Many shipmen s we e delayed, leading o s o age issues and po en ial
declines in p oduc quali y, he eby inc easing inancial isks o businesses (Chuong Phuong, 2024).
Ag icul u al in as uc u e is also a high isk. I iga ion sys ems, dikes, canals and pumping s a ions, which a e
c ucial o main aining ag icul u al p oduc ion, a e equen ly damaged by s o ms and loods. S o m No. 3 (Yagi)
in 2024 se e ely damaged housands o kilome e s o canals, 200 pumping s a ions and majo i iga ion wo ks in
No he n and No h Cen al Vie nam, dis up ing ag icul u al ac i i ies o ex ended pe iods (Do, T. T. H., 2025).
Damage o in as uc u e no only esul s in di ec losses bu also inc eases es o a ion cos s and a ec s he
capaci y o a me s o esume p oduc ion.
Ru al li elihoods and social well-being a e deeply a ec ed. Na u al disas e s impac income, li elihoods and
social secu i y in u al a eas. App oxima ely 70 pe cen o Vie nam’s popula ion li es in u al a eas, la gely
depending on ag icul u e (The Wo ld Bank, 2022). When disas e s s ike, a me s o en lose hei main sou ce o
income, leading o inc eased po e y and deb . In egions equen ly a ec ed by sal wa e in usion, such as Ben
T e, Soc T ang and T a Vinh, many households ha e abandoned a ming and mig a ed o u ban a eas o seek
employmen , c ea ing new social and labo challenges.
Food secu i y and sus ainable de elopmen a e also h ea ened. Con inuous ag icul u al losses educe na ional
ood p oduc ion, diminishing bo h domes ic supply and expo po en ial. Vie nam loses hund eds o housands o
hec a es o ice annually due o s o ms, loods, d ough s and sal wa e in usion. Rice, being a s aple ood and a
key expo commodi y, is pa icula ly ulne able. Acco ding o FAO (2023), wi hou e ec i e adap a ion
measu es, ice p oduc i i y in he Mekong Del a could decline by 7 o 12 pe cen by 2030 due o he combined
e ec s o d ough and sal wa e in usion. These challenges pose signi ican isks o na ional ood secu i y unde
inc easingly se e e clima e change condi ions.
O e all, na u al disas e s exe p o ound and mul idimensional impac s on Vie namese ag icul u e, ex ending
beyond di ec losses o c ops, li es ock, and ishe ies o a ec in as uc u e, u al li elihoods, and na ional ood
secu i y. Thei cumula i e consequences p o ide conside able conce ns by comp omising p oduc ion s abili y,
li elihood esilience, and he in eg i y o ag icul u al ecosys ems. Consequen ly, he e is an u gen need o
s eng hen disas e isk managemen , in es in esilien in as uc u e, implemen ea ly wa ning sys ems, and
es uc u e ag icul u al p oduc ion o enhance clima e adap a ion. The indings highligh ha bols e ing disas e
isk managemen is a c ucial s a egy o ad ancing Sus ainable De elopmen Goal 2 (Ze o Hunge ) and Goal 13
(Clima e Ac ion), pa icula ly by imp o ing adap i e capaci y and ensu ing sus ainable ag icul u al de elopmen
in Vie nam.
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IV. CURRENT SITUATION OF DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT IN VIETNAMESE
AGRICULTURE
4.1. Achie emen s
O e he pas decade, Vie nam has made signi ican e o s and achie ed impo an esul s in disas e isk
managemen (DRM) linked o ag icul u al de elopmen . These achie emen s a e e lec ed in se e al aspec s:
4.1.1. Imp o ing he Legal F amewo k and Policies
One no able achie emen is he g adual es ablishmen and imp o emen o laws and policies ela ed o DRM. The
Law on Disas e P e en ion and Con ol o 2013 oge he wi h Dec ee 160/2018/ND-CP, has p o ided a c ucial
ounda ion, clea ly de ining he esponsibili ies o minis ies, local au ho i ies o ganiza ions and indi iduals in
disas e p e en ion, esponse and eco e y. In addi ion, he Go e nmen and he Minis y o Ag icul u e and Ru al
De elopmen (MARD) ha e issued nume ous s a egies and ac ion plans aimed a minimizing he impac s o
na u al disas e s on ag icul u al p oduc ion.
In pa icula , he Na ional Ta ge P og am o Disas e P e en ion and Con ol o he pe iod 2021–2025 p o ides
speci ic guidance o in es ing in disas e p e en ion in as uc u e, enhancing o ecas ing capaci y and
suppo ing sus ainable li elihoods o a me s. Thanks o a mo e comple e legal amewo k and policies, DRM in
ag icul u e in Vie nam is implemen ed mo e consis en ly and comp ehensi ely han in he pas .
4.1.2. Enhancing Fo ecas ing and Ea ly Wa ning Capaci y
Vie nam has g adually mode nized i s disas e o ecas ing and wa ning sys ems. The Minis y o Na u al
Resou ces and En i onmen has collabo a ed wi h many in e na ional o ganiza ions o de elop eal- ime wa ning
sys ems o lash loods, landslides and sal wa e in usion. These echnologies imp o e he accu acy and
imeliness o o ecas s, allowing local au ho i ies o espond mo e p oac i ely and p o ec ag icul u al p oduc ion.
Recen ly, he applica ion o digi al echnologies in DRM has made signi ican p og ess. Wa ning sys ems based
on senso s, sa elli e da a, a i icial in elligence (AI) and ad anced clima e o ecas ing models a e being es ed and
applied. Some locali ies ha e implemen ed sys ems o send disas e wa nings o esiden s ia SMS, mobile
applica ions and sma speake sys ems, enabling a me s o quickly access in o ma ion and ake imely ac ion.
4.1.3. Ra ional Ag icul u al Planning and Land Use
In esponse o clima e change challenges, Vie nam has made impo an adjus men s in ag icul u al planning. In
he Mekong Del a, he coun y’s main ice-p oducing egion, some a eas p e iously used o single-c op ice ha e
been con e ed o aquacul u e o sal - ole an ui ees. The ice–sh imp o a ion model has p o en e ec i e in
adap ing o salini y in usion, main aining p oduc ion and secu ing a me s’ income.
In Cen al Vie nam, ese oi s, pumping s a ions and canals ha e been upg aded o egula e wa e esou ces and
educe losses caused by loods and d ough s. In he no he n moun ainous egions, p o ec i e and wa e shed o es
p ojec s ha e helped p e en landslides and p o ec a able land. These e o s demons a e a clea shi om
adi ional p oduc ion hinking o isk-adap i e planning.
4.1.4. In es men in Disas e P e en ion In as uc u e
Many key disas e p e en ion p ojec s ha e been buil o eno a ed, including dikes, ese oi s, e osion con ol
s uc u es, sal wa e con ol ga es and i iga ion canals. These wo ks no only p o ec esiden s and socio-
economic in as uc u e bu also ensu e he sa e y o ag icul u al p oduc ion.
Some coas al p o inces, such as Quang Nam, Quang Ngai and Thanh Hoa, ha e in es ed in mul i unc ional s o m
shel e s o communi ies, which can also se e as schools o heal h s a ions when no disas e occu s. This is
conside ed a success ul model, mee ing p ac ical communi y needs while enhancing esilience agains disas e s.
4.1.5. Raising Communi y Awa eness and Response Capaci y
In ecen yea s, awa eness- aising and educa ion on DRM ha e been conduc ed mo e egula ly and ex ensi ely.
Nume ous aining p og ams, e acua ion d ills and escue exe cises ha e been o ganized in a eas equen ly
a ec ed by s o ms, loods and d ough s. As a esul , p e en i e awa eness among esiden s has g adually
imp o ed and many a ming households p oac i ely adop measu es o p o ec c ops be o e disas e s occu .
Communi y-based models, such as “Sel -Managed Disas e P e en ion Teams” and “Fa me Clima e Adap a ion
Clubs,” ha e been es ablished in many locali ies, helping o build local wa ning and esponse ne wo ks. These
ini ia i es demons a e a shi om a eac i e mindse o p oac i e isk managemen in u al communi ies.
4.1.6. Ini ial E ec i eness in Reducing Losses
Thanks o hese e o s, losses caused by na u al disas e s in ag icul u e ha e ended o dec ease compa ed o
p e ious pe iods. Acco ding o he 2023 Annual Disas e P e en ion Repo o he Gene al Depa men o Disas e
P e en ion and Con ol, many c op seasons in key a eas we e p o ec ed by ea ly wa ning sys ems and isk-
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adap i e planning. S uc u al solu ions such as ese oi s, dikes and sal wa e con ol ga es ha e p o en e ec i e
in p o ec ing cul i a ed a eas and i iga ion sou ces.
Mo eo e , pos -disas e li elihood suppo p og ams help a me s quickly es o e p oduc ion, minimizing long-
e m impac s on li elihoods. These achie emen s p o ide a solid ounda ion o building sa e, clima e-adap i e
ag icul u e and educing disas e isks.
4.2. Limi a ions and Challenges in Disas e Risk Managemen in Vie namese Ag icul u e
Al hough disas e isk managemen in Vie namese ag icul u e has achie ed signi ican p og ess, he e a e s ill
many limi a ions and challenges ha need o be add essed.
Fi s ly, he disas e o ecas ing and wa ning sys em is no ye ully synch onized and highly accu a e. Mode n
echnologies such as sa elli e da a and ad anced me eo ological-hyd ological o ecas ing models ha e been
applied, bu he co e age and imeliness o wa nings emain limi ed, especially in emo e, moun ainous and ha d-
o- each a eas, which o en su e se e e losses om lash loods and landslides. Many a me s s ill do no ha e
imely access o ea ly wa ning in o ma ion, esul ing in eac i e a he han p oac i e esponses.
Secondly, in es men esou ces o disas e p e en ion and isk educ ion a e s ill limi ed. Many locali ies lack
su icien unding o build and main ain dikes, ese oi s, pumping s a ions o mode n i iga ion wo ks.
Ag icul u al and u al in as uc u e, especially in he Mekong Del a and he cen al coas al egions, is s ill weak
and ulne able o clima e change, sal wa e in usion and s ong s o ms.
Thi dly, managemen capaci y and coo dina ion ac oss adminis a i e le els and sec o s a e no ye e ec i e.
DRM equi es close coope a ion om cen al o local au ho i ies, including me eo ological, ag icul u al, na u al
esou ces and en i onmen agencies and local go e nmen s. Howe e , o e lapping unc ions and a lack o uni ied
di ec ion s ill exis , esul ing in subop imal e ec i eness o disas e p e en ion measu es.
Fou hly, communi y awa eness and a me s’ adap i e capaci y emain limi ed. Mos smallholde households lack
he condi ions o implemen clima e-adap i e p oduc ion models, such as c op-li es ock es uc u ing, clima e-
sma ag icul u e (CSA) o wa e -sa ing cul i a ion p ac ices. Mo eo e , ag icul u al insu ance, an impo an ool
o isk sha ing, is s ill no widely a ailable, lea ing mos o he loss bu den on a me s.
Fi hly, he inc easingly se e e impac s o global clima e change pose a majo challenge. The equency and
in ensi y o s o ms, loods, d ough s and sal wa e in usion a e inc easing, exceeding he esilience capaci y o
many adi ional ag icul u al p oduc ion sys ems. Key ag icul u al egions, such as he Mekong Del a, he
coun y’s la ges ice-p oducing a ea, ace he isk o educed p oduc ion due o ising sea le els and inc easingly
se e e salini y in usion.
O e all, DRM in Vie namese ag icul u e is cu en ly acing mul iple limi a ions and challenges in e ms o
echnology, esou ces, go e nance and communi y adap i e capaci y. Add essing hese issues equi es
comp ehensi e, long- e m and sus ainable solu ions, combining in as uc u e in es men , enhanced o ecas ing
capaci y, s eng hened managemen and ac i e pa icipa ion o local communi ies.
V. SOLUTIONS TO IMPROVE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT IN
VIETNAMESE AGRICULTURE
To educe losses and enhance disas e esponse capaci y in he ag icul u al sec o , Vie nam needs o adop a se
o s a egic solu ions o ganized a ound ou key hemes: echnological inno a ion, ins i u ional s eng hening,
communi y empowe men , and inancial esilience.
Technological Inno a ion
Vie nam should mode nize i s disas e o ecas ing and ea ly wa ning sys ems by in es ing in ad anced
me eo ological and hyd ological echnologies. In eg a ing sa elli e da a, IoT senso s, a i icial in elligence (AI),
and high- esolu ion clima e o ecas ing models will help imp o e he accu acy and imeliness o wa nings.
In o ma ion should be dissemina ed apidly h ough mul iple channels such as SMS, social ne wo ks, mobile
applica ions, and communi y loudspeake s so ha a me s in emo e a eas can access imely ale s and ake
p oac i e measu es.
A he same ime, p omo ing clima e-adap i e ag icul u al p oduc ion models is essen ial. Fa me s should adjus
c op and li es ock s uc u es o sui egional clima ic condi ions. In d ough -p one a eas, d ough - esis an c ops
such as maize, swee po a oes, o cassa a can eplace ice. In a eas a ec ed by salini y, in eg a ed ice and sh imp
a ming o b ackish-wa e aquacul u e can be applied. B oade adop ion o Clima e-Sma Ag icul u e p ac ices,
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including d ip i iga ion, g eenhouse cul i a ion, o ganic a ming, and e icien land and wa e managemen ,
should be encou aged.
Ins i u ional S eng hening
In es men s in disas e -p e en ion in as uc u e such as i iga ion wo ks, ese oi s, dikes, and canals mus be
sus ained and egula ly main ained o p o ec ag icul u al p oduc ion om loods, d ough s, and sal wa e
in usion. In he Mekong Del a, sal wa e con ol and eshwa e e en ion p ojec s a e pa icula ly impo an o
suppo p oduc ion du ing he d y season. In addi ion, building seed and li es ock s o age acili ies and logis ics
in as uc u e can accele a e eco e y a e disas e s.
Enhancing managemen capaci y and in e sec o al coo dina ion is equally c i ical. A uni ied managemen
mechanism should be es ablished om cen al o local le els o p e en o e laps and esou ce dispe sion. T aining
p og ams o local disas e managemen o icials, especially in disas e -p one communes and dis ic s, should be
expanded o imp o e coo dina ion and p epa edness.
Communi y Empowe men
Communi ies, especially smallholde a me s, play a on line ole in disas e p e en ion. T aining in disas e
p epa edness and esponse skills, om s o ing seeds and inpu s o e acua ion, escue, and p oduc ion eco e y, is
essen ial. Communi y-based ini ia i es such as disas e -sa e illages should be expanded so ha a me s can
p oac i ely p e en isks and p o ide mu ual suppo du ing eme gencies.
Financial Resilience
Ag icul u al insu ance and inancial isk managemen mechanisms a e i al o sha ing he bu den o disas e -
ela ed losses. The go e nmen should con inue imp o ing he legal amewo k, subsidizing insu ance p emiums
o poo and small-scale a me s, and encou aging insu ance p o ide s o ailo p oduc s o di e en egions and
ypes o c ops o li es ock. Disas e p e en ion unds and p e e en ial c edi schemes should also be de eloped o
assis a me s in es o ing p oduc ion a e disas e s.
Moni o ing and E alua ion Mechanisms
To ensu e he e ec i eness and sus ainabili y o disas e isk managemen p og ams, clea moni o ing and
e alua ion mechanisms should be es ablished. Success can be measu ed h ough speci ic indica o s such as
educed ag icul u al losses, imp o ed ea ly wa ning co e age, inc eased insu ance pa icipa ion, enhanced
communi y p epa edness, and s onge coo dina ion among agencies. Regula assessmen epo s and public
disclosu e o esul s will p omo e anspa ency and con inuous imp o emen in disas e isk managemen
implemen a ion.
VI. CONCLUSION
Na u al disas e s and clima e change pose c i ical challenges o he sus ainable de elopmen o Vie namese
ag icul u e. Wi h di e se geog aphy, a opical monsoon clima e, and o e 3,200 kilome e s o coas line, Vie nam
is highly ulne able o s o ms, loods, d ough s, sal wa e in usion, and landslides. These haza ds inc easingly
a ec human li e and economic s abili y, making disas e isk managemen a long- e m s a egic p io i y linked
o ood secu i y and u al li elihoods.
Vie nam has made p og ess h ough s eng hened legal amewo ks, na ional p og ams, ea ly wa ning sys ems,
and pilo clima e-adap i e ag icul u al p ac ices such as d ough - esis an c ops, salini y- ole an ice, and
in eg a ed a ming sys ems. These measu es ha e imp o ed adap i e capaci y in he ag icul u al sec o and u al
communi ies. Challenges emain, including une en wa ning sys ems, limi ed inancial esou ces, low adop ion o
ag icul u al insu ance, weak in e sec o al coo dina ion, and insu icien awa eness and p epa edness among
a me s.
Add essing hese challenges equi es in eg a ed s a e, ma ke , and communi y e o s. Key ac ions include
in es ing in ad anced o ecas ing echnologies, disas e - esilien in as uc u e, and clima e-sma ag icul u al
models, p omo ing insu ance and inancial mechanisms, empowe ing a me s h ough aining and pa icipa o y
decision-making, and s eng hening coo dina ion a all le els. In e na ional coope a ion and access o global
clima e inance will u he suppo esilience. E ec i e disas e isk managemen should be seen as bo h a
s a egy o educe losses and an oppo uni y o ans o m ag icul u e owa d sus ainabili y. Fu u e s udies may
employ quan i a i e esilience modeling o spa ial isk mapping o e alua e DRM e ec i eness.
