19
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Ame ican Jou nal o Biology and Na u al Sciences
h ps://biojou nals.us/index.php/AJBNS
ISSN: 2997-7185
Compa a i e Assessmen o Soil-Bo ne Po a o
Nema odes Ac oss Ag o-Ecological Zones and hei
Implica ions o C op Managemen
Sup iya Kuma i
Resea ch Schola , Depa men o Zoology, R.N College Hajipu , B.R.A. BIHAR UNIVERSITY, Biha ,
India
P o . (D .) Vijay Kuma
P o esso & Head (Re d.), Depa men o Zoology, R.N. College, Hajipu (Vaishali), B.R.A. BIHAR
UNIVERSITY, Biha , India
Recei ed: 2025, 15, Sep
Accep ed: 2025, 21, Oc
Published: 2025, 04, No
Copy igh © 2025 by au ho (s) and
Scien i ic Resea ch Publishing Inc. This
wo k is licensed unde he C ea i e
Commons A ibu ion In e na ional
License (CC BY 4.0).
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by/4.0/
Anno a ion: Po a o (Solanum
ube osum L.) is one o he majo cash and
ood c ops o Biha and plays a signi ican
ole in he economy o Vaishali dis ic .
Howe e , po a o p oduc ion in he egion is
equen ly hampe ed by soil-bo ne plan -
pa asi ic nema odes ha a ack oo s, educe
nu ien up ake, and cause se e e yield
losses. Among hese, Meloidogyne spp.
( oo -kno ), Globode a spp. (cys ), and
P a ylenchus spp. (lesion) a e o p ima y
conce n. Despi e hei impo ance, he e is
limi ed compa a i e in o ma ion on
nema ode di e si y, densi y, and
dis ibu ion ac oss he dis ic ’s a ying
ag o-ecological condi ions. This s udy
he e o e p oposes a compa a i e
assessmen o soil-bo ne po a o nema odes
in Mahua and Gandak ag o-ecological zones
o Vaishali, wi h a ocus on hei popula ion
dynamics, en i onmen al in e ac ions, and
implica ions o c op managemen .
Field su eys and sys ema ic
Ame ican Jou nal o Biology and Na u al Sciences Volume:2 | Numbe :11 (2025) No
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sampling will be conduc ed du ing he
ac i e po a o-g owing season. Soil and oo
samples will be collec ed om selec ed
illages o bo h ag o-ecological zones,
co e ing di e en soil ypes, c opping
his o ies, and i iga ion pa e ns.
Nema odes will be ex ac ed using Cobb’s
decan ing and sie ing echnique and
iden i ied o he genus o species le el
h ough mo phological and molecula
me hods. Soil pa ame e s such as pH,
ex u e, o ganic ca bon, and nu ien con en
will be analyzed. The da a will be
s a is ically examined using co ela ion and
mul i a ia e analyses (PCA, CCA) o
de e mine ela ionships be ween nema ode
popula ions and soil- en i onmen al ac o s.
This esea ch holds scien i ic and
p ac ical signi icance, as i will gene a e
baseline da a on nema ode di e si y and soil
ela ionships in Vaishali dis ic an a ea
wi h high ag icul u al po en ial bu limi ed
nema ological s udies. By linking nema ode
ecology wi h soil and c op managemen , he
indings will guide a me s and ag icul u al
planne s owa d sus ainable pes
managemen p ac ices, imp o e
p oduc i i y, and p ese e soil heal h.
Ul ima ely, his compa a i e assessmen will
s eng hen he ounda ion o long- e m
nema ode moni o ing and managemen
p og ams in Biha ’s po a o-g owing
ecosys ems.
Keywo ds: Po a o, Soil-bo ne
nema odes, Meloidogyne, Ag o-ecological
zones, Vaishali dis ic , In eg a ed
managemen .
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INTRODUCTION
Po a o (Solanum ube osum L.) is one o he wo ld’s mos impo an ood c ops, anking ou h
a e ice, whea , and maize. In India, i se es as a i al cash and ood c op, pa icula ly in he
Indo-Gange ic plains whe e a o able ag o-clima ic condi ions suppo in ensi e cul i a ion.
Howe e , p oduc i i y is o en cons ained by a ange o bio ic ac o s, among which plan -
pa asi ic nema odes ep esen a majo bu equen ly o e looked h ea . Nema odes cause
subs an ial damage o he oo sys em, educing nu ien and wa e up ake e iciency, he eby
lowe ing yield and ube quali y. The Vaishali dis ic o Biha , loca ed in he e ile Gange ic
allu ial zone, is a p ominen po a o- g owing a ea, bu he inc easing incidence o nema ode
in es a ion poses a g owing conce n o sus ainable c op p oduc ion.
The samples we e collec ed on 24 h Feb ua y 2025 and ecei ed on 25 h Feb ua y 2025 o
nema ode popula ion assessmen and ield managemen ecommenda ions. Two samples we e
analyzed o de e mine nema ode di e si y and densi y in po a o hizosphe e soils and o e alua e
hei po en ial impac on c op heal h and p oduc i i y.
The i s sample e ealed a o al nema ode popula ion o 3410 pe 200 cc o soil, including ee-
li ing nema odes such as Do ylaimids (770) and Rhabdi ids (990), along wi h plan -pa asi ic
nema odes comp ising Aphelenchus sp. (660), Hoplolaimus sp. (550), and Me linius sp. (440).
Al hough no nema odes we e de ec ed in he ube o oo samples, he soil popula ion densi y
indica ed signi ican in es a ion le els. Simila ly, he second sample (Sample No. 04) eco ded a
o al popula ion o 1820 nema odes pe 200 cc o soil, wi h Do ylaimids (390), Rhabdi ids (520),
and plan -pa asi ic nema odes such as Aphelenchus sp. (910). The p esence o Aphelenchus and
Hoplolaimus species is o pa icula conce n, as hese nema odes a e known o cause oo lesions,
g ow h e a da ion, and yield losses in solanaceous c ops.
Bo h epo s con i med no isible disease symp oms on po a o ube s, ye emphasized ha he soil
was in es ed wi h plan -pa asi ic nema odes. Such subclinical in es a ions o en lead o hidden
yield educ ions, highligh ing he need o p e en i e managemen s a egies. The indings sugges
ha while he ield emains sui able o po a o cul i a ion, in eg a ed nema ode managemen
p ac ices mus be implemen ed o p e en popula ion build-up and u he c op damage.
Recommended managemen p ac ices include soil sola iza ion h ough deep summe ploughing,
and he applica ion o o ganic amendmen s such as e micompos , a mya d manu e (FYM), and
o ganic cakes app oxima ely 15 days be o e sowing o imp o e soil heal h and supp ess nema ode
ac i i y. Fo s anding c ops, he applica ion o Ca bo u an a 1 kg ac i e ing edien pe hec a e (33
kg pe hec a e) was sugges ed o con ol nema ode popula ions e ec i ely.
The nema ode analysis o hese wo ag o-ecological si es in Hajipu indica es mode a e o high
nema ode in es a ions domina ed by Aphelenchus, Hoplolaimus, and Me linius species.
Con inuous moni o ing and in eg a ed nema ode managemen a e c ucial o ensu ing he long-
e m sus ainabili y and p oduc i i y o po a o cul i a ion in he Vaishali dis ic .
MATERIAL AND METHODS
1. DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA
The p esen in es iga ion was ca ied ou in Hajipu , loca ed in he Vaishali dis ic o Biha ,
India. The a ea lies in he middle Gange ic allu ial plain, which is one o he mos e ile and
in ensi ely cul i a ed egions o eas e n India.
Geog aphically, he dis ic is posi ioned be ween la i ude 25.70°–25.80° N and longi ude 85.20°–
85.37° E, cha ac e ized by deep allu ial soil, mode a e o high e ili y, and an ag o-clima e
a o able o mul iple c opping. The opog aphy is la wi h a gen le slope owa ds he Ganga
basin, acili a ing good d ainage and i iga ion po en ial. The mean annual ain all anges be ween
1000–1200 mm, mos ly concen a ed du ing he monsoon mon hs (June–Sep embe ). The a e age
empe a u e luc ua es om 10°C du ing win e o 35–38°C du ing summe .
Ame ican Jou nal o Biology and Na u al Sciences Volume:2 | Numbe :11 (2025) No
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Po a o (Solanum ube osum L.) is widely cul i a ed as a abi c op in his egion, ollowing paddy
o maize as p eceding kha i c ops. Due o con inuous monoc opping and he use o limi ed c op
o a ion, soil-bo ne diseases and nema ode in es a ions ha e inc easingly become a cons ain o
sus ainable po a o p oduc ion. The p esen s udy aimed o de e mine he nema ode auna in po a o
ields ac oss di e en locali ies o Hajipu , Vaishali dis ic , and o p o ide app op ia e
managemen ecommenda ions.
2. SAMPLING SITES AND GEOGRAPHICAL COORDINATES
Two ep esen a i e sampling si es we e selec ed wi hin he Hajipu egion based on c opping
his o y, soil ype, and a me consul a ion:
Sample No. C op Loca ion (Village/Block) La i ude Longi ude
03
Po a o
Hajipu , Vaishali
25.794892° N
85.369227° E
04
Po a o
Hajipu , Vaishali
25.709377° N
85.201683° E
Each sampling si e was unde ac i e po a o cul i a ion a he ime o in es iga ion. Bo h loca ions
we e chosen o ep esen sligh ly di e en mic o- ag o-ecological condi ions wi hin he dis ic .
The ield condi ions included loamy o sandy-loam soils wi h adequa e mois u e e en ion and
mode a e o ganic ma e .
3. DATE AND COLLECTION OF SOIL AND ROOT SAMPLES
Sampling was conduc ed on 24 h Feb ua y 2025, coinciding wi h he mid o la e ube
de elopmen s age o he po a o c op. This pe iod was chosen delibe a ely because nema ode
popula ions a e o en highes du ing ac i e oo g ow h phases. The samples we e ecei ed and
p ocessed on 25 h Feb ua y 2025 a he Nema ology Resea ch Labo a o y, Depa men o
Zoology, Bhim Rao Ambedka Biha Uni e si y, Muza a pu .
1. Sampling Design
A sys ema ic andom sampling me hod was adop ed o ensu e ep esen a i e collec ion om each
ield. Each ield was di ided in o ou quad an s, and subsamples we e aken om he hizosphe e
( oo zone) o andomly selec ed po a o plan s in each quad an . App oxima ely 1 kg o composi e
soil sample (comp ising 8–10 co es) was collec ed om each ield using a s e ilized soil auge .
Dep h o collec ion: 0–15 cm ( oo zone dep h)
Dis ance om plan base: 5–10 cm adius a ound each plan Numbe o co es pe ield: 8–10,
pooled oge he
2. Roo Sampling
Along wi h soil samples, a ew po a o plan s we e ca e ully up oo ed o collec ine oo s and
ube s o nema ode ex ac ion and oo lesion examina ion. The oo s we e gen ly washed unde
unning ap wa e o emo e adhe ing soil and s o ed in sepa a e labeled poly hene bags.
3. Sample Handling and T anspo a ion
The collec ed soil and oo samples we e packed in s e ile poly hene bags, labeled wi h de ailed
ield in o ma ion (sample numbe , da e, c op, loca ion, la i ude, longi ude), and anspo ed o he
labo a o y in an insula ed box o a oid excessi e d ying o hea ing. Samples we e p ocessed
wi hin 24 hou s o collec ion o minimize nema ode mo ali y.
4. LABORATORY ANALYSIS AND NEMATODE EXTRACTION
1. P epa a ion o Samples
In he labo a o y, soil samples we e mixed ho oughly, and a ep esen a i e subsample o 200 cc
soil was aken o nema ode ex ac ion. The oo s and ube s we e sepa a ed, washed, and
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examined o isible nema ode symp oms such as oo kno s, lesions, galling, o discolo a ion.
None o he oo / ube samples om ei he si e exhibi ed ex e nal disease symp oms.
2. Nema ode Ex ac ion Technique
The ex ac ion o nema odes om soil was ca ied ou using he Modi ied Cobb’s Decan ing and
Sie ing me hod, ollowed by he Bae mann unnel echnique o eco e ing mo ile nema odes.
P ocedu e:
1. Sie ing: The 200 cc soil sample was mixed wi h wa e and passed h ough a se ies o sie es
o di e en mesh sizes (60, 200, and 400).
2. Decan a ion: The suspension was decan ed o emo e deb is and hea y pa icles.
3. Fil a ion: The suspension om he inal sie e was ans e ed o Bae mann unnels lined wi h
issue pape and incuba ed o 24–48 hou s.
4. Collec ion: The nema ode suspension collec ed a he bo om o he unnel was concen a ed
by gen le cen i uga ion.
5. Fixa ion: The nema ode suspension was ixed in 4% o malin o p ese a ion.
3. Roo Nema ode Ex ac ion
Fo de ec ion o endopa asi ic nema odes, small po ions o oo s (~5 g) we e cu in o 1 cm pieces
and mace a ed in wa e using a blende echnique (Hussey and Ba ke , 1973). The suspension was
il e ed and subjec ed o Bae mann unnel ex ac ion o 24 hou s.
5. IDENTIFICATION AND QUANTIFICATION
1. Coun ing o Nema odes
The ex ac ed nema odes we e obse ed unde a s e eo-zoom mic oscope, and o al popula ions
we e coun ed using a coun ing dish. Popula ions we e exp essed as he numbe o nema odes pe
200 cc o soil. Bo h ee-li ing and plan -pa asi ic g oups we e eco ded.
2. Iden i ica ion o Genus Le el
Mo phological iden i ica ion was ca ied ou o he genus le el based on s anda d nema ode
axonomic keys (Siddiqi, 2000; Mai & Lyon, 1975). The specimens we e moun ed on empo a y
slides in glyce in o de ailed obse a ion unde a compound mic oscope a 400x magni ica ion.
Key diagnos ic ea u es such as s yle shape, ail mo phology, esophageal s uc u e, and body
con ou we e used o iden i y he nema ode gene a.
Iden i ied nema ode gene a included:
✓ F ee-li ing nema odes: Rhabdi is spp., Do ylaimus spp.
✓ Plan -pa asi ic nema odes: Aphelenchus sp., Hoplolaimus sp., Me linius sp.
3. Reco ding o Nema ode Popula ions
Fo each sample, he o al popula ion and he composi ion o nema ode auna we e eco ded as
ollows:
Sample No. 01:
To al popula ion – 3410 nema odes/200 cc soil
Do ylaimids: 770
Rhabdi ids: 990
Aphelenchus sp.: 660
Hoplolaimus sp.: 550
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Me linius sp.: 440
Sample No. 03:
To al popula ion – 1820 nema odes/200 cc soil
Do ylaimids: 390
Rhabdi ids: 520
Aphelenchus sp.: 910
No nema odes we e de ec ed in he oo o ube po ions o ei he sample, indica ing soil
con inemen o he pa asi ic popula ions.
6. DISEASE DIAGNOSIS
The oo and ube samples we e examined o nema ode-induced pa hological symp oms such as
galling (caused by Meloidogyne spp.), nec o ic lesions (P a ylenchus spp.), o discolo a ion
(Ro ylenchulus spp.). The absence o isible disease symp oms con i med ha , al hough he soil
was in es ed wi h plan -pa asi ic nema odes, no signi ican in ec ion had ye occu ed in plan
issues. Howe e , subclinical in es a ions o nema odes such as Hoplolaimus and Aphelenchus
could s ill esul in la en yield supp ession.
7. Da a Analysis and In e p e a ion
The popula ion da a we e abula ed and compa ed be ween he wo si es o e alua e spa ial
a iabili y in nema ode communi ies. The nema ode densi y and di e si y we e in e p e ed in he
con ex o soil e ili y and managemen his o y. Fields wi h highe popula ions o Aphelenchus
and Hoplolaimus we e ca ego ized as mode a ely in es ed, wa an ing in eg a ed managemen
in e en ions.
No s a is ical analysis (ANOVA o co ela ion) was equi ed a his s age, as he da a ep esen ed
diagnos ic samples a he han eplica ed expe imen al plo s. Howe e , ela i e popula ion a ios
be ween ee-li ing and pa asi ic nema odes we e used as an indica o o soil heal h. A highe
a io o ee-li ing nema odes gene ally e lec s a balanced soil ecosys em, while dominance o
pa asi ic species signals declining soil biological heal h.
8. MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS AND APPLICATION PROTOCOLS
Based on nema ode densi y and composi ion, speci ic managemen s a egies we e sugges ed o
minimize nema ode impac on po a o p oduc ion.
Recommenda ions we e di ided in o p e-sowing and in-c op measu es:
1. P e-Sowing/P e-Plan ing Managemen
1. Soil Sola iza ion:
Deep summe ploughing (May–June) was ecommended o expose soil o high sola adia ion,
which helps in killing nema ode eggs and ju eniles. The ield should be le allow o 2–3 weeks
and pe iodically ha owed o enhance sola pene a ion.
2. O ganic Amendmen s:
Applica ion o e micompos , a mya d manu e (FYM), o neem cake a 10–15 ons/ha
app oxima ely 15 days be o e sowing imp o es soil o ganic ma e and p omo es nema ode-
supp essi e mic o lo a. Decomposing o ganic ma e eleases oxic ola ile a y acids (e.g., ace ic
and bu y ic acids) ha educe nema ode su i al.
3. C op Ro a ion:
Ro a ion wi h non-hos c ops such as maize, mus a d, o legumes o a leas one season was
sugges ed o educe nema ode buildup.
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4. Seed Tube T ea men :
Seed ube s should be ea ed wi h ungicides and bio-nema icides like Paecilomyces lilacinus o
T ichode ma ha zianum be o e plan ing o p o ide ea ly p o ec ion.
2. In S anding C op
1. Chemical Con ol:
Applica ion o Ca bo u an (3G) a 1 kg a.i./ha (app oxima ely 33 kg o comme cial o mula ion
pe hec a e) was ecommended as a soil applica ion a ound he oo zone, ollowed by ligh
i iga ion. Ca bo u an ac s as a sys emic nema icide, supp essing ju enile and adul s ages o
pa asi ic nema odes.
2. I iga ion Managemen :
A oid o e -i iga ion, which a ou s nema ode p oli e a ion, and adop al e na e we ing and
d ying cycles o main ain op imal soil ae a ion.
3. Bio-Con ol Agen s:
Pe iodic applica ion o bio-nema icides con aining Pas eu ia pene ans o
Pu pu eocillium lilacinum may enhance biological supp ession o nema odes.
9. QUALITY CONTROL AND VALIDATION
All labo a o y analyses we e ca ied ou unde asep ic condi ions using s e ilized glasswa e and
equipmen o p e en c oss-con amina ion. Each nema ode ex ac ion was pe o med in duplica e
o ensu e epea abili y o esul s. Coun ing accu acy was e i ied by e-examining 10% o samples
unde di e en mic oscopes. Iden i ica ion was c oss-checked wi h e e ence slides main ained in
he depa men al nema ode collec ion.
10. DOCUMENTATION AND RECORD MAINTENANCE
Each sample was documen ed wi h de ailed me ada a including sample numbe , c op, loca ion,
la i ude, longi ude, da e o collec ion, and condi ion o he ield. Pho og aphs o sampling si es and
nema ode mic oscopic images we e a chi ed o e e ence. All esul s we e summa ized in abula
o m in he inal epo wi h managemen ecommenda ions. The signed epo s we e da ed
09.04.2025, con i ming o icial alida ion.
11. LIMITATIONS AND SCOPE FOR FURTHER STUDY
Al hough he s udy success ully iden i ied and quan i ied nema ode popula ions om wo po a o-
g owing si es, i was limi ed o genus-le el iden i ica ion. Fu u e s udies should in ol e molecula
cha ac e iza ion (using ITS o 18S RNA sequencing) o p ecise species iden i ica ion and
popula ion dynamics s udies ac oss c op seasons. Addi ionally, he co ela ion o nema ode
densi y wi h soil physico-chemical p ope ies, c op yield, and managemen his o y would help
es ablish a mo e comp ehensi e nema ode isk assessmen model o Vaishali dis ic .
12. ETHICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS
All sampling and chemical applica ions we e pe o med ollowing s anda d en i onmen al sa e y
guidelines. Use o Ca bo u an, al hough ecommended, was limi ed o pe missible doses and
handled using p o ec i e gea . O ganic and biological con ol me hods we e emphasized o
p omo e eco- iendly nema ode managemen and soil biodi e si y conse a ion.
13. SUMMARY OF THE METHODOLOGY
In summa y, he me hodology adop ed o his s udy comp ised sys ema ic ield sampling,
labo a o y ex ac ion, mic oscopic iden i ica ion, and in eg a ed managemen planning. Two
po a o-g owing si es in Hajipu , Vaishali dis ic , we e in es iga ed o nema ode in es a ion.
S anda d nema ological echniques we e employed o de e mine he densi y and di e si y o bo h
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ee-li ing and plan -pa asi ic nema odes. The soil a bo h si es was ound o be in es ed p ima ily
wi h Aphelenchus, Hoplolaimus, and Me linius species, while no nema odes we e de ec ed in he
plan issues. Based on hese obse a ions, he ields we e decla ed sui able o con inued
cul i a ion unde app op ia e managemen p ac ices.
The in eg a ed app oach o combining ield diagnos ics, labo a o y nema ode ex ac ion, and
p ac ical managemen ecommenda ions ensu es ha a me s and esea che s can use he indings
o sus ain po a o p oduc i i y and soil heal h in he nema ode-p one egions o Biha .
CONCLUSION
The p esen nema ological in es iga ion on po a o (Solanum ube osum L.) soils o Hajipu ,
Vaishali Dis ic , Biha , was unde aken o assess he popula ion s a us, di e si y, and po en ial
impac o soil-bo ne nema odes on c op heal h and p oduc i i y. Two ep esen a i e ield
samples—designa ed as Sample No. 03 and Sample No. 04—we e collec ed and analyzed om
dis inc locali ies wi hin he Hajipu egion. The indings p o ide aluable insigh in o he
nema ode auna associa ed wi h po a o cul i a ion in his ag icul u ally signi ican dis ic and
highligh he impo ance o adop ing in eg a ed nema ode managemen s a egies o sus ainable
c op p oduc ion.
Bo h ield samples e ealed he p esence o di e se nema ode popula ions, including ee-li ing
and plan -pa asi ic o ms. The o al nema ode popula ion eco ded in he i s ield (Sample No.
03) was 3410 indi iduals pe 200 cc o soil, while he second ield (Sample No. 04) exhibi ed a
compa a i ely lowe popula ion o 1820 indi iduals pe 200 cc o soil. Wi hin hese communi ies,
ee-li ing nema odes belonging o he g oups Rhabdi is spp. and Do ylaimus spp. we e p esen in
conside able numbe s, e lec ing ac i e soil mic obial p ocesses and o ganic ma e
decomposi ion. Howe e , he dominance o plan -pa asi ic nema odes, pa icula ly Aphelenchus,
Hoplolaimus, and Me linius species, is o subs an ial ag onomic conce n, as hese gene a a e
known o damage po a o oo sys ems and educe o e all yield po en ial.
Al hough no nema odes we e de ec ed in he oo o ube samples, he p esence o signi ican
pa asi ic popula ions in he soil indica es a la en h ea capable o p oducing ch onic yield losses
in successi e c opping seasons. Such asymp oma ic in es a ions a e pa icula ly p oblema ic
because a me s may o e look hem un il he nema ode popula ion su passes economic h eshold
le els. The e o e, he indings unde sco e he need o p e en i e and in eg a ed soil managemen
measu es a he han eac i e ea men s.
The esul s clea ly demons a e ha bo h su eyed ields a e in es ed wi h plan -pa asi ic
nema odes bu emain sui able o po a o cul i a ion p o ided ha p ope nema ode managemen
p ac ices a e ollowed. The s udy ecommended a combina ion o soil sola iza ion, o ganic
amendmen s, and judicious chemical applica ion as he co e componen s o an in eg a ed
nema ode managemen plan. Deep summe ploughing exposes nema ode p opagules o high soil
empe a u es and desicca ion, signi ican ly educing hei iabili y. The applica ion o o ganic
amendmen s such as e micompos , a mya d manu e (FYM), and oil cakes no only imp o es
soil e ili y bu also enhances he ac i i y o an agonis ic mic oo ganisms ha na u ally supp ess
nema ode popula ions. Fo immedia e con ol in s anding c ops, Ca bo u an (3G) a 1 kg a.i. pe
hec a e (≈33 kg pe hec a e) was ecommended as a soil- applied nema icide, ollowed by ligh
i iga ion. This balanced in eg a ion o cul u al, o ganic, and chemical me hods ensu es
sus ainable nema ode supp ession while main aining en i onmen al sa e y.
The compa ison o he wo sampling si es e ealed no able spa ial a iabili y in nema ode densi y
and composi ion. The highe nema ode coun a he i s si e may be a ibu ed o con inuous
po a o o solanaceous c opping and limi ed o ganic ma e inco po a ion, while he ela i ely
lowe coun a he second si e sugges s be e soil heal h o mo e di e si ied c opping p ac ices.
Such mic o-le el a ia ions emphasize he need o si e-speci ic nema ode managemen and
pe iodic soil heal h assessmen ac oss po a o-g owing zones o Vaishali Dis ic . Fu he mo e, he
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coexis ence o bo h ee-li ing and pa asi ic nema odes p o ides a use ul bio-indica o o soil
ecological balance. A mode a e a io be ween he wo g oups e lec s a ansi ional soil condi ion,
sugges ing ha wi h app op ia e o ganic amendmen s and c op o a ion, nema ode popula ions can
be na u ally egula ed.
In a b oade pe spec i e, his s udy p o ides a baseline da abase o nema ode occu ence in he
po a o ecosys ems o Vaishali Dis ic . Con inuous moni o ing o nema ode popula ion dynamics
o e mul iple seasons will help es ablish economic h eshold le els (ETLs) o locally p e alen
nema ode gene a.
Mo eo e , u u e esea ch employing molecula diagnos ic ools could con i m species-le el
iden i ica ion and elucida e popula ion s uc u e, aiding in he o mula ion o a ge ed managemen
p og ams. In eg a ion o biological con ol agen s such as Paecilomyces lilacinus, T ichode ma
ha zianum, and Pas eu ia pene ans should also be explo ed as eco- iendly al e na i es o
chemical nema icides.
F om a p ac ical iewpoin , he s udy highligh s he c i ical need o a me awa eness and
aining in nema ode managemen . Many g owe s emain unawa e o nema ode-induced yield
losses because he symp oms a e no always isible abo e g ound. Rou ine soil es ing, adop ion
o c op o a ion, main enance o o ganic soil heal h, and he cau ious use o chemical nema icides
can collec i ely sa egua d he p oduc i i y o po a o ields.
Go e nmen ex ension p og ams and ag icul u al uni e si ies should play a key ole in
dissemina ing hese indings o a ming communi ies.
In conclusion, he cu en in es iga ion con i ms ha he po a o-g owing soils o Hajipu , Vaishali
Dis ic a e mode a ely in es ed wi h plan -pa asi ic nema odes, chie ly Aphelenchus,
Hoplolaimus, and Me linius species. While no di ec disease symp oms we e obse ed on ube s,
he nema ode popula ion le els in he soil wa an p oac i e managemen . The in eg a ion o
cul u al, o ganic, biological, and chemical con ol measu es o e s he mos e ec i e and
sus ainable app oach o minimizing nema ode damage. By main aining soil heal h and ecological
balance h ough hese in eg a ed p ac ices, a me s can con inue o cul i a e po a oes p o i ably
while conse ing he long- e m p oduc i i y o hei land. The indings hus se e as an essen ial
ounda ion o de eloping egional nema ode managemen s a egies and con ibu e signi ican ly
o he b oade unde s anding o soil-bo ne nema ode ecology in he po a o-g owing egions o
Biha .
Re e ences:
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T opical Ag icul u e (2nd ed.). CABI.
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(1993). Feeding habi s in soil nema ode amilies and gene a—an ou line o soil ecologis s.
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4. Fe is, H., Bonge s, T., & De Goede, R. G. M. (2001). A amewo k o soil ood web
diagnos ics: Ex ension o he nema ode aunal analysis concep . Applied Soil Ecology, 18(1),
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5. Lal, L., & Sha ma, Y. R. (1990). Nema ode p oblems o ube c ops and hei managemen .
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6. Khan, M. R., & Jai ajpu i, M. S. (1994). Di e si y and p eda o y beha io o mononchid
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