Materiality of Memorialization: Mapping Migrant Women's Landmarks in Europe

RESEARCH ARTICLE
 Ma e iali y o Memo ializa ion: Mapping Mig an
Women's Landma ks in Eu ope
[ e sion 3; pee e iew: 2 app o ed, 2 app o ed wi h ese a ions]
Bénédic e Miyamo o 1, Maija Ojala-Fulwood2, Ve onika Čapská 3,
Fiona E a Bakas 4, Igo Lyman5, Ma ía Amo Ba os-del Río 6,
Ma ia Bos ena u Dan 7, Alba Comino 8, Pi i a F ig en9, Vic o ia Kons an ino a5,
Heidi Ma ins10, Lí ia P osinge 11, Pauliina Räsänen 12,
Biljana Ris o ska-Josi o ska 13, Ma ie Ruiz 14
1Uni e si é So bonne Nou elle, Pa is, F ance
2Tampe e Uni e si y, Tampe e, Finland
3Ins i u e o Philosophy, Czech Academy o Sciences, P ague, Czech Republic
4Uni e sidade Lusó ona, Lisbon, Po ugal
5Be dyansk S a e Pedagogical Uni e si y, Zapo izhzhia, Uk aine
6Uni e si y o Bu gos, Bu gos, Spain
7Ion Mincu Uni e si y o A chi ec u e and U ban Planning, Bucha es , Romania
8Uni e sidade No a de Lisboa, Lisbon, Po ugal
9Uni e si y o Tu ku, Po i, Finland
10Cen e de Documen a ion su les Mig a ions Humaines, Dudelange, Luxembou g
11Ins i u e o Poli ical His o y, Budapes , Hunga y
12Uni e si y o Tu ku, Tu ku, Finland
13Ins i u e o Na ional His o y, Skopje, No h Macedonia
14Uni e si é de Pica die Jules Ve ne, Amiens, F ance
Fi s published: 25 Oc 2024, 4:234
h ps://doi.o g/10.12688/open eseu ope.18433.1
Second e sion: 07 Ma 2025, 4:234
h ps://doi.o g/10.12688/open eseu ope.18433.2
La es published: 11 No 2025, 4:234
h ps://doi.o g/10.12688/open eseu ope.18433.3
3
Abs ac
This a icle in es iga es he memo ializa ion o mig an women ac oss
anscul u al landscapes, and analyses esul s om he Regis e o
Mig an Women Landma ks in Eu ope (he eina e RMWLE), cen al o
he Eu opean Coope a ion in Science and Technology (COST) ac ion
p ojec “Women on he Mo e” (CA19112 – WEMo ). I se es as
e e ence o subsequen esea ch based on da a om his Regis e ,
o which da a collec ion is con inuing. The RMWLE egis e s
landma ks, such as monumen s, plaques, s ee s and o he oponymic
in as uc u es named a e women wi h a signi ican his o y o
mig a ion. I honou s aspec s a ely p io i ized in memo ializa ion
agendas, which a e skewed owa ds men’s s o ies, and owa ds he
Open Pee Re iew
App o al S a us
1234
e sion 3
( e ision)
11 No 2025
e sion 2
( e ision)
07 Ma 2025
iew iew
e sion 1
25 Oc 2024 iew iew iew iew
E a Johanna Holmbe g , Uni e si y o
Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
1.
Open Resea ch Eu ope

Page 1 o 33
Open Resea ch Eu ope 2025, 4:234 Las upda ed: 11 NOV 2025
mo e linea biog aphies o seden a y igu es whose Eu opean,
na ional, and egional memo ializa ion ha e emained uncomplica ed
by mig a ion. This Deep Da a s udy e eals ecu ing pa e ns a he
le el o Eu ope in he memo ializa ion o hese women mig an s. The
di e si y o s o ies, he ichness and he p ominence o landma ks
de o ed o men compa ed o women is a subjec well-co e ed in
memo ializa ion s udies. This unbalance is compounded by he da a
om ou egis e which shows landma ks on women mig an s ha
a e some ime okenized, o en ma ginalized, and which ep oduce he
bias owa ds nu u e and ca e ha ha e besieged he memo ializa ion
o women in gene al. I u he shows ha he memo ializa ion
p ocess and he poli ical and cul u al mechanisms o o icial
commemo a ion o en wo k agains he ecogni ion o c oss-bo de
ca ee s and s o ies. The in e sec ionali y o he p ojec , highligh ing
bo h gende and mig a ion, unco e s a poli ical landscape o
landma ks – and we e lec on how his egis e can help comba
cul u al p ejudice by eco e ing mig a ion episodes. The RMWLE helps
us e lec on he de ining impac o mig a ion episodes, a eali y a ely
unde lined in he biog aphies o amous women. This a icle is based
on a quan i a i e con en analysis, ocused on iden i ying measu able
ea u es and equencies wi hin he RMLWE da ase , and combines i
wi h a s o y elling app oach a he in e p e a ion s age, o coun e
dominan cul u al na a i es and knowledge p ac ices.
Plain language summa y
This a icle is in e es ed in how amous women who ha e mig a ed
a e emembe ed ac oss Eu opean coun ies in ways ha makes hei
name public and isible, be i h ough s ee names, plaques, s a ues
o monumen s o example. This a icle explains he me hods, esul s
and di icul ies ha wen in o c ea ing he Regis e o Mig an Women
Landma ks in Eu ope (he eina e RMWLE), cen al o he Eu opean
Coope a ion in Science and Technology (COST) ac ion p ojec “Women
on he Mo e” (CA19112 – WEMo ). Women ha e long achie ed public
ame and ha e buil impo an ca ee s e en while mig a ing, and
o en hanks o hei mig a ion. This a icle in es iga es how and
whe e hese igu es a e honou ed and gi en p ide o place in
Eu opean na ions, and e lec s on hei ma ginal o okenized
p esence in Eu opean ci ies. We compa e hese women mig an
landma ks o monumen s buil o hei male coun e pa s, we ace
how mig an women a e o en bypassed in a ou o na ional igu es
ha ha e no mig a ed, and we ad oca e o a mo e di e se
ep esen a ion o meaning ul emale igu es o celeb a e in Eu opean
ci ies.
Keywo ds
gende inequali y, mig a ion, oponomy, cul u al memo y, memo y
poli ics, c i ical place-naming,
Minki Sung , Newcas le Uni e si y School
o A chi ec u e Planning and Landscape
(Ringgold ID: 151479), Newcas le upon Tyne,
UK
2.
Mihai S. Rusu , Lucian Blaga Uni e si y o
Sibiu, Sibiu, Romania
3.
And ea Kocsis , Uni e si y o Edinbu gh,
Edinbu gh, UK
4.
Any epo s and esponses o commen s on he
a icle can be ound a he end o he a icle.
Open Resea ch Eu ope

Page 2 o 33
Open Resea ch Eu ope 2025, 4:234 Las upda ed: 11 NOV 2025
Co esponding au ho : Bénédic e Miyamo o ([email p o ec ed])
Au ho oles: Miyamo o B: In es iga ion, Me hodology, Supe ision; Ojala-Fulwood M: In es iga ion, Supe ision; Čapská V:
In es iga ion, Supe ision; Bakas FE: In es iga ion, Supe ision; Lyman I: In es iga ion, Supe ision; Ba os-del Río MA: In es iga ion;
Bos ena u Dan M: In es iga ion; Comino A: In es iga ion; F ig en P: In es iga ion; Kons an ino a V: In es iga ion; Ma ins H:
In es iga ion; P osinge L: Da a Cu a ion, Valida ion; Räsänen P: In es iga ion; Ris o ska-Josi o ska B: In es iga ion; Ruiz M:
In es iga ion, P ojec Adminis a ion
Compe ing in e es s: No compe ing in e es s we e disclosed.
G an in o ma ion: This p ojec has ecei ed unding  om he Eu opean Union’s F amewo k P og amme o Resea ch & Inno a ion as
pa o he COST Ac ion [CA19112 Women on he Mo e], as suppo ed by he COST Associa ion (Eu opean Coope a ion in Science and
Technology).
The unde s had no ole in s udy design, da a collec ion and analysis, decision o publish, o p epa a ion o he manusc ip .
Copy igh : © 2025 Miyamo o B e al. This is an open access a icle dis ibu ed unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion
License, which pe mi s un es ic ed use, dis ibu ion, and ep oduc ion in any medium, p o ided he o iginal wo k is p ope ly ci ed.
How o ci e his a icle: Miyamo o B, Ojala-Fulwood M, Čapská V e al. Ma e iali y o Memo ializa ion: Mapping Mig an Women's
Landma ks in Eu ope [ e sion 3; pee e iew: 2 app o ed, 2 app o ed wi h ese a ions] Open Resea ch Eu ope 2025, 4:234
h ps://doi.o g/10.12688/open eseu ope.18433.3
Fi s published: 25 Oc 2024, 4:234 h ps://doi.o g/10.12688/open eseu ope.18433.1
This a icle is included in he COST Ac ions
ga eway.
This a icle is included in he Women on he
Mo e collec ion.
Open Resea ch Eu ope

Page 3 o 33
Open Resea ch Eu ope 2025, 4:234 Las upda ed: 11 NOV 2025
In oduc ion
The Regis e o Mig an Women Landma ks in Eu ope (he ein-
a e RMWLE), cen al o he Eu opean Coope a ion in Science
and Technology (COST) ac ion p ojec “Women on he Mo e”
(CA19112 – WEMo ) 2020–2024, wen beyond he conside a-
ion o s a ues in he u ban landscape. Regis e ed along wi h a
a ie y o monumen s we e no only odonyms, (s ee names)
bu a as a ay o u ban oponyms ( om pa ks o b idges,
including such a ied u ban in as uc u e as nu se ies and
hospi als). The p ojec is ongoing, bu a da ase collec ed om
Sep embe 2020 o July 2023 is accessible (Bakas e al.,
2023)1. I is accompanied by a Da a No e (Ojala-Fulwood e al.,
2024)2. This egis e o monumen s and oponyms bea ing he
names o women wi h a signi ican his o y o mig a ion hon-
ou s aspec s a ely p io i ized in memo ializa ion agendas. We
unde line how mig an women’s achie emen s a e o e shad-
owed in Eu opean, na ional, and egional cul u al commemo a-
ion compa ed o men’s achie emen s and compa ed o igu es
whose biog aphies ha e a mo e linea na a i e, uncomplica ed
by mig a ion. The di e si y o s o ies, he abundance and he
p ominence o landma ks de o ed o men compa ed o women
is a subjec well-co e ed in memo ializa ion s udies. The
Eu opean a chi ec u al landscape unde s udy is pa icula ly
and ocen ic (No as Fe adás, 2018) and he Eu opean Da a
Jou nalism Ne wo k inds ha jus 6 ou o he 100 mos popu-
la igu es in he s ee names o 15 Eu opean capi als a e women
(h ps://mappingdi e si y.eu/). This unbalance is compounded
by he da a om ou egis e which shows landma ks on women
mig an s ha a e some ime okenized, o en ma ginalized, and
which ep oduce a gende ed bias owa ds nu u e and ca e ha
ha e besieged he memo ializa ion o women in gene al. I
u he shows ha cul u al memo y elies on a de ini ion o
collec i e iden i y ha is o en subsumed in na ional iden i ies,
wi h monumen s and oponyms o ging a i ialized, habi ual
pa io ism (Ru kowski, 2023). The e o e, he memo ializa ion
p ocess and he poli ical and cul u al mechanisms o o icial
memo ializa ion ha e o en wo ked agains he ecogni ion o
c oss-bo de ca ee s and s o ies. Less suppo ed by ins i u ions
who end o cu a e local, egional o na ional igu es, and o en
pu aside in he ocused esea ch o expe s and his o ians
who s ill end o be specialis o an a ea as well as a pe iod,
hese c oss-bo de commemo a ions emain a e. The da ase
del es in o he legacy o mig an women, a legacy ha is
sha ed in wo o mo e coun ies and a e o en poli ically and
cul u ally con es ed. The esul ing a icle bene i s om he
ise o anscul u al s udies in ending o in e oga e memo y
be ween and beyond bo de s and pa icipa es in he c i ical u n
in place-naming s udies (Bond & Rapson, 2014; Rose-Redwood
e al., 2010).
Reco e ing he oponomy o women mig an in he Eu opean
landscape has unco e ed many ques ions. Fi s ly, wha ’s
in a name? The “poli ics o place” has been an ac i e - and
ac i is – esea ch opic in he las decades (C esswell, 2004). I
has enewed ou app ecia ion o how much public landma ks,
which a e o en aken o g an ed o ading away in he
ab ic o ou e e yday commu e h ough he ci y, a e in ac
nego ia ed and con es ed (Be g & Vuol eenaho, 2016). The
cul u al deba e has emphasized ha memo ializa ion o
public igu es has an impac ha is mo e han jus cosme ic
o symbolic, and ha i in luences he cul u al deba e, shaping
he iden i y o he i age a a local and na ional le el, in ways
ha ha e ended o ep oduce a dominan na a i e o
sys emic injus ice (Cle al e al., 2015).
Secondly, he egis e in e oga es why and which land-
ma ks ma e . This a icle explo es he isibili y o women
h ough oponomy, and hei mino i iza ion. We discuss he
cul u al poli ics and he poli ics o memo y behind he s o ies
commemo a ed in he u ban landscape, keeping in mind ha
“how people cons uc he pas h ough a p ocess o app op ia ion
and con es a ion” also in e oga es he e y ac o memo i-
aliza ion ha his egis e is buil on (Con ino, 1997, 1403).
By making space in his a icle o hese mig an women’s
li e s o ies, we a e inspi ed by he ecen push o shape his-
o y h ough enewed na a i es (And ews, 2007; Mau an onio,
2014) and h ough a na a i e amewo k o esis ance (Smi h,
2017). Ul ima ely, we hope o os e e lexi i y om he
audience when con on ed wi h in e ac ing and in e locking
s o ies o emale wo king and mig a ing li e expe iences
(Ghe a di & Poggio, 2009).
Thi dly, he egis e discloses a class bias in memo ializa ion
wi h an o e whelming commemo a ion o women om he
uppe -classes, oge he wi h a pe sis en gende -coding, espe-
cially in ela ion o p o essions and he pe cep ion o adi ional
eminine oles in he ields o ca e and educa ion. Looking a
he gende balance o s ee names and s a ues helps pu he
na ional o ci y na a i es o igh and eschew o me pa ia chal
o exclusi e na a i es. Naming a s ee o commissioning
1 The da ase is accessible on NAKALA a h ps://doi.o g/10.34847/nkl.28c 9j6q
(Bakas e al., 2023).
2 The Da a No e is accessible on Open Resea ch Eu ope a h ps://open- esea ch-
eu ope.ec.eu opa.eu/a icles/4-109 ((Ojala-Fulwood e al., 2024).
Amendmen s  om Ve sion 2
This new e sion co ec s he abs ac sec ion o make he
me hodological choices clea e , s a ing we a e combining
quan i a i e me hods wi h a s o y elling app oach a he
in e p e a ion s age. In he me hod and da a collec ion sec ion,
we di e encia e be ween su eys ha include o exclude
allego ical landma ks. In he Resul s sec ion, we also gi e a b ie
ske ch o which ju isdic ion o le el o go e nance he decisions
o name landma ks gene ally depend on; we also nuance ou
inding ha memo ializing mig an women in Eu ope emains
skewed owa ds he eli e - by s essing ha i ESCO ca ego ies
quan i a i ely show a highe le el o landma ks memo ializing
eli e women, a sizeable numbe o hem we e ac i is s, igh ing
o gi e powe o mino i ized o he down odden, ed awing he
hie a chy o he eli e’s “powe o e ” he o he ESCO ca ego ies.
Any  u he   esponses  om  he  e iewe s can be  ound a
he end o   he a icle
REVISED
Page 4 o 33
Open Resea ch Eu ope 2025, 4:234 Las upda ed: 11 NOV 2025
a s a ue is a poli ical ac , insc ibing an au ho ized e sion
o his o y in o o dina y se ings o e e yday li e (Aza yahu,
1996; Calo ă, 2010). Tha au ho ized e sion is e iden ly
no consensual. The public space is he space o memo y
poli ics, he space o decision making and nego ia ion. As
he a his o ian Milena Ba lo á a gues, “ isual, o a he
ma e ial images can be – and e y o en a e – a isible and
angible embodimen o powe ela ions and ha he e ec ion
o emo al o a public sculp u e is as poli ical an ac as he e
can be” (Ba lo á, 2021, 134). In his sense, he RMWLE
s ands as a poli ical ac in i s ga he ing o women mig an
landma ks and i s highligh ing o hei he i age.
The selec ed landma ks and mig an ajec o ies in he RMWLE
ea u e c oss-communi y o c oss-cul u al mig a ion. They
show bo h ypical and excep ional o ms o mobili y and
p esen women o di e en age, p o ession, social s a us and
mig a ion s a us. This in e sec ionali y o he p ojec and he
da ase highligh s no only he ichness o hese landma ks
and hei alue o schola ship bu also he wide spec um o
mig an women and hei con ibu ion o socie y.
Me hod and da a collec ion
The me hodology used co esponds o “Quan i a i e Con en
Analysis” and ocuses on iden i ying pa e ns, hemes, and
ca ego ies wi hin he Regis e o Mig an Women Landma ks
in Eu ope da ase 1. This app oach enables an analysis o how
mig an women a e ep esen ed and memo ialized in a ious
Eu opean u ban se ings, and is “an unob usi e echnique ha
allows esea che s o analyse ela i ely uns uc u ed da a in iew
o he meanings, symbolic quali ies, exp essi e con en s hey
ha e and o he communica i e oles hey play in he li es o
he da a’s sou ces” (K ippendo , 2019, 51). This me hod is
app op ia e o he s udy o how memo ializa ion is ma e ialized
in he u ban landscape, since quan i a i e con en analysis when
examining isual ma e ials “helps us o examine impo an
ques ions o ideological in luence and he ways in which
pa icula e sions o eali y a e cons uc ed and ashioned o e
ime and ac oss a a ie y o media (…) in o de o bo h de ise
meaning ul ca ego ies in he esea ch design and o enable
in e p e a ion o why such esul ing equencies o omissions
a e cul u ally o poli ically signi ican ” (Pa y, 2020). The da a
collec ion, which ook place in di e en Eu opean egions and
languages, elied on he linguis ic expe ise o he COST
WEMo ne wo k membe s, and hei in-pe son knowledge
o local opog aphies. Meanwhile, h ough his egis e o
memo ialized mig an women in di e en Eu opean con ex s,
we hope o enable Case S udies om esea che s using ou
da ase , h ough in-dep h examina ion o speci ic scena ios, such
as he ea men o mig an women in a pa icula Eu opean
coun y o p o essional sec o , o highligh locally speci ic o
his o ically speci ic cases o memo ializa ion o mig an women
which esis he homogenei y o a Eu ope-wide da ase , o
example in se ings o decommuniza ion and ideological s ug-
gles wi h na ionalism, o in ci ies ma ked by nine een h-cen u y
bou geois high a alues ensh ined by logics o p ese a ion.
These would “explain he p esumed causal link in eal-li e
in e en ions ha a e oo complex o he su ey s a egy”
(Yin, 2003, 15).
In Humani ies and Social Sciences esea ch, ho ough docu-
men a ion is essen ial o ensu e bo h he ep oducibili y
o he esea ch and he usabili y o he esul ing esou ces
(Middle, 2023). The collec ion o da a is an ongoing
p ocess which s a ed in Sep embe 2020 and he da ase o
which his a icle e e s p esen s he da a collec ion as o July
2023. The a ailable empi ical ma e ial o mig an women
landma ks “in si u” is subjec o change as he memo ial
landscape e ol es, and ou esea ch has been delibe a ely
concei ed as open-ended and open access. The WEMo p ojec
da ase adhe es o he FAIR p inciples, making i easy o ind
and accessible ia his NAKALA eposi o y. The da a a e in e -
ope able and eusable in o he esea ch hanks o i s CC-BY-4.0
license. Addi ionally, we ha e made e o s o align he da a-
se wi h he Checklis o Publish Collec ions as Da a in
GLAM ins i u ions (Candela e al., 2023). Consequen ly, he
p oposed me hodology, in combina ion wi h he da ase ,
ensu es he ep oducibili y o he esul s.
The da ase alls unde he concep o Deep Da a as opposed o
Big Da a, as we wo k wi h s uc u ed da a digi ally cu a ed
h ough a complex e iew sys em. The e m Deep Da a e e s
o a da ase ha is no e y big, bu seman ically ich, and
p o ides con ex ually weal hy in o ma ion in ended o p o ide
a ewa ding use expe ience (Š ula & Belak, 2022). The main
aim o he RMWLE is o p o ide he a iables o each occu -
ence o mig an women’s landma ks in Eu ope, in columns
comp ising landma k ca ego ies, geo-coo dina es, add ess,
coun y, sho desc ip ion, he iden i ied woman’s occupa ion
as well as i s ESCO classi ica ion, and he s anda dized name
and biog aphical da es.
The p ocessing and c ea ing o his ype o da a is ime-
consuming because he anno a ion is hea ily dependen on
human analysis. The collec ion o da a was based on olun a y
wo k o 52 schola s and s uden s, lis ed as ha ing con ibu ed
o he collec ion o da a o he RMWLE in he Da a No e
(Ojala-Fulwood e al., 2024). These esea che s coming om
41 di e en coun ies buil a da ase co e ing 41 coun ies
(Albania, Aus ia, Belgium, Bosnia and He zego ina,
Bulga ia, C oa ia, Cyp us, Czech Republic, Denma k, Es onia,
Finland, F ance, Geo gia, Ge many, G eece, Hunga y, Iceland,
I eland, Is ael, I aly, La ia, Li huania, Luxembou g, Mal a,
Moldo a, Mon eneg o, Ne he lands, No h Macedonia, No way,
Poland, Po ugal, Romania, Se bia, Slo akia, Slo enia,
Spain, Sweden, Swi ze land, Tu key, Uk aine, Uni ed-Kingdom).
We eschewed his o ical bounda ies in ou collec ion, which
cu en ly spans om he 9 h cen u y o he p esen , o build
a pic u e o wha , as o now, is p esen in he Eu opean
a chi ec u al memo ial landscape ( a he han a pic u e o
landma ks e ec ed o named since a speci ic da e; o landma ks
e e ing o women ac i e du ing a speci ic pe iod). The main
goal o he a icle was o be able o gi e cu en quan i a i e
da a o highligh he dea h o igu es in he memo ial
landscape ha in e sec bo h mig a ion his o y and he iden i y
o women. We did no allow o landma ks ha ha e
disappea ed o been eplaced, and i such landma ks om
olde da abases o his o ical documen s appea ed a he collec ion
s age, he need o cu en ly alid geo-coo dina es o be
Page 5 o 33
Open Resea ch Eu ope 2025, 4:234 Las upda ed: 11 NOV 2025

egis e ed in ou da ase enabled us o weed ou e ased o
displaced landma ks.
As we con inued he collec ion and e ined he design o he
da ase , we we e aced wi h he ollowing challenges: who is
coun ed as a mig an woman and hus should be included in
he RMWLE? Wha ajec o ies coun as mig a o y? How a ,
how long, and how equen did mobili y ha e o be o coun
as ansna ional c oss-bo de s mig a ion? We acknowledged
di e en deg ees o in ensi y and equency in he mig a ion
and e-mig a ion episodes o hese women, choosing o look o
signi ican socie al oles and unc ions in ol ing bo h hei
home and hos socie ies, acco ding o cu en de ini ions
o a ansna ional social ield (Boccagni, 2012; Le i &
Glick Schille , 2004). Indeed, a s ic na ional bo de c i e-
ion canno be used consis en ly, and cu en de ini ions o he
ansna ional d aw on he concep o c oss-communi y mig a ion
(Manning, 2006). Gi en he long his o ical pe iod co e ed
and he uphea als o which bo de s ha e been subjec ed, ou
p ojec accoun s o a ious o ms o geog aphical mobili ies
which ep esen , in ou ac o -cen ed unde s anding o mig an
biog aphies, signi ican changes o cul u al and poli ical spaces.
All landma ks in he RMWLE he e o e e e o a signi ican
episode o mig a ion in one o mo e women’s his o y, unde s ood
as c oss-communi y o c oss-cul u al mig a ion exceeding
one yea . They show bo h ypical and excep ional o ms o
mobili y and p esen women o di e en age, p o ession,
and social and mig a o y s a us. The gende o he women
memo ialized in s a ues, monumen s, o plaques ac oss Eu ope,
and commemo a ed wi h schools, museums o hospi als named
a e hem is o en cen al o he ac s o memo ializa ion. Tha
hei biog aphies equen ly unco e a ied and di e se s o ies
o mig a ions is less well known, a ely commen ed upon when
such monumen s a e e ec ed and emains e y much in he
backg ound o eminis ac i ism o inc ease he numbe , quali y
and in en i eness o emale landma ks ac oss Eu ope. Reclaim-
ing he mig a o y episodes o hese women’s ca ee s and
ajec o ies is cen al o he RMWLE’s goals, as i unde lines
ha “ he analy ical p ecision necessi a es he e m mig an
o be used mo e sys ema ically, p ecisely because we mus
pu o es he idea ha de ini ions a e only ope a i e i hey
gauge how olun a y o sel -willed he ac o mig a ion is,
has been o will con inue o be” (Miyamo o & Ruiz, 2021, 11).
We hope ha his RMWLE and i s labou o biog aphical and
mnemonic ca e will ed ess his unbalance and uel esea ch
on he in e sec ion o gende and mig a ion.
Ano he challenge ega ding wha landma ks should be ha es ed
was he ques ion o wha o who he landma k ep esen ed.
We choose o ha es da a on mig an woman memo ialized
as embodied and no jus allego ical. P e ious s udies abou
women ep esen ed in public a ha e ha es ed such allego ical
ep esen a ion as deno ing emale p esence in he ci y landscape
none heless (Ouali e al., 2021; Posso-Yépez e al., 2025). Bu
inc easingly, he di e ence be ween ep esen a ions o women
and ep esen a ions o eminini y a e being s essed, and cam-
paigns such as he a is s Gillie and Ma c Scha ne S a ues o
Legends o he UK su ey suppo ed by The Public S a ues
and Sculp u e Associa ion (PSSA) exclude allego ies in hei
su eys. Ou selec ion c i e ia c oss e e ences womanhood
and he expe ience o mig a ion in he biog aphy o he woman
ep esen ed, and made he allego ical ca ego y o monu-
men i ele an o he egis e . No only a e allego ical ep e-
sen a ion de oid o biog aphy, bu hey o en e ase women’s
li ed expe iences and enhance s e eo ypical ea u es o wom-
anhood. This p ojec a ou s a s o y elling app oach, o coun-
e dominan cul u al na a i es and knowledge p ac ices, and
o e ec i e s o y elling, commemo a i e place naming had
o ha e aken place o he landma k o be egis e ed. In some
cases, landma ks wi h amily, ma ied couple o a collec-
i e we e included, bu only i he mig an women had played
a signi ican ole and we e speci ically iden i ied by name, by
p o ession o by clea ep esen a ion. Some o he landma ks
we accep ed a e unnamed o gene ic, bu s ill clea ly de ined
as a mig an woman o women. In gene al, landma ks we e
no accep ed unless hey we e dedica ed o named a e he
woman mig an in a signi ican ac o commemo a ion. The ac
needed o be mnemonic, in en on lea ing he woman’s name o
p o ession as an imp in on he social landscape.
Gea ed owa ds p o iding a ca og aphic isualiza ion o hese
landma ks, he da a collec ion s o e o geog aphical bal-
ance while ha es ing he da a. The e o o collec ing his da a
is s ill ongoing, bu some a eas a e be e ep esen ed as he
RMWLE s ands due o he na u e o da a collec ion. The esul s
a e no exhaus i e enough o enable us o make quan i a i e
compa isons by na ional ca ego ies ye , bu some pa e ns a e
al eady poin ing o which Eu opean coun ies ha e adi ion-
ally o mo e ecen ly awa ded space o he commemo a ion
o mig an women. These a e consis en wi h simila esea ch
conduc ed on Eu opean monumen s and oponyms (Co ona &
Fe a i, 2023; Ouali e al., 2021; Rusu, 2024). Cul u al
di e ences in place-naming do no always pe ain o na ion-
alis ic o male-cen ed p ac ices, howe e . Commemo a i e
place-naming in ce ain Sla ic Eu opean coun ies, o example,
is less hono i ic and pe son-based han in o he s, a ou ing he
memo ializa ion o da es, e en s, o poli ical alues ins ead,
especially h oughou he u ban expansion o he wen ie h
cen u y (Ja osla , 2011).
Wha abou he ca ego ies o landma ks ha eme ged om ou
da a collec ion? A 1000 en ies s ong, i is possible o e ine
and discuss he ca ego ies o landma ks in his p ojec . The
p ojec ’s main goal was o ha es landma ks ha heigh ened
he isibili y in he landscape o mig an women, and which
ecognized mo e di e se achie emen s. We he e o e quickly
b oadened he egis e o monumen al commemo a i e land-
ma ks such as s a ues o include all so s o oponyms ( he p ope
names o places, also known as place name o geog aphic
names), oeconym, ( he p ope name o a house o any o he esi-
den ial building), as ionims (p ope names o ci ies and owns),
as well as u banonyms ( he p ope names o u ban elemen s
such as s ee s, squa es e c. in se lemen s) which include ago-
onyms (p ope names o squa es and ma ke places) and hodo-
nyms (p ope names o s ee s and oads). This enabled a ulle
egis e o he poli ical landscape in he RMWLE which now
includes elemen s such as ombs, ligh houses, and wa e alls,
Page 6 o 33
Open Resea ch Eu ope 2025, 4:234 Las upda ed: 11 NOV 2025
among o he s. Finally, he ha es ing was classi ied in six een
di e en ca ego ies o commemo a i e landma ks: bu ial
(ceme e y, mausoleum, omb...); cul u al enue (cinema, lib a y,
museum, hea e...) educa ional enue (school, uni e si y...); o me
esidence; g een space (ga den, p omenade, squa e...); housing
( la , council homes...); ins i u e ( ounda ion, esea ch cen e...);
monumen (bus , s a ue...); medical enue (hospi al, e i e-
men home...); na u al si e (bay, lake, wa e all...); plaques
(mu als, s epping s ones); eligious enues (chu ch, mosque,
synagogue...); spo s enue (s adium, swimming pool); s ee
(a enue, boule a d, oad...); empo a y ins alla ion; and anspo
in as uc u e (ai po , b idge, bus s op, s a ion...).
No maliza ion o he labou in o ma ion was necessa y in
o de o deal wi h cohe en se s o da a – a speci ically di i-
cul ha moniza ion in he case o a co pus s e ched o e a long
his o ical pe iod and ex ended c oss-bo de s. The RMWLE
was he e o e so ed acco ding o he Eu opean amewo k o
Eu opean Skills, Compe ences, Quali ica ions and Occupa-
ions (ESCO). This classi ica ion iden i ies and ca ego ises
he p o essional componen s ele an o he EU labou
ma ke . Al hough his amewo k seems o ien ed owa ds da a
om he wen y- i s cen u y, he ESCO is in ac con enien o
use o his o icised da a since i is based on skills and compe-
ences. F amewo k based on quali ica ion- and occupa ion a e
di icul o adap o his o icised da a, especially wi h a gende
unde sc u iny ha o en was no g an ed clea occupa ional
i les o go wi h he labou hey p o ided o was ba ed om
a aining speci ic quali ica ions. The ESCO helps us desc ibe
he women in ou da a in e ms o esponsibili y and au on-
omy. This can help us unde s and he posi ion o hese women
in socie y and hei in luence, impac and le e age (which is
he s uc u al inc emen a ion ha is used o go om 0 o 9
in he amewo k) hanks o a compe ence-based app oach,
which ul ima ely suppo s a cohe en s udy o wo k and
c oss-bo de mobili y, because wi h he ESCO classi ica ion,
“compe ence means he p o en abili y o use knowledge,
skills and pe sonal, social and/o me hodological abili ies, in
wo k o s udy si ua ions and in p o essional and pe sonal
de elopmen ” (Eu opean Commission, 2018).
How did we collec and ha es his landma k da a? We mined a
co pus o academic bibliog aphies on u ban su eys, in as uc-
u e indexes, and lis s o oponymic and gende issues; we si ed
h ough public in o ma ion no ices such as municipal and own
hall minu es, local newspape s a icles co e ing monumen o
oponym news. We used na ional egis e s and in en o ies o
cadas al da abases (wi h coun y speci ic geopo als such
as he Romanian ANCPI geopo al, he Walloon In en ai e
Cen alisé des Ad esses e des Rues (ICAR) o he F ench
IGN Géopo ail) o s ee names ad ocacy p ojec s (such as
he Romanian p ojec a s azicu enume. o). We hen e ec ed
a selec ion by iden i ying signi ican mig a ion episodes in
he women-based landma ks o he co pus. These esul s
we e hen c oss- e e enced o he appea ance o hese
women’s names in geo-localisa ion web se ices (such as
OpenS ee Map™, Google Maps™ o MapQues ™) which
included a wide ange o landma ks. Once iden i ied, hese
landma ks we e en e ed by a i s con ibu o o a Google
o m and we e hen checked o con o mi y o da a by a
sepa a e con ibu o be o e i was included on he landma ks
egis e sp eadshee .
This demanded ex ensi e in e disciplina y coope a ion wi hin
he COST ne wo k and allowed o ou come-o ien ed s uden
wo kshops. The Excel sp eadshee da ase was comple ed
on July 2023 and is a ailable on NAKALA (Bakas e al.,
2023). The Da a No e is a ailable o gi e a b ie desc ip ion
o he da ase , including de ails o why and how i was
c ea ed, and o p omo e he euse o he da a o esea ch
pu poses (Ojala-Fulwood e al., 2024). Finally, an in e ac i e
map on landma ks, which is in ended as bo h a isualiza ion o
ou esea ch and an educa ional in e ac i e ool, is a ailable on
he Map o Women Mig an s’ Landma ks on he websi e.3
Resul s
1) Memo ializing mig an women in Eu ope emains
skewed owa ds he eli e
Commemo a ion is gene ally he business o he eli e, ega dless
o gende o se lemen s a us - and no s udies o his day
has analysed he dis ibu ion o non-mig an man o woman
landma ks in e ms o social p es ige linked o occupa ion, skills
and compe ences. We canno compa e he speci ici ies o ou
in e sec ional da ase o mig an women landma ks o o he
g oups un il his wo k has been done, bu we can al eady d aw
conclusions abou how ou g oup o mig an women a e mos
equen ly memo ialized: his emains skewed owa ds he eli e.
Naming landma ks is an ac ha depends on he ju isdic ion and
le el o go e nance. Municipal o local go e nmen s a e gene -
ally he main decision-make s o naming s ee s, pa ks, build-
ings, and local monumen s, while p o incial, na ional o ede al
go e nmen s a e gene ally esponsible o naming na ional
landma ks o monumen s such as wa memo ials o na ional
pa ks. These bodies a e no de oid o sys emic pa ia chy and
mains eam, and he abili y o con ol he meaning o place is
an aspec o powe and memo y poli ics. The Eu opean Da a
Jou nalism Ne wo k p ojec “Mapping Di e si y” has e idenced
ha on a e age 91% o he s ee s named a e indi iduals a e
dedica ed o men (h ps://mappingdi e si y.eu/). Monumen s o
women, especially mig an women a e also conspicuous by hei
absence. Ci izens ha e gained a heigh ened sense o he di e -
si y imbalance in public landma ks in he ecen decades, bu
p og ess emains slow, o en alls sho o add essing he gende
imbalance, con inue o obscu e women o uphold gende s e e-
o ypes, as ecen su eys o an icolonial and aboli ionis s a ues
in F ench Ca ibbean islands ha e shown (McGinnis, 2022; Sèbe,
2020). Eu opean deba es su ounding na ional iden i ies emain
a icula ed in he public li e o ci ies, g ea and small, a ound
gende ed s a ues ha e eal a masculine na ional imagined
communi y, especially in Eas e n Eu opean u ban a eas
(Johnson, 1995; Reede , 2018) As he sculp o Anna F anziska
3 The Map o Women Mig an s’ Landma ks in Eu ope is accessible a h ps://
www.womenon hemo e.eu/map-women-mig an s-landma ks#lea le -map- iew-
pins-map-landma ks-and-exhibi ions-block-map-landma ks
Page 7 o 33
Open Resea ch Eu ope 2025, 4:234 Las upda ed: 11 NOV 2025
Schwa zbach e lec ed upon he un eiling o he s a ue o Lise
Mei ne in Be lin, his awa eness jus i ies he s a ue’s o e sized
pedes al: “Ou s anding women a e a ely pu on a pedes al.
How di icul i mus ha e been o a woman o wo k in
science, how e en mo e di icul o be espec ed. Tha ga e
me he idea o make he pedes al as wide as possible, as a way
o commemo a e he many ‘non-pedes alled” (Schwa zbach,
2014). Calls o mo e space de o ed o usually non-pedes alled
mig an women igu es ha e isen, as pe cep ion o he
socially cons uc ed na u e o he u ban space a ound us has sp ead
(En ikin, 1991).
Indeed, i naming places has o en ein o ced “claims o
na ional owne ship, s a e powe , and masculine con ol,”
mo e ecen ly “a emp s o ename (and in doing so, eclaim)
places a e implica ed in he discu si e poli ics o people and
place.” (Be g & Kea ns, 1996). The addi ion in 2002 o a
mig an emale igu e, Ma ie Den iè e (c. 1495–1561), o he
en male s a ues o he Re o ma ion Wall in Gene a did
li le howe e o appease c i icism. Al hough she played an
ac i e ole in Gene an eligion and poli ics, sus ained by
p ominen public p eaching, Den iè e’s ole was minimized
by he male-cen ed a chi al cu a ion o Gene a’s eligious
pas . I is inc easingly a gued ha cul u al landscapes gain
in anscul u al dynamics and s eng hen he pe spec i e
o al e i y i hey include no only he pe spec i e o gende
bu also ha o mig a o y ajec o ies (Čapská, 2025).
Ye , he RMWLE shows ha his o ical signi icance and isibil-
i y is a ely g an ed o hose ha a e o ha e been mino i ized.
The ac ha Ma ie Den iè e’s plaque, a he han a s a ue, is
nei he cen al no sel -s anding, placed as i is a he oo
o a male s a ue, has no calmed he long adi ion o andal
opposi ion o he monumen ’s con o e sial memo ial endea -
ou (Scholl, 2020). The beg udging inclusion p o es insu i-
cien o ebalance he monumen ’s legacy o public memo y.
Such minimal acknowledgemen , wi h a educed posi ion o
emale s o ies o mig a ion is an unsa is ac o y comp omise
ha he RMWLE has unco e ed mul iple imes.
The RMWLE p ojec has sha pened ou unde s anding o he
my iad o obs acles encoun e ed by his o ic and cul u al u ban
p ojec s ad oca ing o mo e inclusi e commemo a i e p ac-
ices. Place names can indeed be ead as “pa o he o icial
memo y o a ci y o a na ion, [and as such hey ac ] as e idence
o social no ms and alues a a gi en ime,” and a e a “highly
poli ical p ocess and a way o symbolically ecognizing
indi iduals o g oups o people. This also means ha ci y
maps can be pe cei ed as a documen a ion o social and
poli ical powe ela ions” (Hin e mann & Pilche , 2015, 291–2).
The e o e, ini ia i es such as he p ojec s Toponomas ica
Femminile o Me ezco Una Calle, ha e pu he spo ligh on
he absence o women in u ban spaces, and p omo ed a mo e
egali a ian p esence o women in he ci ies.
The RMWLE es i ies ha a mo e di e se u ban land-
scape is needed. Nowadays, u ban p ojec s la gely in end o
“s eng hen u ban s o y elling and enhance ci izens’ in e es
in his o y” (Hayden, 1996, 228). O icials a e aced wi h a
glu o p ejudicial public a o eg ounding alues which a e
now inconsis en wi h he a owed public alues o he e y
ci y, egion o na ion aking ca e o hei upkeep (Doss, 2018).
U ban planne s also ecognize he bene i s o igh ing he bal-
ance by naming and commemo a ing eco e ed and unsung
igu es. This has been highligh ed ecen ly in he Sus ainable
De elopmen Goals es ablished by he Uni ed Na ions Gene al
Assembly in 2015. The o icial mission o i s ele en h goal
seeks o make ci ies inclusi e, sa e, esilien and sus ainable,
hence encompassing he issue o public a ’s his o ically ou-
bled ela ionship be ween conse a ion on he one hand and
he os e ing o di e se and socially ep esen a i e public a
on he o he . P e ious epo s on he ela ionship be ween his-
o ic u ban a eas and cul u al di e si y and social inclusion
ha e d awn bleak conclusions and unde line he in isibili y
o women in he his o ic u ban landscape. When in e sec ed
wi h mig a ion, he esul s a e e en s a ke . Resul s o a
2018 Wo ld He i age Con en ion and UNESCO consul a ion
su ey indica e ha in eg a ion policies o mig an s in his-
o ic u ban a eas a e aged be ween 15% o 16% in Eu opean
s a es (UNESCO, 2019, 12–13). The place o mig an s, mig an
s o ies and mig a ion biog aphies is e en mo e unde se ed
by cul u al p ojec s eju ena ing his o ic u ban landscapes.
When being a woman and ha ing an episode o mig a ion
is compounded wi h an unde p i ileged social backg ound,
p esence in he RMWLE is e en a e . Low paid occupa-
ions ely on se s o skills ha a e de ined by he labou
ma ke as low because hey a e nega i ely co ela ed o one’s
amoun o in luence in socie y and o he ex en o decision
aking one is g an ed. In he RMWLE, ep esen a ions o
mig an women om he ESCO Classi ica ions o labou
going om Cle ical (ESCO classi ica ion 4) o Elemen a y
occupa ions (ESCO occupa ion 9) a e conspicuous by hei
absence, al hough go e nesses, seams esses, sec e a ies, ac o y
wo ke s and ag icul u al wo ke s ha e long been he main
p o essions o he bulk o mig an women. (See Figu e 1).
Ra ely a e landma ks made in he cul u al landscape o hose
mig an women a he bo om o he social ladde , and when
hey a e, hey a e o en ep esen ed as collec i e en i ies, in
he absence o named eco ds o eco ded biog aphy. The
RMWLE holds only one en y o Cle ical suppo (ESCO
classi ica ion 4), o example. This anonymous a e be alls he
“po a o gi l” ep esen ed in he sculp u e “Ka o elpigen”
in F ede icks Danema k, which depic s an anonymous gi l,
wi h po a oes on he lap and he back shaped like a po a o.
I was e ec ed in 1984 by Ole Myns e He old o commemo-
a e he e o s o he po a o a ming wo ke s, hei in e ac ion
wi h he na i e popula ion and he oo c op hey in oduced
o Denma k. Go ed Eickho ’s b onze sculp u e Roepige ,
e ec ed in 1940 likewise shows unnamed “Bee Gi ls,” which
o m a monumen o he ag icul u al wo ke s om Poland and
elsewhe e who wo ked in he bee ields in Denma k om
1892 o 1929, mos o whom we e women. Memo ializa ion
o hese mig an wo ke s places women in public spaces and
helps ansg ess he adi ional app oach ha insc ibes women
in he p i a e and domes ic sphe es (Ga cía & Rice, 2023).
Reg e ably, such e o s o memo ializa ion p o ide bu a
Page 8 o 33
Open Resea ch Eu ope 2025, 4:234 Las upda ed: 11 NOV 2025
pa ial eco e y o hei s o ies: hese women a e memo ialized
bu emain nameless. Admi edly, he ESCO ca ego ies a e
based on his hie a chy o domina ion in he wo k chain, and
he e o e ine i ably e lec he s a us quo o powe ela ions, in
which highe ca ego ies “exe cises powe o e [lowe ca ego-
ies] by in luencing, shaping o de e mining [ hei ] e y wan s”
(Lukes, 2005, 27). Bu he landma ks in he RMWLE con inue
o ell a mo e nuanced s o y oo. 92 o he a med o ces, mana-
ge ial o p o essional igu es ha we e memo ialized ose o
p ominence hanks o hei championing human igh s, wo k-
e s’ igh s o women’s igh s, which challenges he “powe
o e ” hie a chy men ioned abo e. I is he case o Deaconness
bu also he human igh s ac i is Pauline Chaponniè e-Chaix
(1850 – 1934). By hei ca ee and ac i ism, hese women had
a hea o gi e powe o he abo e un old li es – hei s ug-
gle o e e se powe s uc u es was a s ong jus i ica ion o
hei own memo ializa ion.
E en hough some landma ks in he RMWLE a e bo h
nameless and wi hou p o ession, hey a e s ill included
because hey ha e s o ies o ell and a e a om allego ical
ep esen a ions. The 1981 Gli Emig an i b onze s a ue by
Domenico Ghidoni in B escia ep esen s an unnamed woman
and daugh e wai ing o depa u e, si ing on a bench wi h
hei luggage as pe soni ica ion and collec i e ep esen a ion o
mig a ion. Al hough such s a ues o en ecycle he o m and
composi ion o “Cha i y” allego ies, hey do no choose he
emale o m as aes he ically pleasing o ep esen a con-
cep bu o embody a li ed expe ience and ecognize ha
such women ha e le oo li le aces in his o y o be named.
These monumen s a e he e o e an e o o ep esen a ion and
isibili y in a ou o women mig an s – a econs uc ion and
eco e ing ac o ca e in he ace o his o ical e asu e o
such eco ds. Ghidoni’s Gli Emig an i uses ealism in i s
po ai u e, no idealiza ion – mo e han a hund ed yea s la e ,
i con inues o esona e wi h mig a ion’s li ed expe ience, and
i has been mo ed om he secluded ecess o he museum
o he open space o he pa co To i Gemelle in B escia in 2023.
Collec i e memo ializa ion o emale mig an s can also be
linked o wa c imes and a oci ies. In Helsinki, Finland, he
s a ue o a wa e acuee-mo he e ec ed in 2015 commemo-
a es Ca elian wa e acuee-mo he s who we e displaced
du ing he Second Wo ld Wa . The sculp u e o a e ugee
woman wi h child a he Wald iedho T oisdo ceme e y in
Ge many memo ializes WWII expellees. Such monumen s
Figu e 1. Mig an  women’s occupa ion in  he Regis e  o  Mig an  Women Landma ks. C edi line: Au ho s. This ba g aph compa es
he occupa ion o women memo ialized by landma ks in Eu ope, based on 1000 en ies o he Regis e o Mig an Women Landma ks using
he Eu opean Skills, Compe ences, Quali ica ions and Occupa ions (ESCO) axonomy. The da ase can be ound on NAKALA a h ps://doi.
o g/10.34847/nkl.28c 9j6q (Bakas e al., 2023). Mos memo ialized women had a p o essional o manage ial ca ee (ESCO 1 o ESCO 3),
while women om cle ical o elemen a y occupa ions (ESCO 4 o ESCO 9) a e as ly unde ep esen ed compa ed o he pe cen age o
women pe aining o hese classi ica ions, his o ically and now, in con as o eli e ca ee s.
Page 9 o 33
Open Resea ch Eu ope 2025, 4:234 Las upda ed: 11 NOV 2025
As we ha e seen in ou second pa , he e a e signs o a
g owing public desi e o acknowledge and honou he his o ical
con ibu ion o mig an women o he his o y o he coun ies,
places, and communi ies hey belonged o and en iched. The
RMWLE o e s bo h his o ical and mo e ecen ins ances o
hei inclusion in he cul u al landscape. We hope he RMWLE
helps unde line he sys emic social exclusion in place naming
ha sees only a selec ion o ca ee achie emen s be memo-
ialized, missing ou on he inclusi e and anscul u al
ichness and dynamism o he s o ies we unco e ed.
As explained in pa h ee, he memo ializa ion p ac ices a
play in mos o Eu ope s ill gende -codes and ma ginalizes
he achie emen s o mig an women. We hope he RMWLE
helps suppo calls o mo e di e se, in en i e, and equen
commemo a ion o mig an women, in he hope ha hei
names and s o ies will ake up mo e public space and weigh
hea ie in communal memo y.
The dominan na a i e in public memo ializa ion con inues
o be one o ma ginali y, and he selec ion o hese he oines
o en ames hei achie emen s, despi e he odds s acked
agains hem, as excep ional – a ecep ion in he u ban land-
scape ha does li le o mains eam he ecogni ion o emale
con ibu ion in gene al. We lea n ha we do mo e han “li e”
in places, we a e shaped by hem and a e asked by he names
a ound us o ell be e , mo e p ecise, less con en ional s o ies
o commemo a e hese names o mig an women. We wan ed o
d aw a en ion o he ma e ial, ecological and gende -sensi i e
aspec s o commemo a ion and hus o highligh ha hey can
be shaped in conscious and c i ical ways. We see ou p ojec
and da ase as pa o a wide e o o encou age he cul i-
a ion o mo e inclusi e public memo ial landscapes whe e
mig an women a e duly ep esen ed, and mig a ion expe iences
ecognized.
E hics and consen - E hical app o al and consen we e no
equi ed.
Da a a ailabili y s a emen
NAKALA : Memo ializing women on he mo e: A egis e
o mig an women landma ks in Eu ope, DOI : 10.34847/
nkl.28c 9j6q. (Bakas e al., 2023)
This p ojec con ains he ollowing unde lying da a:
• Da aNo e_Final_Da ase _Regis e o Mig an Women
Landma ks in Eu ope_COSTACTION19112_WeMOV_
1000en ies 3.xslsx
Da a a e a ailable unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons
A ibu ion 4.0 In e na ional (CC-BY-4.0).
Re e ences
And ews M: Shaping his o y. Na a i es o  poli ical change. Camb idge
Uni e si y P ess, 2007.
Publishe  Full Tex
Aza yahu M: The powe  o  commemo a i e s ee  names. En i on Plan D.
1996; 14(3): 311–330.
Publishe  Full Tex
Bakas FE: Communi y  esilience  h ough en ep eneu ship:  he  ole o
gende . Jou nal o En e p ising Communi ies: People and Places in he Global
Economy. 2017; 11(1): 61–77.
Publishe  Full Tex
 BakasFE,ČapskáV,F ig enP,e al.: Memo ializing women on  he mo e: a
egis e  o  mig an  women landma ks in Eu ope. [Da ase ] NAKALA, 2023.
h p://www.doi.o g/10.34847/nkl.28c 9j6q
Bancilhon M, Cons an inides M, Bogucka EP, e al.: S ee onomics: quan i ying
cul u e using s ee  names. PLoS One. 2021; 16(6): e0252869.
PubMed Abs ac  | Publishe  Full Tex  | F ee Full Tex
 Ba lo áM:Ma shal Koně and he immacula e i gin: some a -his o ical
issued in  he Czech poli ics o  memo y. Dějiny – Teo ie – K i ika / His o y
– Theo y – C i icism. 2021; 1: 130–140.
Re e ence Sou ce
Bell JD, Domecka M: The  ans o ma i e po en ial o  mig a ion: Polish
mig an s’ e e yday li e expe iences in Bel as , No he n I eland. Gend Place
Cul . 2018; 25(6): 866–81.
Publishe  Full Tex
Benson M, O’Reilly K: Li es yle mig a ion: expec a ions, aspi a ions, and
expe iences. Ashga e, 2009; 178.
Publishe  Full Tex
Be g LD, Kea ns RA: Naming as no ming: ‘ ace’, gende , and  he iden i y
poli ics o  naming places in Ao ea oa/New Zealand. En i on Plan D. 1996;
14(1): 99–122.
Publishe  Full Tex
 Be gLD,Vuol eenahoJ:C i ical  oponymies:  he con es ed poli ics o  place
naming. Rou ledge, 2016.
Publishe  Full Tex
Be lans ein LR: His o icizing and gende ing celeb i y cul u e:  amous
women in Nine een h-cen u y F ance. J Womens His . 2004; 16(4): 65–91.
Publishe  Full Tex
Boccagni P: Re isi ing  he “ ansna ional” in mig a ion s udies: a
sociological unde s anding. Re ue Eu opéenne des Mig a ions In e na ionals.
2012; 28(1): 33–50.
Publishe  Full Tex
Bold TD: Mig a ion biog aphy and e hnic iden i y: on  he discon inui y o
biog aphical expe ience and how u ning poin s a ec he e hnicisa ion o
iden i y.In:Hacks a KB,Kup e be gF,Nég oniC,(Eds.),Biog aphy and u ning
poin s in Eu ope and Ame ica. (1s ed.). B is ol Uni e si y P ess, 2012; 93–124.
Publishe  Full Tex
Bond L, Rapson J: The  anscul u al  u n: in e oga ing memo y be ween
and beyond bo de s. De G uy e , 2014.
Publishe  Full Tex
Bos ena u Dan M, Dill A, Gociman CO: Digi al a chi ec u e his o y o he i s
hal  o   he 20 h cen u y in Eu ope. Ion Mincu Publ. House, 2015.
Publishe  Full Tex
 Calo ăI:P in spaţiul ci i al s ăzilo bucu eş ene. In: O o eanu A, Zaha iade,
AM (Eds.) Spaţiul public şi einse ţia socială a p oiec ului a is ic şi a chi ec u al.
Uni e si a ăIonMincuBucu eş i,2010;60–73.
Candela G, Gab iëls N, Chambe s S, e al.: A checklis   o publish collec ions
as da a in GLAM ins i u ions. Global Knowledge, Memo y and Communica ion.
2023.
Publishe  Full Tex
 ČapskáV:Wha  memo y  o  mig an  women in cen al Eu ope? Gende ed
memo yscapes and  anscul u al his o ies be ween pas s and  u u es.
In: Zucca Michele o B, Roman N (Eds.). Women, Mig a ion and he Exchange
o Knowledge om he Six een h o he Twen y- i s Cen u y: Connec ing Eu ope,
Rein eg a ing he Eas . Palg a e Macmillan Cham, 2025; 445–484.
Publishe  Full Tex
Cle al A, Fleu y A, Rebo ie J,, e al.: Espace e   appo s de domina ion.
P esses uni e si ai es de Rennes, 2015.
Publishe  Full Tex
Page 16 o 33
Open Resea ch Eu ope 2025, 4:234 Las upda ed: 11 NOV 2025

 Con inoA:Collec i e memo y and cul u al his o y: p oblems o  me hod.
Am His Re . 1997; 102(5): 1386–1403.
Publishe  Full Tex
Co ona A, Fe a i L: The gende  gap in Eu ope’s s ee  names is he e  o s ay.
OBC T anseu opa. 2023.
Re e ence Sou ce
C esswell T: Place: a sho  in oduc ion. Blackwell, 2004.
Re e ence Sou ce
Domecka M: Biog aphy, gende and mig a ion: e lexi i y and
ans o ma ion in mig a o y p ocesses. Rassegna I aliana di Sociologia LX.
2019; (2): 357–384.
Re e ence Sou ce
Doss E: The elephan  in  he  oom: p ejudicial public a  and cul u al
andalism. De A e. 2018; 53(2–3): 4–30.
Publishe  Full Tex
En ikin JN: The be weenness o  place. Towa ds a geog aphy o  mode ni y.
Palg a e, 1991.
Publishe  Full Tex
Eu opean Commission: The Eu opean quali ica ions amewo k: suppo ing
lea ning wo k and c oss-bo de mobili y. 2018.
Publishe  Full Tex
Fede ici S: Re olu ion a  poin  ze o: housewo k,  ep oduc ion, and  eminis
s uggle. PM P ess, 2020.
Re e ence Sou ce
Felecan O: Hodonimie omânească – în e au oh onism şi cosmopoli ism.
Edi u a Mega, Edi u a A gonau , 2013.
Re e ence Sou ce
Ga cía MEDB, Rice JQ: Gende  deba es on  he s age o   he u ban memo ial:
gli e , g a i i, and b onze. Landsc Res. 2023; 48(5): 647–661.
Publishe  Full Tex
Ghe a di S, Poggio B: Tales o  o dina y leade ship. A  eminis  app oach
o expe ien ial lea ning. Pape s: Re is a de Sociologia. 2009; (93): 53–65.
Re e ence Sou ce
Gill K, an Hellemond I, La sen JK, e al.: Towa ds a cul u e o  ca e. J Landsc
A chi . 2020; 15(2): 4–5.
Publishe  Full Tex
Glick P: T ai -based and sex-based disc imina ion in occupa ional p es ige,
occupa ional sala y, and hi ing. Sex Roles. 1991; 25(5–6): 351–378.
Publishe  Full Tex
 Gu ié ez-Mo aD,O o-Pe alíasD:Gende ed ci ies: s udying u ban gende
bias  h ough s ee  names. En i on Plan B U ban Anal Ci y Sci. 2022; 49(6):
1792–1809.
Publishe  Full Tex
 Hacks a KB:In oduc ion: ad ancing  he dialogue on  u ning poin s.
In:K.B.Hacks a ,F.Kup e be g,&C.Nég oni(Eds.),Biog aphy and u ning
poin s in Eu ope and Ame ica. (1s ed). B is ol Uni e si y P ess, 2012; 1–8.
Publishe  Full Tex
Hamil on M, Howa d J, Pick D: Edi o ial. His Wo kshop J. 2008; 65(1): i– i.
Publishe  Full Tex
Hayden D: The powe  o  place: u ban landscapes as public his o y. MIT
P ess, 1996.
Re e ence Sou ce
Hilma T: Links  o  he pas , b idges  o   he p esen ?: Recogni ion among
memo y o ganiza ions in a Eu opean ne wo k.In:J.Wüs enbe g&A.Sie p
(Eds.): Agency in ansna ional memo y poli ics. Be ghahn Books, 2020; 241–260.
Publishe  Full Tex
Hin e mann C, Pichle H: Gende ed spaces in  he ci y: c i ical  opog aphy in
geog aphy educa ion. GI_FORUM-Jou nal o Geog aphic In o ma ion Science.
2015; 3(1): 287–298.
Publishe  Full Tex
Ho mann ET: Does gende  ideology ma e  in mig a ion? E idence  om  he
Republic o  Geo gia. In J Sociol. 2014; 44(3): 23–41.
Publishe  Full Tex
Ja osla D: Commemo a i e place names - hei speci ici y and p oblems.
Names A Jou nal o Onomas ics. 2011; 59(4): 214–228.
Publishe  Full Tex
Johnson N: Cas  in s one: monumen s, geog aphy, and na ionalism. En i on
Plan D. 1995; 13(1): 51–65.
Publishe  Full Tex
 K ippendo K:Con en  analysis: an in oduc ion  o i s me hodology. SAGE
Publica ions, 2019.
Publishe  Full Tex
 Le i P,Glick-Schille N:Concep ualizing simul anei y: a  ansna ional social
ield pe spec i e on socie y. In Mig Re . 2004; 38(3): 1002–1039.
Publishe  Full Tex
Lukes S: Powe : a  adical  iew. Palg a eMacmillian,(2ndedi ion, i s 
published in 1974). 2005.
Re e ence Sou ce
Manning P: C oss-communi y mig a ion: a dis inc i e human pa e n. Soc
E ol His . 2006; 5(2): 24–54.
Re e ence Sou ce
Mau an onio N: The poli ics o  memo y.In:K.Kenski&K.HallJamieson(Eds.):
The Ox o d handbook o poli ical communica ion. Ox o d Uni e si y P ess, 2014;
219–232.
Publishe  Full Tex
McGinnis L: Memo ializing masculini y? Gende ing  he iconog aphy
o  F ench colonialism and an icolonial  esis ance in Ma inique and
Guadeloupe. In e en ions. 2022; 24(7): 1068–1088.
Publishe  Full Tex
Middle SA: Documen a ion checklis   o  (Linked) humani ies da a. In J Digi
Humani ies. 2023; 5: 353–371.
Publishe  Full Tex
Miyamo o B, Ruiz M: A  and mig a ion:  e isioning  he bo de s o
communi y. Manches e Uni e si y P ess, 2021.
Publishe  Full Tex
 No asFe adásM:Commemo a i e u ban p ac ices and gende  equali y:
he case o  San iago de Compos ela Ci y’s u ban  oponymy. Hábi a y
Sociedad. 2018; (11): 109–127.
Publishe  Full Tex
 Ojala-FulwoodM,Miyamo oB,RuizM,e al.: Memo ializing women on  he
mo e: a  egis e  o  mig an  women landma ks in Eu ope [ e sion 1; pee
e iew: 3 app o ed]. Open Res Eu . 2024; 4: 109.
PubMed Abs ac  | Publishe  Full Tex  | F ee Full Tex
 OualiN,LannoyP,Desamou yV,e al.: Women in B ussels’ s ee  names.
B uss S ud. 2021; 154.
Publishe  Full Tex
Pa y K: Quan i a i e con en  analysis o   he  isual. In: Pauwels, L and
Mannay, D, (Eds.) The SAGE handbook o isual esea ch me hods. SAGE, 2020;
266–352.
Re e ence Sou ce
Pe es OM, Polido i MC, Tomiello F: Pa imonio cul u al y SIG: escalas de
isualizacion y p ese acion. Ciencias Espaciales. 2015; 8(2): 41–58.
Publishe  Full Tex
 Posso-YépezMA,Godoy-Gue a aGL,Posso-As udilloÁM,e al.: Female public
sculp u es:  isibly in isible. Soc Sci. 2025; 14(9): 516.
Publishe  Full Tex
Räsänen P: Lau a F ansiska El i a Bono. In: Kansallisbiog a ia. 2019.
Re e ence Sou ce
Reede M: Monumen s  o no able women: inc easing  emale
ep esen a ion in public space. T ini y Women’s Re iew. 2018; 2(1):
115–128.
Re e ence Sou ce
 Ris o ska-Josi o skaB:The mo emen o popula ion - An indica o and
d i e  o   he Macedonian his o ical p ocesses.In:D.Ǵo gie &P.H is o 
(Eds.). Balkan adi ional and mode n des ina ions and o ms o mobili y
(Macedonian case). Macedonian Academy o Sciences and A s, 2020; 35–50.
 Rome oC,Ál a ezG,BaselgaC,e al.: La Za agoza de las Muje es.
Ayun amien o de Za agoza, 2010.
Re e ence Sou ce
 Rose-RedwoodR,Alde manD,Aza yahuM:Geog aphies o   oponymic
insc ip ion: new di ec ions in c i ical place-name s udies. P og Hum Geog .
2010; 34(4): 453–470.
Publishe  Full Tex
Rusu MS: “No woman’s land?” The gende ed pa e ning o  u ban s ee
names in Romania. Womens S ud In Fo um. 2024; 104: 102909.
Publishe  Full Tex
Ru kowski M: S ee names as he s u o “banal pa io ism”. P ace
Językoznawcze. 2023; 25(3): 133–146.
Publishe  Full Tex
Scholl S: A Genè e, un mu  des  e endica ions. Le Cou ie . 7 aoû , 2020; 12.
Re e ence Sou ce
Schwa zbach AF: En wu sbesch eibung [En hüllung de  Figu ]. Un eiling o
Mei ne S a ue, Humbold , 2014.
Sèbe B: Colonial he oes. In: É. Achille, C. Fo sdick, and L. Moudileno (Eds.)
Pos colonial ealms o memo y. Li e pool Uni e si y P ess, 2020; 298–306.
Publishe  Full Tex
Smi h K: Uses o  he i age. Rou ledge, 2006.
Publishe  Full Tex
Smi h K: Women, asylum and  esis ance: a  eminis  na a i e app oach
o making sense o  s o ies. In: J. Woodiwiss, K. Smi h, K. Lockwood (Eds.).
Feminis Na a i e Resea ch. Palg a e Macmillan, 2017; 179–206.
Publishe  Full Tex
S ish J: Accep able ac i is s, absence, and an i eminis s: a  eminis
his o ical c i ique o  na ional s a ua y hall. [Unpublished doc o al
disse a ion].Uni e si yo Wisconsin-EauClai e,2023.
Re e ence Sou ce
Š ula B, Belak M: Deep da a example: Zbi a, ea ly medie al da a se   o   he
Eas e n Alps. Res Da a J Humani Soc Sci. 2022; 7(1): 1–13.
Re e ence Sou ce
UNESCO Wo ld He i age Cen e : The UNESCO  ecommenda ion on  he
his o ic u ban landscape:  epo  o   he second consul a ion on i s
implemen a ion by membe  s a es. 2019.
Re e ence Sou ce
Wid ich M: Pe o ma i e ma e ials and ac i is  commemo a ion. CAP - Pub
A J. 2020; 2(1): 6–13.
Publishe  Full Tex
 YinRK:Case s udy  esea ch: design and me hods. 3 d ed. Sage Publica ions,
2003.
Re e ence Sou ce
Page 17 o 33
Open Resea ch Eu ope 2025, 4:234 Las upda ed: 11 NOV 2025
Open Pee Re iew
Cu en Pee Re iew S a us:
Ve sion 2
Re iewe Repo 17 Ma ch 2025
h ps://doi.o g/10.21956/open eseu ope.21337. 51865
© 2025 Rusu M. This is an open access pee e iew epo dis ibu ed unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons
A ibu ion License, which pe mi s un es ic ed use, dis ibu ion, and ep oduc ion in any medium, p o ided he
o iginal wo k is p ope ly ci ed.
Mihai S. Rusu
1 Lucian Blaga Uni e si y o Sibiu, Sibiu, Romania
2 Lucian Blaga Uni e si y o Sibiu, Sibiu, Romania
The au ho s ha e done a good job in add essing p ope ly all issues poin ed ou in he e iew
epo . As a esul , he e ised e sion o he pape is a signi ican ly imp o ed a ian o he
o iginally submi ed ma e ial. Consequen ly, I endo se an accep ance o his pape in i s cu en
o m.
Compe ing In e es s: No compe ing in e es s we e disclosed.
Re iewe Expe ise: Gende s udies, c i ical place-name esea ch, sociology o cul u e, poli ics o
memo y.
I con i m ha I ha e ead his submission and belie e ha I ha e an app op ia e le el o
expe ise o con i m ha i is o an accep able scien i ic s anda d.
Re iewe Repo 12 Ma ch 2025
h ps://doi.o g/10.21956/open eseu ope.21337. 51864
© 2025 Sung M. This is an open access pee e iew epo dis ibu ed unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons
A ibu ion License, which pe mi s un es ic ed use, dis ibu ion, and ep oduc ion in any medium, p o ided he
o iginal wo k is p ope ly ci ed.
Minki Sung
1 School o A chi ec u e Planning and Landscape, Newcas le Uni e si y School o A chi ec u e
Planning and Landscape (Ringgold ID: 151479), Newcas le upon Tyne, England, UK
2 School o A chi ec u e Planning and Landscape, Newcas le Uni e si y School o A chi ec u e
Open Resea ch Eu ope

Page 18 o 33
Open Resea ch Eu ope 2025, 4:234 Las upda ed: 11 NOV 2025
Planning and Landscape (Ringgold ID: 151479), Newcas le upon Tyne, England, UK
This a icle has signi ican ly imp o ed based on he p e ious e iewe s' eedback. I pe sonally
ound he e isions in he second manusc ip sa is ac o y. Howe e , I ha e se e al sugges ions o
u he enhancing he quali y o he wo k.
Fi s , by he abs ac i sel , his a icle p oposes a s o y elling app oach o challenge dominan
cul u al na a i es and knowledge p ac ices (“This a icle calls o a s o y elling app oach, o
coun e dominan cul u al na a i es and knowledge p ac ices”). Howe e , in oducing his as a
esea ch me hod a he end o he abs ac may con use eade s, lea ing hem unce ain abou
he o e all me hodological amewo k. I is unclea om he abs ac whe he he s udy employs
a quan i a i e o quali a i e app oach (e.g., s o y elling). Cla i ying his poin would help po en ial
eade s unde s and he esea ch me hods used o gene a e he indings. A e e iewing he ull
manusc ip , explici ly explaining he mixed-me hod app oach—combining quan i a i e me hods
wi h a s o y elling app oach a he in e p e a ion s age—would imp o e cla i y and s eng hen he
me hodological ounda ion.
Second, powe can also be seen as 'powe o'. This s a emen seems o o e look he bo om-up
powe dynamics ha enable low-paid wo ke s o uni e and ampli y hei oices. This 'powe o'
mechanism challenges he adi ional 'powe o e ' model, which assumes ha only high-paid,
high-s a us o eli e indi iduals ha e in luence in socie y, as e idenced by one o you sen ences
(“Low paid occupa ions ely on se s o skills ha a e de ined by he labou ma ke as low because
hey a e nega i ely co ela ed o one’s amoun o in luence in socie y and o he ex en o decision
aking one is g an ed.”)
Finally, he e a e a ew ypos o a eas o imp o e cla i y.
Wha a e nume ous p e ious s udies? Can you gi e an example o suppo you a gumen ?
(“Nume ous p e ious s udies abou women ep esen ed in public a ha e ha es ed such
allego ical ep esen a ion as deno ing emale p esence in he ci y landscape none heless, bu ou
selec ion c i e ia ha c oss e e ence womanhood and he expe ience o mig a ion in he
biog aphy o he woman ep esen ed made his ca ego y o monumen i ele an o he egis e ”)
Due o? (“The e o o collec ing his da a is s ill ongoing, bu some a eas a e be e ep esen ed
as he RMWLE s ands due he na u e o da a collec ion”).
Wha is powe and decision le e age in you esea ch? (“Naming landma ks is an ac ha
necessi a es powe and decision le e age, and he e o e e en mo e suscep ible o be a space o
sys emic pa ia chy and mains eam”).
To whom does he ac o ou age e e ? Is he e m o be in e p e ed as e e ing o he gene al
public? (“The ac ha Ma ie Den iè e’s plaque, a he han a s a ue, is nei he cen al no sel -
s anding, placed as i is a he oo o a male s a ue, con inues he e o e o cause ou age”).
Compe ing In e es s: No compe ing in e es s we e disclosed.
Re iewe Expe ise: My esea ch explo es how his o y is mobilised h ough social concep s like
Open Resea ch Eu ope

Page 19 o 33
Open Resea ch Eu ope 2025, 4:234 Las upda ed: 11 NOV 2025
he i age, his o ic u ban landscapes, and cul u al landscapes. As a he i age and landscape
esea che , my in e es s include he i age alues, he i age impac s, conse a ion planning, and he
dynamics o his o ic and cul u al landscapes. I am pa icula ly in e es ed in how he pe cep ion
and use o his o y a e shaped by socie y, especially h ough he lens o he i age and landscape,
and how hese a e in luenced by in e na ional, na ional, egional, and local policies.
I con i m ha I ha e ead his submission and belie e ha I ha e an app op ia e le el o
expe ise o con i m ha i is o an accep able scien i ic s anda d, howe e I ha e
signi ican ese a ions, as ou lined abo e.
Au ho Response 17 Oc 2025
Bénédic e Miyamo o
We hank you o his ca e ul e iew o ou a icle, and he hough ul sugges ions ha we
hope ha e now en iched i .
This new e sion co ec s he abs ac sec ion o make he me hodological choices clea e ,
s a ing we a e combining quan i a i e me hods wi h a s o y elling app oach a he
in e p e a ion s age. In he me hod and da a collec ion sec ion, we di e en ia e be ween
su eys ha include o exclude allego ical landma ks and ha e added clea e e ences o
bo h he su eys ha exclude o include. This has helped us make clea e he ac ha
su eys ha include allego ies a e no su eys o women landma ks, bu landma ks o
eminini y, and we hank you o his added cla i y. In he Resul s sec ion, we also gi e a
b ie ske ch o which ju isdic ion o le el o go e nance he decisions o name landma ks
gene ally depend on - and his has also helped makeclea (al hough cases a e di e en
Eu opean wide) ha his gene ally is di ided acco ding o he ca ego y o landma ks. This is
p obably qui e use ul o hose eade s ha would be speci ically in e es ed in ou wo k on
landma ks ca ego ies. We also nuancedou inding ha memo ializing mig an women in
Eu ope emains skewed owa ds he eli e - we made i clea e ha ESCO ca ego ies
quan i a i ely show a highe le el o landma ks memo ializing eli e women, bu ha ESCO
ca ego ies a e hemsel es a p oduc o a "powe o e " analysis. Al hough we canno ex ac
om ou da a o mos ly anonymous lowe ca ego y landma ks much s o y elling o suppo
he "powe o" na a i e, we show now ha asizeable numbe o he eli e landma kswe e
ac i is s, igh ing o gi e powe o mino i ized o he down odden, and we hope his
nuances he hie a chy o he eli e's "powe o e " he o he ESCO ca ego ies. We ha e also
co ec ed ypos and upda ed he e e ence sec ion.
Compe ing In e es s: No compe ing in e es s we e disclosed.
Ve sion 1
Re iewe Repo 03 Janua y 2025
h ps://doi.o g/10.21956/open eseu ope.19920. 45927
Open Resea ch Eu ope

Page 20 o 33
Open Resea ch Eu ope 2025, 4:234 Las upda ed: 11 NOV 2025
© 2025 Kocsis A. This is an open access pee e iew epo dis ibu ed unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons
A ibu ion License, which pe mi s un es ic ed use, dis ibu ion, and ep oduc ion in any medium, p o ided he
o iginal wo k is p ope ly ci ed.
And ea Kocsis
1 Design In o ma ics, Uni e si y o Edinbu gh, Edinbu gh, UK
2 Design In o ma ics, Uni e si y o Edinbu gh, Edinbu gh, UK
3 Design In o ma ics, Uni e si y o Edinbu gh, Edinbu gh, UK
While he p ojec 's goal o in es iga ing he connec ion be ween gende and mig a ion in
memo ialscapes dese es p aise, he pape would bene i om a ew me hodological and
heo e ical sugges ions.
Mo e me hodological in o ma ion would be necessa y o suppo he esul s, especially i he
au ho s emphasise he ole o deep da a. The s uc u e, ex en , and pa ame e s o he da ase a e
unclea , and mo e in o ma ion on he da a collec ion and managemen p ocess is equi ed.
Pa icula ly, as he analysis poin s ou he p esence o bias in he esul s, knowing he
ci cums ances and limi a ions o he da ase would be essen ial. I is hin ed ha he da ase
consis s o 1000 en ies, and he a iables a e b oadly lis ed la e in he documen , howe e , a
mo e in-dep h, explici , and ea ly explana ion o he na u e and backg ound o he da ase would
be c ucial, e en i i is linked o he s udy. Fo example, he empo al o geog aphical dimensions
o he collec ed en ies a e ne e in oduced. I is also unclea wha he ole o he au ho s was in
he da ase design and da a collec ion. The e a e also e minological issues, o example, he
au ho s use "da abase" and "da ase " in e changeably, which sugges s con usion abou
s uc u ing and handling da a. Fo his eason, pe haps omi ing he ocus on he uns able
quan i a i e angle and highligh ing he Regis e as a aluable bu quali a i e esou ce would be a
be e app oach.
Simila ly o he abo e poin , he analysis is no explained. The pa ame e s o he "Quali a i e
Con en Analysis" a e no a ailable. Seeing a leas he high-le el coding ca ego ies/ hemes o CA
would be bene icial. Howe e , in i s p esen o m, ins ead o CA, pa icula case s udies we e
chosen o be in es iga ed a e coun ing he occu ences o some a iables in he da ase (e.g.,
occupa ion). This app oach is also alid, bu he p ojec should be explici abou he exac
me hods. Addi ionally, he i le o he a icle p omises mapping, bu mo e spa ial discussions and
some GIS analysis would be needed o suppo he a gumen . Fo example, he obse a ion abou
he landma ks' o en pe iphe al loca ions is ascina ing bu should be suppo ed by analysis.
Rega ding heo y, he a icle should conside h ee poin s. The i s is he empo al dimensions o
he collec ed landma ks. U ban memo y is ansien , and - depending on hei geog aphical
loca ion and na ional/go e nmen al backg ounds - memo ials a e cons an ly mo ed, emo ed,
modi ied, and eins alled. How his is accoun ed o in he analysis o eco ded in he da ase is
unclea . Secondly, in connec ion wi h he abo e, in oducing and e alua ing he landma ks'
geog aphical dis ibu ion would be c ucial. Fo example, no he same memo y poli ical app oach
applies o he memo ialscape o Cen al Eu ope and he UK. Hence, handling hem oge he migh
dis o he esul s. Knowing he geog aphical dis ibu ion would be essen ial as he changing
Au ho ised He i age Discou se (c . Smi h 2006) om s a e o s a e, municipali y o municipali y,
and egime o egime de ines he commemo a i e landscape. Finally, he his o ical con ex o
Open Resea ch Eu ope

Page 21 o 33
Open Resea ch Eu ope 2025, 4:234 Las upda ed: 11 NOV 2025

mig a ion should ma e . Fo example, he memo y poli ical ecep ion o mig a ion in he case o a
16 h-cen u y o eign p incess and a Jewish nu se escaping he Nazi egime is di e en . Howe e ,
as he empo ali y o he da ase is no explained, he pape does no dis inguish his o ical
con ex s.
Conside ing he indings, he s udy would bene i om e lec ing on he possibili y ha
commemo a ion is gene ally he business o he eli , ega dless o gende o se lemen s a us.
Fu he mo e, he s udy poin s ou an in e es ing hypo hesis abou he Regis e demons a ing
ha "excep ional accomplishmen s o he kind ha ea ns a woman public commemo a ion would
equen ly include a mig a ion episode." Howe e , he abo emen ioned lack o de ailed
me hodology makes i unclea wha suppo s his conclusion. The in e sec ional ocus is he
s eng h o he p ojec , bu he da ase on i s own migh no be enough o d aw his in e ence
wi hou au ology. To u he p o e he ela ionship be ween mig a ion and gende in
memo ialscapes, i would be essen ial o c oss- e e ence he esul s wi h da a on landma ks
dedica ed o non-mig an women and/o mig an men.
The a gumen is s onges and mos suppo ed ega ding he e alua ion o he alues and
s e eo ypes o which women a e commemo a ed. Howe e , as men ioned abo e, i is unclea
how speci ic i is o mig an women.
O e all, o achie e he impo an and imely aim o he p ojec , namely highligh ing he
connec ion be ween his o ical mig a ion and gende in he u ban landscape, he s udy would
bene i om ei he cla i ying he me hodological, quan i a i e, and da a angles o he pape o
explici ly adop ing he na a i e s o y elling app oach. As Benjamin M. Schmid ecen ly poin ed
ou , na a i e s o y elling is a welcome and pe ec ly alid angle o digi al his o y, and
emphasising he s eng h o his o ical na a ion migh be a be e way han impe ec ly
quan i ying he sou ces (c . Schmid 2024)-Schmid , B. M. (2024). Two Volumes. The Lessons o
Time on he C oss. In: Til on, L., Mimno, D., & Johnson, J. M. (eds). Compu a ional humani ies.
Uni e si y o Minneso a P ess.161-176.
ISBN: 9781517915988, ISBN-13 : 978-1517915971
.
Re e ences
1. Smi h L: Uses o He i age. 2006. Publishe Full Tex
Is he wo k o iginal in e ms o ma e ial and a gumen ?
Yes
Does i su icien ly engage wi h ele an me hodologies and seconda y li e a u e on he
opic?
Pa ly
Is he wo k clea ly and cogen ly p esen ed?
Pa ly
Is he a gumen pe suasi e and suppo ed by e idence?
Pa ly
Open Resea ch Eu ope

Page 22 o 33
Open Resea ch Eu ope 2025, 4:234 Las upda ed: 11 NOV 2025
I any, a e all he sou ce da a and ma e ials unde lying he esul s a ailable?
Yes
Does he esea ch a icle con ibu e o he cul u al, his o ical, social unde s anding o he
ield?
Pa ly
Compe ing In e es s: No compe ing in e es s we e disclosed.
Re iewe Expe ise: My esea ch in e es is in he in e sec ion o He i age S udies and Da a
Science, wi h a special ocus on u ban landscapes. I'm an in e disciplina y schola wi h a
backg ound in Memo y S udies, He i age S udies, U ban His o y, Compu a ional Humani ies,
Digi al His o y, and Da a Science.
I con i m ha I ha e ead his submission and belie e ha I ha e an app op ia e le el o
expe ise o con i m ha i is o an accep able scien i ic s anda d, howe e I ha e
signi ican ese a ions, as ou lined abo e.
Au ho Response 17 Feb 2025
Bénédic e Miyamo o
As he p ojec is winding down and coming o a close (Ma ch 2025) we a e g a e ul o he
h ough me hodology ad ice ha you ha e o e ed. You jus ema ks canno be all
add essed due o he cons ain s o he p ojec and he eali ies o collabo a i e wo k, bu
we ha e implemen ed he ollowing.
We hank you o eminding us ha simply linking he Da a No e and Da ase is insu icien
o suppo he a icle, and ha he s uc u e, ex en , and pa ame e s o he da ase mus be
made explici in he body o he a icle. Wi h help om you s and o he e iewe s’ epo s,
we ha e made changes o: 
The me hodology sec ion:1.
We ha e speci ied he empo al and geog aphical dimensions o he collec ed en ies as
ollows and add essed he ques ion o e ased o displaced landma ks in ou egis e .  [
“Ou ne wo k linked 52 schola s and s uden s, lis ed as ha ing con ibu ed o he collec ion
o da a o he RMWLE in he Da a No e ( Ojala-Fulwood e al., 2024). These esea che s
coming om 41 di e en coun ies buil a da ase co e ing 41 coun ies (Albania, Aus ia,
Belgium, Bosnia and He zego ina, Bulga ia, C oa ia, Cyp us, Czech Republic, Denma k,
Es onia, Finland, F ance, Geo gia, Ge many, G eece, Hunga y, Iceland, I eland, Is ael, I aly,
La ia, Li huania, Luxembou g, Mal a, Moldo a, Mon eneg o, Ne he lands, No h
Macedonia, No way, Poland, Po ugal, Romania, Se bia, Slo akia, Slo enia, Spain, Sweden,
Swi ze land, Tu key, Uk aine, Uni ed-Kingdom). We eschewed his o ical bounda ies in ou
collec ion, which cu en ly spans om he 9 h cen u y o he p esen , o build a pic u e o
wha , as o now, is p esen in he Eu opean a chi ec u al memo ial landscape ( a he han a
pic u e o landma ks e ec ed o named since a speci ic da e; o landma ks e e ing o
women ac i e du ing a speci ic pe iod). The main goal o he a icle was o be able o gi e
cu en quan i a i e da a o highligh he dea h o igu es in he memo ial landscape ha
Open Resea ch Eu ope

Page 23 o 33
Open Resea ch Eu ope 2025, 4:234 Las upda ed: 11 NOV 2025
in e sec bo h mig a ion his o y and he iden i y o women. We did no allow o landma ks
ha ha e disappea ed o been eplaced, and i such landma ks om olde da abases o
his o ical documen s appea ed a he collec ion s age, he need o cu en ly alid geo-
coo dina es o be egis e ed in ou da ase enabled us o weed ou e ased o displaced
landma ks.”] 
Pa 1: Memo ializing mig an women in Eu ope emains skewed owa ds he
eli e
1.
 We hank you o he eminde ha ha commemo a ion is gene ally he business o he
eli e, ega dless o gende o se lemen s a us, which we ha e now unde lined in his Pa 1
in o, and we ha e s essed ha  no s udies o his day has analyzed he dis ibu ion o non-
mig an male o emale landma ks in e ms o social p es ige linked o occupa ion, skills
and compe ences. This has he e o e quali ied he conclusions we can as ye in e om he
egis e , gi en he lack o compa a i e s udies.  We hank you also o he alida ion o he
labou ca ego ies we buil in o he egis e ’s design, on which we based ou e alua ion o
he alues and s e eo ypes o which women a e commemo a ed, which you unde lined
was he s onges poin o he a icle. We s o e o ein o ce his me i o he a icle by
del ing mo e deeply in o he exac pho o i o he memo ialized p o essional women (Esco
Ca ego y 2, he la ges ca ego y memo ialized) by isualizing a mo e in-dep h b eak down
o he skills and compe ences ha we e deemed wo hy o memo ializa ion. We ecoded
he Esco ca ego y column o hese ca ego y 2 women o add a mo e g anula le el o
occupa ion skills and compe ences, which can be ound in he newly submi ed Figu e 2 –
P o essional Mig an Women in he Regis e o Mig an Women Landma ks, which uses h ee-
digi ESCO ca ego ies ins ead o 1-digi . We added a discussion o his new igu e o he
ex .
 
Pa 2: Memo ializing mig an women in Eu ope emains a ma ginal
commemo a ion, ibu a y o gende ed spa ial pa e ns
1.
 WE hank you o unde lining ha he s udy poin s ou an in e es ing hypo hesis abou he
Regis e demons a ing ha "excep ional accomplishmen s o he kind ha ea ns a woman
public commemo a ion would equen ly include a mig a ion episode." We ag ee howe e ,
ha lack o compa able s udies abou non-mig an women o non-mig an men make hese
a hypo hesis as o ye unp o en. We ha e amended he ex as ollows: “We encoun e ed a
pa e n o memo ializa ion ha hin ed a a dense ne wo k o isibili y in he poli ical
landscape o he ci y. In he ligh o he abo e ecen sociological esea ch, we suspec ha
ou in e sec ional RMWLE could be used o posi ha excep ional li e accomplishmen s o
he kind ha ea ns a woman public commemo a ion would equen ly include a mig a ion
episode. Such a conclusion canno be d awn ye , due o he absence o su ey s udies on
non-mig an women (o male) landma ks, howe e . The e is u he mo e ye oo ew
empi ical esea ch and biog aphical s udies ha ame mig a ion as an empowe ing
episode and as a de ining li e-p ojec a he han a biog aphical inciden o acciden ( Bold ,
2012). (…) Ou eam’s e o has been o ead agains he g ain hese no able women's
biog aphies and eco e hese episodes o mig a ion. We hope u he compa a i e s udies
and e o s o case s udies will con inue o in es iga e hese mig a ion episodes as decisi e
asse s in hese women's social ecogni ion.”  
Addendum on Case s udies1.
 We ha e s essed ha he quan i a i e egis e is uns able, as you ha e igh ly poin ed ou ,
Open Resea ch Eu ope

Page 24 o 33
Open Resea ch Eu ope 2025, 4:234 Las upda ed: 11 NOV 2025
and emind he eade ha “ he a ailable empi ical ma e ial o mig an women landma ks
“in si u” is subjec o change as he memo ial landscape e ol es, and ou esea ch has been
delibe a ely concei ed as open-ended and open access”. To his end, we ha e bo h
co ec ed ou men ions o Case S udies in he Me hodology sec ions and ou e e ences o
case s udies in he body o he ex (ou examples b ing ali e he egis e o he eade bu
we poin ou ha hey a e no s udies in he me hodological sense). We de ised an
addendum a he end o he a icle calling o he de elopmen o local, municipal and
na ion le el Case S udies analysis using he egis e . In his addendum, we s essed ha
case s udies concen a ing on geog aphical o empo al dis ibu ions would be essen ial o
e lec he changing “au ho ized he i age discou se” om s a e o s a e, municipali y o
municipali y, and egime o egime, and how his de ines he commemo a i e landscape
(we e e ence he wo k o Smi h 2006). In his ega d, we ha e also in oduced speci ic
esea ch o suppo poin s in he body o he ex o highligh wha local case s udies ( o
example he esea ch o Rusu on gende ed s ee naming in pos -communis Romania,
2024; o he esea ch o Sèbe on acial pa e ns in pos -colonial F ench DOM-TOM, 2020) o
municipal case s udies (we ha e added e e ence o he esea ch o No as Fe adás on
San iago de Compos ela Ci y’s U ban Toponymy, 2018) can b ing as o nuance and
his o ically speci ic pa e ns. We also s essed ha quan i a i e me hods a e app op ia e o
ou subjec (we e e ence he wo k o K ippendo 2019) bu bene i om being doubled by
s o y elling a he in e p e a ion s age, as e e enced in he me hodology sec ion (whe e we
e e enced Pa y, 2020).
We a e g a e ul o he me hodological backing you o e ed abou Case S udies and
s o y elling app oaches and ha e buil on hem in o he addendum (no ably elying on
Hamil on, Howa d, and Pick, 2008’s call o ac ion).
Compe ing In e es s: No compe ing in e es s we e disclosed.
Re iewe Repo 18 Decembe 2024
h ps://doi.o g/10.21956/open eseu ope.19920. 48015
© 2024 Rusu M. This is an open access pee e iew epo dis ibu ed unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons
A ibu ion License, which pe mi s un es ic ed use, dis ibu ion, and ep oduc ion in any medium, p o ided he
o iginal wo k is p ope ly ci ed.
Mihai S. Rusu
1 Lucian Blaga Uni e si y o Sibiu, Sibiu, Romania
2 Lucian Blaga Uni e si y o Sibiu, Sibiu, Romania
3 Lucian Blaga Uni e si y o Sibiu, Sibiu, Romania
The a icle p o ides a imely analysis o a sca cely esea ch opic, ha is, he memo ial a e ac s
dedica ed o mig an women ac oss Eu ope. This is a imely piece due o a couple o easons: i s ,
esea ch on women’s in isibili y in he symbolics o public place is gaining ac ion, and so a e he
claims o add ess i coming om eminis mo emen s and o he ci ic o ganiza ions; secondly, he
Open Resea ch Eu ope

Page 25 o 33
Open Resea ch Eu ope 2025, 4:234 Las upda ed: 11 NOV 2025
Geog aphy, and Na ionalism; McGinnis, L. Memo ializing Masculini y? Gende ing he
Iconog aphy o F ench Colonialism and An icolonial Resis ance in Ma inique and
Guadeloupe, 2022; Sèbe, B: Colonial he oes, 2020). We ha e also made clea one o he
blind spo o he a icle, since no s udies o his day has analyzed he dis ibu ion o non-
mig an man o women landma ks in e ms o social p es ige linked o occupa ion, skills
and compe ences. We eminded he eade ha we canno compa e he speci ici ies o ou
in e sec ional da ase o mig an women landma ks o o he g oups un il his wo k has
been done. 
3)Addendum
 We de ised an addendum a he end o he a icle calling o he de elopmen o local,
municipal and na ion le el Case S udies analysis using he egis e . As you igh ly poin ed
ou , municipali ies ha e conside able powe in de e mining which aspec s o his o y a e
mobilised and celeb a ed wi hin he buil en i onmen . In his addendum, we also s essed
ha case s udies concen a ing on geog aphical o empo al dis ibu ions would be
essen ial o e lec he changing “au ho ized he i age discou se” om s a e o s a e,
municipali y o municipali y, and egime o egime, and how his de ines he
commemo a i e landscape (Smi h 2006). We also s essed ha quan i a i e me hods a e
app op ia e o ou subjec (K ippendo 2019) bu bene i om being doubled by
s o y elling a he in e p e a ion s age, and a a mo e local le el, as e e enced in he
me hodology sec ion (Pa y, 2020) and he addendum (Hamil on, Howa d, and Pick, 2008, i).
Compe ing In e es s: No compe ing in e es s we e disclosed.
Re iewe Repo 06 No embe 2024
h ps://doi.o g/10.21956/open eseu ope.19920. 45598
© 2024 Holmbe g E. This is an open access pee e iew epo dis ibu ed unde he e ms o he C ea i e
Commons A ibu ion License, which pe mi s un es ic ed use, dis ibu ion, and ep oduc ion in any medium,
p o ided he o iginal wo k is p ope ly ci ed.
E a Johanna Holmbe g
1 Uni e si y o Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
2 Uni e si y o Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
3 Uni e si y o Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
This esea ch a icle does impo an cul u al wo k in un eiling he many ways mig an and mobile
women's memo ialisa ion has been skewed and ma ginalised in collec i e u ban ac s o
commemo a ion (by naming s ee s and u ban a eas, sculp u es, and o he ma e ial means). I
also p oduces knowledge abou wha ypes o mobile and mig a o y women's li e s o ies ha e
been eco ded (which has been skewed owa ds educa ed u ban eli es and women o highe
social classes and poli ical posi ions). When de eloping he p ojec in he u u e, he au ho s migh
wan o pu mo e emphasis on how a wide se o women's s o ies migh be p ese ed, also
Open Resea ch Eu ope

Page 32 o 33
Open Resea ch Eu ope 2025, 4:234 Las upda ed: 11 NOV 2025

ou side he classic u ban commemo a i e p ac ices, paying a en ion o an e en wide se o
in e sec ional inequali ies, he luidi y and mixing o gende and ace, and he changing p ac ices
and ac ions o mobili y and mig a ion wi hin an indi idual li e cou se - whe he ans-women
migh be included in he ca ego ies o womanhood mo e explici ly, and whe he mixed- ace
backg ounds and a g ea a ie y o e ugee and o ced mig a ion would be included in hese
iden i y ca ego ies ha a e commemo a ed in he u u e, and wha is he ole o 'non-Eu opean'
o 2nd gene a ion mig an women amongs 'women on he mo e'? Do mig an women always
ha e o become 'he oines' o is ha one o m o assigning hem wi h addi ional equi emen s o
i in? These a e jus some examples o he ype o ques ions I would pose in an in o mal dialogue
wi h he p ojec pa icipan s bu migh be wo h ponde ing mo e in he u u e i and when he
p ojec expands.
Is he wo k o iginal in e ms o ma e ial and a gumen ?
Yes
Does i su icien ly engage wi h ele an me hodologies and seconda y li e a u e on he
opic?
Yes
Is he wo k clea ly and cogen ly p esen ed?
Yes
Is he a gumen pe suasi e and suppo ed by e idence?
Yes
I any, a e all he sou ce da a and ma e ials unde lying he esul s a ailable?
Yes
Does he esea ch a icle con ibu e o he cul u al, his o ical, social unde s anding o he
ield?
Yes
Compe ing In e es s: No compe ing in e es s we e disclosed.
Re iewe Expe ise: Cul u al his o y, his o y o mobili y, cul u al encoun e , a el w i ing s udies,
li e w i ing s udies
I con i m ha I ha e ead his submission and belie e ha I ha e an app op ia e le el o
expe ise o con i m ha i is o an accep able scien i ic s anda d.
Open Resea ch Eu ope

Page 33 o 33
Open Resea ch Eu ope 2025, 4:234 Las upda ed: 11 NOV 2025