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In . J. Biosci.
2020
RESEARCH PAPER OPEN ACCESS
Species composi ion, abundance and dis ibu ion o seag asses
in he b ackish wa e s o Balingoan, Misamis O ien al in
ela ion o en i onmen al pa ame e s
Rodzia D. Hamisain1, Yasmeen A. Sama1, Ma ia Lou des Do o hy G. Lacuna1,
Ronaldo R. O bi a2, Ma ia Luisa S. O bi a1*
1Depa men o Ma ine Science, Mindanao S a e Uni e si y - Iligan Ins i u e o Technology (MSU-
IIT), Iligan Ci y, Philippines
2Depa men o P o essional Educa ion, Mindanao S a e Uni e si y - Iligan Ins i u e o Technology
(MSU-IIT), Iligan Ci y, Philippines
Key wo ds: Seag ass, b ackish wa e , Gingoog Bay.
h p://dx.doi.o g/10.12692/ijb/16.6.80-89
A icle published on June 16, 2020
Abs ac
Seag asses play an impo an ole in ma ine and b ackish wa e s bo h as p ima y p oduce s and ecosys em
enginee s, hus sus aining biodi e si y and ecosys em se ices. The ecology o seag ass was widely in es iga ed
in he ma ine egion whe eas hei abundance and dis ibu ion in b ackish wa e s is s ill limi ed. This s udy
aimed o assess he composi ion, abundance and dis ibu ion o seag asses in ela ion o some en i onmen al
pa ame e s. Field sampling was conduc ed h ough ansec -quad a me hod and shoo densi y was de e mined
along wi h wa e empe a u e, salini y, nu ien s and wa e low. The seag ass bed in Balingoan was a mixed
communi y o H. pini olia, T. hemp ichii, C. o unda a, H. o alis and E. aco oides. H. pini olia domina ed he
a ea and i s dis ibu ion ex ends om high o he lowes in e idal zone. Co ela ion analysis was signi ican
be ween he seag ass species and he en i onmen al pa ame e s and i was species speci ic.
* Co esponding Au ho : Ma ia Luisa S. O bi a ma ialuisa.o bi [email protected] .edu.ph
In e na ional Jou nal o Biosciences | IJB |
ISSN: 2220-6655 (P in ), 2222-5234 (Online)
h p://www.innspub.ne
Vol. 16, No. 6, p. 80-89, 2020
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Hamisain e al.
In . J. Biosci.
2020
In oduc ion
Seag asses a e hizoma ous ma ine angiospe ms
widesp ead in bo h ma ine and b ackish shallow
wa e s om empe a e o opical egions (Sho e
al., 2007). In hese egions, hey o en ac as
ecological enginee s (W igh and Jones, 2006)
o ming ex ensi e meadows ha a e among he mos
p oduc i e ecosys ems on ea h (McRoy and
McMillan, 1997; Dua e and Chiscano, 1999).
Seag ass meadows p o ide key ecosys em se ices,
including o ganic ca bon p oduc ion and expo ,
nu ien cycling, sedimen s abiliza ion, biodi e si y,
and ophic ans e s o adjacen habi a s (Dua e e
al., 2005; Du y, 2006; O h e al., 2006; Cullen-
Unswo h and Unswo h, 2013; Ma co-Mendez e al.,
2015). The abundance and dis ibu ion o seag asses
a e con olled by he physical, chemical and biological
p ope ies o hei en i onmen (G e e and Binze ,
2004). In mos opical seas, which a e usually
cha ac e ized by clea wa e s and high incoming
i adiance h oughou he yea , seag ass g ow h is
o en limi ed by he a ailabili y o nu ien s (Powell e
al., 1989; Sho e al., 1990; Dua e, 1995). In
addi ion, wa e empe a u e, salini y and wa e
mo ion a e also impo an a iables a ec ing seag ass
abundance and dis ibu ion in opical egions (Lin
and Shao, 1998; E emeije and He man, 1994). The
ecology o seag ass was widely in es iga ed in he
ma ine domain whe eas hei abundance and
dis ibu ion in b ackish wa e s is s ill no exhaus i e
(Boscu i e al., 2015). Balingoan is a coas al
municipali y in he p o ince o Misamis O ien al and
i s coas al wa e is pa o he Gingoog Bay. The
coas al a ea has unde wa e sp ing which causes he
wa e o be less saline o b ackish. This unique,
unusual na u al phenomenon p o ides iable
pla o m o scien i ic explo a ion in he a ea because
despi e o i s low salini y, he a ea encompasses a
a ie y o opical habi a s including seag asses. This
s udy aimed o assess he abundance and dis ibu ion
o seag asses in ela ion o some en i onmen al
pa ame e s in he a ea. This s udy p o ides addi ional
da a on he ecology o seag asses and i s ophic ole
in b ackish wa e s especially in he opical egion.
Ma e ials and me hods
S udy a ea
The s udy was conduc ed in Ba angay Man angale,
Balingoan, Misamis O ien al (9°00'26.6''N
124°51'34.4''E, Figu e 1).
Fig. 1. Loca ion o he sampling si e in Balingoan, Misamis O ien al (Sou ces: QGIS e sion 3).
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Hamisain e al.
In . J. Biosci.
2020
The coas al a ea o Man angale in Balingoan has an
unde wa e sp ing ha caused he wa e o be less
saline o b ackish. I had a salini y ha anged om
4-9‰ wi h a mean alue o 6‰. The sampling si e is
known o encompass a a ie y o opical habi a s
including mang o es, seag ass beds and co al ee s.
Field sampling
The s udy was ca ied ou du ing low ide when
seag asses we e exposed. The whole in e idal la was
di ided in o h ee egions: high, middle and low. Fo
each egion, a 50-me e ansec line (wi h 3
eplica es) was placed pa allel o he sho e, and o
e e y 10 m-in e al, a 0.5 m x 0.5 m quad a was laid
down a he igh side o he ansec line. All he
seag asses inside he quad a we e iden i ied and
eco ded ollowing he axonomic keys o Calumpong
and Meñez (1997) and Kuo and den Ha og (2001).
Shoo densi y was measu ed by ca e ully coun ing he
shoo s pe species o each quad a and he shoo
numbe s we e exp essed as densi y (shoo /m-2). The
densi y and ela i e densi y we e calcula ed using he
o mula:
En i onmen al Pa ame e s
En i onmen al pa ame e s we e measu ed andomly
in he b ackish wa e s su ounding he seag ass bed.
Wa e empe a u e was measu ed in si u using an
o dina y me cu y he mome e while salini y was
measu ed using a handheld e ac ome e . Wa e low
was es ima ed using clod ca ds (Do y, 1971) and he
calcula ion o wa e low (cm-2) was done based on
he me hod o Anzai (2001). Nu ien analysis was
ca ied ou ollowing he me hod o G assho e al.
(1983).
S a is ical analysis
The di e ence in abundance ep esen ed by shoo
densi y among species was analyzed h ough One-
Way Analysis o Va iance (One-Way ANOVA, le el o
signi icance, P o 0.05) in SPSS ( e sion 8.0).
Pea son’s co ela ion analysis was used o de e mine
he co ela ion coe icien s be ween en i onmen al
ac o s wi h seag ass abundance.
Resul s and discussion
A o al o i e (5) seag ass species we e iden i ied in
he a ea: Cymodocea o unda a (Eh enbe g and
Hemp ich, ex Asche son), Enhalus aco oides (L. .)
Royle, Halophila o alis (R. B own), Halodule
pini olia (Miki) den Ha og and Thalassia hemp ichii
(Eh enbe g) Asche son (Table 1).
Table 1. Iden i ica ion o seag asses in Balingoan, Misamis O ien al (Calumpong and Meñez, 1997; Kuo and den
Ha og, 2011).
Family
Genus and Species
Common Name
Local Name
Hyd ocha i aceae
Thalassia hemp ichii
Halophila o alis
Enhalus aco oides
Sickle-g ass
Paddle weed
Tape-g ass
Lusay
Lusay
Lusay
Cymodoceaceae
Cymodocea o unda a
Halodule pini olia
Mana ee-g ass
Needle-g ass
Lusay
Lusay
The o al seag ass axa o Balingoan ep esen 33.33%
o he 15 epo ed axa om he Philippines (Meñez e
al., 1983; Sho and Coles, 2001; G een and Sho ,
2003; Sho e al., 2007). The i e (5) seag ass species
in his s udy a e in e es ing in o ma ion conside ing
he o al o i een (15) species o he en i e
Philippines. The seag ass bed o Man angale,
Balingoan was cha ac e ized as mixed meadow and
he seag asses ha o m his mixed bed encompass a
conside able size ange, om he smalles (Halophila
o alis) o he la ges (Enhalus aco oides). Acco ding
o he ollowing au ho s (B ouns, 1987; Fo es, 1995;
Te ados e al., 1998) mos o he seag ass bed in SE
is composed o mixed seag ass communi ies ypically
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Hamisain e al.
In . J. Biosci.
2020
comp ise o up o 13 species, anging b oadly in size
om small Halophila sp. o he la ge Enhalus
aco oides. Likewise, Philippine seag ass beds a e
gene ally mixed (Meñez e al., 1983; Tomasko e al.,
1993) in esponse o nu ien en ichmen (Agawin e
al., 1996), dis u bance (Dua e e al., 1997),
compe i ion (Dua e, 2000) and wa e dep h (Taplin
e al., 2005).
Table 2. Co ela ion coe icien s (R) in ela i e densi y (%) wi h en i onmen al pa ame e s among seag ass
species in Balingoan, Misamis O ien al.
Species
Coe icien o Co ela ions
Temp
Sal
PO4
NO3
Wa e low
H. pini olia
-0.147
0.69
-0.748**
0.03
0.510
0.13
0.097
0.79
0.305
0.91
C. o unda a
-0.073
0.83
-0.310
0.35
0.689**
0.02
0.307
0.16
0.075
0.21
H. o alis
-0.007
0.98
-0.693
0.51
0.234
0.15
0.052
0.97
0.725
0.48
T. hemp ichii
-0.999**
0.03
-0.284
0.37
0.303
0.14
0.374
0.23
0.207
0.52
E. aco oides
-0.629
0.26
-0.029
0.94
0.433
0.27
0.500
0.39
0.843**
0.02
Legend: ** ep esen s signi ican di e ences a p<0.05.
The abundance o seag ass ep esen ed by shoo
densi y a ies among species (One-Way ANOVA, p <
0.05). H. pini olia had he highes shoo densi y
ollowed by C. o unda a and T. hemp ichii (Figu e
2). H. pini olia is widely dis ibu ed h oughou he
Indo-wes Paci ic and is almos ubiqui ous in opical
seag ass meadows o en being dominan (Meñez e
al., 1983; Wayco e al., 2004).
This species is a apid colonize om seed and
h ough ege a i e g ow h; i plays an impo an ole
in main aining seag ass habi a in a eas o high
dis u bance and ac i ely s abilizes sedimen s wi h an
in e wining ma o hizomes and ib ous oo s.
Likewise, his species was also dominan in he
coas al lagoon o he eas coas o Malaysia (Sidik e
al., 2010), Valachchenai lagoon (Udageda a e al.,
2017) and Negombo lagoon in S i Lanka
(Sama akoon and Van Zon, 1991). C. o unda a was
second in ank in e ms o abundance. This species is
also an ecologically impo an opical pionee
seag ass species dis ibu ed in he Indo-Paci ic
egion. I is also ound in Pu alam lagoon in S i
Lanka (Ranahewa e al., 2018) and one o he
dominan seag ass species in Tongsha island in
Taiwan (Lin e al., 2005). T. hemp ichii was hi d in
abundance and i is also one o he mos widely
dis ibu ed seag ass species domina ing in many
mixed meadows (den Ha og, 1970; B ouns, 1987;
Ve maa e al., 1995; Gulls öm e al., 2002; P a hep,
2003). This species is known o be an impo an ood
sou ce o dugongs and sea u les and p o ides
c i ical g azing habi a o ish (Phillips and Meñez,
1988). Two species, H. o alis and E. aco oides ha e
he lowes abundance. Halophila plan s in mixed
popula ions ha e low abundance due o high
compe i ion wi h o he species in e ms o ligh , space
and nu ien s (Japa Sidik, 2010). Mo eo e , he low
abundance o E. aco oides was a ibu ed o i s slow
g ow h a e because la ge seag asses a e slow g owing
wi h limi ed colonizing capaci y (Dua e, 1991).
Compa ed o o he opical seag ass species, E.
aco oides is a e y ecognizable ype o seag ass o i
has long, wide and s i lea es (Kuo and den Ha og,
2001) and known o ha e he wides ole ance and
can li e on muddy, sandy and sandy-muddy subs a e
(Dewi and Sukanda , 2017).
84
Hamisain e al.
In . J. Biosci.
2020
Fig. 2. The shoo densi y o seag asses in Balingoan, Misamis O ien al. Di e en le e s compa ed ho izon ally
indica e s a is ically signi ican di e ences be ween he means a he le el o 5% p obabili y by Tukey es .
The seag ass communi y was ound 150 me e s om
he sho eline in a dep h o 3 me e s du ing high ide.
The seag asses we e in pa chy dis ibu ion and
ex ends om high o he lowes in e idal zone bu i s
species composi ion dec eases which migh be ela ed
o wa e dep h and ligh a ailabili y (Dua e, 1991).
The i e species we e p esen in he high in e idal
egion and domina ed by H. pini olia wi h 66%
ela i e densi y (Figu e 3). In mid egion, all species
we e s ill p esen and C. o unda a domina ed wi h
59% ela i e densi y. In he low in e idal egion, only
h ee species we e ound such as H. pini olia, C.
o unda a and T. hemp ichii. H. pini olia had he
highes ela i e densi y (57%) ollowed by C.
o unda a (38%).
Fig. 3. The dis ibu ion o seag asses in he in e idal la o Balingoan, Misamis O ien al.
85
Hamisain e al.
In . J. Biosci.
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Signi ican co ela ion was de ec ed in H. pini olia, T.
hemp ichii, C. o unda a and E. aco oides wi h he
en i onmen al pa ame e s measu ed in he a ea
(Pea son’s Co ela ion, p<0.05, Table 2). Wa e
empe a u e showed a signi ican nega i e co ela ion
wi h T. hemp ichii while H. pini olia nega i ely
co ela ed wi h salini y indica ing ha hese species
ha e low capabili y o p oduce high shoo densi y
wi h changing empe a u e and salini y. Tempe a u e
is conside ed a majo ac o con olling seag ass
g ow h because an inc ease in wa e empe a u e will
a ec he biochemical p ocesses in ol ed in
pho osyn hesis and espi a ion (Tu in, 1942; Phillips
e al., 1983; Lee and Dun on, 1996; Lee e al., 2005).
Rela ed s udy shows ha high empe a u es can
educe g ow h and p oduc i i y o T. es udinum
(Ba be and Beh ens, 1985). Likewise, an inc ease in
salini y would a ec he mo phology and physiology
o seag asses (Kuo and den Ha og, 2006; Taiz and
Zeige , 2009). A s udy done on H. w igh ii shows ha
no inc ease in g ow h was seen and he lea
chlo oplas was a ec ed when he plan was exposed
o salini y o 45pp (Fe ei a e al., 2017). On he
o he hand, phospha e was posi i ely co ela ed wi h
C. o unda a sugges ing ha an inc ease in
phospha e would s imula e g ow h o his species,
hence inc eases i s shoo densi y and ice e sa.
Nu ien en ichmen s udies sugges ha addi ions o
ino ganic nu ien s can s imula e seag ass g ow h
(O h, 1977; Ha lin and Tho ne-Mille , 1981; Iizumi
e al., 1982; Dennison e al., 1987; Sho e al., 1990;
Pé ez e al., 1991; Mu ay e al., 1992; Williams and
Ruckelshaus, 1993; Lee and Dun on, 2000) and his
was obse ed in an expe imen done on C. o unda a
in Cape Bolinao, Pangasinan in esponse o nu ien
addi ion (Agawin e al., 1996). Mo eo e , wa e low
was posi i ely co ela ed wi h E. aco oides because
s ong wa e mo ion could inc ease he abso p ion o
ca bon dioxide and inc ease he nu ien up ake a
he lea su ace o E. aco oides (Agawin e al., 2001;
Hillman, 1989).
Conclusion
The ecen esea ch on seag asses in he b ackish
wa e s o Balingoan has p o ided addi ional and
impo an in o ma ion on he composi ion,
abundance and dis ibu ion o seag asses in which
da a we e s ill limi ed. Cu en indings sugges ha
he seag ass bed in Balingoan was a mixed s ands
comp ised p ima ily o H. pini olia, C. o unda a, T.
hemp ichii, H. o alis and E. aco oides. I was
domina ed by H. pini olia and i s dis ibu ion ex ends
om high o he lowes in e idal zone. Seag ass beds
consis ing o H. pini olia con ibu ed impo an ly o
coas al ecosys ems in Balingoan b ackish wa e s
because o i s high densi y. Fu he mo e, he
signi ican co ela ion be ween seag asses and he
en i onmen al pa ame e s in he a ea indica e he
exis ence o a species speci ic ela ionship.
Acknowledgmen
We would like o hank he Depa men o Ma ine
Science, College o Science and Ma hema ics, MSU
- Iligan Ins i u e o Technology o all he suppo
in he conduc o his esea ch.
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