Co esponding au ho : Guille mo Fuen es-Dá ila
Copy igh © 2025 Au ho (s) e ain he copy igh o his a icle. This a icle is published unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion Liscense 4.0.
Reac ion o du um whea cul i a s and ad anced lines o black poin unde na u al
condi ions in c op seasons 2017-2018 and 2018-2019
Guille mo Fuen es-Dá ila 1, *, I ón Alejand a Rosas-Jáu egui 2, Ped o Félix-Valencia 3, Ma ía Monse a
To es-C uz 1 and Albe o Bo bón-G acia 4
1 INIFAP, Whea Pa hology No man E. Bo laug Expe imen al S a ion, P.O. Box 155, km 12 No man E. Bo laug be ween 800
and 900 Yaqui Valley, Ob egon Ci y, Sono a, Mexico
2 Whea Bio echnology No man E. Bo laug Expe imen al S a ion, P.O. Box 155, km 12 No man E. Bo laug be ween 800 and
900 Yaqui Valley, Ob egon Ci y, Sono a, Mexico
3 Ag oclima ology No man E. Bo laug Expe imen al S a ion, P.O. Box 155, km 12 No man E. Bo laug be ween 800 and 900
Yaqui Valley, Ob egon Ci y, Sono a, Mexico
4 Whea B eeding No man E. Bo laug Expe imen al S a ion, P.O. Box 155, km 12 No man E. Bo laug be ween 800 and 900
Yaqui Valley, Ob egon Ci y, Sono a, Mexico.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(02), 1057-1065
Publica ion his o y: Recei ed on 05 July 2025; e ised on 12 Augus 2025; accep ed on 14 Augus 2025
A icle DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.30574/wja .2025.27.2.2960
Abs ac
Thi y one ad anced du um whea lines (ADWL) and cul i a s CIRNO C2008, Ba oyeca O o C2013, Que chehueca O o
C2013, and CENEB O o C2017 we e e alua ed o hei eac ion o black poin , unde na u al condi ions a he No man
E. Bo laug Expe imen al S a ion in he Yaqui Valley, Mexico, du ing c op season 2017-2018, and wen y six ADWL and
he ou cul i a s du ing 2018-2019. Sowing da es we e No embe 14 and 24, 2017, and 12 and 22, 2018, espec i ely.
Heal hy and in ec ed g ains in en spikes pe line/cul i a we e coun ed. In 2017-18, in ec ion in he i s da e anged
om 0 o 51.3 %, wi h an a e age o 9.4, and o he second da e 0 o 12.5 %, wi h an a e age o 2.8. A e age in ec ion
o CIRNO C2008 was 14.4 %, 2.4 % o Ba oyeca O o C2013, 5.9 % o Que chehueca O o C2013, and 2.5 % o CENEB
O o C2017. The line wi h he highes pe cen age o in ec ion was SWAHEN_2/KIRKI_8//PROZANA_1/4/ADAMAR_15//
ALBIA_1/ALTAR84/3/SNITAN/9/GUAYACANINIA/GUANAY/8/GEDIZ/FGO//GTA/3/SRN_1/4/TOTUS/5/ENTE/
MEXI_2//HUI/4/YAV_1/3/LD357E/2*TC60//JO69/6/SOMBRA_20/7/JUPAREC2001/10/SILK_3/DIPPER_6/3/
ACO89/ DUKEM_4//5*ACO89/4/PLAT in he i s da e wi h 51.3 %. In 2018-2019, in ec ion in he i s da e anged
om 0 o 9.5 %, wi h an a e age o 2.3, and o he second da e 0 o 4.6 %, wi h an a e age o 1.2. The a e age in ec ion
o CIRNO C2008 was 0.8 %, 0.3 % o Ba oyeca O o C2013, 1.0 % o Que chehueca O o C2013, and 0.7 % o CENEB
O o C2017. Lines wi h he highes pe cen age o in ec ion we e: SELIM/10/RCOL/ THKNEE_2/9/USDA595/3/D67.3/
RABI//CRA/4/ALO/5/HUI/YAV_1/6/ARDENTE/7/HUI/YAV79/8/POD_9/11/NASR99/6/OSU-3880005/3/STOT//
ALTAR84/ALD/4/KUCUK_2/5/CRAKE_10/RISSA/12/MÂALI/6/MUSK_1//ACO89/FNFOOT_2/4/MUSK_4/3/
PLATA_3//CREX/ALLA/5/OLUS*2/ILBOR and SOOTY_9/RASCON_37//GUAYACANINIA/11/BOOMER_33/ZAR/3/
BRAK_2/AJAIA_2//SOLGA_8/10/PLATA_10/6/MQUE/4/USDA573//QFN/AA_7/3/ALBA-D/5/AVO/HUI/7/PLATA_13
/8/THKNEE_11/9/CHEN/ALTAR84/3/HUI/POC//BUB/RUFO/4/FNFOOT/12/P91.272.3.1/3*MEXI75//2*
JUPAREC2001/5/ARTIC, bo h wi h 9.5 % in he i s sowing da e.
Keywo ds: Du um whea ; T i icum du um; Al e na ia spp.; Na u al in ec ion
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(02), 1057-1065
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1. In oduc ion
Many ungal species, including Al e na ia, Fusa ium, and Helmin hospo ium spp., can be isola ed om ha es ed whea
g ain. Fo example, Kai-Ge e al. [1] isola ed 21 s ains ep esen ing 11 gene a o hese ungi. These ungal species a e
impo an in humid ield en i onmen s, whe e hey in ec seed when ela i e humidi y exceeds 90% and seed mois u e
con en exceeds 20%. Rain all du ing seed ma u a ion, along wi h se e al days o humid wea he leading up o ha es ,
p omo es he de elopmen o black poin (BP); he condi ion p ima ily a ec s expanding g een ke nels, which a e he
mos ulne able [2,3]. Many o he ungi ha cause BP a e sap ophy ic [4]. Al e na ia al e na a (F ies: F ies) on
Keissle and Bipola is so okiniana (Sacc.) Shoemake a e gene ally conside ed he p ima y causal agen s o he disease
[5]. In ec ed ea s which could look no mal, may be ellip ical, b own o da k b own lesions on he inne side o he
glumes. The disease is mo e p onounced as b own o da k b own o blackish, localized discolo ed a eas, usually a ound
he emb yo (Figu e 1). Discolo a ion may also occu nea he b ush, in he c ease o any pa o he seed. I may be ligh
o da k o wi h a dis inc ma gin. Se e e in ec ion causes discolo a ion and sh i elling o he whole seed [5]. Ve ical
sec ions may show b own o black spo s in he endospe m o in ec ed seed [6]. The disease known as ed spo caused
by Py enopho a i ici- epen is (Died.) D echs., can also occu in seed a ec ed by BP [7]. Black poin no only causes
economic losses due o he deg ada ion in he quali y o lou and semolina, bu also a ec s seed ge mina ion and
inhibi s seedling g ow h [1]. I is an endemic disease o du um whea (T i icum du um Des .) and b ead whea (T i icum
aes i um L.) in he sou he n egion o he s a e o Sono a in Mexico [8], al hough i s incidence a ies om one
ag icul u al c op season o ano he ; he disease has been also epo ed o a ec i icale (X T i icosecale Wi mack) [4].
In his whea -p oducing egion o Mexico, he e is no p og am designed and inanced speci ically o e alua e BP, ei he
in in oduc ions, seg ega ing popula ions and/o ad anced lines. I has been demons a ed ha inocula ion by injec ion
and acuum in il a ion o Al e na ia al e na a (F .:F .) Keissl. is use ul o iden i y esis an and suscep ible ge mplasm
[9]. On he o he hand, Kai-Ge e al. [1] comple ed Koch's pos ula es wi h se e al species ha cause BP, by sp aying
plan s in he g eenhouse. In o de o con ibu e o he moni o ing o his disease in sou he n Sono a, he objec i e o
his wo k was o e alua e he eac ion o du um whea comme cial cul i a s and ad anced lines candida es o
comme cial elease, du ing he 2017-2018 and 2018-2019 all-win e c op seasons.
Figu e 1 Symp oms o black poin on g ain o du um whea
2. Ma e ials and me hods
Thi y one ad anced du um whea lines (ADWL) and cul i a s CIRNO C2008 [10], Ba oyeca O o C2013 [11],
Que chehueca O o C2013 [12], and CENEB O o C2017 [13] we e e alua ed o hei eac ion o black poin , unde
na u al condi ions a he No man E. Bo laug Expe imen al S a ion which belongs o he Na ional Ins i u e o Fo es y,
Ag icul u e, and Li es ock Resea ch, loca ed in block 910 in he Yaqui Valley, Sono a, Mexico (27º22´3.01” N and
109º55´40.22” W, 37 masl) in a clay soil wi h pH o 7.8, du ing c op season 2017-2018, and wen y six ADWL and he
ou cul i a s men ioned du ing 2018-2019. Sowing da es we e No embe 14 and 24, 2017, and No embe 12 and 22,
2018, espec i ely, using 8 g o seed o a 0.7 m bed wi h wo ows wi hou eplica ions. Fe iliza ion consis ed o 150
kg/ha o u ea be o e sowing. One i iga ion o seed ge mina ion and h ee complemen a y i iga ions we e applied
du ing he season. Be o e he i s complemen a y i iga ion, 100 kg/ha o u ea we e applied. Thi y days a e sowing,
he he bicide Si ui® XL (me sul u on me hyl) [14] was applied a a dose o 25 g/ha o comme cial p oduc . Ha es was
done manually and he e alua ion by isual inspec ion coun ing he numbe o heal hy and in ec ed g ains in en spikes
pe line/cul i a , in o de o de e mine he pe cen age o in ec ion. The daily a e age empe a u e (°C), he maximum
and minimum, ela i e humidi y, and p ecipi a ion we e eco ded om Ma ch 1 o 31, du ing 2018 and 2019, by he
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(02), 1057-1065
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wea he s a ion CIANO-910, loca ed in block 910 in he Yaqui Valley which belongs o he au oma ed wea he s a ion
ne wo k o Sono a [15].
3. Resul s and discussion
Du ing he c op season 2017-2018, he ange o in ec ion o he i s sowing da e was 0 o 51.3 % wi h an a e age o
9.4 (Figu e 2); 3 lines did no ha e in ec ed g ains, 13 lines and cul i a s Ba oyeca O o C2013 and CENEB O o C2017
ell wi hin he 0.1-2.5 % in ec ion ca ego y, 2 lines wi hin 2.6-5.0 %, 3 lines wi hin 5.1-10 %, 8 lines and cul i a s CIRNO
C2008 and Que chehueca O o C2013 wi hin 10.1-30 %, and 2 lines showed mo e han 30.1 % in ec ed g ains. The ange
o in ec ion o he second da e was 0 o 12.5 % wi h an a e age o 2.8; 5 lines did no ha e in ec ed g ains, 15 lines and
cul i a s CIRNO C2008 and Que chehueca O o C2013 ell wi hin he 0.1-2.5 % in ec ion ca ego y, 6 lines and Ba oyeca
O o C2013 and CENEB O o C2017 wi hin 2.6-5.0 %, 3 lines wi hin 5.1-10 %, and 2 lines wi hin 10.1-30 %.
Figu e 2 Pe cen age o in ec ion wi h black poin (Al e na ia spp.) in wo sowing da es, o 31 du um whea ad anced
lines and 4 comme cial cul i a s, e alua ed unde na u al in ec ion in he ield, du ing he all-win e c op season
2017-2018, a he No man E. Bo laug Expe imen al S a ion in he Yaqui Valley, Sono a, Mexico. 1= CIRNO C2008, 2=
Ba oyeca O o C2013, 3= Que chehueca O o C2013, 4= CENEB O o C2017
Some lines showed consis ency in hei eac ion o black poin , cul i a Ba oyeca O o C2013 and lines ALTAR
84/STINT//SILVER_45/3/GUANAY/4/GREEN_14//YAV_10/AUK/5/GUAYACANINIA/YEBAS_8/3/TOPDY_18/
FOCHA_1//ALTAR84/9/CBC509CHILE/6/ECO/CMH76A.722//BIT/3/ALTAR84/4/AJAIA_2/5/KJOVE_1/7/
AJAIA_12/F3LOCAL(SEL.ETHIO.135.85)//PLATA_13/8/SOOTY_9/RASCON_37//WO (No. 16), BHA/3/SORA/
2*PLATA_12//SRN_3/NIGRIS_4/4/AG1-22/2*ACO89//2*UC1113/8/2*STOT//ALTAR84/ALD/3/THB/CEP7780//
2*MUSK_4/6/ECO/CMH76A.722//BIT/3/ALTAR84/4/AJAIA_2/5/KJOVE_1/7/RASCON_37/2*TARRO_2/4/ROK/
FGO//STIL/3/BISU_1/5/MALMUK_1/SERRATOR_1 (No. 19), CBC509CHILE/6/ECO/CMH76A.722//BIT/3/ALTAR84
/4/AJAIA_2/5/KJOVE_1/7/AJAIA_12/F3LOCAL(SEL.ETHIO.135.85)//PLATA_13/8/SOOTY_9/RASCON_37//
WODUCK/CHAM_3/9/TOPDY_18/FOCHA_1//ALTAR84/3/AJAIA_12/F3LOCAL(SEL.ETHIO.135.85)//PLATA_13/4/
SOMAT_3/GREEN_22/5/VRKS (No. 21), ARMENT//SRN_3/NIGRIS_4/3/CANELO_9.1/4/TOSKA_26/RASCON_37//
SNITAN/5/PLAYERO/11/CLAUDIO/4/YAZI_1/AKAKI_4//SOMAT_3/3/AUK/GUIL//GREEN/10/TARRO_1/2*YUAN_1
//AJAIA_13/YAZI/9/USDA595/3/D67.3/RABI//CRA/4/ALO/5/HUI/YAV_1/6/ARDENTE/7/HUI/YAV79/8/POD_9
(No. 27), and PLANETA/PIQUERO//BERGAND/KNIPA/6/YAZI_1/AKAKI_4//SOMAT_3/3/AUK/GUIL//GREEN/5/
2*NETTA_4/DUKEM_12//RASCON_19/3/SORA/2*PLATA_12/4/GREEN_18/FOCHA_1//AIRON_1/12/ALTAR84/
STINT//SILVER_45/3/GUANAY/4/GREEN_14//YAV_10/AUK/10/CMH79.959/CHEN//SOOTY_9/RASCON_37 (No.
34), showed a di e ence in pe cen age o in ec ion be ween he i s and second da es ha anged be ween 0.22 and
0.65 %. Those lines wi h a di e ence ha anged om 1.12 o 1.97 % we e No. 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, 22, and 24. Lines wi h
he lowes a e age pe cen age o in ec ion we e ALTAR 84/STINT//SILVER_45/3/GUANAY/4/
GREEN_14//YAV_10/AUK/5/GUAYACANINIA/YEBAS_8/3/TOPDY_18/FOCHA_1//ALTAR84/9/CBC509CHILE/6/
ECO/CMH76A.722//BIT/3/ALTAR84/4/AJAIA_2/5/KJOVE1/7/AJAIA_12/F3LOCAL(SEL.ETHIO.135.85)//PLATA_13
/8/SOOTY_9/RASCON_37//WO (No. 16) wi h 0.11, ollowed by PLANETA/PIQUERO//BERGAND/KNIPA/6/YAZI_1/
AKAKI_4//SOMAT_3/3/AUK/GUIL//GREEN/5/2*NETTA_4/DUKEM_12//RASCON_19/3/SORA/2*PLATA_12/4/GRE
EN_18/FOCHA_1//AIRON_1/12/ALTAR84/STINT//SILVER_45/3/GUANAY/4/GREEN_14//YAV_10/AUK/10/
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CMH79.959/CHEN//SOOTY_9/RASCON_37 (No. 34) wi h 0.17 %, and hose wi h he highes a e age pe cen age o
in ec ion we e SWAHEN_2/KIRKI_8//PROZANA_1/4/ADAMAR_15//ALBIA_1/ALTAR84/3/SNITAN/9/
GUAYACANINIA/GUANAY/8/GEDIZ/FGO//GTA/3/SRN_1/4/TOTUS/5/ENTE/MEXI_2//HUI/4/YAV_1/3/LD357E/
2*TC60//JO69/6/SOMBRA_20/7/JUPAREC2001/10/SILK_3/DIPPER_6/3/ACO89/DUKEM_4//5*ACO89/4/PLAT (No.
10) wi h 26.1 and HUBEI//SOOTY_9/RASCON_37/3/2*SOOTY_9/RASCON_37/4/2*SOOTY_9/RASCON_37/6/
SOMAT_3/PHAX_1//TILO_1/LOTUS_4/3/GUANAY/5/NETTA_4/DUKEM_12//RASCON_19/3/SORA/2*PLATA_12/4/
GREEN_18/FOCHA_1//AIRON_1/7/ALTAR84/STINT//SILVER_45/3/GUANAY/4/GREEN_14//YAV_10/AUK/5/G (No.
31) wi h 19.2 %. On he o he hand, lines ha showed he highes pe cen age o in ec ion we e: Line No. 10 in he i s
da e wi h 51.3 %, ollowed by CNDO/VEE//PLATA_8/3/6*PLATA_11/6/PLATA_8/4/GARZA/AFN//CRA/3/GTA/5/
RASCON/9/USDA595/3/D67.3/RABI//CRA/4/ALO/5/HUI/YAV_1/6/ARDENTE/7/HUI/YAV79/8/POD_9/10/
ALTAR84/BINTEPE85/3/STOT//ALTAR84/ALD/4/POD_11/YAZI_1/5/VANRRIKSE_12/SNITAN/6/SOOTY_9/
RASCON_37 (Line No. 7) wi h 34.0 %, also in he i s da e.
Du ing he c op season 2018-2019, he ange o in ec ion o he i s sowing da e was 0 o 9.5 % wi h an a e age o 2.3
(Figu e 3); 7 lines and cul i a s CIRNO C2008, Ba oyeca O o C2013, Que chehueca O o C2013, and CENEB O o C2017
did no ha e in ec ed g ains, 9 lines ell wi hin he 0.1-2.5 % in ec ion ca ego y, 4 lines wi hin 2.6-5.0 %, and 6 lines
wi hin 5.1-10 %. Fo he second da e, he ange o in ec ion was 0 o 4.6 % wi h an a e age o 1.2; 8 lines did no ha e
in ec ed g ains, 14 lines and he ou cul i a s ell wi hin he 0.1-2.5 % in ec ion ca ego y, and 4 lines wi hin 2.6-5.0 %.
This g oup o lines showed mo e consis ency in hei eac ion o BP in bo h da es han he g oup in c op season 2017-
2018, since disease incidence and se e i y we e much lowe . Lines RANCO//CIT71/CII /3/COMDK/4/TCHO//
SHWA/MALD/3/CREX/5/SNITAN/6/YAZI_1/AKAKI_4//SOMAT_3/3/AUK/GUIL//GREEN/7/CIRNOC2008 (Line No.
5) and SARAGOLLA/CIRNOC2008/9/ARNACORIS/8/WID22209/5/RASCON_33/TISOMA_2/3/CANELO_8//SORA/
2*PLATA_12/4/SOMAT_4/INTER_8/7/CHEN_1/TEZ/3/GUIL//CIT71/CII/4/SORA/PLATA_12/5/STOT//ALTAR84/
ALD/6/SOMAT_3/PHAX_1//TILO_1/LOTUS_4 (Line No. 26) did no show any in ec ed g ains in bo h da es, and 8
showed a di e ence anging om 0.19 o 0.94. Only one line showed a di e ence o 7.83, and a ew mo e lines showed
g ea e in ec ion in he i s da e han in he second one.
Figu e 3 Pe cen age o in ec ion wi h black poin (Al e na ia spp.) in wo sowing da es, o 26 du um whea ad anced
lines and 4 comme cial cul i a s, e alua ed unde na u al in ec ion in he ield, du ing he all-win e c op season
2018-2019, a he No man E. Bo laug Expe imen al S a ion in he Yaqui Valley, Sono a, Mexico. 1= CIRNO C2008, 2=
Ba oyeca O o C2013, 3= Que chehueca O o C2013, 4= CENEB O o C2017
Lines wi h he highes pe cen age o in ec ion we e: SELIM/10/RCOL/THKNEE_2/9/USDA595/3/D67.3/RABI//
CRA/4/ALO/5/HUI/YAV_1/6/ARDENTE/7/HUI/YAV79/8/POD_9/11/NASR99/6/OSU-3880005/3/STOT//
ALTAR84/ALD/4/KUCUK_2/5/CRAKE_10/RISSA/12/MÂALI/6/MUSK_1//ACO89/FNFOOT_2/4/MUSK_4/3/
PLATA_3//CREX/ALLA/5/OLUS*2/ILBOR (Line No. 15) and SOOTY_9/RASCON_37//GUAYACANINIA/11/
BOOMER_33/ZAR/3/BRAK_2/AJAIA_2//SOLGA_8/10/PLATA_10/6/MQUE/4/USDA573//QFN/AA_7/3/ALBA-
D/5/AVO/HUI/7/PLATA_13/8/THKNEE_11/9/CHEN/ALTAR84/3/HUI/POC//BUB/RUFO/4/FNFOOT
/12/P91.272.3.1/3* MEXI75//2*JUPAREC2001/5/ARTIC (Line No. 28), bo h wi h 9.5 % in he i s sowing da e. The
a e age pe cen age o in ec ion was qui e di e en in bo h seasons (Figu e 4), and in gene al highe in 2017-2018.
Cul i a s CIRNO C2008, Ba oyeca O o C2013, Que chehueca O o C2013, and CENEB O o C2017 had highe in ec ion in
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he i s season (2017-2018) wi h a di e ence o 93.8, 87.2, 82.1, and 69.8 %, espec i ely. Aside om he ou cul i a s,
he di e ence in pe cen age o in ec ion be ween he 26 lines in 2017-2018 and he 31 in 2018-2019 was 6.13% highe
in he i s c op season.
Figu e 4 A e age pe cen age o in ec ion wi h black poin (Al e na ia spp.) in wo sowing da es and in wo c op
seasons (2017-2018 and 2018-2019), o 31 du um whea ad anced lines and 4 comme cial cul i a s in he i s
season and 26 and he ou cul i a s in he second one, e alua ed unde na u al in ec ion in he ield, a he No man E.
Bo laug Expe imen al S a ion in he Yaqui Valley, Sono a, Mexico. 1= CIRNO C2008, 2= Ba oyeca O o C2013, 3=
Que chehueca O o C2013, 4= CENEB O o C2017
The a e age ela i e humidi y du ing Ma ch 2018 anged om 48.4 o 79.8 % wi h an a e age o 65.9 %, while in 2019
he ange was 61.1 o 83.8 % wi h an a e age o 68.9 % (Figu e 5). A e age ela i e humidi y was highe in 2018 han
in 2019 on 10 days, wi h a ange o 0.68 o 14.41 %, while highe in 2019 on 21 days wi h a ange o 0.06 o 25.3 %.
Despi e his, g ea e in ec ion by BP in cul i a s and lines was ound in 2018 (Figu e 4). Fuen es-Dá ila e al. [16]
epo ed ha in c op season 2015-2016 he na u al incidence o BP was highe han in 2016-2017, based on he ac
ha he daily ela i e humidi y du ing Ma ch 2016 had a ange o 31.2 o 100 % wi h an a e age o 75.3 %, while in
2017 he ange was 24.4 o 99.6 % wi h an a e age o 70.8 %. Howe e , BP can be also p e alen i wea he is ho and
d y and when whea ma u i y is delayed [17], as well as when he e a e s ess ac o s like p ema u e seed senescence
o o he en i onmen al s esso s [18]. The cul i a s used in his wo k ha e an a e age o 121 days o physiological
ma u i y [10,11,12,13], so by Ma ch 7, cul i a s and lines had eached om 113 o 115 days in he i s sowing da e and
om 103 o 105 days in he second da es o bo h c op seasons, and he e o e, ke nels we e in ull expansion close o
physiological ma u i y (s ages 83-91, Zadoks scale [19]). As epo ed p e iously [2,3], ain all du ing seed ma u a ion
a o s BP, as well as humid wea he p e ailing o a ew days p io o ha es .
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Figu e 5 A e age ela i e humidi y du ing Ma ch 2018 and 2019, eco ded by he wea he s a ion CIANO-910,
loca ed in block 910 a he No man E. Bo laug Expe imen al S a ion in he Yaqui Valley, Sono a, Mexico
Wi hin he in ec ion ca ego ies o he g oups based on he a e age o he wo da es in each c op season, in 2017-2018,
wel e lines ell wi hin he 0.1-2.5 % in ec ion ca ego y, 5 lines and cul i a s Ba oyeca O o C2013 and CENEB O o C2017
wi hin 2.6-5.0 %, 8 lines and cul i a Que chehueca O o C2013 wi hin 5.1-10.0 %, and 6 lines and CIRNO C2008 wi hin
10.1-30.0 % (Figu e 6). The o e all a e age o he g oup was 6.1 % wi h a ange o 0.11 o 26.0 %. In 2018-2019, wo
lines did no show any in ec ed g ains, 14 lines and he ou cul i a s ell wi hin he 0.1-2.5 % ca ego y, 7 lines wi hin
2.6-5.0 %, and 3 lines wi hin 5.1-10.0 %. The o e all a e age o he g oup was 1.8 % wi h a ange o 0 o 6.2 %. The
incidence o BP in a eas o sou he n Sono a whe e whea is cul i a ed du ing he all-win e season a ies ac oss b ead
[20], du um whea , and i icale [8]. This a iabili y may be a ibu ed no only o p e ailing seasonal wea he
condi ions, bu also o dis inc clima ic zones iden i ied in he egion [21,22]. Ano he impo an ac o is he p ima y
inoculum, which is in luenced by wea he condi ions and he abili y o ce ain ungal species, such as Al e na ia i icina,
Helmin hospo ium sa i um, and Fusa ium spp. o ac as sap ophy es, as hey may su i e in plan deb is [4].
Figu e 6 In ec ion ca ego ies (%) wi h black poin (Al e na ia spp.) in wo sowing da es and in wo c op seasons
(2017-2018 and 2018-2019), o 31 du um whea ad anced lines and 4 comme cial cul i a s in he i s season and 26
and he ou cul i a s in he second one, e alua ed unde na u al in ec ion in he ield, a he No man E. Bo laug
Expe imen al S a ion in he Yaqui Valley, Sono a, Mexico
As obse ed in he p esen s udy, he pe cen age o BP in ec ion can be high in ce ain c op seasons. Fo example, du ing
he 2009-2010 season, he du um whea line SOMAT_4/INTER_8/4/GODRIN/GUTROS//DUKEM/3/THKNEE_11/5/
CNDO/PRIMADUR//HAI-OU_17/3/ SNITAN exhibi ed 50.6 % in ec ion unde na u al condi ions [20]. In he same
season, b ead whea lines BABAX/LR42//BABAX/3/ER2000, BABAX/LR42//BABAX*2/4/SNI/TRAP#1/3/KAUZ*2/
TRAP//KAUZ, and TC870344/GUI//TEMPORALERAM87/AGR/3/2*WBLL1 showed in ec ion a es o 30.8 %, 27.3 %,
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(02), 1057-1065
1063
and 20.5 %, espec i ely. Simila ly, du ing he 2013-2014 season, he b ead whea lines SOKOLL*2/3/BABAX/LR42//
BABAX and KISKADEE#1/CHYAK bo h showed 31.4 % in ec ed g ains [23]. A high pe cen age o whea g ains in ec ed
wi h BP nega i ely impac s g ain quali y, and consequen ly he ma ke alue o whea p oduc s. In addi ion o he use
o esis an cul i a s [24], BP can be pa ially managed by educing i iga ion equency a e heading and lowe ing
ni ogen applica ion a es, p ac ices ha do no comp omise g ain yield o quali y. Con inuous e alua ion o
expe imen al du um whea ge mplasm o BP eac ion is essen ial o iden i y ole an o highly esis an geno ypes ha
may be sui able o u u e comme cial elease. In he Yaqui Valley, 77.1 % o he whea -g owing a ea was plan ed wi h
du um whea du ing he 2017-2018 and 2018-2019 all-win e seasons [25,26]. This end no only enhances he
economic e u ns o whea p oduce s, bu also con ibu es posi i ely o he egional and na ional economy.
4. Conclusion
Wi hin he in ec ion ca ego ies o he g oups based on he a e age o he wo da es in each c op season, in 2017-2018,
12 lines ell wi hin he 0.1-2.5 % in ec ion ca ego y, 5 wi hin 2.6-5.0 %, 8 wi hin 5.1-10.0 %, and 6 wi hin 10.1-30.0 %.
Cul i a s Ba oyeca O o C2013, CENEB O o C2017, Que chehueca O o C2013, and CIRNO C2008 showed 2.4, 2.5, 5.9, and
14.4 a e age pe cen in ec ion, espec i ely.
In 2018-2019, 2 lines did no show any in ec ed g ains, 14 lines and he 4 cul i a s ell wi hin he 0.1-2.5 % ca ego y, 7
lines wi hin 2.6-5.0 %, and 3 lines wi hin 5.1-10.0 %.
Lines wi h he highes pe cen age o in ec ion we e: SWAHEN_2/KIRKI_8//PROZANA_1/4/ADAMAR_15//
ALBIA_1/ALTAR84/3/SNITAN/9/GUAYACANINIA/GUANAY/8/GEDIZ/FGO//GTA/3/SRN_1/4/TOTUS/5/ENTE/
MEXI_2//HUI/4/YAV_1/3/LD357E/2*TC60//JO69/6/SOMBRA_20/7/JUPAREC2001/10/SILK_3/DIPPER_6/3/
ACO89/DUKEM_4//5*ACO89/4/PLAT in he i s da e wi h 51.3 %, ollowed by CNDO/VEE//PLATA_8/3/6*PLATA_11
/6/PLATA_8/4/GARZA/AFN//CRA/3/GTA/5/RASCON/9/USDA595/3/D67.3/RABI//CRA/4/ALO/5/HUI/YAV_1/6/
ARDENTE/7/HUI/YAV79/8/POD_9/10/ALTAR84/BINTEPE85/3/STOT//ALTAR84/ALD/4/POD_11/YAZI_1/5/
VANRRIKSE_12/SNITAN /6/SOOTY_9/ RASCON_37 wi h 34.0 %, also in he i s da e, bo h in c op season 2017-2018
Despi e he highe ela i e humidi y p esen in 21 days o Ma ch o 2019 han in 2018, g ea e incidence o black poin
was de ec ed in 2018.
Compliance wi h e hical s anda ds
Acknowledgmen s
This esea ch was inancially suppo ed by he Mexican Na ional Ins i u e o Fo es y, Ag icul u e, and Li es ock
Resea ch (INIFAP).
Disclosu e o con lic o in e es
The au ho s decla e ha No con lic o in e es .
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