90
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In . J. Biosci.
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RESEARCH PAPER OPEN ACCESS
Compa a i e s udy o soil physical p ope ies o highe and
lowe ele a ion o Lo alai Balochis an Pakis an
Wajia Noo 1*, Bibi Sadia1, Saba kazmi1, Asyia1, Yasmeen Rehma 1, Junaid Ahmad2,
Yasmeen1
1Depa men o Bo any, Sa da Bahadu Khan Women Uni e si y, Que a, Pakis an
2Depa men o Ag onomy, The Uni e si y o Ag icul u e, Peshawa , Pakis an
Key wo ds: Soil p ope ies, pH, Soil EC, Soil po osi y, Soil ex u e.
h p://dx.doi.o g/10.12692/ijb/16.6.90-97
A icle published on June 16, 2020
Abs ac
Soil is a dynamic and complica ed sys em o li ing, dead and decaying o ganisms wi h esidual mine al
ma e ials, o ganic subs ances, ai and wa e . S udying soil p ope ies can help he conce ned people o make
bes soil managemen decisions. The p esen esea ch was ca ied ou o in es iga e Lo alai op soil by
compa a i e s udy o a ea’s soil on highe and lowe ele a ion om bo h he cul i a ed plans and non-cul i a ed
plans. Soil was collec ed om ou di e en ele a ions moun ain si es, ba en plan, cul i a ed esh wa e si e
and cul i a ed d ainage wa e si e om he dep hs o 0-5, 5-10 and 10-15cm. The physical p ope ies we e
analysed in labo a o y in h ee eplica ed samples o each ele a ion and each dep h. 36 soil samples we e
analysed by using physical pa ame e s. These soil physical pa ame e s we e soil colo , soil ax u e, soil s uc u e,
soil p o ile, soil pH, soil conduc i i y, soil soluble sal con en , soil bulk densi y, soil po osi y and soil wa e
holding capaci y. I was obse ed ha soil bulk densi y and wa e holding capaci y alues we e maximum in he
all dep hs o moun ain si e clay soil while minimum in sandy ba en plan. Soil po osi y was maximum in sandy
plan and minimum in moun ain si e soil. Bes po osi y, PH, po osi y and wa e holding capaci y was obse ed
o d ainage exposed soil. Resul s concluded ha he e is no signi ican e ec o ele a ion on soil physical
cha ac e s. Physical p ope ies a e di ec ly ela ed wi h soil ex u e. Soil wi h clay-sand loamy ax u e was
analyzed and bes soil o all physical pa ame e s.
* Co esponding Au ho : Wajia Noo Hamzazai[email p o ec ed]
In e na ional Jou nal o Biosciences | IJB |
ISSN: 2220-6655 (P in ), 2222-5234 (Online)
h p://www.innspub.ne
Vol. 16, No. 6, p. 90-97, 2020
91
Noo e al.
In . J. Biosci.
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In oduc ion
Soil quali y concep is he assessmen o soil
p ope ies and p ocesses which ela e o soil abili y o
unc ioning bes as a pa o heal hy en i onmen
(Schoenhol z e al., 2000). Soil p ope ies mainly all
in o h ee ca ego ies he biological, physical and
chemical cha ac e is ics. All hese cha ac e s s ongly
in luence he land u iliza ion decisions and
managemen p ac ices. These soil p ope ies also
de e mine ha how much a land can be p oduc i e
(Fos e e al., 2001). Fac o s in ol ed in soil
o ma ion a e Li ing ma e (plan s, animals and
mic oo ganisms), Clima e (cold, hea , ain all, snow,
wind e c.), Pa en al ma e ial, Time, Relie (Sa angzai
e al., 2015). Soil is a dynamic and complica ed
sys em o li ing, dead and decaying o ganisms wi h
esidual mine al ma e ials, o ganic subs ances, ai
and wa e . The physical, chemical and biological
eac ions occu ing in soil a e di icul o unde s and.
Howe e s udying soil p ope ies can help he
conce ned people o make bes soil managemen
decisions (Ruiz e al., 2015).
In o de o su i e, e e y li ing o ganism equi e
nu i ion. Plan s ake hei nu i ion om soil in he
o m o nu ien s ( he mac o & mic onu ien s).
The e a e 16 essen ial elemen s equi ed by he plan s
o egula ion o me abolic p ocesses. (Sa angzai e
al., 2015). Nu ien s in soil a e ca ego ized in o h ee
ypes(1) Main o majo nu ien s including
phospho ous ni ogen e c. (2)mino nu ien s
including calcium sul u e c. (3)mic onu ien s
including zinc, cobal e c. (Ga cia e al., 2012)
Na u ally soils a e en iched wi h many ypes o
mine als like ino ganic subs ances. The e a e
di e en con ibu ions o soil mine als o plan
g ow h, some con ibu e e y li le while o he being
mos essen ial o plan su i al (Fos e e al., 2001).
Soil abili y o suppo numbe o ac i i ies a e
dependen on soil physical as well as chemical means
o i s composi ion. Many impo an unc ions a e
pe o med by soil like decomposi ion o dead o ganic
ma e o plan s and animals, wa e il a ion o
pu i ica ion, ul illing he demands o plan nu i ion,
unning biogeochemical cycles and suppo ing plan
g ow h di ec ly and indi ec ly he animal g ow h e c.
(Cheng e al., 2001).
Soil biochemical cha ac e is ics se es as indica o s o
soil quali y as a e mo e aluable o soil managemen
p ac ices i compa ing wi h soil physical and chemical
p ope ies. Soil p e en ion agains excessi e
con amina ion is needed. E ec i e me hods should
also be needed o clean up con amina ed a eas
(Dawoodi e al., 2015). Cha ac e is ics o soil quali y
such as i s s abili y, endency o esis he dis u bance
and biodi e si y a e g ea ly a ec ed by he way o
land usage and managemen p ac ices applied. Soil
quali y can also be imp o e by mode a e compac ion
o loose soils (Combi e al., 2008). Soil es ing on
egula bases can be he bes ool in soil nu ien
managemen . We can use soil es ing me hods o soil
managemen . In o de o ob ain accu a e esul s,
sample he soil co ec ly.
Lo alai is one o 32 dis ic s o Balochis an p o ince.
Ci y Lo alai is he main p inciple ci y o Lo alai
dis ic . I s loca ion is in he no h eas o Balochis an
Pakis an. Fo a long ime ci y Lo alai was amilia by
he name “Bo i”. Lo alai is 4700 ee s abo e he sea
le el. The p esen esea ch is o analyze Lo alai main
ci y and nea by illages soil cul i a ed and non-
cul i a ed on highe and lowe ele a ions.
Ma e ial and me hods
Soil was collec ed om di e en a eas o Lo alai.
Lo alai is dis ic wi h a ea 1653km sq. Clima e o
Lo alai is highly semia id wi h he signi ican
a ia ion be ween summe & win e empe a u e.
Di e en ypes o soil aken om di e en a eas o
Lo alai like esh wa e soil, d ainage wa e soil,
ba en a ea soil, moun ain soil e c. Soil samples we e
collec ed om kili chamaza, kili punga, kili mekh a ,
kili shabozai. Soil was aken om di e en dep h
om 5cm, 10cm & 15cm measu ed by he help o
scale. Fi s we dug he g ound o h ee di e en dep h
5cm, 10cm &15cm. Soil collec ed om hese le els all
ha e di e en colo anging om ligh b own o da k
b own. We kep he soil in poly hene beg o
obse a ion.
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In . J. Biosci.
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Fig. 1. Map o Baluchis an p o ince o Pakis an and hei su ounding a eas.
De e mina ion o soil colo
Soils o di e en a ea show huge colo a ia ions.
This a ia ion may be due o soil pa en al ma e ial o
due o o ming p ocesses. Soil colo is one o he
undamen al soil physical p ope ies which p o ides
basic in o ma ion abou soil nu ien s. In his sho
e m esea ch p ojec , soil colo was de e mined by
using mensal colo cha .
De e mina ion o soil ex u e
Tex u e o soil was analyzed by using hese h ee
simple me hods i.e. Feel me hod, Sie e me hod, We
me hod o ibbon me hod. In Feel me hod, by
ouching soil samples o di e en a ea, ex u e o soil
was de e mined by using eel me hod. Soil pa icles
ypes/soil sepa a es like sand, sil , clay and g a els
we e analyzed. While in Sie e me hod, soil ex u e
was analyzed by using sie es o di e en sizes. Fi s ly
we d ied ou he soil samples, Soil was passed om
he sie e o maximum po e size. Soil sample which
was passed om i s sie e was u he passed om
he sie e o compa a i ely small po es. In he same
way, pa icles we e passed om all a ailable sie es.
Finally he soil pa icle size and soil ype was
de e mined. Whe eas in we me hod: Soil ex u e was
u he analyzed by using we me hod. Soil samples
we e aken sepa a ely in china dishes. In each sample,
e y li le amoun o wa e was added o make hick
pas es. We soil was p essed be ween palms o wo
hands. Ribbons we e made om each sample and
inally checked wea he he ibbons we e o med o
no in o de o check soil ex u e.
Soil s uc u e
Soil s uc u e is he desc ip ion o indi idual soil
pa icles sand, sil , and clay a e a anged in o soil
agg ega es also called pads. Soil s uc u e is easies o
obse e in d y soil. The p ima y soil s uc u e shapes
a e g anula , pla y, blocky, p isma ic, and columna .
G anula soil s uc u e con ains pads ha a e
gene ally small and ound and a e commonly ound
in ho izons nea he su ace whe e high amoun s o
oo ac i i y a e p esen and po osi y is g ea e .
Soil conduc i i y
Soil conduc i i y was measu ed by using conduc i i y
me e . Soil solu ions in wa e was made. Solu ions
we e il e ed by using il e pape s. Conduc i i ies
we e checked in il a es o soil samples.
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Soil soluble sal con en
Soluble sal con en was calcula ed by o mula:
Soluble sal con en = conduc i i y × 0.36.
Soil p o ile
Soil p o ile was analyzed by his p ocedu e: 500g o
each soil sample was measu ed by he help o digi al
balance. We ook 12 beake s o 1000ml. In each
beake , pu soil samples 500g sepa a ely. Beake s
we e illed wi h wa e up o 1000ml. S i ed he
mix u e ho oughly wi h he help o s i e . Placed he
solu ions on s a iona y posi ion o 24 hou s.
Di e en p o iles we e se led in wa e . Finally he
laye s o soil p o ile we e no iced.
Soil bulk densi y
P ocedu e used o o de e mine soil bulk densi y:
Emp y pe i dishes weigh was aken wi h digi al
balance. Weigh o pe i dishes wi h soil was
de e mined. Soil samples in pe i dishes we e kep in
o en o 24 hou s a 1050C o a ain cons an soil
weigh . Soil weigh wi h pe i dishes was de e mined
a e d ying comple ely. D y soil weigh alone was
calcula ed. Soil was ans e ed o measu ing cylinde
o de e mine soil olume in cm3. Same p ocedu e was
applied o all samples. Soil bulk densi y was
de e mined by ollowing o mula:
Bulk Densi y (g/cm3) = Weigh o soil (g ams) /
Volume o soil (cm3)
Pe cen age po osi y o soil
P ocedu e used o de e mine soil %age po osi y was
simila o he p ocedu e used o de e mine soil bulk
densi y, only he di e ence was in o mula used. %
po e space o po osi y was ound by pu ing he
alues o soil bulk densi y in he o mula o po osi y.
Fo mula:
%age po osi y = (2.6 – Bulk densi y / 2.6) × 100
Wa e holding capaci y o soil
P ocedu e was used o de e mine wa e holding
capaci y o soil samples; All he soil samples we e
d ied in o en o 1 hou s. A plas ic glass wi h
pe o a ed bo om was aken and weighed wi h he
help o digi al balance. Fil e pape s we e aken and
weighed. Fil e pape s we e placed in he bo om o
he disposable glass. Soil was aken on he il e pape
in glass. Then he glass was placed in pe i dish
con aining wa e in i o o e nigh . Weigh o glass
was no iced. Soil was hen placed in o en o 24
hou s a 1050C o a ain cons an weigh . Weigh a e
d ying was no iced. Fil e pape simila o ha used
in expe imen was dipped in wa e o de e mine wa e
con en abso bed by ha il e pape . Following
o mulas we e applied o de e mine wa e holding
capaci y. Fo mula:
Amoun o wa e abso bed by soil = o al wa e
abso bed – wa e abso bed by il e pape
Wa e Holding Capaci y = (wa e abso bed by he soil
/ o en d ied soil) × 100.
Resul s and discussion
Soil physical cha ac e is ics we e analyze in cul i a ed
and no cul i a ed si es. Moun ain si e, ba en a ea
and cul i a ed plans hese a eas can also be called as
highe and lowe ele a ions. 36 soil samples o
di e en ele a ions and di e en dep hs we e
analysed in labo a o y by using physical pa ame e s.
These soil physical pa ame e s we e soil colo , soil
ax u e, soil s uc u e, soil p o ile, soil pH, soil
conduc i i y, soil soluble sal con en , soil bulk
densi y, soil po osi y and soil wa e holding capaci y.
Soil colo was obse ed as i is indica ing soil e ili y.
The da kes colo soil was d ainage si e soil and i was
he mos e ile soil o lo alai. Soil p o ile was mainly
clay on moun ain si e, mainly sandy and g a els on
ba en plan while sil -sandy loam in cul i a ed plans.
G ea e humus laye was obse ed o be o med in
d ainage si e cul i a ed plan.
I was obse ed ha soil bulk densi y and wa e
holding capaci y alues we e maximum in he all
dep hs o moun ain si e clay soil while minimum in
sandy ba en plan. Simila esul s o soil wa e
holding capaci ies and bulk densi y o such ex u ed
soils we e gi en by many esea che s. Se egi e al.,
(2009). Soil po osi y was maximum in sandy plan
and minimum in moun ain si e soil as i was obse ed
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Noo e al.
In . J. Biosci.
2020
mos compac among all ypes o soil collec ed.
Mode a e alues o physical es s we e obse ed in
cul i a ed plans hese we e also ep esen ing soil
e ili y. Bes po osi y, PH, po osi y and wa e
holding capaci y was obse ed o d ainage exposed
soil. Simila esul s we e gi en by Combi e al. (2015).
The e is no signi ican e ec o ele a ion on soil
physical cha ac e s. Physical p ope ies a e di ec ly
ela ed wi h soil ax u e. Soil wi h clay-sand loamy
ax u e was analyzed and bes soil.
Table 1. Soil colo , soil ex u e, soil pa icle size and soil wa e holding capaci y o di e en si es o dis ic
lo alai Balochis an.
Soil colo
Soil dep hs(cm)
Moun ain si e
Ba en a ea
Cul i a ed si e ( esh wa e )
Cul i a ed si e (d ainage wa e )
0-5cm
Pale yellow
Ve y pale b own
ligh b own
B own
5-10cm
Pale yellow
Pale b own
B own
Ligh b own
10-15cm
Pale yellow
Ligh yellowish b own
Ligh g ey
B own
Soil ex u e
Soil dep hs(cm)
Moun ain si e
Ba en a ea
Cul i a ed si e ( esh wa e )
Cul i a ed si e (d ainage wa e )
0-5cm
G a els
Sandy loam
sil loam
sil loam
5-10cm
Clay (in s ony
bulk)
Sandy loam
sil loam
sil loam
10-15cm
Clay (in s ony
bulk)
Sand
Clay sandy loam
sil loam
Soil pa icle size
Soil dep hs(cm)
Moun ain si e
Ba en a ea
Cul i a ed si e ( esh
wa e )
Cul i a ed si e (d ainage
wa e )
0-5cm
Ve y minu e 0.002mm<2mm
La ge 0.02-2.00mm
Medium
0.002-2.00mm
Medium
0.002-2.00mm
5-10cm
Ve y minu e 0.002mm
La ge 0.02-2.00mm
Medium
0.002-2.00mm
Medium
0.002-2.00mm
10-15cm
Ve y minu e
0.002mm
La ge 0.02-2.00mm
Medium
0.002-2.00mm
Medium
0.002-2.00mm
10-15cm
Ve y minu e
0.002mm
La ge 0.02-2.00mm
Medium
0.002-2.00mm
Medium
0.002-2.00mm
Soil wa e holding capaci y
Soil dep hs(cm)
Moun ain si e
Ba en a ea
Cul i a ed si e
( esh wa e )
Cul i a ed si e
(d ainage wa e )
0-5cm
8.34(0.44)
1.43(0.45)
6.47(0.33)
5.23(0.33)
5-10cm
7.95(0.33)
2.71(0.43)
5.67(0.34)
5.11(0.34)
10-15cm
7.77(0.45)
2.31(0.44)
6.32(0.44)
6.14(0.33)
Mean
8.02
2.15
6.153333
5.493333
median
7.95
2.31
6.32
5.23
Sd
0.291376
0.654828
0.425245
0.563235
Ve ience
0.0849
0.4288
0.180833
0.317233
Soil ex u e
Da a collec ed om di e en a eas o Lo elai in o m
o soil samples we e exhibi ing e i ies o ex u es
such as clay, sand, sil /loam, g a els (Table 1). In
speci ic a eas, his soil ex u e was mainly esponsible
o enhancing o inhibi ing plan g ow h in ha a ea.
Simila esul s we e also obse ed by Tones and
o he s in 2000 o some o he a eas. Soil collec ed
om di e en dep hs o ba en a ea had mo e sand
con en in he soil. Soil compac ness was leas as he
soil pa icles a e loosely a anged in sandy soil. Soil o
uppe si e 0 o 5cm dep h was sand sil loam bu in
deep si es (5 o 10cm and 10 o 15cm) soil had abou
80 o 90% sandy. Con en o g a els was also no iced
in his ype o soil. Rough o no ibbons we e o med
in soil o ba en a ea. D ainage si e soil was cul i a ed
plane. Soil ex u e demons a ed by eel me hod,
sie e me hod and we / ibbon me hods was clay sil
95
Noo e al.
In . J. Biosci.
2020
loam. Soil was mix u e o di e en sized pa icles.
This capabili y o soil made i nei he ully compac
no e y loosely a anged so his soil ype was
a o able o plan g ow h and oo mo emen s in
esponse o s imuli. Ribbons we e oughly o med in
his soil ype. F esh wa e soil si e was also cul i a ed
plan o land. Soil ex u e was simila o he ex u e o
soil o d ainage si e. Soil o moun ain si e was clay
ex u ed as whole. Soil was compac enough o o m
la ge s ony s uc u es. This soil was uncul i a ed
plain o lands as ha ing e y g ea wa e holding and
compac s uc u e and ex u e. Ribbons om his
ype o soil was made e y inely.
Table 2. Soil bulk densi y, soil % po e space and soil conduc i i y.
Soil bulk densi y g/cm3
Soil dep hs(cm)
Moun ain si e
Ba en a ea
Cul i a ed si e ( esh wa e )
Cul i a ed si e (d ainage wa e )
0-5cm
1.56(0.40)
1.86(0.46)
1.61(0.86)
1.68(0.63)
5-10cm
1.55(0.56)
1.61(0.65)
1.35(0.34)
1.75(0.56)
10-15cm
1.58(0.35)
1.71(0.40)
1.61(0.46)
1.95(0.42)
Mean
1.563333
1.726667
1.523333
1.793333
Median
1.56
1.71
1.61
1.75
Sd
0.015275
0.125831
0.150111
0.140119
a ience
0.000233
0.015833
0.022533
0.019633
Soil % po e space
Soil dep hs(cm)
Ba en a ea
Moun ain si e
Cul i a ed si e ( esh wa e )
Cul i a ed si e (d ainage wa e )
0-5cm
40(0.34)
28.46(0.33)
38.07(0.43)
35.38(0.33)
5-10cm
40.38(0.54)
28.07(0.44)
39.05(0.55)
36.69(0.32)
10-15cm
39.23(0.39)
27(0.33)
38.07(0.44)
35(0.33)
S a is ics
mean
39.87
27.84333
38.39667
35.69
mediun
40
28.07
38.07
35.38
Sd
0.585918
0.755932
0.565803
0.886623
a iance
0.3433
0.571433
0.320133
0.7861
Soil conduc i i y a empe a u e °C
Soil dep hs(cm)
Moun ain si e
Ba en a ea
Cul i a ed si e ( esh wa e )
Cul i a ed si e (d ainage wa e )
0-5cm
1148(0.33)
1359(0.37)
1016(0.34)
1105(0.34)
5-10cm
1285(0.36)
1348(0.34)
1127(0.35)
1238(0.36)
10-15cm
1347(0.56)
1412(0.44)
1148(0.33)
1326(0.38)
mean
1260
1373
1097
1223
median
1285
1359
1127
1238
Soil p o ile
P o ile s udy also concluded he same esul as mo e
clay con en in moun ain soil, mo e sand con en in
ba en plan while mode a e amoun o clay and sand
in cul i a ed soils.
Soil s uc u e
Soil s uc u es e e s o soil shapes g anula , blocky,
pla y, p isma ic and columna e c. Soil s uc u e was
obse ed simila in he dep hs o soil anging om 0
o 15cm o same si e (Table 1). Soil s uc u e o
moun ain si e was oughly blocky and p isma ic, soil
o ba en si e was sandy g anule while soil s uc u e
o d ainage si e and esh wa e si e was oughly
blocky o g anula .
Soil pH
pH alues o di e en ypes o soil we e obse ed
di e en (Table 1). Soil o moun ain si e was mo e
basic in compa ison wi h soil o ba en a ea and
cul i a ed a eas. Soil o ba en sandy a ea was also
basic bu compa a i ely less while he soils o
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In . J. Biosci.
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cul i a ed plans we e mainly sligh ly acidic as acidic
soil a o s oo g ow h and nu ien abso p ion.
Howe e soil PH and hyd aulic conduc i i y is no
ela ed o soil ele a ion.
Soil conduc i i y
Table 2 ep esen s soil conduc i i y ha was
measu ed by using conduc i i y me e . Conduc i i y
alues a moun ain si e soil was obse ed g ea e .
Values we e obse ed inc easing wi h inc ease in
dep h o moun ain soil. Fo ba en a ea alues o
conduc i i y we e anging om 959 o 1459uS.
Conduc i i y alues o cul i a ed soil we e obse ed
g ea e han conduc i i y alues o ba en a ea soil
bu lesse han conduc i i y o moun ain si e soil. Soil
conduc i i y o domes ic wa e si e was obse ed
g ea e as compa e o esh wa e soil si e.
Fig. 2. Soil collec ion si es. A= Moun ain si e, B=Ba en si e, C=F esh wa e si e, D=d ainage wa e cul i a ed
si e.
Soil bulk densi y
Fo bulk densi y i was obse ed ha o cul i a ed
plans (d ainage wa e si e and he esh wa e si e),
soil had ine ex u ed pa icles. Soil had loamy
composi ion. (Table. 2) shows Bulk densi y alues o
ba en sandy soil was obse ed maximum while o
moun ain si e i was calcula ed leas because o
ha ing mo e compac s uc u e o soil.
Soil po osi y % age po e space
Soil o moun ain si e had compac appea ance due o
mo e clay con en . %age po e space was obse ed low
in all dep hs o moun ain si e soil. Moun ain si e soil
was mos compac because o g ea e clay con en
(Table. 2). The small soil pa icles we e a anged
compac ly and dec easing he %age po e space among
pa icles. Maximum %age po e space was obse ed in
ba en a eas soil in he dep hs o 10-15cm as his soil
was mo e sandy in ex u e.
Soil o cul i a ed plans compac bu no enough o
esis oo g ow h as he moun ain soil. Po e space
was in e media e be ween sandy ba en si e soil and
clay moun ain si e soil.)
97
Noo e al.
In . J. Biosci.
2020
Soil wa e holding capaci y
Soil o moun ain si e was obse ed expe imen ally o
ha ing maximum wa e holding capaci y in all i s
dep hs anging om 0 o 15cm (Table.1). as moun ain
si e soil has mo e clay con en and i is he p ope y o
clay o up ake la ge amoun o wa e in i . Cul i a ed
plans o Lo alai we e obse ed good o wa e holding
capaci ies, he alues which a e bes o plan g ow h.
The wa e holding capaci y o sandy ba en a ea si e
soil was obse ed leas in all dep hs obse ed.
Conclusion
In he p esen esea ch soil was collec ed om highe
and lowe ele a ions o Lo alai. Soil was collec ed
om cul i a ed and no cul i a ed plans in o de o
analyze physically. In he expe imen al e o s, i was
obse ed ha soil physical p ope ies a e highly in e
ela ed. Soil ex u e s uc u e and pa icle size ha e
e y much e ec on soil o he physical p ope ies
such as soil bulk densi y, wa e holding capaci y and
po osi y e c. S udies concluded ha he soils o he
wo main cul i a ed plans ha e highe concen a ion
o sil and clay loam and we e sui ed bes o plan
g ow h and cul i a ion because o he eason ha
such ype o soils held good amoun o wa e , ha ing
high mois u e con en s and sui able po osi y and bulk
densi y alues o plan g ow h. Hence he p oposed
esul concluded ha highe ele a ion o lowe
ele a ion doesn’ a ec soil physical p ope ies. I is
ac ually he soil ex u e which de e mines many o he
soil physical p ope ies.
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