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SATISFACTION MODEL OF COMMUTERS ON TRAFFIC SCENARIOS
IN DAVO CITY
Jes yl T. Canillas
Pe e Paul C. Condina o
Ap il Joy A. Dela To e
Lizlie Joy U. Gomez
Joan A. Payo
G adua e School S uden s, College o De elopmen Managemen ,
Uni e si y o Sou heas e n Philippines
D . Gaudencio G. Abellanosa
G adua e School Facul y, College o De elopmen Managemen ,
Uni e si y o Sou heas e n Philippines,
ABSTRACT
T a ic conges ion emains one o he mos pe sis en challenges in apidly u banizing Philippine ci ies,
pa icula ly in Da ao Ci y, whe e inc easing mobili y demands con inue o shape commu e expe iences.
Unde s anding he key de e minan s o commu e sa is ac ion is essen ial o s eng hening e idence-based
a ic go e nance. Exis ing esea ch highligh s he in luence o sa e y, eliabili y, and e iciency on commu e
sa is ac ion; howe e , ew s udies in eg a e hese ac o s wi h explici assessmen s o law en o cemen , a ic
managemen , and he esponsi eness o go e ning au ho i ies wi hin a uni ied analy ical amewo k in he
Philippine se ing. This s udy add esses his gap by examining he ex en o which law en o cemen and
egula ions, a ic managemen and con ol, and coo dina ion and esponsi eness o au ho i ies a ec commu e
sa is ac ion in Da ao Ci y. An Explo a o y Fac o Analysis (EFA) was conduc ed using he da a collec ed om
150 commu e s in Da ao Ci y h ough a su ey. Also, he Kaise -Meye -Olkin (KMO) Measu e o Sampling
Adequacy and Ba le ’s es o Sphe ici y we e used in ac o analysis o assess he sui abili y o he da a o
ac o analysis, and a Sc ee Plo was used o g aphically iden i y he op imal numbe o ac o s ha can be
ex ac ed om he su ey. Based on he indings, ou ac o s we e iden i ied ha in luence commu e
sa is ac ion in a ic scena ios when using EFA. These include law en o cemen and egula ions, oad
in as uc u e and sa e y, a ic managemen and con ol, and he coo dina ion and esponsi eness o
au ho i ies, which a e he a eas whe e commu e s a e mos sa is ied. Toge he , hese ac o s shape he
sa is ac ion o commu e s in a ic scena ios in Da ao Ci y, based on hei pe sonal expe iences. Fu he mo e,
Con i ma o y Fac o Analysis (CFA) was conduc ed wi h an addi ional 150 commu e s. Among he ou ac o s,
only h ee emained: law en o cemen and egula ions, oad in as uc u e and sa e y, and he coo dina ion and
esponsi eness o au ho i ies.
Keywo ds:
T a ic scena ios, Commu e s, Explo a o y Fac o Analysis, Con i ma o y Fac o Analysis
INTRODUCTION
T a ic conges ion has been a long-s anding and pe sis en challenge in he Philippines a ec ing he o e all
quali y o u ban li e. In ecen yea s, i has become especially p oblema ic in many ci ies in he Philippines
especially, he ocus o his s udy, Da ao Ci y. Fo commu e s, hese a ic scena ios shape he quali y o hei
a el expe ience, in luencing com o , sa e y, con enience, and o e all sa is ac ion. As Philippine ci ies
expand, pa icula ly apidly g owing u ban cen e s such as Da ao Ci y, unde s anding wha ac o s mos a ec
commu e sa is ac ion becomes essen ial o de eloping esponsi e and e idence-based a ic go e nance.
Commu e sa is ac ion is in luenced by mul iple dimensions o he a ic expe ience, including he quali y o
law en o cemen , he e ec i eness o a ic managemen , and he esponsi eness o go e ning au ho i ies.
Howe e , despi e he inc easing a en ion gi en o u ban anspo issues, exis ing s udies end o examine hese
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ac o s indi ec ly. Fo ins ance, sa e y and assu ance, concep s closely ied o p ope en o cemen o egula ions,
ha e been consis en ly iden i ied as signi ican p edic o s o commu e sa is ac ion. In he Philippines, Jou e al.
(2023) ound ha he assu ance dimension, encompassing sa e y and egula o y compliance, signi ican ly
in luences he sa is ac ion o public u ili y ehicle (PUV) passenge s. Simila indings eme ge in e na ionally:
s udies in Malaysia and o he de eloping con ex s using PLS-SEM and SEM app oaches consis en ly show ha
sa e y and secu i y s ongly shape passenge sa is ac ion. These sa e y- ela ed cons uc s indica e ha law
en o cemen and egula o y compliance a e cen al o he commu e expe ience, e en i no always di ec ly
labeled as such.
T a ic managemen and ope a ional con ol also play a key ole in shaping commu e sa is ac ion. E idence
om China, Tanzania, and o he de eloping coun ies demons a es ha eliabili y, equency, and e iciency,
co e ea u es o a ic managemen , a e s ong de e minan s o commu e sa is ac ion (Zhu, Li, & Li, 2019;
Msumanje, 2021; Nga ia & Nakamu a, 2010).
Ac oss mul iple s udies, a ic- ela ed ac o s such as sa e y, eliabili y, and e iciency ha e been shown o
exhibi signi ican ela ionships wi h o e all commu e sa is ac ion, as demons a ed in s udies om Quezon
Ci y, Tanzania, and Abuja (Gal ez, Ka on, & Valdez, 2025; Nwachukwu, 2014). Ye , ew in es iga ions
in eg a e hese ac o s alongside explici assessmen o law en o cemen , a ic managemen , and au ho i y
coo dina ion wi hin a single model, pa icula ly in a Philippine con ex . This esea ch aims o add ess ha gap
by de e mining which o hese ac o s signi ican ly in luence commu e sa is ac ion and iden i ying he s onges
p edic o s among hem.
Gi en he e ol ing a ic condi ions and g owing commu e popula ion in Da ao Ci y, he need o e idence-
based insigh s on how commu e s pe cei e local a ic scena ios has become inc easingly impo an . By
examining he oles o law en o cemen and egula ions, a ic managemen and con ol, and he coo dina ion
and esponsi eness o au ho i ies, his s udy aims o p o ide a comp ehensi e and con ex -speci ic
unde s anding o he ac o s ha in luence commu e sa is ac ion. The indings will no only ill a local esea ch
gap bu will also o e p ac ical implica ions o imp o ing a ic go e nance, enhancing commu e expe ience,
and guiding policy and ope a ional e o ms owa d mo e e icien and commu e -cen e ed u ban anspo a ion
sys ems.
OBJECTIVES
This s udy aims o achie e he ollowing:
1) To de e mine ac o s o commu e ’s sa is ac ion on he a ic scena ios in Da ao Ci y;
2) To de elop a amewo k o commu e ’s sa is ac ion on he a ic scena ios; and
3) To de elop a model o commu e ’s sa is ac ion on he a ic scena ios.
METHODOLOGY
This s udy u ilized a quan i a i e esea ch design, allowing he esea che o measu e a iables
nume ically and analyze pa e ns s a is ically. A s uc u ed su ey se ed as he p ima y da a-collec ion ool,
consis en wi h quan i a i e s udies ha equi e s anda dized and measu able esponses (Singh, 2006). Da a we e
collec ed using a s uc u ed ques ionnai e consis ing o se e al s a emen s a ed on a i e-poin Like scale,
whe e 1 = S ongly Disag ee, 2 = Disag ee, 3 = Neu al, 4 = Ag ee, and 5 = S ongly Ag ee. Like - ype scales
a e widely used in quan i a i e s udies because hey allow esponden s o exp ess hei le el o ag eemen ac oss
measu able dimensions (Singh, 2006). Each i em in he ins umen ep esen ed an indica o con ibu ing o a
b oade cons uc , allowing he s udy o unco e la en ac o s unde lying esponden s’ pe cep ions and le els o
sa is ac ion.
The pa icipan s we e d awn om commu e s in Da ao Ci y. A quan i a i e sampling p ocedu e was
implemen ed o ensu e ep esen a i eness wi hin he a ge g oup. Only ully accomplished ques ionnai es we e
included in he analysis. Pa icipa ion was olun a y, and con iden iali y o esponses was s ic ly main ained.
P io o da a collec ion, pe mission was secu ed om he ele an ins i u ional au ho i ies. Su eys we e
dis ibu ed ei he pe sonally o digi ally, depending on esponden s’ accessibili y. Clea ins uc ions we e
p o ided o ensu e uni o m unde s anding o he i ems. All e u ned ques ionnai es we e e iewed, encoded, and
checked o comple eness. To iden i y he la en dimensions unde lying he su ey esponses, he s udy
employed Explo a o y Fac o Analysis (EFA). EFA is app op ia e o e ealing hidden a iable s uc u es and
g ouping ela ed i ems based on sha ed a iance (Fab iga e al., 1999).
Be o e conduc ing EFA, he da ase ’s sui abili y was assessed using:
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a. Kaise -Meye -Olkin (KMO) Measu e o Sampling Adequacy, which e alua es whe he he da ase is
app op ia e o ac o analysis by compa ing pa ial co ela ions wi h o al co ela ions (Kaise & Rice, 1974),
and
b. Ba le ’s Tes o Sphe ici y, which de e mines whe he he co ela ion ma ix is su icien ly
pa e ned o ac o ex ac ion (Tobias & Ca lson, 1969).
A sc ee plo was examined o help iden i y he numbe o ac o s o e ain based on he poin whe e he
eigen alues begin o le el o . A e es ablishing he ini ial ac o s uc u e, a Con i ma o y Fac o Analysis
(CFA) was conduc ed o alida e and con i m he model gene a ed om he EFA esul s. CFA is essen ial o
assessing he obus ness and eliabili y o measu emen models, especially when adi ional me hods o e
limi ed insigh (B own, 2015). All s a is ical analyses including desc ip i e s a is ics, EFA, and CFA we e
conduc ed using SPSS and AMOS.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This chap e p esen s he indings o he s udy: ”Sa is ac ion Model o Commu e s on T a ic Scena ios
in Da ao Ci y”. The esul s o he Explo a o y Fac o Analysis (EFA) a e p esen ed, as well as he in e p e a ion
and analysis o he espec i e esul s. All indings we e illus a ed h ough ables. The discussion and
in e p e a ion o abula and g aphical da a we e also p o ided o ensu e cla i y and ease o unde s anding.
Sampling Adequacy Requi emen . The collec ed da a used Explo a o y Fac o Analysis (EFA), using he
Kaise -Meye -Olkin (KMO) Measu e o Sampling Adequacy, and Ba le ’s es o Sphe ici y was e alua ed
i s , and i s sui abili y was e alua ed. To p oduce eliable ac o s, wi h alues anging om 0 o 1 (Kaise ,
1974), he pa e ns o co ela ions a e compac enough o de e mine he KMO index. The in e p e a ion s anda d
o KMO is classi ied as ollows: abo e 0.90 as “ Ma elous.” 0.80-0.89 as “Me i o ious”, 0.70-0.79 as
“Middling”, 0.60-0.69 as “Medioc e, 0.50-0.59 as “Mise able”, and below 0.50 as “Unaccep able”
As shown in Table 1 below, he KMO alue is 0.918, which alls wi hin he ca ego y o “Ma elous”, meaning
ha wi h i s s ong co ela ions among a iables, he da ase o ac o analysis is highly app op ia e.
Kaise -Meye -Olkin Measu e o Sampling
Adequacy
0.918
Ba le 's Tes o Sphe ici y
App ox. Chi-
Squa e
2707.5
52
d
435
Sig.
0.000
Table 1. KMO and Ba le ’s Tes
The Chi-Squa e alue o 2707.552 wi h deg ees o eedom a 435 and a signi icance le el o p 0.000, below he
0.5 h eshold, yielded in he Ba le ’s Tes o Sphe ici y. This shows ha a iables a e in e ela ed and a e
sui able o EFA.
To al Va iance Explained. The Explo a o y Fac o Analysis (EFA) measu ed he o al a iance explained o
show how much da a is ep esen ed by he ex ac ed ac o s. Table 2 p esen s he ini ial eigen alues, ex ac ion
sums o Squa ed loadings, and o a ion sums o squa ed loadings. Using he c i e ion, i e componen s we e
ob ained.
Compon
en
Ini ial Eigen alues
Ex ac ion Sums o Squa ed
Loadings
Ro a ion Sums o Squa ed
Loadings
To
al
% o
Va iance
Cum
u-
la i e
%
To a
l
% o
Va iance
Cumul
a-
i e %
To
al
% o
Va iance
Cumul
a-
i e %
1
13.7
72
45.906
45.90
6
13.77
2
45.906
45.906
6.5
79
21.930
21.930
2
2.49
0
8.299
54.20
5
2.490
8.299
54.205
4.6
80
15.598
37.528
3
1.54
5.142
59.34
1.542
5.142
59.347
3.7
12.418
49.946
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2
7
25
4
1.13
5
3.784
63.13
1
1.135
3.784
63.131
3.3
46
11.153
61.100
Ex ac ion Me hod: P incipal Componen Analysis.
Table 2. To al Va iance Explained
As shown in he able abo e, he i s componen accoun s o 21.930% o he o al a iance, indica ing ha i
ep esen s a signi ican sha e o a iabili y wi hin he da ase . The second componen con ibu es 15.598% o
he a iance, ollowed by 12.418% o he hi d componen , and 11.153% o he ou h componen . These
esul s demons a e ha he i s ac o has he mos in luence, whe eas he ou h ac o has he smalles impac
on explaining he o al a iance.
When conside ing he ou iden i ied componen s o ac o s collec i ely, hey accoun o 61.099% o he o al
a iance. This indica es ha hese ou ac o s cap u e he majo i y o he unde lying a ia ion in he da ase and
p o ide a meaning ul ep esen a ion o he da a’s o e all s uc u e. To suppo he esul s o he p e ious able,
Figu e 1 p esen s he sc ee plo illus a ing he ela ionship be ween he numbe o componen s and hei
co esponding Eigen alues. The sc ee plo g aphically indica es ha he i s ou ac o s accoun o mos o he
o al a iabili y in he da a, as indica ed by he Eigen alues. The Eigen alues o he i s ou ac o s a e all
g ea e han 1, as p esen ed
Figu e 1. G aphical Explana ion o To al Va iance
Ro a ed Componen Ma ix. This s udy aims o de elop a amewo k based on he key ac o s in luencing he
sa is ac ion o commu e s on a ic scena ios in Da ao Ci y. In line wi h his, he i s objec i e is o iden i y
he unde lying componen s o ac o s. Using Explo a o y Fac o Analysis (EFA) on a 30-i em su ey
ques ionnai e, ou key ac o s we e iden i ied om he ga he ed da a.
The i s ac o e lec s law en o cemen and egula ion, consis ing o ele en (11) i ems, which highligh a ic
ules, d i e beha io , and p o essionalism o public anspo ope a o s and au ho i ies. The second ac o
pe ains o oad in as uc u e and sa e y, consis ing o eigh (8) i ems ha cap u e he adequacy and isibili y o
a ic signals, oad ma kings, ligh ing, and p esence and conduc o a ic en o ce s. The hi d ac o ep esen s
a ic managemen and con ol, wi h ou (4) i ems ha ocus on a ic low, managemen o obs uc ion,
o ganized loading/unloading zones, and p edic abili y o a el ime. Finally, he ou h ac o ela es o
coo dina ion and esponsi eness o au ho i ies, encompassing h ee (3) i ems ha ep esen imely dissemina ion
o a ic in o ma ion, ad ance announcemen , and unc ional in as uc u e suppo ing a ic mo emen .
Al oge he , 26 i ems om he o iginal 30-i em ques ionnai e we e e ained, while ou (4) i ems we e excluded
om he ac o s uc u e. These excluded i ems exhibi ed weak connec ions wi h he es o he da ase ,
cha ac e ized by low commonali ies and po en ial alidi y issues, ende ing hem unsui able o inclusion in he
inal model. This app oach is suppo ed by Hai e . al. (2014), who s a e ha i ems lacking cla i y o ele ance
o he iden i ied componen s may be excluded om he analysis o imp o e he model's alidi y.
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Ro a ed Componen Ma ix wi h G ouped A ibu es
Law En o cemen and Regula ions. Table 3 p esen s he o a ed ma ix wi h g oup a ibu es unde he heme
Law En o cemen and Regula ions wi h 11 i ems. These ac o s a e associa ed wi h he ollowing i ems, such as
D i e s e ain om illegal pa king ha blocks a ic lows wi h he ac o loading o (0.806); D i e s obse e
p ope speed limi s in bo h highways and ci y oads wi h he ac o loading o (0.763); D i e s show cou esy
and pa ience in conges ed a ic si ua ions wi h he ac o loading o (0.745); D i e s a oid coun e lowing
du ing hea y a ic wi h he ac o loading o (0.704); D i e use p ope signals like u ning indica o s, haza d
ligh s, e c. when needed wi h he ac o loading o (0.658); Public anspo d i e s ollow hei ou es wi hou
unnecessa y s ops wi h he ac o loading o (0.653); Public anspo a ion d i e s ac p o essionally owa ds
commu e s wi h he ac o loading o (0.635); Eme gency o acciden esponse om au ho i ies is imely wi h
he ac o loading o (0.615); D i e s (p i a e o public) espec pedes ian lanes and unloading a eas wi h he
ac o loading o (0.612); D i e s comply wi h designa ed loading and unloading a eas wi h he ac o loading
o (0.558); and D i e s(p i a e o public) ollow a ic policies and ules consis en ly wi h he ac o loading o
(0.521).
Dimension
I em
A ibu es
Fac o
Sco e
Law En o cemen
and Regula ions
25
D i e s e ain om illegal pa king ha blocks a ic lows.
0.806
27
D i e s obse e p ope speed limi s in bo h highways and ci y oads.
0.763
30
D i e s show cou esy and pa ience in conges ed a ic si ua ions.
0.745
24
D i e s a oid coun e lowing du ing hea y a ic.
0.704
28
D i e s use p ope signals like u ning indica o s, haza d ligh s, e c. when
needed.
0.658
26
Public anspo d i e s ollow hei ou es wi hou unnecessa y s ops.
0.653
29
Public anspo a ion d i e s ac p o essionally owa ds commu e s.
0.635
08
Eme gency o acciden esponse om au ho i ies is imely.
0.615
22
D i e s (p i a e o public) espec pedes ian lanes and unloading a eas.
0.612
23
D i e s comply wi h designa ed loading and unloading a eas.
0.558
21
D i e s (public o p i a e) ollow a ic policies and ules consis en ly.
0.521
Table 3. Ro a ed Ma ix wi h G oup A ibu es unde Law En o cemen and Regula ions
The esea che s ound ou ha d i e s should e ain om illegal pa king ha blocks a ic lows, obse e
p ope speed limi s in bo h highways and ci y oads, show cou esy and pa ience in conges ed a ic si ua ions,
a oid coun e lowing du ing hea y a ic, use p ope signals like u ning indica o s, haza d ligh s, e c. when
needed Public anspo d i e s ollow hei ou es wi hou unnecessa y s ops, public anspo a ion d i e s ac
p o essionally owa ds commu e s, eme gency o acciden esponse om au ho i ies is imely, espec
pedes ian lanes and unloading a eas, comply wi h designa ed loading and unloading a eas, and a ic policies
and ules consis en ly
These indings suppo Al-Adawy e al. (2021), who sugges ha a oiding illegal pa king, using signals,
adhe ing o speed limi s, and main aining a ic cou esy ha e a signi ican impac on d i e beha io . I u he
aligns wi h Chen & Fan (2022) o educe acciden s and conges ion, one mus comply wi h he ules and in
imp o ing sa e d i ing, p ope signaling is a mus .
Road In as uc u e and Sa e y.
Table 4 p esen s he o a ed ma ix wi h g oup a ibu es unde he heme, Road In as uc u e and Sa e y,
comp ising 8 i ems. These ac o s a e associa ed wi h he ollowing i ems, such as : T a ic ligh s a e unc ional
and isible in all necessa y a eas wi h he ac o loading o (0.753); Nigh - ime isibili y and ligh ing imp o e
o e all oad sa e y wi h he ac o loading o (0.735); Signal iming is app op ia e o bo h ehicles and
pedes ians wi h he ac o loading o (0.648); T a ic en o ce s a e isible in all c i ical in e sec ions and busy
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oads wi h he ac o loading o (0.640); The imposi ion o app ehensions and penal ies help discou age epea
a ic iola ions wi h he ac o loading o (0.617); Road ma kings such as pedes ian lines among o he s a e
clea and main ained wi h he ac o loading o (0.544); T a ic en o ce s ac p o essionally and espec ully
owa ds commu e s wi h he ac o loading o (0.534); and T a ic signages a e adequa e and a ailable in all
necessa y a eas wi h he ac o loading o (0.509)
Dimension
I em
A ibu es
Fac o
Sco e
Road
In as uc u e
and Sa e y
14
T a ic ligh s a e unc ional and isible in all necessa y a eas.
0.753
13
Nigh - ime isibili y and ligh ing imp o e o e all oad sa e y.
0.735
15
Signal iming is app op ia e o bo h ehicles and pedes ians.
0.648
05
T a ic en o ce s a e isible in all c i ical in e sec ions and busy oads.
0.640
09
The imposi ion o app ehensions and penal ies help discou age epea
a ic iola ions.
0.617
16
Road ma kings such as pedes ian lines among o he s a e clea and
main ained.
0.544
07
T a ic en o ce s ac p o essionally and espec ully owa ds commu e s.
0.534
12
T a ic signages a e adequa e and a ailable in all necessa y a eas.
0.509
Table 4. Ro a ed Ma ix wi h G oup A ibu es unde Road In as uc u e and Sa e y
The esea che s ound ou ha a ic ligh s a e unc ional and isible in all necessa y a eas, nigh ime isibili y
and ligh ing imp o e o e all oad sa e y, signal iming is app op ia e o bo h ehicles and pedes ians, a ic
en o ce s a e isible in all c i ical in e sec ions and busy oads, imposi ion o app ehensions and penal ies
helps discou age epea a ic iola ions, oad ma kings such as pedes ian lines, among o he s, a e clea and
main ained, a ic en o ce s ac p o essionally and espec ully owa ds commu e s, and a ic signages a e
adequa e and a ailable in all necessa y a eas.
These indings suppo he s udy o Zhang e al. (2021) ha a ic con ol sys ems educe c ashes and also
imp o e mobili y in he u ban a ea. To enhance he decision-making o he d i e , unc ional a ic signals mus
be isible. Hussein & Ka im (2022) disco e ed ha nigh ime sa e y is associa ed wi h p ope oad ligh ing,
which is necessa y o guiding d i e s and pedes ians while also educing iola ions. Mo eo e , aligning he
esea ch wi h he loading ac o s shows ha in o de o p omo e oad sa e y, quali y in in as uc u e mus be
done e ec i ely.
T a ic Managemen and Con ol.
Table 5 p esen s he o a ed ma ix wi h g oup a ibu es unde he heme T a ic Managemen and Con ol,
comp ising 4 i ems. These ac o s a e associa ed wi h he ollowing i ems: Road obs uc ions, such as illegal
pa king is managed and clea ed quickly wi h he ac o loading o (0.810); T a ic mo es smoo hly along my
usual ou es wi h he ac o loading o (0.740); Loading and unloading zones a e o ganized and does no
excessi ely delay a ic low wi h he ac o loading o (0.722); and T a el ime is consis en and p edic able in
days whe ein I can a i e a my des ina ion a my expec ed ime wi h he ac o loading o (0.722).
Dimension
I em
A ibu es
Fac o
Sco e
T a ic Managemen
and Con ol
03
Road obs uc ion such as illegal pa king is managed and clea ed
quickly.
0.810
01
T a ic mo es smoo hly along my usual ou es.
0.740
04
Loading and unloading zones a e o ganized and do no excessi ely
delay a ic low.
0.722
02
T a el ime is consis en and p edic able in days whe ein I can a i e
a my des ina ion a my expec ed ime.
0.722
Table 5. Ro a ed Ma ix wi h G oup A ibu es unde T a ic Managemen and Con ol
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The esea che s ound ou ha oad obs uc ions, such as illegal pa king, a e managed and clea ed quickly ,
a ic mo es smoo hly along my usual ou es, loading and unloading zones a e o ganized and does no
excessi ely delay a ic low, and a el ime is consis en and p edic able in days whe ein I can a i e a my
des ina ion a my expec ed ime.
These indings suppo he s udy o Tan & Ri e a (2022), which shows ha a ic managemen and con ol
play a huge ole and bene i bo h he d i e and commu e . To enhance e iciency in he oadway and also o
p e en bo lenecks, an o ganized loading zone mus be es ablished. Singh & Pa el (2020) also ci ed ha
commu e s' sa is ac ion and a ic pe o mance in ela ion o i s sys em a e associa ed wi h ha ing p edic able
a el imes. O e all, he li e a u e suppo s ha in o de o s eng hen oad e iciency and educe delays, he e
should be good con ol measu es and p oac i e a ic.
Coo dina ion and Responsi eness o Au ho i ies. Table 6 p esen s he o a ed ma ix wi h g oup a ibu es
unde he heme Coo dina ion Responsi eness o Au ho i ies, comp ising 3 i ems. These ac o s a e associa ed
wi h he ollowing i ems, such as: In o ma ion abou a ic upda es is accessible h ough all media pla o ms
wi h he ac o loading o (0.711); Announcemen s o oad closu es o e ou ing a e gi en in ad ance o a oid
incon enience wi h he ac o loading o (0.649); ,and D ainage and oad condi ions is unc ioning well ha
suppo smoo h a ic low wi h he ac o loading o (0.570).
Dimension
I em
A ibu es
Fac o
Sco e
Coo dina ion and
Responsi eness o
Au ho i ies
19
In o ma ion abou a ic upda es is accessible h ough all media
pla o ms.
0.711
20
Announcemen s o oad closu es o e ou ing a e gi en in ad ance
o a oid incon enience.
0.649
18
D ainage and oad condi ions a e unc ioning well, which suppo s
smoo h a ic low.
0.570
Table 6. Ro a ed Ma ix wi h G oup A ibu es unde Coo dina ion and Responsi eness o Au ho i ies
The esea che s ound ou ha in o ma ion abou a ic upda es is accessible h ough all media pla o ms wi h
he ac o loading o announcemen s o oad closu es o e ou ing a e gi en in ad ance o a oid incon enience,
and d ainage and oad condi ions a e unc ioning well ha suppo smoo h a ic low.
The indings suppo hese esul s, as no ed by Lee & San os (2021) in o ma ion on eal ime a ic educes
delays and imp o es he decision-making o he commu e s. Likewise, as ci ed by Mo ales & Chen (2022)
ad ance ad iso ies on he schedule o e ou ing allows he a elle s and commu e s o adjus hei ime wi h he
new ou es. Acco ding o Ga cia and Liu (2020) o ensu e smoo h low and a oid dis up ions du ing bad
wea he , p ope d ainage and oad main enance should be essen ial a his poin . O e all, he s udy a i ms ha
communica ion and eadiness in in as uc u e s eng hen he a ic sys em e iciency.
The o e all summa y ac oss all i ems suppo s he in e nal consis ency and cons uc alidi y o his dimension.
Fac o loading abo e he 0.50 a e conside ed signi ican and ha e s ong indica o s hey a e in ended o measu e
o he a iable. Hai e al, (2014). Resul s sugges ha he 4 ac o s namely, law en o cemen and egula ions,
oad in as uc u e and sa e y, a ic managemen and con ol, and coo dina ion and esponsi eness o he
au ho i ies do ha e a meaning ul elemen o o e all sa is ac ion model o commu e s in a ic scena ios.
F amewo k De eloped Based on Findings
The indings o he Explo a o y Fac o Analysis (EFA) sugges a amewo k ha illus a es how key ac o s
in luence he sa is ac ion o commu e s in a ic scena ios in Da ao Ci y. As shown in Figu e 2, ou key
ac o s o dimensions eme ged om he esponses o commu e s; his includes Law En o cemen and
Regula ions, Road In as uc u e and Regula ions, T a ic Managemen and Con ol, and Coo dina ion and
Responsi eness o Au ho i ies.
Law En o cemen and Regula ions.
This ac o eme ged as a c i ical de e minan o sa is ac ion o commu e s on a ic scena ios in Da ao Ci y, i
indica es ha e ec i e en o cemen o a ic ules imp o e oad beha io and educe a ic iola ions. This
suppo s p e ious s udies emphasizing ha s ic and consis en en o cemen o a ic egula ions signi ican ly
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educes a ic conges ion and enhances commu e s' sa is ac ion (Noland, 2021; Aini, Yuso , & Mohamad,
2020).
Road In as uc u e and Sa e y.
This ac o eme ges wi h he p e ious s udies abou highligh ing he impo ance o oad quali y like ha ing
well-designed oads, adequa e ligh ing, sa e pedes ian spaces con ibu e and clea signage in imp o ing he and
educing conges ion in a ic. Hassan and Lee (2022), ound ha well-main ained oads and ha ing acili ies o
pedes ians ha a e sa e can inc ease he o e all public con idence and sa is ac ion wi h he anspo sys em in
he u ban a eas. Simila ly, Bai e al. (2020) , in enhancing he e iciency in a el and educing oadway
con lic s, oad in as uc u e ha is high in quali y is essen ial and signi ican .
T a ic Managemen and Con ol.
This ac o eme ges wi h he p e ious s udies indica ing ha in o de o imp o e mo emen s in u ban
en i onmen s and o educe conges ion , an e ec i e a ic managemen and con ol sys em a e needed as o
he eason also ha when a ic is p ope ly managed and con olled, he e is a well implemen ed low sys em
and e iciency is isible. Acco ding o Zhang and Li (2020), o ha e a highe sa is ac ion o he commu e and
o make he a ic low smoo he , he e should be measu es in he p oac i e con ol in a ic managemen .
Meanwhile, Rahman and Adnan (2021), o educe he ime in a elling and o imp o e he expe ience o he
oad use , an e ec i e coo dina ion mus be done in op imizing he a ic signal.
Coo dina ion and Responsi eness o Au ho i ies.
This ac o eme ges wi h he p e ious s udies de e mining ha in imp o ing anspo a ion e iciency , he e
should be a s ong ins i u ional coo dina ion such as imely esponse o inciden s on he oad. Wang & Pa k
(2021), s a ed ha in o de o ha e a mo e posi i e expe ience in a elling, he au ho i ies should build
commu e s' us by being ac i e in esponding. Likewise, C is ea e al. (2022) highligh in imes o ha ing a
quicke esponse ime and educed conges ion, he coope a ion o he in e -agency is essen ial in enhancing he
a ic inciden managemen .
Figu e 2. Sa is ac ion Model o Commu e s on T a ic Scena ios in Da ao Ci y
e ealing he Fou Fac o s o Dimensions
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Model o Commu e s Sa is ac ion on he T a ic Scena ios in Da ao Ci y Based on he Findings
The Bes Fi Model illus a es he ela ionship be ween he key dimensions o he commu e s on a ic scena ios
in Da ao Ci y. Among he ou ini ially ex ac ed ac o s, only h ee emained in he inal model: law
en o cemen and egula ion, oad in as uc u e and sa e y, and coo dina ion and esponsi eness o au ho i ies.
The e inemen o he da a was based on he esul s using AMOS so wa e du ing he model- i ing p ocess.
The AMOS so wa e iden i ied ha he emaining ac o , T a ic managemen and con ol, did no mee he
equi ed model i c i e ia, including accep able le els o goodness-o - i indices, CFI, TLI, and RMSEA.
Figu e 3 p esen s he inal bes i model, which only includes he h ee mos s a is ically signi ican and
meaning ul ac o s , suppo ed by a model i known as AMOS.
The i s ac o (F1), Law En o cemen and Regula ions, e ained i e (5) i ems ou o ele en (11). These i ems
include, i em 25 ‘D i e s e ain om illegal pa king ha blocks a ic lows.’, i em 30 ‘D i e s show cou esy
and pa ience in conges ed a ic si ua ions.’, i em 28 ‘D i e s use p ope signals like u ning indica o s, haza d
ligh s, e c. when needed.’ , i em 23 ‘D i e s comply wi h designa ed loading and unloading a eas.’, and i em 21
‘D i e s (public o p i a e) ollow a ic policies and ules consis en ly.’. These i ems showed s ong
consis ency and did no c oss-loadings wi h he second ac o .
The second ac o (F2), Road In as uc u e and Sa e y, e ained wo (2) i ems ou o eigh (8). These i ems
include, i em 15 ‘Signal iming is app op ia e o bo h ehicles and pedes ians.’ and, i em 12 ‘T a ic signages
a e adequa e and a ailable in all necessa y a eas. These wo i ems only demons a ed no o e lapping co ela ion
in he inal model.
The ou h ac o (F4), Coo dina ion and Responsi eness o Au ho i ies, e ained wo (2) i ems ou o h ee (3).
These i ems include i em 20, ‘Announcemen s o oad closu es o e ou ing a e gi en in ad ance o a oid
incon enience.’ , and i em 18, ‘D ainage and oad condi ions a e unc ioning well ha suppo smoo h a ic
low.’. These wo i ems also no ably showcase ha he e is no o e lapping co ela ion in he inal model
Figu e 3. Bes Fi Model
