State-building: an overlooked approach for regional integration in the horn of Africa

Jou nal o Social Sciences Vol. VIII, no. 2 (2025), pp. 183 - 202
Fascicle Social Science ISSN 2587-3490
Topic Philosophy eISSN 2587-3504
Jou nal o Social Sciences June, 2025, Vol. 8
h ps://doi.o g/10.52326/jss.u m.2025.8(2).14
UDC 32:342:332.135(67)
STATE-BUILDING: AN OVERLOOKED APPROACH FOR REGIONAL INTEGRATION
IN THE HORN OF AFRICA
Thomas Adino*, ORCID: 0000-0003-3021-1637,
Dechasa Abebe, ORCID: 0000-0001-6684-4968
Addis Ababa Uni e si y, Cen e o A ican and Asian S udies, E hiopia
* Co esponding Au ho : Thomas Adino, homas.ad[email p o ec ed]
Recei ed: 04.02.2025
Accep ed: 05.13.2025
Abs ac . The s udy pe cei es he ‘s a e’ as a collec ion o a ious ins i u ions ha execu e
co e unc ions ha a e all basic o he su i al o a ce ain poli ical communi y. Based on
his de ini ion, s a e-building e e s o he p ocess o cons uc ing new ins i u ions,
econs uc ing old ins i u ions, and consolida ing he exis ing s a e ins i u ions o he
p o ec ion o social cohesion and he p omo ion o economic de elopmen and poli ical
s abili y wi hin a gi en s a e. Acco dingly, he p incipal objec i e o his s udy is o examine
he symbiosis be ween s a e-building and egional in eg a ion in he Ho n o A ica by aking
he In e go e nmen al Au ho i y on De elopmen (IGAD) Membe S a es as a Case S udy. The
esea che s a gue ha any a emp a egional in eg a ion will ne e be achie ed in egions
ha consis o weak, ailed, o agile s a es. Unlike o he egions in A ica and elsewhe e,
egional in eg a ion in he Ho n o A ica is a an ea ly s age, as he egion is domina ed by
agile and insecu e s a es. The s udy used bo h p ima y and seconda y da a o e eal he
symbiosis be ween s a e-building and egional in eg a ion.
Keywo ds: S a e, S a e-Building, In eg a ion, Regional In eg a ion, Ho n o A ica, IGAD.
Rezuma . S udiul pe cepe „s a ul” ca pe o colecție de di e se ins i uții ca e îndeplinesc uncții
de bază, undamen ale pen u sup a iețui ea unei anumi e comuni ăți poli ice. Pe baza
aces ei de iniții, cons ucția s a ului se e e ă la p ocesul de c ea e a uno noi ins i uții,
econs ucția ins i uțiilo echi și consolida ea ins i uțiilo exis en e pen u p o eja ea
coeziunii sociale și p omo a ea dez ol ă ii economice și a s abili ății poli ice. P in u ma e,
obiec i ul p incipal al aces ui s udiu es e de a examina simbioza din e cons ucția s a ului
și in eg a ea egională în peninsula es ică a A icii, luând d ep s udiu de caz s a ele memb e
ale Au o i ății In e gu e namen ale pen u Dez ol a e (IGAD). Ce ce ă o ii susțin, că o ice
înce ca e de in eg a e egională nu poa e i ealiza ă în egiunile ca e cons au din s a e slabe,
eșua e sau agile. Sp e deosebi e de al e egiuni din A ica și din al e pă ți, in eg a ea
egională în peninsula de es a A icii se a lă în -un s adiu incipien , deoa ece egiunea es e
domina ă de s a e agile și nesigu e. S udiul a u iliza a â da e p ima e, câ și secunda e
pen u a dez ălui simbioza din e cons ui ea s a ului și in eg a ea egională.
Cu in e cheie: S a , Cons ui ea S a ului, In eg a e, In eg a e Regională, Co nul A icii, IGAD.
184 T. Adino, D. Abebe
Jou nal o Social Sciences June, 2025, Vol. 8
1. In oduc ion
The Ho n o A ica is a sub- egional sys em whe e peace and secu i y p oblems ha e
been pe sis ing wi h no sign o dec easing. The Ho n o A ica is he mos con lic -p one
egion in A ica and he wo ld as well [1,2]. I is ce ain ha since he end o colonial ule,
he Ho n o A ica egion has been a ec ed by ca as ophic in a-and in e -s a e wa s [3]. As
a esul , “ he egion is he labo a o y o ypes o in e en ion and hus o con lic esolu ion”
[2, p. 48]. None heless, he gene al clima e o con lic and ins abili y in he Ho n o A ica has
a ec ed he whole spec um o li e. This hos ile si ua ion in he egion in luences s a es and
socie ies o educe hei ac i i ies o he le el o su i al and de ense. The absence o long-
e m socio-poli ical and economic policies and s a egies in he egion comes om endu ing
con lic s and ensions be ween s a es and socie ies.
The Ho n o A ica egion is widely known o many peculia hings, such as long in a-
s a e wa s (E hio-E i ea wa , Sudan-Sou h Sudan wa ), des uc i e wa s among go e nmen s
(E hio-Somalia, E hio-E i ea, E hio-Sudan, E i ea-Djibou i, and E i ea-Sudan we e a ew
among he many wa s ha ha e been ough in he egion), de ac o s a es (Pun land and
Somaliland), seceded s a es (E i ea, and Sou h Sudan) and ailed s a es (Somalia and Sou h
Sudan) [4,5]. Fu he mo e, he egion s ill consis s o many insu gen g oups and gue illas
who ha e been igh ing o poli ical powe , eedom, and/o independence.
The li ely a med con lic ha began on 15 Ap il 2023 be ween i al ac ions o he
pa amili a y Rapid Suppo Fo ce (RSF) and he Sudanese A med Fo ces (SAF) can be used as
an illus a ion o his kind o case. Due o his a med con lic , as o 20 June 2023, be ween
“3000 and 5000 people ha e been killed” [6]. In addi ion o his, be ween “6000 and 8000
o he ci izens we e inju ed” [7], “while 2 million we e in e nally displaced” [8] and mo e han
600000 Sudanese had le he coun y as e ugees o a ious neighbo ing s a es [9].
Mo eo e , he cu en clashes be ween he Fede al Democ a ic Republic o E hiopia (FDRE)
go e nmen and he O omo Libe a ion F on -Shenie (OLF) in di e en pa s o he O omia
egional s a e, Fano in Amha a egional s a e, and he Tig ay People Libe a ion F on (TPLF)
in he no he n, no hwes e n, and no heas e n pa s o E hiopia a e he bes examples o
his si ua ion.
The exis ence o hese con lic s and agile s a es in he Ho n o A ica is an
impedimen o socio-poli ical and economic in eg a ion in he egion. We a gue ha s a e
weakness emains one o he main cons ain s o egional in eg a ion in he Ho n o A ica
egion. Hence, he agili y o he In e go e nmen al Au ho i y on De elopmen (IGAD)
Membe S a es and he ecu en con lic s in he en i e egion a ec he smoo h unc ioning
o egional coope a ion and in eg a ion. In suppo o his a gumen , He si and Akinola [10,
p. 120] claimed he ollowing asse ion:
One o he challenges o he IGAD egional in eg a ion p ocess has been he
abundance o con lic in he egion and i s endu ing impac on he pe o mance
o he IGAD. Since 1996, IGAD’s egional in eg a ion ini ia i e has been
cons ained by he lack o coope a ion be ween he Membe S a es, in many
cases due o ac i e hos ili y be ween hem.
None heless, wi h all he abo e con lic s and s a e ailu es in he Ho n o A ica,
se e al a emp s ha e been made by na ional, egional, and so-called in e na ional ac o s
and ins i u ions o ealize egional in eg a ion in he Ho n o A ica. Mo e speci ically, IGAD
and i s Membe S a es ha e ag eed o in eg a e he en i e egion o he Ho n o A ica socially,
economically, and poli ically. Howe e , he p ocess o c ea ing iable egional in eg a ion is
S a e-building: an o e looked app oach o egional in eg a ion in he ho n o A ica 185
Jou nal o Social Sciences June, 2025, Vol. 8
no success ul in he Ho n o A ica. Recen ly, he p ojec o egional in eg a ion has become
he mos di icul ask in he Ho n o A ica. Acco dingly, his s udy ies o un old ques ions
such as why he ask o in eg a ion is di icul in he Ho n o A ica egion; wha exac
p oblems has egional in eg a ion become en angled wi h; and wha should be done o
egional in eg a ion o happen in he egion.
Conce ning hese esea ch ques ions o he s udy, he esea che s a gue ha he
p ojec o egional in eg a ion in he Ho n o A ica has ailed due o due o he exis ence o
agile s a es, and o his p oblem, s a e-building should be aken as an app oach and key
du y by ac o s o smoo hly in eg a e coun ies in he Ho n o A ica. Ou key in o man s such
as Abebe, Ama e, Asmamaw, Ayele, Haimano , and Tages iden i ied s a e ailu e as one o he
huge challenges o egional in eg a ion in he Ho n o A ica and hey indica e s a e-building
as a panacea o egional in eg a ion o happen in he egion.
As a as ou p elimina y e iew o ela ed li e a u e is conce ned, he e is no scien i ic
a icle ha shows he symbiosis be ween s a e-building and egional in eg a ion in he Ho n
o A ica. No exhaus i e esea ch has o da e a emp ed o iden i y s a e agili y as a main
challenge o egional in eg a ion in he Ho n o A ica. Besides, he e is also a esea ch gap
ha boldly indica es he p ac ice o s a e-building as a p ime assignmen o esponsible
bodies o be e ealize he p ojec o egional in eg a ion in he Ho n o A ica. Howe e ,
he e ha e been a lo o s udies done on o he challenges o egional in eg a ion as well as
emedies o he p oblem o in eg a ion in he egion.
To add ess he main objec i es o he s udy, he a icle is o ganized as ollows: a e
in oducing he na u e o s a es in he Ho n o A ica and p oblema izing he opic unde
in es iga ion, sec ion wo shows he way how he esea ch is conduc ed. Sec ion h ee
desc ibes he economy, demog aphy, and geog aphy o he g ea e Ho n o A ica egion.
Sec ion ou explains he concep s o he s a e and s a e-building. In sec ion i e, he a icle
amilia izes he mos common ypologies o he s a e. Sec ion six p esen s he con empo a y
deba es on he p ojec o s a e-building. Sec ion se en demons a es he symbiosis be ween
s a e-building and egional in eg a ion. Finally, he conclusion pa highligh s he majo
poin s ha ha e been discussed in he p e ious sec ions and gi es ecommenda ions o he
u he ance o socio-economic and poli ical in eg a ion in he Ho n o A ica egion.
2. Resea ch Me hodology
A quali a i e esea ch app oach is employed o c i ically examine he impo ance o
s a e-building o success ul socio-economic and poli ical egional in eg a ion in he Ho n o
A ica egion. The esea che s conside ha quali a i e esea ch is he bes me hod o
in es iga e one o he p ima y agendas o he IGAD egion i.e., egional in eg a ion in
connec ion wi h s a e-building. Mo eo e , we used a quali a i e esea ch app oach due o i s
ele ance in examining he a ious con ex s and se ings o s a e-building in egions like he
Ho n o A ica. Fu he mo e, he quali a i e esea ch app oach is he bes me hod ha i s o
in es iga e c oss-na ional issues like egional in eg a ion [11].
We employed mo e balanced p ima y and seconda y da a. The p ima y da a was
collec ed using semi-s uc u ed in-dep h in e iews and con e ence pa icipa ion. Pu posi e
sampling was used o selec wen y- h ee (23) in o man s based on knowledge and expe ise
on he opic unde in es iga ion. In e iews and con e ence discussions we e eco ded,
ansc ibed, and ca ego ized in o hemes. To his end, h ee majo hemes such as he
ea u es o IGAD membe S a es, he na u e o ela ions among IGAD membe S a es, and he
186 T. Adino, D. Abebe
Jou nal o Social Sciences June, 2025, Vol. 8
symbiosis be ween s a e-building and egional in eg a ion in he Ho n o A ica ha e been
ca e ully chosen o da a analysis. In connec ion, he da a collec ed om key in o man s we e
examined by employing hema ic analysis o p ope ly in e p e he iewpoin s o pa icipan s.
Fu he mo e, seconda y sou ces like books, a icles, disse a ions, epo s, con e ence pape s,
and newspape s we e employed o scien i ically in es iga e he majo ques ions o his s udy:
wha we know abou he na u e o s a es and s a e-building in he Ho n o A ica and wha i
means o egional In eg a ion. The da a ob ained ia he abo e sou ces we e handled using
hema ic and con en analysis o easily manage and c i ically e iew seconda y sou ces.
3. A B ie Desc ip ion o he G ea e Ho n o A ica Region
The concep o he Ho n o A ica is di icul o de ine because i has geog aphical,
poli ical, social, cul u al, economic, his o ical, and o he ela ed meanings. Due o i s
mul i ace ed na u e, schola s ha e been unable o come up wi h a uni e sally accep ed
de ini ion o he concep o he ‘Ho n o A ica’. “The Ho n o A ica, bo h as a poli ical
concep and a physical en i y, does no lend i sel o p ecise de ini ion” [12, p. 2]. The Ho n
o A ica is desc ibed di e en ly depending on socio-cul u al, economic, his o ical,
geog aphical, and poli ical conside a ions. Fo ins ance, some schola s desc ibed he egion
om a geog aphic pe spec i e, while o he s om his o ical, poli ical, social, and economic
dimensions. As a esul , he esea che s obse e he Ho n o A ica no only as a physical
eali y ha ing a ho ney shape bu also as a sub- egion made up o people who sha e s ong
socio-cul u al, his o ical, poli ical, and economic ela ionships. In hei ex ensi e his o ical
ies, he people o he Ho n o A ica ha e o med sha ed ways o li e and iden i y [12,13].
Fu he mo e, because o hei s a egic loca ion, he s a es ha cons i u e he IGAD
egion a e in ol ed in he socio-poli ical and economic eali ies o he Middle Eas , he Indian
Ocean, Eu ope, and A ica because he Ho n o A ica links hese egions h ough he Red Sea,
he Suez Canal, and he Medi e anean Sea. Fo ins ance, oil om I an o Eu ope, and he low
o o he commodi ies be ween Eas A ica, Asia, and he Gul pass h ough he S ai s o Bab-
el-Mandeb and he Suez Canal, nea he coas o he Ho n o A ica coun ies. As a esul , he
Ho n o A ica is a dis inc egion due o i s geos a egic alue o ex e nal powe s [14,15].
Figu e 1.
The G ea e Ho n o A ica Region, Membe S a es o IGAD [16, p. 1].
S a e-building: an o e looked app oach o egional in eg a ion in he ho n o A ica 187
Jou nal o Social Sciences June, 2025, Vol. 8
Despi e i s abundan na u al esou ces and geopoli ical impo ance, he Ho n o A ica
emains one o he wo ld's mos impo e ished egions. Wi h a popula ion o 226 million and
an eno mous land a ea o 5.2 million squa e kilome e s, he income pe capi a o IGAD is
signi ican ly less han ha o sub-Saha an A ica, which a e ages USD 1624. An es ima ed
80% o he a ea is ca ego ized as semi-a id o a id (ASALs), while o e 40% is conside ed
unp oduc i e. The GDP o he IGAD membe s a es as a whole was jus 167 billion in 2011, a
signi ican amoun less han he 232 billion GDP o Egyp [10].
4. Concep ualizing he S a e and S a e-Building
The exis ence o di e si ied heo ies such as e olu iona y heo y, di ine igh heo y,
o ce/con lic heo y, social con ac heo y, and Ma xis heo y on he o igin o he s a e
makes i s de ini ion mo e elusi e and con es ed. In o he wo ds, he a ia ions in he
de ini ion o he s a e a e de i ed om he ongoing disag eemen s among schola s on he
exac o igin o he s a e.
F om his poin o iew, we p esen ed he mos common de ini ions gi en by
commen a o s in he a ea. “The s a e is an ancien human ins i u ion da ing back some 10000
yea s o he i s ag icul u al socie ies ha sp ang up in Mesopo amia” [17, p. 1]. This
de ini ion associa es he c ea ion o he s a e wi h he de elopmen o ag a ian socie ies in
he dis an pas . Howe e , some o he de ini ions also connec he c ea ion o he s a e wi h
he lou ishmen o human ci iliza ion, u baniza ion, and complex ci y li e. F om his
pe spec i e, Ha ison and Boyd [18, p. 17] de ined he s a e as: “The s a e in some o m has
exis ed since u banized and complex socie ies a ose in Egyp , China, India, and Mesopo amia
o e i e housand yea s ago. Since hen, he mo e ‘ci ilized’ membe s o humani y ha e ne e
been wi hou he s a e”. In he second de ini ion, he age o he s a e educes by hal and i
holds he idea ha he s a e is an impo an machine y o he su i al o human socie y. I
unde lines he impo ance o he s a e o a mode n and ci ilized way o li ing. Meaning, a
mode n o ci ilized human li e ul ima ely depends on he exis ence o a unc ional s a e.
The s a e is a poli ical concep ha comes in o exis ence ei he by wa o social
con ac . The his o y o he wo ld shows he ac ha some s a es degene a ed om wa ,
while o he s came ou om social con ac s. Meaning ha ancien s a es all o e he wo ld
we e he ou come o wa and conques , while mode n s a es a e he p oduc o people’s
consen . Poli ical scien is s associa e he easons behind he eme gence o a mode n s a e
wi h he need o peace, secu i y, jus ice, equali y, and libe y. Fo example, Max Webe
de ines he s a e as “a poli ical-ins i u ional o ganiza ion whose adminis a i e s a can
success ully exe cise a monopoly o legi ima e physical o ce in he execu ion o i s o de s”
[19, p. 11]. This de ini ion depic s he poin ha he s a e is all abou accumula ing s ong
physical powe a hand and being able o use i legi ima ely o en o ce laws, p o ide essen ial
public se ices, and main ain o de in a de ined e i o y.
As i has been s a ed in he li e a u e, he ‘s a e’ is he mos con es ed concep in he
a ea o social sciences. F om ea lie imes ill now, eli es ha e been ad oca ing ambi alen
iews abou he ‘S a e’. To be clea , schola s o poli ical science and sociology de ined he
e m ‘s a e’ om wo ex eme (i.e. posi i e and nega i e) iewpoin s.F om a posi i e
pe spec i e, he concep o ‘s a e’ e e s o a poli ical associa ion ha “p o ides an
in as uc u e in which con lic is mi iga ed by p o iding ins i u ional checks and balances on
powe and/o h ough he edis ibu ion o esou ces” [20, p. 300]. Acco ding o G e en [21,
p. 45], he concep o he s a e e e s o: “a human communi y ha (success ully) claims he

188 T. Adino, D. Abebe
Jou nal o Social Sciences June, 2025, Vol. 8
monopoly o he legi ima e use o physical o ce wi hin a gi en e i o y”. G e en [21, pp. 45-
46] also u he adds a posi i e de ini ion o ‘s a e’ ha was o iginally d awn by Theda
Skocpol as: “a se o adminis a i e, policing, and mili a y o ganiza ions headed, and mo e o
less well coo dina ed by, an execu i e au ho i y. Any s a e i s and undamen ally ex ac s
esou ces om socie y and deploys hese o c ea e and suppo coe ci e and adminis a i e
o ganiza ions.” Social con ac heo is s and hei apos les also de ined he concep o he
s a e posi i ely as: “ he s a e is a poli ical socie y cons uc ed h ough an implici social
con ac o p o ide ce ain basic unc ions o i s membe s by hose who a e en us ed wi h
poli ical au ho i y” [22, p. 3].
In ligh o he abo e posi i e de ini ions, one can deduce he poin ha he ‘s a e’ is
he highes o m o poli ical associa ion ha p o ides basic se ices o i s people. I is o med
o de end an indi idual and/o socie y om in e nal and ex e nal h ea s. I s ul ima e aim is
o p ese e peace and secu i y wi hin a de ined e i o y. To his end, he s a e wo ks o
ealize equali y, libe y, law and o de , p ospe i y, and amelio a e he condi ions o
disad an aged membe s o a poli y.
F om a nega i e pe spec i e, o example, ollowe s o K. Ma x conside he ‘s a e’ as:
“an ins i u ion ha s ands o he in e es o he dominan class” [22, p. 3]. They iewed he
s a e as: “a ehicle o p eda o y eli e in e es s ha exploi socie y” [20, p. 300]. In o he
wo ds, o hese g oups o hinke s, he s a e is a poli ical o ganiza ion ha keeps he
p ope y o he ha es om he ha e-no s. Fo Ma xis schola s, he s a e is c ea ed no o
p ese e peace bu o in e up i ; no o ealize equali y bu o sus ain inequali y; no o
de end he poo /disad an aged bu o exploi hem. Suppo e s o his posi ion wo k day and
nigh no o build he s a e bu o b eak down i . They u he a gue ha i he s a e loses
legi imacy and powe , hen he exploi a ion and domina ion o he lowe class will
au oma ically wi he away. Thus, o hem, he s a e should be abolished a he las s age o
socialism i.e. communism o ha e a good li e and poli y. To be p ecise, Fukuyama [17, p. 1]
iewed he opposi e dimensions o he s a e as:
S a es ha e a wide a ie y o unc ions, o good and ill. The same coe ci e
powe ha allows hem o p o ec p ope y igh s and p o ide public sa e y also
allows hem o con isca e p i a e p ope y and abuse he igh s o hei ci izens.
The monopoly o legi ima e powe ha s a es exe cise allows indi iduals o
escape wha Hobbes labeled he “wa o e e y man agains e e y man”
domes ically bu se es as he basis o con lic and wa a an in e na ional le el.
In addi ion o he abo e opposing de ini ions, ecen ly, commen a o s b ough a
de ini ion ha seems neu al and dominan . Acco dingly, his neu al and commonly used
de ini ion iews he s a e as “an embodimen o people, e i o y, go e nmen , so e eign y,
and ecogni ion” [22, p. 3]. In sho , he s a e mus comp ise a leas hese i e essen ial
componen s o claim he s a us o ‘s a ehood’. To his end, he con ol o a ecognized people,
he con ol o an iden i iable e i o y, he exis ence o ela i e pe manency, he enjoymen
o in e nal and ex e nal so e eign y, and in e na ional ecogni ion can be conside ed he
common ea u es o all mode n s a es ega dless o he speci ic sys em o he s a e, he size
o popula ion and e i o y, he le el o he economy, i s ideological ounda ions, o he
go e nmen bu eauc acy ha guides i [18]. The e o e, o his s udy, he e m ‘s a e’ mus be
seen as a collec ion o a ious ins i u ions ha execu e co e unc ions ha all a e basic o
he su i al o a ce ain poli y. We belie e ha hese de ini ions and ea u es o he ‘s a e’
S a e-building: an o e looked app oach o egional in eg a ion in he ho n o A ica 189
Jou nal o Social Sciences June, 2025, Vol. 8
p o ide an adequa e ounda ion o concep ualize he subsequen discussion on he na u e o
‘s a e-building’.
Ques ions such as wha is s a e-building, when did he idea o s a e-building o igina e,
wha a e he a ionales behind he p ojec o s a e-building, and how is he p ojec o s a e-
building become success ul a e he mos impo an ques ions ha will be examined
subsequen ly. As wo ks o li e a u e, he e is no uni e sally ag eed de ini ion o he e m-
‘s a e-building’. Like “s a e”, he concep o “s a e-building” is mo e con en ious and schola s
discuss i in an ob usca ed manne . Howe e , mos people use he e m s a e-building o e e
o “ he in e en ion s a egies o supe powe coun ies like he USA o es o e and ebuild
he ins i u ions and appa a us o he pos -con lic s a es, o example, he bu eauc acy” [23,
p. 27]. In his sense, s a e-building is undamen ally ins i u ion-building.
S a e-building also e e s o he p ocess o cons uc ing, e-cons uc ing, and
consolida ing s a e ins i u ions o be e se e he local popula ion. In a mo e ela ed sense,
Bogdandy e al [24, pp. 583-584] de ined he concep as “S a e-building means he
es ablishmen , e-es ablishmen , and s eng hening o a public s uc u e in a gi en e i o y
capable o deli e ing public goods.” As ci ed in G e en [21, p. 4], F ancis Fukuyama de ined
s a e-building as: “ he c ea ion o new go e nmen ins i u ions and he s eng hening o
exis ing ones.” The philosophy o s a e-building holds a cen al claim ha in e na ional
communi ies should i s , iden i y weak and pos -con lic s a es and second, should design
mechanisms h ough which o ans e hei bu eauc a ic sys ems and bes ins i u ions in o
hose s a es. The s a e-building ac i i y gi es a ull manda e o supe powe s and
in e na ional o ganiza ions o in e ene in he in e nal a ai s o agile o weak s a es. I was
p ima ily he USA’s and UN’s, bu la e also he Eu opean coun ies' esponsibili y o esol e
ins i u ional weaknesses and bu eauc a ic de iciencies in pos -con lic en i onmen s and
ailing s a es.
As G e en quo ed, “S a e-building e e s, a i s co e, o mili a ized in e en ions by a
o eign s a e o coali ion wi h he explici goal o c ea ing a new egime, whe e he p e ious
one has al eady collapsed, o o changing a egime ha would o he wise ail” [21, p. 48]. This
de ini ion allows an in e na ional communi y o he ex en o a med opp ession o build
peace and p ese e secu i y in weak s a es. The ecen mili a y in e en ions in Somalia, I aq,
and A ghanis an a e ypical examples and pa s o he USA’s s a e-building p ojec .
Schola s also connec ed he co e ene s o s a e-building wi h mode niza ion,
libe aliza ion, secu i y, he ule o law, ee and ai elec ions, a peace ul ansi ion o poli ical
powe , and many o he democ a ic p inciples. In his pe spec i e, s a e-building e e s o he
ans o ma ion o Wes e n libe al alues and democ a ic p inciples o p e-mode n and
undemoc a ic s a es ac oss he wo ld. Wes e ne s a emp o implan he legacies o
mode niza ion and libe alism in he non-Wes e n wo ld [25].
By and la ge, o his s udy, we will be con ined and guided by he ollowing de ini ion:
“S a e-building e e s o he p ocesses used o build a s a e’s ins i u ion o se o ins i u ions
( o mal o in o mal, economic o poli ical, mili a y o ci il) ha inc ease he s a e’s capabili y
o wield he ‘legi ima e use o physical o ce’; es ablish o de ; and seek economic means ha
suppo and sus ain s a e unc ions” [21, p. 50]. The esea che s belie e ha one o he majo
challenges o de elopmen in he Ho n o A ica is he lack o capaci ies and ins i u ions o
execu e go e nmen al policies and s a egies. Mo eo e , his de ini ion gi es also a en ion
o he consolida ion o o mal and in o mal socie al ins i u ions as pa o he s a e-building
190 T. Adino, D. Abebe
Jou nal o Social Sciences June, 2025, Vol. 8
p ojec . The e o e, we belie e ha s a e-building in he Ho n o A ica should c ea e a s iking
balance be ween o mal and in o mal ins i u ions.
As ou p ac ical expe ience, he leade s in he Ho n o A ica simply held he sup eme
poli ical powe o a s a e (ei he by ai o oul means) a hand, bu hey a e p ac ically
incapable o en o cing laws, p ese ing o de , p o iding basic se ices, and main aining
peace in hei espec i e ju isdic ion. Mo eo e , he mos peculia hing in he egion is no
only he exis ence o incompe en ule s bu also he p e alence o oo ew as well as oo
weak ins i u ions oge he wi h ine icien and poli ically di ided public se an s. Le us ake
Fukuyama’s iew ci ed by K asne [26, p. 67] o e i y his line o a gumen : “A key ea u e o
many coun ies in he de eloping wo ld is he gap be ween he o mal claims o s a e
au ho i y, which mimic pa e ns in he ad anced indus ialized democ acies, and he ac ual
capaci y o go e n”.
When did he idea o s a e-building eme ge? “S a e-building de eloped and used om
he la e 1890s h ough he end o he Cold Wa , emphasized building loyal and poli ically
s able subo dina e s a es” [27, p. 257]. W i e s o he a ea a gued ha since he beginning o
he 20 h cen u y, he USA and Wes e n Eu opean coun ies ha e been using he idea o s a e-
building as an ins umen o c ea e loyal, ideologically iden ical, and poli ically s able s a es
ac oss he globe. His o ically, he glimpse o s a e-building has p og essed a ound he la e
1890s, bu i has become dominan and common in academia since he end o he Cold Wa .
The con empo a y discou se o s a e-building in he ield o in e na ional poli ics has
e ol ed in he pos -Cold Wa pe iod [28]. Rega ding his, Algaw [22, p. 1] supplemen s:
The end o he Cold Wa ushe ed in he esu gence o in e nal con lic s ac oss
he Thi d Wo ld. These con lic s caused humani a ian disas e s, and he
b eakdown o poli ical au ho i y, no ably in Somalia, Rwanda, Libe ia, Sie a
Leone, and he Democ a ic Republic o Congo. In esponse o hese dynamics,
peace-building, and s a e-building has become he win goal o Wes e n
in e en ion policies and Uni ed Na ions p og ams owa d con lic -p one
coun ies.
Acco dingly, he heo y and p ac ice o s a e-building e ol ed in he 1890s bu gained
wide ecogni ion and applica ion since he 1990s. A e he end o he Cold Wa , s a e-
building was seen as a logical esponse o agile s a es ha ha e di ided communi ies,
legi imacy c ises, weak ins i u ions, secu i y p oblems, neo-pa imonial sys ems, clien elis ic
poli ical a angemen s, and he like. These ypes o s a es cha ac e ized by he abo e ai s
a e le eled as ola ile and conside ed o be dange ous o hei people and he in e na ional
communi y due o hei ulne abili y o ci il wa , ana chy, con lic , ins abili y, e o ism,
human a icking, d ug a icking, and dange ous diseases [22].
5. Typologies o he S a e
As con empo a y esea che s, he e is no gene ally accep ed classi ica ion o s a es
due o he exis ence o a ia ions among s a es in e ms o ideology, capaci y, legi imacy,
e iciency, ecogni ion, economy, echnology, and sys em [29]. Poli ical scien is s call s a es
by di e en names based on he le els o con ol, he sou ces o poli ical powe , he ype o
cons i u ion, he deg ee o accep ance by he in e na ional communi y, he abili y o p o ide
poli ical goods, and he like. The s a es ac oss he wo ld a e no pe ec ly di ided in o
socialis and capi alis , democ a ic and au oc a ic, libe al and de elopmen al, s ong and
weak, e c. due o hei mixed and inconsis en p ac ice. We belie e ha his na u e o he
S a e-building: an o e looked app oach o egional in eg a ion in he ho n o A ica 191
Jou nal o Social Sciences June, 2025, Vol. 8
s a e impedes he possibili y o a aining uni e sally ag eed classi ica ions o s a es. Fo
example, Richmond [30, pp. 33-34] has pe suasi ely desc ibed he mul iple ypologies o he
s a e as:
Despi e he concep ual aming o Wes phalian so e eign y o he mode n s a e
and indeed because o his o ical deba es abou i s p o enance, he e a e many
e ms a ailable o desc ibe di e en ypes o s a es. Communis , socialis ,
capi alis , democ a ic, mona chical, cons i u ional, au ho i a ian, expansionis ,
o ali a ian, bu eauc a ic, pos -colonial, pa imonial, ailed, ailing, weak, and
collapsed emain in he lexicon o e ms o desc ibe s a es.
Howe e , o his s udy, ou ca ego iza ion he eunde is based on he le el o capaci y
ha he s a es ha e a hand. As we obse e, s a es ac oss he wo ld a e no ound a he same
le el o economy, capaci y, and e iciency. “S a es a e much mo e a ied in hei capaci y and
capabili y han hey once we e” [31, p. 2]. In o he wo ds, some s a es a e capable o
p ese ing peace and secu i y, and p o iding essen ial se ices o hei ci izens, while o he s
a e incapable o doing such basic unc ions ha a e expec ed om a mode n s a e. Some
s a es occu in a be e posi ion o sus ain he socio-poli ical and economic bene i s o hei
inhabi an s, while o he s appea in a ola ile si ua ion whe e he igh s and eedoms o
ci izens all unde a empo al o pe manen h ea . Fo example, Max Webe [32] classi ied
s a es as mode n (i.e., hey can p ese e socie al alues and o de s ia o mal ins i u ions),
and p imi i e/ adi ional (i.e., hey can’ gua an ee he undamen al igh s o human beings
such as li e, libe y, equali y, and p ope y) based on he abili y o deli e poli ical goods o
hei people. The subsequen leng hy quo a ion may illus a e his di e ence me iculously:
… he basic unc ions o he "s a e" a e he enac men o he law (legisla i e
unc ion); he p o ec ion o pe sonal sa e y and public o de (police); he
p o ec ion o es ed igh s (adminis a ion o jus ice); he cul i a ion o hygienic,
educa ional, social wel a e and o he cul u al in e es s ( he a ious b anches o
adminis a ion); and. las bu no leas , he o ganized a med p o ec ion agains
ou side a ack (mili a y adminis a ion). These basic unc ions a e ei he o ally
lacking unde p imi i e condi ions, o hey lack any o m o a ional o de . They
a e pe o med ins ead, by amo phous ad hoc g oups, o hey a e dis ibu ed
among a a ie y o g oups such as he household, he kinship g oup, he
neighbo hood associa ion, he u al commune, and comple ely olun a y
associa ions o med o some speci ic pu pose [32, p. 905].
Recen ly, schola s o he a ea ypologies mode n s a es in o ou (S ong, Weak, Failed,
and Collapsed) a e a ca e ul e alua ion o he s a e ega ding human and na ional secu i ies,
p o ec ion o human and democ a ic igh s, p o ision o essen ial basic se ices, and he like
[31]. P ac i ione s and policymake s launch he p ojec o s a e-building when s a es a e
supposed o be incapable o p o iding hese basic unc ions. I is demanding o unde s and
he concep and objec i e o s a e-building wi hou ha ing adequa e knowledge abou he
ecen a ibu es (such as weak, agile, ola ile, ailed, and collapsed) gi en o some hi d-
wo ld o pos -con lic s a es. Fo example, how o c ea e au ho i a i e, legi ima e, and
e ec i e bu eauc acy in weak s a es and p e en s a e ailu e o collapse a e he p io
ques ions o he s a e-building p ojec in he 21s cen u y [31,33].
Richmond [30] u he subs an ia es his claim as he s a e-building discou ses and
p ac ices eme ged in he 1990s mainly o cons uc o econs uc ailed s a es ha could no
main ain peace and secu i y, and ul ill he ma e ial and non-ma e ial needs o hei people.
198 T. Adino, D. Abebe
Jou nal o Social Sciences June, 2025, Vol. 8
A icle 7 o he IGAD Es ablishing Ag eemen comp ises a long lis o egional
coope a ion and in eg a ion objec i es such as-p omo e join de elopmen s a egies,
ha monize mac o-economic policies and p og amme s in a ious ields; ha monize policies
wi h ega d o ade, cus oms, anspo , communica ions, ag icul u e, and na u al esou ces;
p omo e ee mo emen o goods, se ices, and people and he es ablishmen o esidence;
c ea e an enabling en i onmen o ade and in es men ; achie e egional ood secu i y;
assis e o s o Membe S a es o collec i ely comba d ough and o he disas e s; ini ia e
p ojec s o sus ainable de elopmen o na u al esou ces; de elop a coo dina ed and
complemen a y in as uc u e, pa icula ly in he a eas o anspo and ene gy; p omo e
peace and s abili y in he sub- egion; mobilize esou ces o he implemen a ion o
eme gency, sho - e m, medium- e m and long- e m p og ams wi hin he amewo k o sub-
egional coope a ion; and acili a e coope a ion in esea ch, de elopmen and applica ion in
he ields o science and echnology [41].
As ensh ined in A icle 7 o he IGAD Es ablishing Ag eemen , he Ho n o A ica egion
was en isioned o be open and compe i i e in an en i onmen ha allows he ee mo emen
o goods, se ices, pe sons, and capi al. Howe e , “ he IGAD egion, in compa ison wi h he
es o he RECs in A ica (Such as he EAC and COMESA) has lagged in e ms o economic
and secu i y in eg a ion” [10, p. 96]. O e he las h ee decades, IGAD has ailed o pu in
place a egional s a egy ha a oids in a- and in e -s a e con lic s and a egional ade policy
ha acili a es close socio-poli ical and economic in eg a ion be ween Membe S a es
[42,43].
To his end, we a gue ha one o he majo challenges o he poo pe o mance o
IGAD ega ding egional in eg a ion is he exis ence o an ipa he ic and weak s a es in he
egion. The weakness o he IGAD Membe S a es in main aining peace and secu i y, a oiding
in a- and in e -s a e wa s, mobilizing esou ces and knowledge o in eg a e he egion, and
p omo ing people-cen e ed ansna ional coope a ion is he majo challenge o egional
in eg a ion. The p ojec o egional in eg a ion needs capable s a es o implemen egional
policies and s a egies o he bene i o ansna ional communi ies. Regional in eg a ion is
easie in egions ha ing s able and capable s a es in add essing sha ed p oblems. Conce ning
his, He si and Akinola [10, p. 146] examined he ques ion o how he p ojec o egional
in eg a ion is connec ed wi h he beha io o s a es in he Ho n o A ica as:
Because o he lack o poli ical s abili y o some o he membe S a es o IGAD,
like Somalia and Sou h Sudan, he enmi y be ween E i ea and Djibou i, and
E hiopia’s poli ical ansi ions, IGAD’s egional economic in eg a ion has
su e ed i al se backs.
The abo e discussion, he e o e, mani es s ha s a e-building is a co ne s one o
success ul egional in eg a ion. One o he syne gies be ween hose concep s is ha he
p ojec o egional in eg a ion demands s a e-building. S a e-building plays an i e e sible
ole in ul illing he objec i es o egional in eg a ion. The o he symbiosis be ween s a e-
building and egional in eg a ion ha we ound om his discou se is ha bo h p ojec s
comp omise he so e eign powe o a s a e o he common good. I means ha su ende ing
some so o na ional so e eign y is a mus du ing he p ocess o s a e-building and egional
in eg a ion. Fo example, in he p ocess o s a e-building, supe powe s like he USA, he UK,
Ge many, and o he s di ec ly in e ene in he in e nal a ai s o weak s a es. Simila ly, a
di e en ac o i.e. sup a-na ional body o egional o ganiza ion which is cons i u ed by
olun a y ag eemen egula es he in e nal business o membe s a es.

S a e-building: an o e looked app oach o egional in eg a ion in he ho n o A ica 199
Jou nal o Social Sciences June, 2025, Vol. 8
8. Concluding Rema ks
This s udy c ea es a b idge be ween s a e-building and egional in eg a ion and
analyzes how s a e-building could be used o egional in eg a ion in he Ho n o A ica. I is
abou s a e-building and i s impo ance in ealizing socio-poli ical and economic in eg a ion
in he Ho n o A ica. In o he wo ds, he s udy a emp ed o answe he ques ions o wha is
s a e-building and how can i lead o egional in eg a ion in he IGAD egion. The esea che s
a gue ha s a e-building mus be seen as an app oach and a necessa y s a egy o in eg a e
he IGAD Membe S a es success ully. To his end, he pape discussed he cha ac e is ics o
s ong o unc ional s a es and hei abili y o o e high le els o peace and secu i y, poli ical
eedom, ci il libe y, and economic de elopmen . Fo his, he s udy showed se e al
illus a ions o success ul s a e-building leading o egional in eg a ion in o he pa s o he
wo ld. One such illus a ion is he Eu opean Union, which includes 27 s able and peace ul
s a es, has become a majo poli ical and economic powe in he wo ld by p omo ing economic
coope a ion and p e en ing u u e con lic s be ween membe s a es. Ano he illus a ion is
he Associa ion o Sou heas Asian Na ions, which inco po a es 10 unc ional s a es and has
con ibu ed a lo in p omo ing egional in eg a ion in he Sou heas Asian egion.
Howe e , he exis ence o weak and agile s a es in he Ho n o A ica has a ec ed
he p ocess o egional in eg a ion. The Ho n o A ica egion is s a ed by ei he weak o
agile s a es ha show poo pe o mance in p o iding essen ial se ices and a e
cha ac e ized by in a and in e -s a e wa s, maladminis a ion, co up ion, mig a ion, e c. The
exis ence o hese s a k eali ies in he Ho n o A ica has se ed as a p ohibi ing ac o in he
implemen a ion o egional in eg a ion agendas. Acco dingly, s a e-building is necessa y o
weak and agile s a es o he Ho n o A ica o c ea e a conduci e en i onmen o peace ul
coope a ion and egional in eg a ion. This is because s a e-building in he Ho n o A ica
would acili a e egional in eg a ion by c ea ing s ong ins i u ions and sys ems a a na ional
le el and by connec ing Membe S a es in a eas such as anspo a ion, communica ion,
ade, heal hca e, educa ion, ag icul u e, manu ac u ing, and mining a a egional le el.
As a esul , he s udy ecommends he ollowing impo an poin s o success ul s a e-
building: Fi s , he s a es in he Ho n o A ica should be buil by hei people and go e nmen
because e ec i e s a e-building depends upon he owne ship and ini ia i e o local people
a he g ass oo s le el. I a s a e is buil by ex e nal ac o s, hen i will doomed o ailu e.
Second, s a e builde s should consolida e he s a e wi hou elimina ing o a ec ing some
impo an in o mal ins i u ions. The o mal and in o mal ins i u ions o he s a e should co-
exis peace ully. In his sense, ac o s o s a e-building should balance he s iking di e ence
be ween mode n appa a uses and adi ional ins i u ions inhe i ed om he pas . Thi d, IGAD
should in es mo e in he people o he egion o ensu e socio-poli ical and economic
cohesion by c a ing homeg own policies, designing app op ia e ins i u ions, and c i ically
app aising he neolibe al no ms o egional in eg a ion.
Finally, he esea che s belie e ha his s udy hasn' p o ided su icien and
sa is ac o y answe s o he esea ch ques ions aised. Howe e , i will se e as a e e ence
o schola s in he ield o conduc u he esea ch in he Ho n o A ica and o he egional
a angemen s. The esea ch ques ions ha ha e been aised in his s udy should be u he
in es iga ed by o he schola s o p o ide unc ional solu ions o challenges o s a e-building
and egional in eg a ion in he Ho n o A ica and elsewhe e.
200 T. Adino, D. Abebe
Jou nal o Social Sciences June, 2025, Vol. 8
Acknowledgmen s. Fi s and o emos , we would like o hank all key in o man s o
he s udy o p o iding insigh ul hough s. Nex , we would like o con ey g a i ude o he
e iewe s o he s udy o hei aluable commen s and cons uc i e c i icisms. Las , we also
wish o hank he UK Resea ch and Inno a ion (UKRI), he A ican Resea ch Uni e si ies
Alliance (ARUA), and he Ins i u e o Peace and Secu i y S udies (IPSS) a Addis Ababa
Uni e si y o gi ing inancial suppo o unde ake his s udy.
Con lic s o In e es : The au ho s decla e no con lic o in e es .
Re e ences
1. Asse a, F. Fede alism, De olu ion, and Clea ages in A ica. Sp inge Na u e Swi ze land AG, 6330 Cham,
Swi ze land, 2024, pp. 1-72.
2. Fe as, P. Secu i y S akes and Challenges in he Ho n o A ica. In: S a e and Socie al Challenges in he Ho n o
A ica: Con lic s and P ocesses o S a e Fo ma ion, Recon igu a ion, and Disin eg a ion, Dias, A.M. (Ed.), Cen e
o A ican S udies P ess, Uni e si y Ins i u e o Lisbon, Po ugal, 2013, pp. 48-58.
3. Dias, A. M. Unde s anding Con lic and P ocesses o S a e Fo ma ion, Recon igu a ion and Disin eg a ion in
he Ho n o A ica. In: S a e and Socie al Challenges in he Ho n o A ica: Con lic s and P ocesses o S a e
Fo ma ion, Recon igu a ion, and Disin eg a ion, Dias, A.M. (Ed.), Cen e o A ican S udies P ess, Uni e si y
Ins i u e o Lisbon, Po ugal, 2013, pp. 3-13.
4. Be eke , H. Con lic and In e en ion in he Ho n o A ica. Mon hly Re iew P ess, London, UK, 1980.
5. Redie, B. S a e-building and Na ional Iden i y Recons uc ion in he Ho n o A ica. Palg a e Macmillan, London,
UK, 2017, pp. 3-21.
6. Mo e han 3,000 people killed, 6,000 inju ed in Sudan Con lic . The Je usalem Pos , 17 June 2023. A ailable
online: Mo e han 3,000 people killed, 6,000 inju ed in Sudan con lic - The Je usalem Pos (accessed on 20
June 2023).
7. Mo e han 5,000 epo edly killed in El Geneina genocide. Radio Dabanga, 20 June 2023. A ailable online:
Mo e han 5,000 epo edly killed in El Geneina 'genocide' - Dabanga Radio TV Online (accessed on 23 June
2023).
8. UN: Sudan’s wa displaces o e 2 million, as igh ing anges in Da u egion. The Independen , 14 June 2023.
A aiulable online: UN: Sudan’s wa displaces o e 2 million, as igh ing ages in Da u egion | AP News
(accessed on 27 June 2023).
9. Ba le o key police base kills a leas 14 Sudan ci ilians. The Jo dan Times, 26 June 2023. A ailable online:
Ba le o key police base kills a leas 14 Sudan ci ilians | Jo dan Times (accessed on 27 June 2023).
10. He si, M.; Akinola, A. IGAD and Mul ila e al Secu i y in he Ho n o A ica: Th ough he Lens o Somali Con lic .
Sp inge Na u e Swi ze land AG, 6330 Cham, Swi ze land 2024, 233 p.
11. C eswell, J. Resea ch design: Quali a i e, quan i a i e, and mixed me hods app oach. 4 h Ed., Sage Publica ions
Inc, Cali o nia & London, USA and UK, 2014, pp. 300-375.
12. Ta esse, O. Con lic s and Con lic Resolu ion in he Ho n o A ica: Towa d he S udy o Regional Peace and
Secu i y. E hiopian Jou nal o Social Sciences and Humani ies/EJOSSAH, 6(2), pp. 1-24.
13. Henze, P. The Ho n o A ica: F om Wa o Peace. The Macmillan P ess L d, Houndmills, Basings oke,
Hampshi e, and London, UK, 1991, pp. 1-68.
14. Fe guson, M. The Ho n o A ica: His o ical Pa e ns o Con lic and S a egic Conside a ions. MA Thesis, he
Uni e si y o he S a e o New Yo k, Na ional Secu i y A ai s, USA, 1978, 318 p.
15. The Ho n Ins i u e. The Ho n o A ica in 2023: A Geog aphical Analysis. The Ho n Bulle in 2023, 6(1), pp. 1-8.
16. IGAD. The IGAD Membe S a es, 2015. A ailable online: The IGAD Membe S a es — geonode.igad.in
(accessed on 27 June 2023).
17. Fukuyama, F. S a e-building: Go e nance and Wo ld O de in he 21s C. Co nell Uni e si y P ess, New Yo k,
USA, 2004, 120 p.
18. Ha ison, K.; Boyd T. Unde s anding Poli ical Ideas and Mo emen s. Manches e Uni e si y P ess, Manches e
and New Yo k, UK and USA, 2003, 80 p.
19. An e , A. Max Webe 's Theo y o he Mode n S a e: O igins, S uc u e, and Signi icance. Palg a e Macmillan
Publishe s, Hampshi e and New Yo k, UK and USA, 2014, pp. 23-98.
20. Richmond, O. The Legacy o S a e- o ma ion Theo y o Peace-building and S a e-building. Jou nal o
In e na ional Peacekeeping 2013, 20(3), pp. 299-315.
S a e-building: an o e looked app oach o egional in eg a ion in he ho n o A ica 201
Jou nal o Social Sciences June, 2025, Vol. 8
21. G e en, R. Y. An Analysis o S a e-Building: The Rela ionship Be ween Pash un 'Pa a-S a e' Ins i u ions and
Poli ical Ins abili y in A ghanis an. Ph.D. Disse a ion, Uni e si y o Sou h Flo ida, Depa men o Go e nmen
and In e na ional A ai s, USA, 2014, pp. 250 p.
22. Algaw, A. S a e Building, S a e Capaci y and Non-S a e Con lic s in Sub-Saha an A ica. Con e ence
P oceedings No.8, King's College-London, UK, 2013, pp. 1-29.
23. Sco , Z. Li e a u e Re iew on S a e-Building. The Uni e si y o Bi mingham, In e na ional De elopmen
Depa men -Go e nance and Social De elopmen Resou ce Cen e , UK, 2007, pp. 1-42.
24. Bogdandy, A.; Häuble , S.; Hanschmann, F. S a e-building, Na ion-building, and Cons i u ional Poli ics in
Pos -con lic Si ua ions: Concep ual Cla i ica ions and an App aisal o Di e en App oaches. Max Plank Yea
Book o Uni ed Na ions 2005, 9(1), pp. 579-613.
25. Clausen, M.L. S a e-Building in he F agile S a es: S a egies and Embedmen . Ph.D. Disse a ion, Aa hus
Uni e si y, DK-8000 Aa hus C, Denma k, 2 Sep embe 2006, 308 p.
26. K asne , S. In e na ional Suppo o S a e-building: Flawed Consensus. Memo P epa ed o he IGC S a e-
building Wo kshop, P ism 2. No. 3, Ox o d, UK, 27 Sep embe 2010, pp. 65-74.
27. Lake, D. The P ac ice and Theo y o US S a e-building. Jou nal o In e en ion and S a e-building 2010, 4(3),
pp. 257-284.
28. Robinson, N. S a e Building and In e na ional Poli ics: The Eme gence o a New P oblem and Agenda. In
Hehi & Robinson (Eds.), S a e Building: Theo y and P ac ice. Rou ledge: Taylo and F ancis G oup, London and
New Yo k, UK and USA, 2007, pp. 1-19.
29. K eijen, G. S a e Failu e, So e eign y, and E ec i eness: Legal Lessons om he Decoloniza ion o Sub-Saha an
A ica. Ma inus Nijho Publishe s, Leiden & Bos on, Ne he lands and USA, 2004, pp. 1-64.
30. Richmond, O. Failed S a e-building: In e en ion and he Dynamics o Peace Fo ma ion. Yale Uni e si y P ess,
New Ha en and London, USA and UK, 2014, 152 p.
31. Ro be g, R. Failed S a es, Collapsed S a es, Weak S a es: Causes and Indica o s. In Ro be g, R. (Ed.), S a e
Failu e and S a e Weakness in a Time o Te o . B ookings Ins i u ion P ess, Washing on D.C., USA, 2003, pp.
1-28.
32. Webe , M. Economy and Socie y: An Ou line o In e p e i e Sociology. Uni e si y o Cali o nia P ess, Be kley,
Los Angeles, and London, USA and London, 1978, 1469 p.
33. Sisk, T. S a e-building: Consolida ing Peace a e he Ci il Wa . Poli y P ess, Camb idge and Malden, USA, 2013,
pp. 1-58.
34. Kaldo , M.; Rangelo , I. In oduc ion: Global Secu i y Policy in he Twen y-Fi s Cen u y. In Kaldo , M. and
Rangelo , I. (Eds.) The Handbook o Global Secu i y Policy. John Wiley and Sons Publishe s L d, Sou he n Ga e,
Chiches e , Wes Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK, 2014, pp. 1-19.
35. G os, J. Failed S a es in Theo e ical, His o ical, and Policy Pe spec i es. In Hei meye W. (Ed.) Con ol o Violence
in Mode n Socie ies. Sp inge Science and Business Media LLC, Be lin, Ge many, 2011, pp. 535-562.
36. Olo un oba, S. Regionalism and In eg a ion in A ica: EU_ACP Economic Pa ne ship Ag eemen s and Eu o-Nige ia
Rela ions. Palg a e Macmillan Publishe s, London and New Yo k, UK and USA 2016, pp. 1-88.
37. Fawce , L. Region-building Deba es in a Global Con ex . In Region-building in A ica: Poli ical and Economic
Challenges, Le ine, D.; Naga , D. (Eds.), Palg a e Macmillan Publishe s, Cape Town, Hampshi e, and New Yo k,
2016, USA, pp. 21-36.
38. Vincen , I.; Cons ance, H. Challenges and Oppo uni ies o Regional In eg a ion in A ica: The Case o SADC.
IOSR Jou nal o Humani ies and Social Science 2014, 19(12), pp. 103-115.
39. Peace, J. The Challenge o Regional Economic In eg a ion in A ica: Theo y and Reali y. A ica's Public Se ice
Deli e y and Pe o mance Re iew 2014, pp. 5-24.
40. Solomon, G. Regional In eg a ion in he Ho n o A ica: S a e o A ai s and Challenges. Cen e o Eu opean
In eg a ion S udies 2016, pp. 1-42.
41. IGAD Ag eemen Es ablishing he In e go e nmen al Au ho i y on De elopmen (IGAD). Nai obi, Kenya.
A ailable online: h ps://igad.in /download/ag eemen -es ablishing- he-in e go e nmen al-au ho i y-on-
de elopmen -igad/ (accessed on 27 June 2023).
42. Gaas, A. Towa ds a New Pa adigm o Regional In eg a ion in he Ho n o A ica: A Case S udy o In e -
Go e nmen al Au ho i y on De elopmen (IGAD). In e go e nmen al Resea ch and Policy Jou nal (IRPJ) 2023,
10 (1), pp. 1-14.
43. Seble, M.; Kewi , K. Con lic P e en ion in Sub-Regional Ins i u ions: The Case S udy o IGAD in E hiopia om
2015-2020. Jou nal o Educa ion, Socie y and Beha io al Science 2023, 36 (12), pp. 93-113.
202 T. Adino, D. Abebe
Jou nal o Social Sciences June, 2025, Vol. 8
Ci a ion: Adino, T.; Abebe, D. S a e-building: an o e looked app oach o egional in eg a ion in he ho n o
A ica. Jou nal o Social Sciences 2025, 8 (2), pp. 183-202. h ps://doi.o g/10.52326/jss.u m.2025.8(2).14.
Publishe ’s No e: JSS s ays neu al wi h ega d o ju isdic ional claims in published maps and
ins i u ional a ilia ions.
Copy igh :© 2025 by he au ho s. Submi ed o possible open access publica ion unde he e ms
and condi ions o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion (CC BY) license
(h ps://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/4.0/).
Submission o manusc ip s: jes@me idian.u m.md