Technical epo no. 41, 2002
G eenland Ins i u e o Na u al Resou ces
O e g own Hoo es om Muskoxen
(O ibos moscha us) o
Kangaa suk (Kap A holl)
No hwes G eenland
Ti le: O e g own hoo es om muskoxen (O ibos moscha us) o Kangaa suk (Kap A holl)
No hwes G eenland
Au ho s: Ch is ine Cuyle & Hans S. Mølgaa d
T ansla ion: So ia Geisle
Funding: G eenland Home Rule, Depa men o En i onmen and Na u e
Se ies: Technical Repo
Publishe : G eenland Ins i u e o Na u al Resou ces
Co e pho o: Fo e leg hoo o a 13 yea old emale muskox om Kap A holl, No hwes
G eenland. Pho o: Ch is ine Cuyle
ISBN: 87-90024-97-4
ISSN: 1397-3657
Layou & P in ing: Oddi P in ing L d.
Numbe p in ed: 100
Re e ence: Cuyle , C. & Mølgaa d, H.S. 2002. O e g own hoo es om muskoxen (O ibos
moscha us) o Kangaa suk (Kap A holl) No hwes G eenland. G eenland Ins i u e
o Na u al Resou ces. Technical epo no. 41. 28 pp.
A ailable om: G eenland Ins i u e o Na u al Resou ces
P.O. Box 570
DK-3900 Nuuk
G eenland
Phone: +299 32 10 95
Fax: +299 32 59 57
www.na u .gl
O e g own Hoo es om
Muskoxen (O ibos moscha us) o
Kangaa suk (Kap A holl)
No hwes G eenland
by
Ch is ine Cuyle 1& Hans S. Mølgaa d2
1G eenland Ins i u e o Na u al Resou ces, P.O. Box 570, DK-3900 Nuuk, G eenland
2Hun ing & Fishings Consul an , Aqqusine suaq 8, DK-3911 Sisimiu , G eenland
3
Technical epo no. 41, 2002
G eenland Ins i u e o Na u al Resou ces
Con en s
Summa y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Eqikkaaneq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Sammen a ning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
In oduc ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Me hods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Resul s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Acknowledgemen s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Li e a u e Ci ed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Appendix 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Appendix 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Appendix 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Appendix 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Appendix 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Appendix 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Appendix 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4
Summa y
In 1986, 7 muskoxen (5 emales, 2 males) we e in oduced o Kangaa suk/Kap A holl
(76°19’ N, 69°22’ W), Qaanaaq municipali y, No hwes G eenland. Hun ing has ne e
been allowed. This 1998 s udy ocused p ima ily on he o e g own hoo es o muskox-
en a Kap A holl. Also no ed o s udied we e a ese es, ho n g ow h, mandible
measu emen s and oo h wea .
14 Kap A holl muskoxen we e collec ed on 16 & 17 Ap il 1998; 6 adul s, 7 sub-adul s
and 1 yea ling. One emale was 13 yea s old; being one o he o iginal animals in o-
duced o Kap A holl. Hoo es on all adul s we e se e ely o e g own, e.g., o e hoo es
25 o 49 cm long. Hoo es on sub-adul s we e longe han expec ed, e.g., o e hoo es 15
o 27 cm long. No mal adul and sub-adul o e leg hoo leng h is 16.1 ±2.0 cm (n = 32).
Se e ely o e g own hoo es on he 4 adul bulls did no appea o impede locomo ion
on he ha d su aced snow. Ve e ina y examina ion o animals did no e eal any pa h-
ogenic cause o he de o med hoo es.
Kap A holl muskoxen ha e la ge body size, excellen ee h and good body condi ion.
They also ha e d y laky ho ns. Wha causes he de o med o e g own hoo es has no
been shown, no any eason o he d y laky ho ns. The o e g own hoo es and d y
laky ho ns a e likely he esul o a common cause. The esponsible ac o (s) emains
o be iden i ied, candida es include, 1) high concen a ions o a nu ien in he ege a-
ion, 2) lack o locomo ion and ab asion, and 3) a possible gene ic inb eeding de ec .
Eqikkaaneq
Umimmaa a ineq-ma luk (kula aa allima iggaallu ma luk) Qaanaap Kommuneani
Kangaa summu (76°19’ N, 69°22’ W) 1986-mi nuunneqa pu ame lia o nissaallu
siune a alugu eqqissisima i aallu ik. Umimmaa aakku qanoq inne a A a angiisinu
Pinngo i amullu Piso aqa iup Pinngo i ale i iullu suleqa igiinne isigu 1998-mi
misisso neqale poq. Tunuliaqu aasoq assaa oq umimmaa amaangaanee su
kuki aasa naliginnaasumi angine ule lu ik iloqisse simasu naamma oo neqa ale -
su misissui iginissaa . Misissuine mi aallaa igineqa u aakkuuppu ilua silluguli
ilanngullugu misisso neqa pu unnoqassusiinu , nassuinu , qa ngannu
kingu aannullu unngasu .
1998-mi ap ilip qi eqqunne ani Kangaa summi umimmaa 14-i pisa ineqa pu assalu
ine simasu a inilli , inuusukaa a ineq-ma luk no a lu a aaseq. Pisa ineqa u ila-
gaa kula ak ukiunik 13-nik u oqqaa igisoq 1986-mi nuunneqa u ilaa . Ine simasuni
amani kuki aa isikkumikku allanngo simane a malunna lua poq. Asse suu igalugu
siullii ini kuki aa 25-49 cm- e isu angi igaa . Angu i issa a na issallu inuusunne-
usu kuki aa ilimagisami akine uppu 15-27 cm- e isu aki igigamik. Umimmaa
siullii ini kuki aa akissusaa – ine simasuni inuusunne usunilu – naliginnaasoq as-
saagajuppoq 16,1 +/- 2,0 cm (n=32). Tigganni sisamani kuki aa allanngungaa sia si-
mane a apummi mannge sumi pangalinnissaannu ako nu aa pasinngilaq. Uumasu
nako saa a misissuine a a aku ippaa kuki aa isikkumikku allanngo simane a nap-
paammik pissu eqa ani allamik pa siseqa simassasoq.
5
6
Kangaa summii u umimmaa imaa naliginnaasumi angine uppu kingu aa
nungulla pia simana ik unnoqa lua lu illu. Tiggaa kula aallu ila paaluisa nassui
qulloo simappu pane ne annik nassuiaa issaqa una umik.
Kuki aasa allanngo simane annu nassuisalu qulloo simane annu pissu aasinnaasu
misisso nissaa pe ia issaqa simanngilaq, pa sisaaso li a aasiuguna poq. Sunniu eqa -
simasinnaasu misissugassa makkuusinnaappu 1) ne isaasa akuisa ilaasa iggaa
kula aallu nassuinik kuki aannillu sunniisinnaasu anne usisimane a 2) uumasu
nikippia annginne isa kuki aannik nungulla i sisa ne a , 3) uumasu a a aanee -
sunik akuneqa annginne isa kingune anik inna luu inngo simasinnaane a.
Sammen a ning
I 1986 ble 7 moskusokse (5 køe og 2 y e) udsa ed Kangaa suk/Kap A holl (76°19’
N, 69°22’ W) i Qaanaaq kommune, No d es g ønland. Okse ne ble ede o a
muliggø e æks i bes anden. I 1998 gik Di ek o a e o Miljø og Na u og G ønlands
Na u ins i u sammen om en unde søgelse a bes anden. Bagg unden a de o -
oksede klo e, som ble obse e e hos moskusokse a de e om åde. I unde søgel-
sen ble de de o også ho edsagelig okuse e på okse nes o oksede klo e, men
okse nes ed ese e , ho n æks , kæbemål og andslid age ble også unde søg .
Medio ap il 1998 ble 14 moskusokse nedlag ed Kap A holl; 6 oksne dy , 7 ungdy
og 1 å skal . En a køe ne a 13 å gammel og e en a de “op indelige” okse , som
ble udsa i 1986. Klo ene på alle de oksne dy a mege o oksede - eksempel is
a klo ene på o benene 25-49 cm lange. Klo ene på ungdy ene a længe e end o -
en e - de a 15-27 cm lange. Den no male længde o klo e på o ben a mosku-
sokse e 16,1 ±2,0 cm (n = 32) o både oksne og unge dy . De mege o oksede
klo e på de 4 oksne y e o hind ede ilsyneladende ikke dy ene i a løbe på de hå de
snedække. Dy lægens unde søgelse is e, a de misdannede klo e må skyldes and e
å sage end sygdom.
Moskusokse ne ed Kap A holl ha de ela i s o k opss ø else, mege lid andslid-
age og gode ed ese e . Desuden a ho nene lække på en del a okse ne, h ilke
o men lig skyldes ud ø ede ho n.
De ha ikke æ e mulig i denne unde søgelse a a dække å sagen(e ne) il de misdan-
nede klo e og de lækkede ho n. Å sagen e mulig is den samme. De mulige ans a lige
ak o (e ), som kunne unde søges ide e, inklude e , 1) o højede koncen a ione a
s o e i ege a ionen, de på i ke æks a ho n og klo e hos okse ne, 2) manglende
be ægelse og de med nedslidning a klo e, og 3) en gene isk inda le de ek .
In oduc ion
Muskoxen (O ibos moscha us) may once ha e been indigenous o Kangaa suk /Kap
A holl in he Qaanaaq egion o No hwes G eenland. Ex emely old muskox c ani-
ums, bones and ho ns ha e been ound in he a ea (Bu nham pe s. comm.). In he la e
20 h Cen u y, howe e , muskoxen we e no p esen . On July 11 h 1986 a o al o 7 yea -
7
Figu e 1. Map o he s udy a ea indica ing whe e 14 muskoxen we e sampled in 1998.
ling muskoxen (2 males and 5 emales) we e aken om he Kange lussuaq a ea and
in oduced o Kap A holl. Since hei elease he muskoxen ha e been p o ec ed by law.
By 1990 all o he muskox esided in he Maniise ga Valley, which is also called “Den
G ønne Dal” (The G een Valley) (Figu e 1). The alley is named o i s lush ege a ion,
which esul s om he many la ge colonies o Li le Auk (Alle alle) ound he e. Du ing
summe , muskoxen a e usually ound in he dense g assy a eas unde he bi d
colonies. The ege a ion he e is lawn-like wi h a deep laye o pea below and ew
s ones o cause chipping o wea on hoo es (Bu nham 1996).
Cal ing was i s epo ed in 1991, when a g oup o 7 muskox including 2 cal es was
seen (Pe e Nielsen pe s. comm.). Muskoxen we e again obse ed in sp ing 1993. This
ime 6 animals, which included cal es, we e seen deep in he Na saa suk Valley (Ole
Ma hiesen pe s. comm.). The Pe eg ine Fund, wo king in he Kap A holl egion du ing
July 1994, obse ed 1 lone bull and a he d o 19 muskoxen, which included 7 cal es
(Bu nham 1996). This sigh ing was con i med in Augus o he same yea du ing an
ae ial su ey comple ed by he Di ec o a e o Heal h and En i onmen (Pe e Nielsen
pe s. comm.). The nex yea , 1995, 2 lone bulls and a he d o 24 muskoxen, which
included 7 cal es we e seen (Bu nham 1996).
In he summe o 1996 a he d o 33 muskoxen, which included 8 cal es, we e sigh ed in
he Maniise ga Valley, and se e ely o e g own hoo es, g own up and a ound 360°,
we e no ed on many adul s (Bu nham 1996). The wo s a ec ed animals had di icul y
walking. Ve e ina ian Niels Wøldiche Pede sen in es iga ed he si ua ion in No embe
1996 (unpublished da a). He loca ed a he d o abou 30 muskoxen, o which 5 o 10 o
he oldes animals had di icul y walking. They had se e ely o e g own hoo es, which
looked simila o co ksc ews and caused abno mal leg posi ion. One o he adul bulls
was collec ed. All 4 hoo es we e o e g own, wi h he o eleg hoo es being wo s and
longes , e.g., he co ksc ew-like on hoo es measu ed 50 cm and 44 cm. Body condi-
ion was conside ed below a e age, howe e , no pa hological changes we e ound in
he diges i e sys em.
By July o 1997 he o iginal single he d had spli in wo and as be o e he e we e some
lone bulls (Bu nham pe s. comm.). The o al was 47 muskoxen, which included 12
cal es, and be ween 7 o 12 adul s had se e e hoo p oblems (Bu nham pe s. comm.).
Muskoxen wi h o e g own hoo es could be ound in bo h he Na saa suk and
Maniise ga Valleys o he Kap A holl egion (Ane e G øngaa d pe s. comm.).
Adul muskoxen wi hin his in oduced popula ion o he Kangaa suk/Kap A holl a ea
o No hwes G eenland had been obse ed o possess long cu led hoo es. Local opin-
ion held ha he o e g own hoo es caused su e ing, we he e o e in es iga ed he
p oblem by collec ing o e g own hoo es in he Kap A holl a ea o No hwes
G eenland in Ap il 1998. This epo p esen s he indings om ha s udy. Se e al
compa isons a e made o measu emen s ypical o no mal adul muskox o he ound-
ing Kange lussuaq s ock.
8
Me hods
Du ing sp ing 1998, 14 muskoxen we e sho a Kangaa suk/Kap A holl in No hwes
G eenland (76°19’ N, 69°22’ W) (Figu e 1). Hun e s om he own o Qaanaaq we e
esponsible o he collec ion, and we e accompanied by wildli e o ice s Hans
Mølgaa d (Sisimiu Municipali y) and Jacob Heilmann (Manii soq Municipali y).
T anspo was by dog sled. Gene al obse a ions abou he Kap A holl e ain su ace
and ege a ion we e made. Al hough ins uc ed o shoo 15 adul s, all muskoxen seen
we e sho ega dless o age.
An en i e he d o 10 animals was collec ed deep inside he Maniise ga Valley (76°20’
N, 68°52’ W) on Ap il 16 h. The nex day, Ap il 17 h, a g oup o 4 bulls was collec ed
u he sou h inside a small un-named alley (76°16.5’ N, 68°54’ W). The mandibles
om 13 animals and he hoo es om 14 animals we e sen o he G eenland Ins i u e
o Na u al Resou ces o examina ion and measu emen . Samples o mandible and
hoo es o each animal we e kep oge he and we e labelled a e a i al a he ins i-
u e. All mandible and hoo samples we e hen gi en ags indica ing egion (KPA), col-
lec ion yea (98), and an animal numbe (1 o 14), e.g., KPA98-1,-2,-3,…-14.
All hoo es we e pho og aphed (Appendix 4). Hoo leng h measu emen s we e aken
along he dis al bo de o he abaxial wall, s a ing a he co one ( ansi ion line
be ween skin and hoo ) and ending a he oe o he hoo (Figu e 2). The maximum
hoo leng h o each oo was he measu emen chosen. Since he hoo es on he oldes
animals cu led on o hemsel es ex ensi ely, he leng h o he hoo sole was no aken.
All mandible, dias ema and oo h wea measu emen s we e aken on he le mandible,
buccal side (unless o he wise speci ied). Too h c own heigh on i s inciso (I1) and he
an e io c es o he i s mola (M1) we e measu ed o oo h wea . Mandible leng h
was used o indica e he sex o he muskoxen collec ed, he males being longe . Age
was indica ed by oo h e up ion (Ca s en Riis Olesen unpublished). Since muskoxen
ypically a e bo n du ing May and all animals we e collec ed in Ap il, an animal o
almos 4 yea s would be pu in he 3 o 4 yea old age class. An animal o almos 3
yea s would be pu in o he 2 o 3 yea old age class, e c. Those wi h a ull se o adul
ee h we e placed in he > 4 yea s old age class. Cemen um ings om he in e io o
he second and hi d mola (Mads C. Fo chhamme unpublished) we e used o age he
Kange lussuaq emale, whose inciso s and mola oo h ow a e shown in he esul s.
O e g own hoo es om wo Kap A holl adul s we e sen o u he analysis o he
Labo a o y o Ve e ina y Pa hology, Royal Ve e ina y and Ag icul u al College,
Ins i u e o Pha macology and Pa hology, Denma k. A his labo a o y he hoo es we e
x- ayed and examined ana omically.
Fo he pu poses o compa ison, hoo leng h measu emen s and jawbones we e collec -
ed om muskoxen in he Kange lussuaq a ea o Wes G eenland (ca. 67°N; 51°W),
whe e o e g own hoo es a e no a p oblem. Hoo measu emen s we e ob ained om
13 and jawbones om 17 muskoxen du ing he Kange lussuaq win e hun Feb ua y
2001. The Kange lussuaq sample was oppo unis ic and included 4 adul s, 4 sub-adul s
and one cal (Table 3). The s uden -Tes , assuming unequal a iance wi h wo- ailed
9
Despi e he abo e specula ions in o a ious heo ies, he cause o he o e g own
hoo es among he muskoxen a Kap A holl is s ill unknown. Fu he in es iga ions o
asce ain possible inb eeding could include: 1) loca ing and examining he o iginal
in oduced (ea agged) indi iduals s ill ali e o lea n i he p oblem is cons an ; and 2)
loca e and examine all amily g oups a Kap A holl o e i y whe he all o only selec
amily g oups a e a ec ed. Finally i pas u e is he cause, de e mining whe he he geo-
g aphically dis inc Kap A holl a ea is he only egion he p oblem appea s in could
cla i y he issue. Hence he possible p esence o o e g own hoo es in o he egions
should be checked.
Acknowledgemen s
Asince e hank you o he 6 Qaanaaq hun e s and 4 dogsled d i e s. They achie ed he
Kap A holl collec ion, despi e s o ms and o he obs acles. The G eenland Di ec o a e
o En i onmen & Na u e unded and o ganized he collec ion. The G eenland
Di ec o a e o Indus y p o ided he wildli e o ice s and hun e con ac s. D . Hen ik
El ang Jensen did he pa hology wo k. Thanks o So ie Ru h Je emiassen and Linda
Odgaa d in lab wo k, Caspe Ch is o e sen o scanning pho os, Pipaluk Mølle Lund
o map igu e, Bja ne Lybe h o Kange lussuaq da a, and Ki s en Nielsen, E ik Bo n
& A ild Landa o e iewing he manusc ip .
16
Li e a u e ci ed
Bu nham, W. 1996. P og ess Repo 1996: Thule G eenland P ojec . The Pe eg ine Fund, 566 W. Flying Hawk Lane,
Boise, Idaho 83709, USA. 10 pp.
Pasquini, C. 1982. A las o bo ine ana omy. Sudz publishing, 1222 S. Hwy. 377. Pilo Poin , TX, 76258. 335 pp.
Skogland, T. 1988. Bes andsdeynamisk analyse a ill eins ammen i Fo elhogna: III E ek en a annsli asje på
li shis o ie. Vill einen. pages 20-22. (in No wegian)
Skogland, T. 1994. Vill ein, a u inn åne il miljøba ome e . Teknologisk Fo lag. 143 pp. (in No wegian)
Vibe, C. 1981. Landpa edy : moskusoksen. - In: A. Nø e ang and J. Lundø (eds.), G ønlands na u . Poli ikens
Fo lag. Pages 479-482. (in Danish)
Vibe, C. 1986. Tilbage il de gamle g æsgange. Augu . Pages 6-7. (in Danish)
17
Appendix 1. Raw da a o measu emen s o hoo 1leng hs, muskoxen, Kap A holl, sp ing 1998.
Muskox ID Age Age (yea s) Sex Fo eleg hoo es (cm) Hind-leg hoo es (cm)
KPA98-1 adul > 4 male 30 49 22 21.5
KPA98-2 sub-adul 1 o 2 emale 16 15 14 13.5
KPA98-3 sub-adul 1 o 2 male 17 20 15 14
KPA98-4 adul >4 male 30.5 30.5 20 20.5
KPA98-5 adul > 4 (13 y ) emale 35 35.5 19.5 20
KPA98-6 sub-adul 3 o 4 male 27 26 21 20.5
KPA98-7 sub-adul 2 o 3 emale 18.5 18 13 15
KPA98-8 sub-adul 1 o 2 emale 18 19 15 13.5
KPA98-9 adul > 4 emale 38 31 17 18.5
KPA98-10 sub-adul 2 o 3 emale 23 26 18.5 20
KPA98-11 yea ling < 1 unknown 15.5 15 12 12.2
KPA98-12* adul > 4 male 24.5 25 25 28.5
KPA98-13 adul > 4 emale 32.5 35 30 31
KPA98-14 sub-adul 1 o 2 emale 20 19.5 17.5 17
* mandibles una ailable, he e o e age and sex deduced om ield epo and hoo measu emen s.
1al hough he e a e wo “ oes” pe hoo , only he maximum leng h o each hoo was eco ded.
Appendix 2. Raw da a measu emen s o maximum mandible & dias ema leng hs, le buccal
side, muskoxen, Kap A holl, sp ing 1998.
Muskox ID Age Age (yea s) Sex Dias ema (cm) Mandible (cm)
KPA98-1 adul > 4 male 12.0 40.5
KPA98-2 sub-adul 1 o 2 emale 9.0 29.9
KPA98-3 sub-adul 1 o 2 male 10.1 31.4
KPA98-4 adul > 4 male 11.2 40.0
KPA98-5 adul > 4 (13 y ) emale 10.4 36.7
KPA98-6 sub-adul 3 o 4 male 11.6 38.0
KPA98-7 sub-adul 2 o 3 emale 9.4 32.1
KPA98-8 sub-adul 1 o 2 emale 8.8 30.0
KPA98-9 adul > 4 emale 10.4 37.0
KPA98-10 sub-adul 2 o 3 emale 9.1 B oken
KPA98-11 yea ling < 1 unknown 7.6 25.5
KPA98-12* adul > 4 male – –
KPA98-13 adul > 4 emale 10.4 36.0
KPA98-14 sub-adul 1 o 2 emale 9.1 30.3
*mandibles una ailable, he e o e age and sex deduced om ield epo and hoo measu emen s.
18
Appendix 3. Minimal oo h wea : Raw da a measu emen s, le buccal side, muskoxen, Kap
A holl, sp ing 1998.
Muskox ID Age Age (yea s) Sex I1max oo h I1max oo h M1max oo h c own
heigh abo e c own heigh , an e io
gums (mm) heigh (mm) c es (mm)
KPA98-1 adul > 4 male 11.8 12.0 17.7
KPA98-2 sub-adul 1 o 2 emale 7.7 15.7 17.3
KPA98-3 sub-adul 1 o 2 male 11.3 14.4 17.1
KPA98-4 adul > 4 male 12.5 13.8 18.6
KPA98-5 adul > 4 (13 y ) emale –110.0121.72
KPA98-6 sub-adul 3 o 4 male 11.4 13.7 17.4
KPA98-7 sub-adul 2 o 3 emale 12.5 13.7 17.8
KPA98-8 sub-adul 1 o 2 emale 10.3 15.1 17.9
KPA98-9 adul > 4 emale –19.5119.32
KPA98-10 sub-adul 2 o 3 emale 11.2 12.3 18.9 ( igh side)
KPA98-11 yea ling < 1 unknown 6.2 3.9 14.8
KPA98-12* adul > 4 male – – –
KPA98-13 adul > 4 emale –19.4122.12
KPA98-14 sub-adul 1 o 2 emale 12.3 14.9 18.4
* mandibles una ailable, he e o e ca ego y, age and sex deduced om ield epo and hoo measu emen s.
1Al hough oo h c own s ill o subs an ial heigh he enamel on oo h’s buccal su ace is wo n away.
2Inc eased oo h c own heigh was he esul o jawbone e osion, which e ealed mo e o he oo h c own. Hence he oldes ani-
mals had he g ea es oo h c own heigh s. No oo s we e e e isible on mola s.
19
20
Muskox KPA98-1; age > 4 yea s.
Muskox KPA98-2; age 1 yea 11 mon hs.
Muskox KPA98-3; age 1 yea 11 mon hs.
Muskox KPA98-4; age > 4 yea s.
Muskox KPA98-5; age > 13 yea s.
Appendix 4. Pho os o o e g own hoo es, Kap A holl muskoxen, Ap il 1998.
Shown a e a la e al iew o a o e-leg hoo , ollowed by en al iews o o eleg and
hind-leg hoo es, unless o he wise indica ed. (Pho os C. Cuyle )
21
Muskox KPA98-6; age > 3 yea s 11 mon hs.
(do sal iews 2 o elegs & en al iew hind-leg hoo es shown).
Muskox KPA98-7; age > 2 yea s 11 mon hs.
Muskox KPA98-8; age > 1 yea 11 mon hs.
Muskox KPA98-9; age > 4 yea s.
Muskox KPA98-10; age 2 yea s 11 mon hs.
22
Muskox KPA98-11; age > 11 mon hs (yea ling).
(do sal & en al iew o elaeg, en al iew hind-leg hoo es).
Muskox KPA98-12; age > 4 yea s.
(do sal iew o elaeg, en al iew o elegs, en al iew hind-leg hoo es).
Muskox KPA98-13; age > 4 yea s.
Muskox KPA98-14; age 1 yea 11 mon hs.
23
Age > 4 yea s. 1 yea 11 mon hs. 1 yea 11 mon hs.
Age > 4 yea s. Age > 4 yea s (13y ). 3 yea s 11 mon hs.
2 yea s 11 mon hs. 1 yea 11 mon hs. Age > 4 yea s.
2 yea s 11 mon hs. 11 mon hs. Age > 4 yea s. 1 yea 11 mon hs.
Appendix 5. Pho os o inciso ee h, Kap A holl muskoxen, Ap il 1998. No e he
ex ensi e emaining oo h c own and minimal oo h wea on adul s KPA98-1,-4,-5
(13y ),-9 & -13. (Pho os C. Cuyle ).
24
Age > 4 yea s. 1 yea 11 mon hs.
Appendix 6. Pho os o le mola oo h ow, Kap A holl muskoxen, Ap il 1998. No e
minimal oo h wea on occlussal su aces o adul s KPA98-1,-4,-5 (13y ), -9 & -13.
(KPA98-10 igh mola oo h ow illus a ed as le mandible was sho .) (Pho os C. Cuyle ).
1 yea 11 mon hs. Age > 4 yea s.
Age > 4 yea s (13y ). 3 yea s 11 mon hs.
2 yea s 11 mon hs. 1 yea 11 mon hs.
Age > 4 yea s. 2 yea s 11 mon hs ( igh side).
25
11 mon hs (yea ling). Age > 4 yea s.
1 yea 11 mon hs.
