1
Technical Repo No. 42, 2002
G eenland Ins i u e o Na u al Resou ces
S a us o he Kange lussuaq-
Sisimiu ca ibou popula ion
(Rangi e a andus g oenlandicus)
in 2000, Wes G eenland
2
Ti le: S a us o he Kange lussuaq-Sisimiu ca ibou popula ion (Rangi e a andus
g oenlandicus) in 2000, Wes G eenland
Au ho s: Ch is ine Cuyle , Michael Rosing, John D.C.Linnell, Anne Loison, To s en
Inge sle & A ild Landa
Funding: DANCEA, Danish Coope a ion o En i onmen in he A c ic –
Minis y o he En i onmen , S andgade 29, Copenhagen K, Denma k
Se ies:Technical Repo No. 42, 2002
Publishe : G eenland Ins i u e o Na u al Resou ces
Co e pho o: Female ca ibou on la e win e ange o he Kange lussuaq a ea, egion No h
Pho og aphe : Ch is ine Cuyle
ISBN: 87-90024-75-3
ISSN: 1397-3657
Layou : Ki s en Rydahl
P in ing: Oddi P in ing L d., Reykja ik, Iceland
P in s: 150 (Danish & G eenlandic summa ies)
Re e ence: Cuyle , C., Rosing, M., Linnell, J.D.C., Loison, A., Inge lse , T., & Landa, A.
2002. S a us o he Kange lussuaq-Sisimiu ca ibou popula ion (Rangi e
a andus g oenlandicus) in 2000, Wes G eenland. G eenland Ins i u e o
Na u al Resou ces. Technical epo No. 42. 52 pp.
A ailable om:G eenland Ins i u e o Na u al Resou ces
P. O . Box 570
DK-3900 Nuuk
G eenland
Phone: +299 32 10 95
Fax: +299 32 59 57
www.na u .gl
3
Technical Repo No. 42, 2002
G eenland Ins i u e o Na u al Resou ces
S a us o he Kange lussuaq-
Sisimiu ca ibou popula ion
(Rangi e a andus
g oenlandicus)
in 2000, Wes G eenland
by
Ch is ine Cuyle 1, Michael Rosing1, John D.C.Linnell2,
Anne Loison3, To s en Inge sle 4 & A ild Landa1, 2
1 G eenland Ins i u e o Na u al Resou ces
2 No wegian Ins i u e o Na u e Resea ch, Tungasle a 2, 7485 T ondheim, No way
3 UMR – CNRS 5558, Labo a oi e de Biome ie e Biologie E olu i e,
69622 Villeu banne cedex, F ance
4 Mose ej 15, 3230 G æs ed, Denma k
4
Eqikkaaneq
Pinia ne mik aqu sine mi aalajangiisa ne -
mu unnga issa u pingaa uuppu u u
uumasu qassiune annu , a aa simoo uk-
kaa qanoq ka i igaane annu qassinillu
ame liumaa ne annik eqqo iaane i pillugi
paasissu issa . 2000–mi ma siugaa Kange -
lussuup Sisimiullu ako nanni immisa u-
mik u unik kisi sine i Pinngo i ale i im-
mi inge lanneqa pu , paasinia neqa luni
u u qassiune a a aa simoo ukkuu aallu
qanoq ka i igaane a . 100 me e isu po u i-
galuni immisa oq inge la oq, sukkassuse-
alugu ≤ 100 km/ . Helikop e ip sane aanii
illugiinni a ammu 500 me e i kisi si igine-
qa poq aamaasilluni kisi si igineqa oq 2 x
500 me e isu siammasi sigaluni. Tu u qa-
noq ka i igaane a pillugu misissuine i alla
1998-mi 2000-milu eb ua -ma simi snescoo-
e i a o lugi inge lanneqa pu . Helikop e i
snescoo e illu a o lugi kisi sine i iluaqu i-
galugi u u ukiumu qassinik ame liumaa-
ne annu eqqo iaane i sulia ineqa sinnaa-
le pu .
Timmisa ukku kisi sine ni u u a aa si-
moo u agguaqa igiissillugi 2,7-uppu nu-
namii kisi sine ni 3,1-iullu ik. Siusinne u-
sukku kisi sisa ne nu nuna sinnilu u u
ame lassusaannu sanilliullugi kisi sisi pis-
sa sia naape uuppu . Tu u ame lasuujul-
lu ik ka e suu iini km²- e imu 2,76-usa -
pu ame lana ik ka e suu iini km²-mu
1,19-iusa lu ik. Tu u ne isaa eqqa saa i-
gissagaanni km²- imu u u 2,76- ame la-
allaa pu , ne isaasalu nu aanik aa se ne-
qa nissaannu pi issaqassappa km²- imu
u u 1,19- aamma ame la allaa u siu-
sinne usukku oqaa igineqa ee poq. Uuma-
soqa igii ilaa 26,5 p ocen i pia aappu .
Pi issami ukiup naaja o ne ani ukiullu
inge lane ani kula aa 100-uugaanga a
no aa 68-iusa pu . Tu u aama ame le-
ia igisa ne a pissu igalugu uumasu suk-
kasuumik ame lia o sinnaappu pingaa -
umik qaasu unik eqqaanii oqannginne a
pissu aalluni. Tiggak a aasiugaanga kula-
aa 1,2-usa pu – Ame ikami A anna le mi
naamma uugassani allaane una ik. Uuma-
soqa igii maannakku ame lassusia eqqa -
saa igissagaanni allana umik pa siseqan-
ngi sumik 4 aamma 7 p ocen i oqusa pa a
ukiumu 2.000-i 3.600-llu ako nanni oqu-
sassappu .
Naa so suinikku agginneqa poq Kange -
lussuup Sisimiullu ako nanni u u , pia an-
ngo ussa eqqa saa igissanngikkaanni,
ma s 2000-mi 51.600-uusu + 11.200 (90%
C.I.) (11.200-nik ikinne usinnaallu ik ame -
lane usinnaallu illuunnii ). Taamaamma
2000 augus -sep embe imi sumi immi
A annani pinia neqa sinnaasu u inne -
suussu igineqa u 7.000-nik ame lineqa -
pu pinia ullu kajumissaa neqa pu kula-
annik ame lane usunik pisaqaqqullugi .
2001-mi inne suussu igineqa u 10.000-nik
ame lineqa pu kajumissaa u igineqa luni
pisa a aa kula aasa iaqa u , assa u u
suli ame lia o nissaa pinngi soo neqassap-
pa . Tu u ame lia o ne a killile simaa -
neqa sinnaanngilaq kula aa pisa ineqa -
a u ame linngippa a.
Kange lussuup Sisimiullu ako nanni u u
sukkasuumik ame lia o sinnaappu . Eqqo-
iaane i naape o lugi 1996-mii 2000-p
ungaanu u u allima iaammik ame lisi-
mappu uumasoqa igii aakku eqqa saa i-
gissagaanni aa saa aama ame la igissallu-
ik. Ilimana poq u u inge laa i sik anne -
usi issimagaa , pasi saanneqa po lu oqu-
sa u ame lia o u u ullu peqqippal-
laanngi su . Uumasoqa igii ame la allaa-
le ne a aama ullu ne isaasa inna le ne-
qa ne a pinngi soo inneqassappa piniak-
ka ame line a aqqu issaa oq.
5
Oplysninge om ensdy enes bes andss ø -
else og loks uk u og es ima e a ek u -
e ing e ig ige som g undlag o beslu nin-
ge ed ø ende o al ningen. I ma s 2000
gennem ø e Na u ins i u e en helikop e -
ælling i om åde Kange lussuaq-Sisimiu
o a å oplysninge om an alle a ensdy
sam loks uk u en. Fly ehøjden a 100
me e , has igheden a ≤ 100 km/ og b ed-
den a ansek en a 500 me e på h e
side a helikop e en. I 1998 og 2000 gennem-
ø e ins i u e også ællinge a ensdy enes
loks uk u a snescoo e i eb ua -ma s
måned. Både helikop e - og snescoo e æl-
linge ne ga es ima e a den å lige il æks .
Den gennemsni lige g uppes ø else a 2,7
ensdy a lu ællinge ne og 3,1 a de o
ællinge ud ø på jo den. Disse g uppes-
ø else e sammenlignelige med idlige e
opgø else og ypiske o g ønlandske ens-
dy bes ande. Tæ heden a ensdy a 2,76
p . km² i høj- æ hedsom åde og 1,19 p .
km² i la - æ hedsom åde . 2,76 ensdy p .
km² kunne anses o en ussel mod ege a-
ionen og sel 1,19 ensdy p . km² e ø
ble e anse o a æ e o høj il a ege a-
ionen kan es i ue e sig. Kal ep ocen en
o hele bes anden a 26,5 %. Fe ili e sind-
ekse o sen- in e sam de å lige ek u e-
ingsindex a ca. 68 kal e p . 100 simle
(hunne ). Denne høje ek u e ings a e il
gi e mulighed o en hu ig æks i bes an-
den, speciel o di de ingen o dy e . Fo -
holde mellem an alle a y e og simle a
ca. 1 y o h e 1,2 simle og de e ikke
usæd anlig sammenligne med no dame i-
kanske bes ande. H is den na u lige døde-
lighed e mellem 4 og 7 % så il de sand-
synlig is dø mellem 2.000 og 3.600 ensdy
a na u lige å sage h e å med den nu-
æ ende bes andss ø else.
De e s udies be egning a s ø elsen på ø -
kæl ingsbes anden a ensdy i om åde
Kange lussuaq-Sisimiu i ma s 2000 e ca.
51.600 ensdy ± 11.200 ensdy (90% C.I.)
Den anbe alede jag i egion No d ble de -
o øge il 7.000 dy o jag en i augus -sep-
embe 2000, og jæge ne ble op o d e il a
skyde le e simle . Anbe alingen ble øge il
10.000 ensdy o jag en i 2001 med den
anbe aling a hal delen a k o en skulle
alloke es il simle h is yde lige e s igning i
bes anden skulle undgås. Til æks en i be-
s anden kan ikke s andses gennem jag h is
ikke andelen a nedlag e simle bli e s ø e.
Bes anden i om åde Kange lussuaq-Sisimiu
e på nu æ ende idspunk i s and il hu -
ig a okse i an al. De nu æ ende es ima
o 2000 e ca. em gange så s o som es i-
ma e o 1996 og s ø e end noge ande
es ima ha æ e o denne bes and. Yde -
me e e de en mulighed o a bes anden
ha ud ide si le eom åde og de e ing
de pege på a den na u lige dødelighed e
s ege og a dy ene e i då lig s and. En øge
jag i denne egion il de o mulig is kun-
ne o hind e en k a ig s igning i bes ands-
s ø elsen og de a ølgende skade på ege-
a ionen.
Sammen a ning
6
Ca ibou he d size, he d s uc u e, and ec ui -
men es ima es a e impo an o manage-
men decisions. In Ma ch 2000 an ae ial
su ey by helicop e o ca ibou abundance
and he d s uc u e was comple ed in Kan-
ge lussuaq – Sisimiu . Fligh heigh was 100
me es, ligh speed was ≤ 100 kilome e/
hou and s ip wid h was 500 me es o
ei he side o he helicop e . In 1998 and
2000, snowmobile g ound su eys o he d
s uc u e we e also conduc ed in Feb ua y-
Ma ch. Bo h ae ial and g ound su eys
ga e annual ec ui men es ima es.
Mean g oup size was 2.7 ca ibou om he
ae ial he d s uc u e coun and a e aged
3.1 om he wo g ound coun s. These
g oup sizes a e simila o p e ious indings
and ypical o G eenland ca ibou popula-
ions. Ca ibou densi y was 2.76 pe km2 in
he high-densi y s a um and 1.19 pe km2
in he low-densi y s a um. The o me
could be conside ed a h ea o ege a ion,
and e en he la e has p e iously been con-
side ed oo high o ange eco e y. The cal
pe cen age o he o al he d was 26.5%. The
la e win e e ili y index and annual e-
c ui men es ima e was c. 68 cal es pe 100
emale ca ibou. This high ec ui men a e
will p omo e apid inc ease in he popula-
ion, speci ically since he e a e no p eda-
o s. The bull o cow a io was abou one
bull o e e y 1.2 cows, and is no unusual
compa ed wi h No h Ame ican he ds. I
na u al mo ali y is be ween 4 and 7%, hen
on he p esen he d size be ween 2,000 and
3,600 animals may be expec ed o die
annually.
This s udy’s es ima e o he p e-cal ing po-
pula ion size o he Kange lussuaq-Sisimiu
ca ibou he d in egion No h in Ma ch 2000
is c. 51,600 ca ibou ± 11,200 (90% CI). The
ecommended ha es quo a o egion
No h was inc eased o 7,000 ca ibou o
he Augus -Sep embe hun 2000, and hun-
e s we e asked o shoo mo e emales. The
ecommenda ion was inc eased o 10,000
ca ibou o he 2001 hun , wi h he s ipula-
ion ha hal he quo a should be alloca ed
o emales only, i u he popula ion
g ow h was o be hal ed. Hal ing popula-
ion g ow h canno be e ec i ely achie ed
h ough hun e ha es unless emales
make up a la ge p opo ion o he ha es .
The Kange lussuaq-Sisimiu ca ibou he d is
p esen ly capable o inc easing apidly in
numbe . The p esen es ima e o 2000 is
app oxima ely i e imes he 1996 es ima e
and la ge han any p e ious es ima e o
his he d. In addi ion, he e is he possibili y
ha he he d has expanded i s ange, and
some sugges ion o inc eased na u al mo a-
li y and animals in poo condi ion. Inc ea-
sing he ca ibou ha es o his egion may
a e a possible apid inc ease in he d size
and subsequen ange damage.
Summa y
7
An es ima e o popula ion size is o en used
as he mos impo an ounda ion o mana-
ging ca ibou popula ions. When combined
wi h da a on he d s uc u e, cal ec ui -
men , and ecology (Thomas 1998) i is pos-
sible o manage s o a emp o se sus ain-
able hun ing quo as. The ca ibou (Rangi e
a andus g oenlandicus) o egion No h
(Kange lussuaq – Sisimiu (Figu e 1)) a e
na i e o wes G eenland, and a p esen
a e un ain ed by gene ic mixing wi h in o-
duced semi-domes ic eindee (Rangi e
a andus a andus) as has occu ed in some
o he egions (Jepsen 1999). A p esen , all
ca ibou wi hin egion No h a e conside ed
one popula ion on he basis o hei gene ic
simila i y (Jepsen 1999). Al hough es ima es
o popula ion size a e among he mos im-
po an ounda ions o managing ca ibou,
es ima es hemsel es a e plagued by unce -
ain y as o how well hey e lec eali y o
he popula ion in ques ion. In No h Ame-
ica he e is scep icism ega ding ca ibou
he d size es ima es, o al hough coun s
ha e been done o en and o e se e al de-
cades he esul s ypically lack public sup-
po and oo o en a e la e ound o ha e
been unde es ima es (Thomas 1998).
His o ical pe spec i e on popu-
la ion es ima es o egion
No h
Ca ibou ha e been hun ed in egion No h
o c. 4000 yea s, and a chaeological exca-
a ion e idence om se e al la ge hun ing
camps shows ha hun ing p essu e has
been hea y o he las 800 yea s, especially
in inland a eas (Meldgaa d 1986). Un il
ecen ly quan i ied es ima es o ca ibou po-
pula ion size we e no ob ainable, howe e ,
he e a e w i en his o ical eco ds con ai-
ning subjec i e obse a ions o ela i e
abundance. Ex eme ca ibou sca ci y and
poo hun ing success, which esul ed in hu-
man s a a ion, was i s eco ded o he
yea s 1761-1770 (Vibe 1967, Meldgaa d
1986). In 1815 an inc ease in ca ibou num-
be s was no iced, and numbe s may ha e
emained high o he nex 35 yea s. A peak
in ca ibou numbe appea s o ha e occu -
ed be ween 1845 and 1850, when c. 6,000+
ca ibou we e hun ed annually in egion
No h (Vibe 1967, Meldgaa d 1986). Num-
be s declined apidly du ing he 1850’s and
eached a minimum in 1860 (Vibe 1967,
Meldgaa d 1986). Ca ibou emained sca ce
in egion No h un il he 1950’s. Be ween
1910 and 1920 ypically only c. 300 ca ibou
we e epo ed in annual ha es s a is ics in
egion No h, wi h e en ewe aken up
un il he 1950’s (Vibe 1967).
A e he 1950’s, ca ibou numbe s inc eased
s eadily as did numbe ha es ed (Meld-
gaa d 1986). The e we e always plen y o
ca ibou o hun ing be ween 1955 and 1976
(K is ian Egede pe s. comm.). Well emem-
be ed was an in amous “Red” Sunday
a ound Eas e - ime du ing he la e 1960’s
when a la ge numbe o ca ibou swa med
in o he coas al own o Sisimiu /Hols eins-
bo g (S een Malmquis pe s. comm.). Ca i-
bou mo ed abou in la ge g oups du ing he
au umns o la e 1960’s and ea ly 1970’s,
and hun e s could ake hei ime o pick
ou he a es animals (Bjø n Rosing pe s.
comm.). The numbe o ca ibou a ound he
Kange lussuaq ai po in 1963 was o e -
whelming, bu by he 1970’s a no iceable
dec ease in numbe had begun (S een
Malmquis pe s. comm.). The highes epo -
ed numbe s o ca ibou e e aken in his
a ea (6,000+) occu ed in 1974 and 1975,
bu ollowing yea s ga e somewha decli-
ning hun e ha es (G ønlands Fangs lis e ,
Meldgaa d 1986).
Since he 1970’s, he e ha e been a se ies o
ae ial su eys o coun o es ima e he size
In oduc ion
8
o he popula ion. These su eys we e con-
duc ed by a ious biologis s and used a
a ie y o di e en echniques (Table 1). All
me hods ha e a se ies o in insic e o s and
biases, and he e has been public con o e -
sy abou he accu acy o he 1990s’ es ima-
es. Based on gene al knowledge o he me-
Figu e 1. Ca ibou egions o wes G eenland.
hods used du ing p e ious su eys i is
highly likely ha hey all unde es ima ed,
by an unknown ex en , he ue size o he
popula ion. In his epo we p esen new
su eys o he size and s uc u e o he e-
gion No h ca ibou popula ion, using im-
p o ed me hods.
9
Table 1. Ca ibou popula ion size es ima es o egion No h.
Yea Numbe
o
ca ibou1
Me hod Re e ence
1977 18,350 minimum coun S andgaa d e al. 1983
1978 16,000 minimum coun Clausen e al. 1980, Roby & Thing 1985
1978 11,400 minimum coun S andgaa d e al. 1983
1980 3,000 minimum coun S andgaa d e al. 1983
1982 5,300 minimum coun S andgaa d e al. 1983
1990 8,874 minimum coun Thing & Falk 1990
1993 3,813 ansec es ima e Ydemann & Pede sen 1999
1994 7,727 ansec es ima e Ydemann & Pede sen 1999
1995 6,196 ansec es ima e Ydemann & Pede sen 1999
1996 10,869 ansec es ima e Ydemann & Pede sen 1999
1 Sum o sub-a ea es ima es wi hin egion, hence no con idence in e als. Fo de ails see e e ence.
S udy a ea and ca ibou
dis ibu ion
Region No h encompasses app oxima ely
26,000 km2. The egion’s bounda ies e lec
bo h geog aphic and o an ex en also biolo-
gical uni s. I includes all he a ea be ween
No d e S øm jo d in he no h down o
Sukke oppen Ice Cap in he sou h, and all
land be ween he coas in he wes and he
G eenland Ice Cap o he eas . All e ain in
egion No h could be desc ibed as open o
alpine und a. Today, he la ges human
se lemen wi hin he egion is he ci y o
Sisimiu , wi h 5,127 inhabi an s, while a
u he 244 people li e in smalle se le-
men s (G ønlands S a is isk Å bog 2000).
The coun y’s la ges in e na ional ci il ai -
po is loca ed on he a eas e n side o he
egion nea he inland Ice Cap.
The Kange lussuaq-Sisimiu ca ibou he d
has been desc ibed as ha ing ma ked seasonal
mig a ions be ween he inland and coas
(Vibe 1967, S andgaa d e al. 1983). How-
e e , locals in 1981 old ha mos ca ibou
kep o he inland all win e wi h no mo e-
men o he coas s, and su eys in Ma ch o
1981 and 1982 ound ha ¾ o he all obse -
ed ca ibou we e wi hin 30 kilome es o he
inland Ice Cap (S andgaa d e al. 1983).
Resul s om sa elli e-colla ed ca ibou ound
modes annual mo emen , wi h animals
s aying in he icini y o he Ice Cap yea
ound (Cuyle & Linnell in p ep). Ae ial
su eys du ing he 1990’s obse ed ha high
ca ibou densi ies occu ed wi hin inland a eas
and low densi ies u he wes owa ds, and
a he coas (Ydemann & Pede sen 1999).
Me hods
16
Ca ibou popula ion size
es ima e
The inal Ma ch 2000 popula ion es ima e
was c. 51,600 ca ibou ± 11,200 (90% CI).
This is bes conside ed a conse a i e es i-
ma e, because al hough p esen me hodolo-
gy was imp o ed a nega i e bias o ca ibou
missed emains. The es ima e o 51,600
ca ibou exceeds he p e ious 1996 su ey
es ima e by a ac o o i e (Table 1) and is
g ea e han any p e ious es ima e om he
20 h cen u y. An in e p e a ion o his esul
is di icul since me hods di e ed. Rega d-
less, i is likely ha ca ibou abundance has
been inc easing since he 1996 es ima e. I
does no necessa ily ollow ha egion
No h is a a ca ibou popula ion maximum,
only ha he p esen su ey e lec s animal
abundance in 2000.
Ca ibou dis ibu ion
The dis ibu ion o ca ibou wi hin egion
No h appea s o ha e expanded in ecen
yea s. The p esen s udy’s s a i ica ion o
he egion in o one a ea o low and one o
high ca ibou densi y was based on ca ibou
dis ibu ions obse ed du ing he 1990’s
su eys. P esen esul s sugges changed di-
s ibu ion since he a ea o high ca ibou
densi y appea s o ha e expanded, speci i-
cally in Angujaa o iup Nunaa and also o
some ex en u he wes o he s a i ica ion
line used. An enla ged dis ibu ion is
suppo ed by local knowledge.
In ecen yea s, inc easing numbe s o ca i-
bou ha e been seen in a eas p e iously un-
inhabi ed by ca ibou (Ammunnguaq Jona-
hansen & La s Inusug oq pe s. comm.). A
he coas whe e ca ibou we e once ew in
la e summe , hey a e now nume ous and
come ea lie (Ammunnguaq Jona hansen &
A kalunnguaq Mikaelsen pe s. comm.).
Ca ibou ha e expanded hei summe
ange dis ibu ion also in he no he n po -
ion o egion No h du ing he pas 6 yea s
(Mogens Ma ke , Villiam Hen iksen, S end
Je imiassen pe s. comm.). Du ing geological
s udies in 1994, along a wes o eas g adi-
en c ea ed by he sou h sho e o No d e
S øm jo d, Ma ke seldom me ca ibou un-
il nea ly adjacen o he G eenland Ice Cap
in he eas . Subsequen ly, ca ibou numbe
and equency o ca ibou inc eased no i-
ceably. Du ing summe 2000, abou 10 ca i-
bou could be obse ed in one’s ield-o - iew
om any posi ion along he en i e leng h o
No d e S øm jo d’s sou h sho e (Mogens
Ma ke pe s. comm.), and du ing he au-
umn he e we e ca ibou obse ed on Qe-
qe aussaq Island, which lies in he middle
o No d e S øm jo d (Hans Hen ik Sko
pe s. comm.).
20 yea s ago local hun e s knew ha ca i-
bou beha iou changed wi h he size o he
he d and ha animals mo ed in o coas al
a eas du ing popula ion maximums (G øn-
now e al. 1983, Meldgaa d 1986). Locals
now obse e animals nea he coas , bu
pe cei e no inc ease in ca ibou numbe .
This leads o specula ion. Wi h a he d size
a ound 52,000 animals, whe e on he popu-
la ion g ow h cu e is his popula ion o-
day, and wha he d sizes o densi ies a e
i s necessa y o locals o disce n “ oo”
many ca ibou in egion No h?
Ca ibou densi y
Reindee mo e when ood is in sho sup-
ply, he g ea e he lack o ood he mo e he
mo emen (Baskin 1990). Densi ies o 2 ca-
ibou/km2 in he Yukon and Alaska a e
conside ed high and esul in dispe sal
hough due o compe i ion o ood (Habe
& Wal e s 1980). Region No h had a den-
si y o 2.76 ca ibou/km2 in he high-densi y
s a um. The a ea used in he calcula ion o
densi y included all ele a ions. Howe e ,
Discussion
17
ele a ions o e 700 me es con ain minimal
ege a ion (Feilbe g 1980) and may be o
li le impo ance as ca ibou ood sou ces.
Densi y dependen a ec s can be ac ing
wi hin a popula ion long be o e d as ic
e ec s a e appa en . These may mani es
hemsel es h ough win e ood limi a ion,
and se e e wea he could a ec ec ui men
h ough dec eased ju enile su i al (Skog-
land 1985). E ec s migh include die-o s o
animals in poo body condi ion. Thin ca i-
bou we e obse ed along he sho es o Søn-
d e S øm jo d/Kange lussuaq jo d in No-
embe 2000 (Hans K eu zmann pe s.
comm.). Du ing augus 2001 an inc eased
numbe o dead ca ibou ela i e o p e ious
yea s we e obse ed along he coas s, main-
ly on he sou h sho es o No d e S øm jo d,
which is he no he n bo de o egion
No h (Ammunnguaq Jona hansen, A ka-
lunnguaq Mikaelsen, Hans Mølgaa d, Jø -
gen Inuusu oq, S end Je imiassen & Vil-
liam Hen iksen pe s. comm.). All ca casses
we e wi hin 1 km o he jo d sho eline
wi h s a a ion as he likely cause o dea h
(Hans Mølgaa d pe s. comm.). This local in-
o ma ion combined wi h he ae ial su ey’s
obse ed high ca ibou densi y sugges s he
possibilil y o o e g azing on he ange. In
he ea ly 1980’s e en he p esen low-den-
si y s a um’s 1.2 ca ibou/km2 was conside-
ed oo high o ange eco e y in egion
No h (Thing 1981).
He d s uc u e
The wo snowmobile g ound su ey esul s
appea compa able (Table 4). Any di e en-
ces may be due o he inclusion o coas al
a eas du ing he 2000 su ey, e.g., g oup
sizes a e known o be g ea e in coas al
a eas (Roby & Thing 1985). The doubling o
maximum g oup size obse ed du ing he
Table 4. O e iew o he d s uc u e pa ame e s du ing la e win e o he Kange lussuaq-Sisimiu ca ibou
he d, egion No h.
*Cows o e 1 yea old.
1 Thing 1982
2 Ydemann & Pede sen 1999 unpublished
3 Thing & Falk 1990
4 p esen s udy
2000
ae ial
2000
g ound
1998
g ound
1996 1995 1994 1993 1990 1979 1978 1977
Densi y
(high) 2.76 0.96 0.51 0.8 0.38 0.61
Densi y
(low) 1.19 0.16 0.09 0.06 0.06
G oup size 2.8 4 2.3 2.5 2.6 3.2 2 2.6 c. 2.2 c. 2.2 c. 2.2
Bull%
(> 1 y ) 34.3 38.1 36.8 13 28 32
Cow%
(> 1 y ) 39.2 41.1 42.7 55 52 45
Cal % 26.6 20.8 20.5 17.3 13.2 16.0 23.7 28 17 22
Cal /100
cows 68* 51 48 c. 24 c. 24 c. 24
n1,130 1,006 438 2,337 1,131 837 484 7,223 2,851 6,153
Re e ence 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 3 1 1 1
18
2000 g ound su ey ela i e o he 1998 su -
ey was also mi o ed in he ae ial su ey
2000. The highe alues o cal % and cal /
100 cows om he ae ial su ey may e lec
be e he ac ual si ua ion o he popula-
ion, since mo e o he he d’s ange was co-
e ed du ing ae ial su ey han could be
co e ed by g ound su ey. The e is a signi i-
can di e ence be ween he he d s uc u es
ound by ai and by bo h snowmobile
coun s (p < 0.05), bu no signi ican di e-
ence be ween he snowmobile s uc u e
coun s done in 1998 and in 2000 (p > 0.8).
The bull o cow a io was abou one bull o
e e y 1.2 cows, and is no unusual compa-
ed wi h s udies on ba en-g ound and
woodland ca ibou in No h Ame ican (Pa -
ke 1972).
Rec ui men
Rec ui men in he Kange lussuaq-Sisimiu
he d (a e age 56 cal es/100 cows in la e
win e ) is high compa ed o o he he ds.
S udies om No h Ame ica and Scandina-
ia epo la e win e 41 cal es/100 cows
(Fancy e al. 1994), 20 cal es/100 cows
(Dzus 1999) and 22 cal es/100 cows (Pa -
ke 1972). Howe e , some o hese popula-
ions ypically ha e p eda o s. S ill a com-
pa ison o he Sou hamp on Island he d,
which like G eenland has no p eda o s
shows la e win e ec ui men s a ying be-
ween 22 and 77 cal es/100 cows (Hea d &
Ouelle 1994). The Kange lussuaq-Sisimiu
ca ibou he d la e win e ec ui men o be-
ween 51 and 68 cal es/100 cows in 2000
sugges s a popula ion capable o inc easing
apidly in numbe .
Expec ed na u al mo ali y
Na u al adul mo ali y o ca ibou in 5
No h Ame ican he ds wi hou na u al p e-
da o s has been es ima ed a 4-6% annually
(Be ge ud 1967, 1971, Skoog 1968, Kelsall
1968). Thing (1982) es ima ed 7% died an-
nually in egion No h. Wi h he 2000 popu-
la ion es ima e o c. 51,600 ± 11,200 ca ibou
in egion No h, and using bo h 4% and
7%, his would equa e o a po en ial na u al
mo ali y o be ween 2,000 and 3,600 ca i-
bou each yea in egion No h.
Implica ion o ca ibou ha es
Kange lussuaq-Sisimiu ca ibou popula ion
Ca ibou ha es was ei he p ohibi ed o
quo as gi en we e small (Table 5) ollowing
he low popula ion size es ima es o he
1990’s ae ial su eys (Table 1). A p esen
he Kange lussuaq-Sisimiu ca ibou he d may
be inc easing in numbe , gi en he la ge
2000 he d size es ima e, high cal ec ui -
men a e, almos a decade o low ha es ing,
and local knowledge on ange expansion.
The ha es ecommenda ion o egion
No h in 2000 was 7,000 and o 2001 i is
10,000 ca ibou.
Hun e epo s a e s ill essen ial o he da a
ounda ion on which ha es ecommen-
da ions a e made and he e o e con inued
hun e epo ing is necessa y ega dless o
he size o u u e quo as. The ha es quo a
ecommenda ion o 2001 has again been
inc eased due o acknowledged la ge he d
size, subs an ial cal ec ui men , high ca i-
bou densi y on ange and he p esen con-
ce n o p obable ange deg ada ion. Cal
p oduc ion appea s o be app oxima ely 9-
10,000 cal es a p esen . A ha es quo a o
his magni ude o egion No h may p e-
en u he g ow h in popula ion size.
Since 1995 he ha es s ha e been se e ely
(90%) sex-biased owa ds males (Loison e
al. 2000). Highly male-biased sex a ios in
ha es ing can po en ially lead o educed
Yea 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Ha es quo a X1X1X100705 856 1,120 1,350 1,920
Table 5. 10-yea o e iew o ha es quo as o egion No h Kange lussuaq-Sisimiu ca ibou he d.
1 ha es egula ed by bag-limi s o each hun e a he han an o e all popula ion speci ic quo a.
19
emale e ili y and popula ion collapse in
ex eme cases (Ginsbe g & Milne -Gulland
1994). Sex-skewed ha es ing may e en
endange he gene ic a iabili y o a popu-
la ion (Ryman e al. 1981). Howe e , in he
con ex o wes G eenland ca ibou, he mos
likely sho - e m nega i e consequence o a
skewed sex a io lies in he c ea ion o a
emale domina ed popula ion wi h a high
g ow h a e ela i e o popula ion size.
Such a popula ion wi h high g ow h a e
can apidly become oo la ge o he ange
o suppo , po en ially esul ing in a popu-
la ion c ash and/o long e m deg ada ion
o he ange. The e o e he ecommenda ion
o 2001 ha es in egion No h included
he s ipula ion ha hal he ha es quo a
mus be emale, which would assis hal ing
popula ion g ow h.
20
This p ojec was inanced by DANCEA,
Danish Coope a ion o En i onmen in he
A c ic – Minis y o En i onmen , S and-
gade 29, Copenhagen K, Denma k. G a e ul
hanks o Mike Fe guson and Michael Kings-
ley o aluable inpu and b ains o ming on
al e na e su ey designs and me hodologies.
G eenlandAi and helicop e pilo Hans
Hen ik Sko p o ided hou s o sa e lying.
A wa m hank you o KNAPK hun e s
F anz Pe e sen & Hanse aq Olsen, and Ma-
nii soq wildli e o ice , Jakob Heilman.
Hanse aq Olsen assis ed he snowmobile
g ound su ey in 2000. F anz Pe e sen &
Jakob Heilman we e obse e s o he heli-
cop e su ey in 2000. Joseph Pa ick
McCullough assis ed, on sho no ice, he
snowmobile g ound su ey in 1998, and
Acknowledgemen s
ga e aluable suppo h oughou he p o-
jec . Ben B ode sen & KISS cen e in Kan-
ge lussuaq, P eben, wi h S a Oil in Kange -
lussuaq, Hen ik Sakse & Ke in Hansen, me-
chanics a Kange lussuaq, S end Ch is ian-
sen, Lu ha nsche Kange lussuaq all p o i-
ded echnical assis ance. A wa m hanks is
also due o local-knowledge sou ces, which
included Sø en S ach Nielsen (Nuuk), Mo-
gens Ma ke (Geologis ), Hans K eu zmann
(Kangaamiu ), Jø gen Inuusu oq (A u),
Hans Mølgaa d (Sisimiu ), Ammunnguaq
Jona hansen (Sisimiu ), A kalunnguaq Mi-
kaelsen (Sisimiu ), La s Inusug oq (Sisi-
miu ), Villiam Hen iksen (Kangaa siaq),
S end Je imiassen (Kangaa siaq), K is ian
Egede (Nuuk), Bjø n Rosing (Nuuk), and
Hans Hen ik Sko (pilo ).
21
Baskin, L.M. 1990.
Popula ion dynamics o eindee . Rangi e , Special
Issue No. 3: 151-156.
Be ge ud, A.T. 1967.
Managemen o Lab ado ca ibou. Jou nal o
Wildli e Managemen . 31: 621-642.
Be ge ud, A.T. 1971.
The popula ion dynamics o New oundland ca ibou.
Wildli e Monog aphs. 25. 55 pp.
Clausen, B., Dam, A., El es ad, K., K ogh, H.V. &
Thing, H. 1980.
Summe mo ali y among ca ibou cal es in wes
G eenland. No d. Ve . Med. 32: 291-300.
Cuyle , C. & Linnell, J. D.C. in p ep.
Å lig and ingsmøns e hos sa elli mæ kede
ensdy i Ves g ønland. Kapi el 6 –In: P. Aas up
(ed.). Unde søgelse a es g ønlandske ensdy s
ak i i e som åde og and inge sam e ek e a
menneskelige o s y else . G ønlands Na u ins-
s i u , Teknisk appo n . 49.
Cuyle , C., Rosing, M., Linnell, J.D.C., Lund, P.M.,
Jo dhøy, P., Loison, A., & Landa, A. 2002.
S a us o 3 Wes G eenland ca ibou popula ions
2001; 1) Akia-Manii soq, 2) Ame alik, 3) Qeqe a -
sua siaa . G eenland Ins i u e o Na u al Resou ces.
Technical epo No. 46.
Cuyle , C., Rosing, M., Linnell, J.D.C., Lund, P.M.,
Loison, A., & Landa, A. unpublished.
Reconnaissance o ca ibou abundance, he d s uc-
u e and ec ui men , Ne ia & Qassi ca ibou he ds
(Rangi e a andus g oenlandicus), in 2000, Paamiu ,
Wes G eenland. G eenland Ins i u e o Na u al
Resou ces. Technical epo No. 48.
Dzus, E. 1999.
Popula ion dynamics: How a e he ca ibou doing?
In: Bo eal Ca ibou Resea ch P og am (BCRP)
p og ess epo 1999. Bo eal Resea ch Commi ee
15810-114 A e., Edmon on, Albe a T5M 2Z4
Canada. 37 pp.
E on, B. & Tibshi ani, R.J. 1993.
An In oduc ion o he Boo s ap. Chapman &
Hall, New Yo k, NY.
Fancy, S.G., Whi en, K.R. & Russell, D.E. 1994.
Demog aphy o he po cupine ca ibou he d, 1983-
1992. Canadian Jou nal o Zoology. 72: 840-846.
Feilbe g, J. 1980.
Vege a ions o hold. – In: Hols einsbo g, Sisimiu
kommune na u - og kul u o hold. Niels Haa lø ,
Niels Kingo Jacobsen, Jø gen Meldgaa d and H.C.
Pe e sen (eds). Ud alge ed ø ende F edningslo
o G ønland. Minis e ie o G ønland/Geog a-
isk Ins i u 1980. 88 pp.: 44-48 plus pla es I o VIII.
(in Danish)
Ginsbe g, J.R. & Milne -Gulland, E.J. 1994.
Sex-biased ha es ing and popula ion dynamics
in ungula es: Implica ions o conse a ion and
sus ainable use. Conse a ion Biology 8(1): 157-166.
G ønnow, B., Meldgaa d, M. & Nielsen, J.B. 1983.
Aasi issui – The G ea Summe Camp A chaeo-
logical, e hnog aphical and zoo-a chaeological
s udies o a ca ibou hun ing si e in Wes G een-
land. Meddelelse om G ønland. Man & Socie y
No. 5. 96 pp.
Habe , G.C. & Wal e s, C.J. 1980.
Dynamics o he Alaska-Yukon ca ibou he ds and
managemen implica ion. – In: Reime s, E., Gaa e,
E. & Skjennebe g, S. (eds.). P oceedings o he
Second In e na ional Reindee /Ca ibou Sympo-
sium, Di ek o a e o il og e sk ann isk,
T ondheim: 645-663.
Hea d, D.C. & Ouelle , J.P. 1994.
Dynamics o an in oduced ca ibou popula ion.
A c ic. 47(1): 88-95.
Jepsen, B.I. 1999.
Popula ionsgene iske s udie a ild en (Rangi e
a andus g oenlandicus) and am en (Rangi e a an-
dus a andus) i Ves g ønland. MSc Thesis, Bo any
Ins i u e, Uni e si y o Copenhagen, Denma k. 64
pp. (in Danish).
Kelsall, J.P. 1968.
The mig a o y ba en-g ound ca ibou o Canada.
Can. Wildl. Se ., Queen’s P in e , O awa, Canada.
340 pp.
Re e ences
22
Loison, A., Cuyle , C., Linnell, J.D.C. & Landa, A.
2000.
The ca ibou ha es in Wes G eenland, 1995-
1998. G eenland Ins i u e o Na u al Resou ces.
Technical Repo No. 28. 33 pp.
Meldgaa d, M. 1986.
The G eenland ca ibou – zoogeog aphy, axono-
my, and popula ion dynamics. Meddelelse om
G ønland. Bioscience No. 20. 88 pp.
Pa ke , G.R. 1972.
Biology o he Kaminu iak popula ion o ba en-
g ound ca ibou Pa I. Can. Wildl. Se . Rep. Se .
No. 20. 95 pp.
Pollock, K.H. & Kendall, W.L. 1987.
Visibili y bias in ae ial su eys: a e iew o es ima-
ion p ocedu es. Jou nal o Wildli e Managemen .
51: 502-510.
Roby, D.D. & Thing, H. 1985.
Beha iou o Wes G eenland ca ibou du ing a po-
pula ion decline. Hola c ic Ecology, 8(2): 77-87.
Ryman, N., Baccus, R. Reu e wall, C. & Smi h,
M.H. 1981.
E ec i e popula ion size, gene a ion in e al, and
po en ial loss o gene ic a iabili y in game species
unde di e en hun ing egimes. Oikos. 36: 257-266.
Skogland, T. 1985.
The e ec s o densi y-dependen esou ce limi a-
ions on he demog aphy o wild eindee . Jou nal
o Animal Ecology. 54: 359-374.
Skoog, R.O. 1968.
Ecology o he ca ibou (Rangi e a andus g an i) in
Alaska. Ph.D. Thesis, Uni e si y o Cali o nia,
Be keley. 699 pp.
S andgaa d, H., Ho he, V., Lassen, P. & Thing, H.
1983.
Rensdy sunde søgelse i Ves g ønland 1977-82.
Job comple ion epo . Vild biologisk S a ion, Kalø:
1-29. (in Danish).
Thing, H. 1981.
Feeding ecology o he Wes G eenland Ca ibou
(Rangi e a andus g oenlandicus) in he Hols eins-
bo g-Sd . S øm jo d egion, a Thesis, Uni e si y o
Aa hus, June 1981.
Thing, H. 1982.
S uk u og å lig il æks i en bes and a es g øn-
landsk ild en (Rangi e a andus g oenlandicus).
Rangi e 2: 28-35. (in Danish)
Thing, H. & Falk, K. 1990.
S a us o e ensdy bes andene i Ves g ønland
mellem Naassu ooq og Paamiu , Se mia ma s-
ap il 1990. G ønlands Hjemmes y e Miljø og
Na u o al ning Teknisk appo n . 19: 1-23.
(in Danish)
Thomas, D. 1998.
Needed: Less coun ing o ca ibou and mo e eco-
logy. Rangi e , Special Issue No. 10: 15-23.
Vibe, C. 1967.
A c ic animals in ela ion o clima ic luc ua ions.
Meddelelse om G ønland. The Danish Zoogeog a-
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ces, Nuuk, G eenland (in Danish).
23
Su ey me hod & design
This su ey a emp ed o imp o e bo h ac-
cu acy and p ecision in me hod and design.
A u he analysis o he su ey me hod can
be ound in Appendix 3.
Accu acy equa es o he popula ion size
calcula ed being close o he ue alue.
Bias, which makes he calcula ed popula-
ion size depa om eali y, esul s in inac-
cu acy. The e can be bias in you coun ing,
sampling design o e en analysis. P ecision
is he measu e o a ia ion in he numbe s
o ca ibou on each o he ansec s. Poo
p ecision can esul om sampling e o s,
e.g., i g oup size and dis ibu ion we e
highly a iable wi hin a s a um.
Reducing nega i e bias:
Sigh abili y o ca ibou on
ansec
This su ey educed he nega i e bias asso-
cia ed wi h obse e s missing ca ibou ha
we e ac ually wi hin he ansec s ip, and
hence is mo e accu a e han p e ious su -
eys. The imp o emen s in su ey design
o e hose desc ibed in Ydemann & Pede -
sen (1999) a e lis ed below.
Helicop e used e sus ixed-wing
ai c a .
S ip wid h was na owe , only 500
me e o each side e sus 700 me e.
Slowe lying speed, 100 kilome e/hou
e sus 167 kilome e/hou .
Lowe al i udes, 100 me e e sus 152
me e.
Sun ypically behind obse e s, e sus
sun o en in obse e ’s eyes.
Sho ansec leng h p omo ed ull
obse e concen a ion and educed
obse e a igue, 7.5 kilome es e sus
ypically c. ≥ 100 kilome es
S a is ical co ec ion o missed ca ibou.
Toge he , hese imp o emen s se ed o
educe he bias associa ed wi h iola ion o
he assump ion ha all ca ibou wi hin he
s ip a e obse ed. In he 1993, 94, 95 & 96
su eys, he long ansec s lown a high
speed and al i ude ega dless o sun di ec -
ion likely inc eased obse e a igue and
p o ided poo obse a ion condi ions. All
would inc ease nega i e bias and dec ease
accu acy o he calcula ed popula ion
es ima e.
P ecision
P ecision can be imp o ed in wo ways, in-
c easing he numbe o ansec lines and
imp o ing on he s a i ica ion and alloca ion
o ansec lines be ween s a a. In his case
he s a i ica ion was changed based on he
obse ed densi ies om he p e ious su eys.
I is di icul o assess he con ibu ion o he
s a i ica ion o he p ecision bu i is possi-
ble o assess he con ibu ion o he ansec
alloca ion o he p ecision. The alloca ion
du ing he 2001 su ey was no op imal.
The alloca ion used du ing his su ey ga e
40 ansec s o he high-densi y a ea and 20
ansec s o he low-densi y a ea. A be e
alloca ion would ha e been he exac oppo-
si e (in e ospec , i.e., knowing he ela i e
size o he a iances and he size o he
a eas), 20 o he high-densi y a ea and 40 o
he low-densi y a ea. The di e ence in p e-
cision was a pa ame ic 90% CI o ± 10,500,
whe e he op imal alloca ion would ha e
gi en a 90% CI o ± 8,750.
S a is ical design
The o al popula ion es ima e o ca ibou in
egion No h can be calcula ed as ollows:
Fo each s a um we ha e:
Appendix 1
ˆi
j
i
jj
i
i
yA
N
Ay
AA
=⋅ = ⋅
∑
∑(0.1)
24
Whe e
is he es ima ed o al in he j h s a a
is he o al numbe o ca ibou obse ed
in s ip i
is he o al a ea o s a a j
is he a ea o s ip i
is he mean a ea o he s ips in he
s a um
Because he a ea o each s ip is cons an
he calcula ion o a iance is
ˆ
j
N
22
1
ˆ() ( )
1
ii
i
Va y s y y
n
== −
−∑
Since he o al numbe o ca ibou in he
a ea is he sum o he o als in each s a um
he a iance o he o al will be he sum o
he a iances in he s a a.
ˆj
j
j
A
N
y
A
=⋅
∑
2
()
ˆ
() ji
j
AVa y
Va N An
=⋅
∑
25
Inc easing he accu acy o ae ial
coun s o ca ibou in wes e n
G eenland.
Mos ae ial su eys o animal abundance
a e nega i ely biased because animals wi h-
in he sample uni a e o e looked by obse -
e s. Va ious doublecoun me hods ha e
been de eloped o gene a e su ey speci ic
co ec ion ac o s. Howe e , hese me hods
equi e ha obse a ions can be a ibu ed
o speci ic indi iduals o g oups, which is
no always possible. We p esen a simple
me hod o gene a ing a minimum es ima e
o he numbe o o e looked animals based
on he o al numbe o animals seen by dou-
ble obse e s on one side o he ai c a . In
addi ion, we desc ibe aspec s o su ey de-
sign ha ha e been used in ca ibou Rangi e
a andus su eys in Wes G eenland o u -
he educe bias.
The ex en o which animals a e o e looked
can be in luenced by many ac o s such as
ai c a design, lying speed, ligh heigh ,
ligh condi ions, ege a ion densi y, opo-
g aphic complexi y, and obse e expe i-
ence/ a igue (Caughley 1974, Samuel e al.
1987, Aas up & Mosbech 1993). Ea ly a -
emp s o co ec o his bias ocused on
de e mining a ac o om a se ies o con-
olled ials, and using his as a blanke
co ec ion ac o o all u he su eys
(Caughley 1974, Caughley e al. 1976, Sa-
muel e al. 1987, Pollock & Kendall 1987,
Aas up & Mosbech 1993). Howe e , be-
cause condi ions a y om su ey o su ey
he e ha e been a emp s o de elop su ey-
speci ic co ec ion ac o s, especially using
he doublecoun me hodology (Pollock &
Kendall 1987, G aham & Bell 1989, Ri es
e al. 1995). In his p ocess, a leas one side
o he ai c a has wo obse e s. Using he
numbe s o animals o g oups seen by he
i s obse e only, he second obse e only,
o by bo h obse e s i is possible o apply
cap u e-ma k- ecap u e me hodology o
calcula e he numbe o animals seen by
nei he obse e (Pollock & Kendall 1987).
Howe e , his equi es ha obse a ions
om he wo obse e s can be a ibu ed
speci ically o each animal o g oup obse -
ed. While such esul s may be achie ed
using double- ack ape eco de s (Ma sh &
Sinclai 1989) o GPS/da a logge echno-
logy, he e a e always si ua ions whe eby
echnology ails, is una ailable o canno be
applied p ac ically. We p esen an ex ension
o he no mal doublecoun s a is ics o es i-
ma e he co ec ion ac o o he p opo -
ion o animals unseen using he o al num-
be o animals coun ed by each obse e
wi hin a gi en sample s ip. In many ways
his is simila o he aims o Caughley &
G ice (1982), bu is designed o species ha
occu a a highe densi y.
Accoun ing o o e looked animals
In he cases whe e he e a e mo e han one
obse e in one side o he ai c a and i is
possible o know which animals ha e been
seen o no seen by each obse e , i is possi-
ble o es ima e he p obabili y ha a isible
animal has been obse ed. The me hod is
ho oughly discussed in Pollock & Kendall
(1987) and will be sligh ly elabo a ed upon
he e. We will use he ollowing nomencla-
u e simila o he one used by G aham &
Bell (1989).
is he numbe o animals obse ed by
bo h obse e s
is he numbe o animals obse ed by
he on sea obse e only
is he numbe o animals seen by he
ea sea obse e only
is he numbe o animals no seen by
ei he obse e
is he p obabili y ha a isible animal is
seen by he on sea obse e
Appendix 2
B
S
S
M
p
32
Table 9. Random ansec s o ae ial su ey Kange lussuaq-Sisimiu ca ibou he d, egion No h, Ma ch
2000.
T ansec s a DD mm.m T ansec end DD mm.mDa e
ddmmyy
Di ec ion
lown
T ansec
numbe La i ude Longi ude La i ude Longi ude
15.03.00 NE-SW 77 66º 47.1' 51º 52.8' 66º 43.7' 51º 58.3'
15.03.00 NE-SW 27 66º 35.0' 52º 14.4' 66º 33.1' 52º 23.3'
15.03.00 SSE-NNW 151 66º 38.6' 52º 34.9' 66º 42.5' 52º 31.9'
15.03.00 SSE-NNW 161 66º 36.5' 52º 56.1' 66º 40.3' 52º 52.3'
15.03.00 SE-NW 113 66º 33.7' 53º 08.1' 66º 36.6' 53º 15.1'
15.03.00 SSE-NNW 101 66º 21.0' 53º 26.8' 66º 24.6' 53º 31.4'
15.03.00 ESE-WNW 47 67º 01.5' 53º 31.1' 67º 02.4' 53º 41.2'
15.03.00 S - N 87 67º 18.8' 53º 01.6' 67º 22.6' 53º 05.2'
15.03.00 SW-NE 155 67º 22.9' 53º 37.2' 67º 24.8' 53º 27.9'
15.03.00 SW-NE 29 67º 26.8' 52º 59.0' 67º 28.5' 52º 49.3'
15.03.00 SE-NW 120 67º 27.1' 52º 33.1' 67º 30.9' 52º 36.6'
15.03.00 SW-NE 193 67º 32.3' 52º 27.0' 67º 34.7' 52º 18.5'
15.03.00 NE-SW 203 67º 31.2' 52º 22.1' 67º 27.3' 52º 24.4'
15.03.00 NW-SE 139 67º 23.2' 52º 20.7' 67º 19.9' 52º 14.9'
15.03.00 NW-SE 143 67º 20.4' 52º 38.9' 67º 17.0' 52º 33.2'
16.03.00 W - E 125 66º 56.3' 50º 25.5' 66º 55.9' 50º 35.8'
16.03.00 SE-NW 32 66º 51.7' 49º 56.0' 66º 55.1' 50º 01.7'
16.03.00 SE-NW 8 66º 44.4' 50º 20.4' 66º 46.5' 50º 29.2'
16.03.00 SE-NW 61 66º 39.4' 50º 37.2' 66º 42.1' 50º 44.8'
16.03.00 S - N 135 66º 34.5' 50º 32.9' 66º 38.5' 50º 34.3'
16.03.00 NE-SW 5 66º 30.3' 50º 24.5' 66º 28.9' 50º 34.0'
16.03.00 E - W 150 66º 30.9' 50º 49.8' 66º 31.0' 50º 59.9'
16.03.00 SW-NE 158 66º 34.4' 51º 26.5' 66º 37.8' 51º 21.0'
16.03.00 W - E 64 66º 36.6' 51º 53.9' 66º 36.6' 51º 43.7'
16.03.00 SW-NE 175 66º 48.3' 51º 44.0' 66º 49.6' 51º 34.3'
16.03.00 NE-SW 152 67º 06.2' 50º 32.3' 67º 04.3' 50º 41.5'
16.03.00 SW-NE 116 67º 04.4' 50º 44.9' 67º 08.2' 50º 41.7'
16.03.00 WNW-ESE 73 67º 09.9' 50º 25.6' 67º 09.2' 50º 15.4'
16.03.00 SW-NE 9 67º 13.0' 50º 20.4' 67º 16.4' 50º 14.4'
16.03.00 SW-NE 153 67º 13.2' 50º 33.2' 67º 16.8' 50º 28.2'
16.03.00 SE-NW 142 67º 18.6' 50º 10.2' 67º 21.5' 50º 17.4'
16.03.00 SW-NE 59 67º 17.2' 49º 59.5' 67º 20.5' 49º 53.3'
16.03.00 SE-NW 70 67º 21.9' 50º 09.6' 67º 24.9' 50º 16.6'
16.03.00 SE-NW 192 67º 21.4' 50º 30.8' 67º 25.5' 50º 34.3'
16.03.00 SE-NW 189 67º 25.4' 50º 49.5' 67º 27.2' 50º 58.9'
16.03.00 SE-NW 197 67º 21.8' 50º 51.6' 67º 24.3' 50º 59.8'
16.03.00 NE-SW 106 67º 22.4' 50º 42.1' 67º 18.6' 50º 46.3'
16.03.00 WSW-ENE 58 67º 15.3' 50º 51.3' 67º 16.9' 50º 41.8'
17.03.00 WSW-ENE 183 67º 01.1' 50º 08.6' 67º 02.2' 50º 58.6'
17.03.00 SE-NW 10 66º 59.1' 51º 12.8' 67º 01.9' 51º 20.3'
17.03.00 NE-SW 24 66º 56.9' 51º 19.6' 66º 55.0' 51º 28.7'
17.03.00 SSW-NNE 34 67º 02.3' 51º 17.5' 67º 06.2' 51º 14.3'
17.03.00 SE-NW 200 67º 04.9' 51º 22.7' 67º 06.4' 51º 32.4'
17.03.00 SE-NW 211 67º 11.6' 51º 30.9' 67º 14.2' 51º 38.9'
17.03.00 SSW-NNE 137 67º 13.2' 51º 15.0' 67º 17.1' 51º 12.5'
17.03.00 W - E 149 67º 17.7' 51º 02.7' 67º 17.7' 50º 52.2'
Con inues...
33
T ansec s a DD mm.m T ansec end DD mm.mDa e
ddmmyy
Di ec ion
lown
T ansec
numbe La i ude Longi ude La i ude Longi ude
17.03.00 SSE-NNW 112 67º 27.4' 51º 06.0' 67º 31.4' 51º 08.2'
17.03.00 NE-SW 92 67º 29.2' 51º 14.7' 67º 26.8' 51º 23.2'
17.03.00 NW-SE 36 67º 14.2' 51º 05.3' 67º 10.5' 51º 01.3'
17.03.00 SE-NW 63 67º 39.3' 50º 11.7' 67º 41.5' 50º 20.7'
17.03.00 SSE-NNW 154 67º 41.9' 50º 32.8' 67º 45.8' 50º 35.2'
17.03.00 SE-NW 104 67º 40.9' 50º 45.4' 67º 42.6' 50º 55.0'
17.03.00 SSW-NNE 210 67º 34.3' 51º 11.7' 67º 38.3' 51º 10.7'
17.03.00 SW-NE 209 67º 34.6' 51º 22.8' 67º 37.9' 51º 16.4'
17.03.00 SW-NE 65 67º 33.1' 51º 36.5' 67º 36.5' 51º 30.4'
17.03.00 SE-NW 115 67º 35.1' 51º 47.6' 67º 38.0' 51º 55.0'
17.03.00 NW-SE 202 67º 35.5' 52º 00.8' 67º 32.4' 51º 54.0'
17.03.00 SW-NE 76 67º 30.7' 51º 52.5' 67º 32.4' 51º 49.9'
17.03.00 NW-SE 172 67º 30.5' 51º 43.6' 67º 28.7' 51º 34.1'
17.03.00 NW-SE 122 67º 26.2' 52º 09.4' 67º 22.8' 52º 03.8'
Da e
ddmmyy
T ansec numbe
Zig-Zag lown
G oup
Size
Males
(Age > 1 yea )
Females
(Age > 1 yea )
Cal es
(Age < 1 yea )
15.03.00 77 4 1 2 1
15.03.00 77 2 1 1 0
15.03.00 77 2 1 1
15.03.00 77 3 1 1 1
15.03.00 77 5 3 1 1
15.03.00 77 4 1 3 0
15.03.00 77 2 2 0
15.03.00 77 6 3 1 2
15.03.00 77 5 2 2 1
15.03.00 77 2 2 0
15.03.00 77 2 1 1
15.03.00 77 3 1 2 0
15.03.00 151 2 1 1 0
15.03.00 151 4 2 2 0
15.03.00 151 2 2 0
15.03.00 151 1 1 0
15.03.00 151 6 2 4 0
15.03.00 151 1 1 0
15.03.00 151 1 1 0
15.03.00 151 4 2 2 0
15.03.00 151 1 1 0
15.03.00 151 4 1 3 0
15.03.00 151 1 1 0
15.03.00 151 2 1 1 0
15.03.00 47 2 1 1
15.03.00 47 5 2 3 0
15.03.00 47 6 4 1 1
15.03.00 87 3 1 2 0
15.03.00 87 5 4 1
15.03.00 87 2 2 0
Table 10. Raw da a ae ial su ey he d s uc u e Kange lussuaq-Sisimiu ca ibou he d, egion No h,
Ma ch 2000.
Con inued...
Con inues...
34
15.03.00 8
7
2110
15.03.00 87 2 2 0
15.03.00 155 6 4 2
15.03.00 120 4 1 3 0
15.03.00 120 4 2 2
15.03.00 120 2 2 0
15.03.00 120 4 2 2
15.03.00 120 5 3 2
15.03.00 120 1 1 0
15.03.00 120 1 1 0
15.03.00 120 2 2 0
15.03.00 193 2 2 0
15.03.00 193 4 3 1 0
15.03.00 193 3 3 0
15.03.00 193 2 2
15.03.00 193 3 3 0
15.03.00 193 5 3 2 0
15.03.00 193 1 1 0
15.03.00 193 1 1 0
15.03.00 193 2 2 0
15.03.00 193 2 2 0
15.03.00 193 3 2 1 0
15.03.00 193 2 2 0
15.03.00 193 2 2 0
15.03.00 193 7 7 0
15.03.00 193 7 5 2 0
15.03.00 193 4 4
15.03.00 193 3 3
15.03.00 193 2 2 0
15.03.00 193 7 3 4
15.03.00 203 6 5 1
15.03.00 203 7 1 3 3
15.03.00 203 5 1 2 2
15.03.00 203 1 1 0
15.03.00 203 5 5 0
15.03.00 203 1 1 0
15.03.00 203 4 4 0
15.03.00 203 3 3 0
15.03.00 203 1 1 0
15.03.00 203 1 1 0
15.03.00 203 8 7 1
15.03.00 203 7 3 3 1
15.03.00 139 1 1 0
15.03.00 139 2 2
15.03.00 139 1 1 0
15.03.00 139 1 1 0
15.03.00 139 2 2 0
15.03.00 139 1 1
15.03.00 139 3 2 1
15.03.00 139 2 1 1
15.03.00 139 3 1 1 1
15.03.00 139 1 1 0
Da e
ddmmyy
T ansec numbe
Zig-Zag lown
G oup
Size
Males
(Age > 1 yea )
Females
(Age > 1 yea )
Cal es
(Age < 1 yea )
15.03.00 139 3 1 2
15.03.00 139 5 2 2 1
15.03.00 139 1 1 0
15.03.00 139 1 1 0
Con inues...
Con inued...
35
15.03.00 139 1 1 0
15.03.00 139 4 1 2 1
15.03.00 139 4 4 0
15.03.00 139 3 1 2 0
15.03.00 139 1 1 0
15.03.00 139 3 1 1 1
15.03.00 139 1 1 0
15.03.00 139 5 2 2 1
15.03.00 143 2 1 1 0
15.03.00 143 2 2 0
15.03.00 143 3 3 0
15.03.00 143 1 1 0
16.03.00 125 4 3 1 0
16.03.00 125 3 1 2
16.03.00 125 4 3 1
16.03.00 125 6 3 3 0
16.03.00 125 3 2 1 0
16.03.00 125 3 1 2 0
16.03.00 125 1 1 0
16.03.00 32 2 1 1 0
16.03.00 32 2 1 1
16.03.00 61 1 1 0
16.03.00 61 1 1
16.03.00 61 2 2
16.03.00 61 1 1 0
16.03.00 61 3 1 2
16.03.00 61 1 1
16.03.00 61 2 1 1 0
16.03.00 61 1 1 0
16.03.00 61 2 2 0
16.03.00 135 3 1 2 0
16.03.00 135 2 1 1
16.03.00 135 6 1 3 2
16.03.00 135 1 1 0
16.03.00 135 1 1 0
16.03.00 135 3 3 0
16.03.00 135 1 1
16.03.00 135 1 1 0
16.03.00 135 3 2 1 0
16.03.00 135 17 10 7 0
16.03.00 135 3 3 0
16.03.00 135 3 2 1 0
16.03.00 135 1 1 0
16.03.00 5 1 1 0
16.03.00 5 2 1 1
Da e
ddmmyy
T ansec numbe
Zig-Zag lown
G oup
Size
Males
(Age > 1 yea )
Females
(Age > 1 yea )
Cal es
(Age < 1 yea )
16.03.00 150 1 1 0
16.03.00 150 2 1 1
16.03.00 150 2 1 1
16.03.00 158 6 3 3 0
16.03.00 158 7 2 5 0
16.03.00 158 1 1
16.03.00 158 1 1
16.03.00 158 2 2
16.03.00 158 1 1 0
16.03.00 158 10 2 2 6
Con inues...
Con inued...
36
Da e
ddmmyy
T ansec numbe
Zig-Zag lown
G oup
Size
Males
(Age > 1 yea )
Females
(Age > 1 yea )
Cal es
(Age < 1 yea )
16.03.00 158 4 2 1 1
16.03.00 158 2 2 0
16.03.00 158 4 1 3
16.03.00 158 2 2
16.03.00 158 1 1 0
16.03.00 64 1 1 0
16.03.00 64 4 3 1 0
16.03.00 64 2 2 0
16.03.00 64 4 1 2 1
16.03.00 64 5 2 3
16.03.00 116 5 5
16.03.00 116 3 2 1
16.03.00 116 5 1 4 0
16.03.00 116 6 6 0
16.03.00 116 2 1 1
16.03.00 116 2 2 0
16.03.00 116 2 2 0
16.03.00 73 2 1 1
16.03.00 73 2 1 1
16.03.00 73 3 2 1
16.03.00 73 3 1 1 1
16.03.00 73 3 3 0
16.03.00 73 2 1 1
16.03.00 73 5 4 1
16.03.00 73 5 3 2
16.03.00 73 4 2 2 0
16.03.00 73 2 1 1
16.03.00 73 2 1 1
16.03.00 73 3 2 1
16.03.00 73 3 2 1
16.03.00 73 7 4 3
16.03.00 9 2 1 1 0
16.03.00 9 2 2 0
16.03.00 9 2 2 0
16.03.00 9 4 1 3 0
16.03.00 9 2 1 1
16.03.00 9 1 1 0
16.03.00 9 4 2 2 0
16.03.00 9 4 1 3 0
16.03.00 9 2 1 1
16.03.00 9 5 3 2
16.03.00 9 1 1 0
16.03.00 9 2 2 0
16.03.00 9 2 1 1
16.03.00 59 5 3 1 1
16.03.00 59 1 1 0
16.03.00 59 2 1 1
16.03.00 59 4 1 1 2
16.03.00 59 4 2 2
16.03.00 59 4 3 1
16.03.00 59 2 2
16.03.00 59 1 1 0
16.03.00 192 2 2
16.03.00 192 2 2 0
16.03.00 192 1 1
16.03.00 192 2 1 1 0
Con inues...
Con inued...
37
Da e
ddmmyy
T ansec numbe
Zig-Zag lown
G oup
Size
Males
(Age > 1 yea )
Females
(Age > 1 yea )
Cal es
(Age < 1 yea )
16.03.00 192 3 1 1 1
16.03.00 192 2 1 1 0
16.03.00 192 2 1 1
16.03.00 192 4 2 2
16.03.00 192 2 1 1
16.03.00 192 2 2 0
16.03.00 192 2 1 1
16.03.00 192 7 1 6 0
16.03.00 192 2 2 0
16.03.00 192 4 1 3
16.03.00 192 4 4 0
16.03.00 192 3 3 0
16.03.00 192 1 1 0
16.03.00 192 3 2 1
16.03.00 192 2 1 1
16.03.00 106 3 1 2
16.03.00 106 6 3 3 0
16.03.00 106 4 4 0
16.03.00 106 1 1
16.03.00 106 5 2 3
16.03.00 106 3 3 0
16.03.00 106 3 2 1
16.03.00 106 2 2
16.03.00 106 3 1 2 0
16.03.00 106 7 1 3 3
16.03.00 106 3 1 2
16.03.00 106 2 1 1
16.03.00 106 4 4 0
16.03.00 106 6 4 2
16.03.00 106 2 1 1
16.03.00 106 1 1 0
16.03.00 106 4 4
17.03.00 10 2 1 1
17.03.00 10 2 2 0
17.03.00 10 3 1 1 1
17.03.00 10 1 1
17.03.00 10 1 1 0
17.03.00 10 5 5
17.03.00 10 2 1 1
17.03.00 10 1 1 0
17.03.00 10 1 1
17.03.00 10 1 1
17.03.00 10 3 3 0
17.03.00 10 2 1 1 0
17.03.00 10 4 1 1 2
17.03.00 10 1 1
17.03.00 34 5 3 2
17.03.00 34 1 1 0
17.03.00 34 1 1
17.03.00 34 1 1 0
17.03.00 34 1 1 0
17.03.00 34 4 4 0
17.03.00 34 4 3 1
17.03.00 34 2 2
17.03.00 34 1 1
17.03.00 34 3 2 1
Con inues...
Con inued...
38
Da e
ddmmyy
T ansec numbe
Zig-Zag lown
G oup
Size
Males
(Age > 1 yea )
Females
(Age > 1 yea )
Cal es
(Age < 1 yea )
17.03.00 34 2 2 0
17.03.00 34 1 1 0
17.03.00 34 3 1 2 0
17.03.00 34 3 1 1 1
17.03.00 34 6 5 1
17.03.00 34 4 3 1
17.03.00 34 1 1 0
17.03.00 137 2 1 1
17.03.00 137 4 1 3
17.03.00 137 1 1 0
17.03.00 137 3 3 0
17.03.00 137 3 1 2
17.03.00 137 4 2 2
17.03.00 137 1 1
17.03.00 137 1 1 0
17.03.00 137 2 1 1 0
17.03.00 137 3 1 1 1
17.03.00 137 1 1 0
17.03.00 137 6 2 4
17.03.00 137 2 2 0
17.03.00 137 4 1 3 0
17.03.00 137 4 2 2
17.03.00 137 2 1 1 0
17.03.00 137 3 1 1 1
17.03.00 137 1 1 0
17.03.00 137 2 1 1 0
17.03.00 112 9 4 5
17.03.00 112 7 4 1 2
17.03.00 112 4 4 0
17.03.00 112 3 2 1
17.03.00 112 6 2 4 0
17.03.00 112 2 1 1 0
17.03.00 112 5 4 1
17.03.00 112 6 1 4 1
17.03.00 112 3 3 0
17.03.00 112 1 1 0
17.03.00 112 1 1 0
17.03.00 112 1 1
17.03.00 112 1 1 0
17.03.00 112 2 1 1
17.03.00 112 2 1 1
17.03.00 112 1 1
17.03.00 112 1 1
17.03.00 112 1 1 0
17.03.00 112 2 2
17.03.00 112 7 2 4 1
17.03.00 112 1 1 0
17.03.00 112 3 3 0
17.03.00 112 2 2 0
17.03.00 112 5 5 0
17.03.00 112 1 1 0
17.03.00 36 4 1 1 2
17.03.00 36 2 2
17.03.00 36 2 2 0
17.03.00 36 2 1 1
Con inues...
Con inued...
39
Da e
ddmmyy
T ansec numbe
Zig-Zag lown
G oup
Size
Males
(Age > 1 yea )
Females
(Age > 1 yea )
Cal es
(Age < 1 yea )
17.03.00 36 3 1 2 0
17.03.00 36 2 1 1
17.03.00 36 2 1 1
17.03.00 36 4 1 3
17.03.00 36 5 3 2
17.03.00 36 2 2 0
17.03.00 36 1 1 0
17.03.00 36 4 3 1 0
17.03.00 36 1 1 0
17.03.00 36 1 1 0
17.03.00 36 5 2 2 1
17.03.00 36 2 1 1
17.03.00 36 4 1 3
17.03.00 36 2 2
17.03.00 36 4 1 3
17.03.00 36 6 1 3 2
17.03.00 36 3 3 0
17.03.00 36 5 1 2 2
17.03.00 36 3 2 1
17.03.00 36 2 1 1 0
17.03.00 210 2 1 1
17.03.00 210 1 1 0
17.03.00 210 3 3 0
17.03.00 210 1 1 0
17.03.00 210 1 1
17.03.00 210 2 2 0
17.03.00 210 1 1 0
17.03.00 210 4 2 2 0
17.03.00 210 2 2
17.03.00 210 3 1 2 0
17.03.00 210 3 3 0
17.03.00 210 4 2 2 0
17.03.00 210 3 2 1 0
17.03.00 210 2 1 1
17.03.00 210 1 1 0
17.03.00 210 1 1 0
17.03.00 210 1 1 0
17.03.00 210 1 1 0
17.03.00 210 3 3
17.03.00 210 1 1 0
17.03.00 210 1 1 0
17.03.00 210 1 1 0
17.03.00 210 2 1 1
17.03.00 210 2 1 1
17.03.00 210 2 1 1
17.03.00 210 1 1 0
17.03.00 210 2 2 0
17.03.00 210 2 1 1 0
17.03.00 65 2 2
17.03.00 65 4 4 0
17.03.00 65 3 2 1 0
17.03.00 65 2 1 1 0
17.03.00 65 2 2 0
17.03.00 65 2 1 1 0
17.03.00 65 4 2 2
Con inues...
Con inued...
40
Da e
ddmmyy
T ansec numbe
Zig-Zag lown
G oup
Size
Males
(Age > 1 yea )
Females
(Age > 1 yea )
Cal es
(Age < 1 yea )
17.03.00 65 1 1 0
17.03.00 65 2 2 0
17.03.00 65 2 2 0
17.03.00 65 1 1 0
17.03.00 65 2 2 0
17.03.00 65 5 1 2 2
17.03.00 65 3 1 2
17.03.00 65 2 2
17.03.00 65 9 2 6 1
17.03.00 65 7 2 1 4
17.03.00 65 3 3
17.03.00 65 2 2 0
17.03.00 65 3 1 2 0
17.03.00 65 2 1 1
17.03.00 65 6 2 4 0
17.03.00 172 5 4 1
17.03.00 172 3 1 2 0
17.03.00 172 4 4
17.03.00 172 2 2 0
17.03.00 172 1 1 0
17.03.00 172 3 1 2 0
17.03.00 172 6 2 4 0
17.03.00 172 2 2
17.03.00 172 1 1 0
17.03.00 172 2 1 1
17.03.00 122 3 2 1
17.03.00 122 1 1 0
17.03.00 122 1 1 0
17.03.00 122 2 2
17.03.00 122 2 2
17.03.00 122 3 3
17.03.00 122 1 1 0
17.03.00 122 2 2 0
17.03.00 122 2 2 0
17.03.00 122 2 2
17.03.00 122 2 1 1
17.03.00 122 4 1 3
17.03.00 122 4 1 3 0
To als 1,130 All 387 Males 443 Females 300 Cal es
Con inued...
41
Appendix 4
G ound su eys 1998 & 2000; Kange lussuaq-Sisimiu
ca ibou popula ion in Wes G eenland
Table 11. Raw da a g ound su ey he d s uc u e Kange lussuaq-Sisimiu
ca ibou he d, egion No h, 19 Feb ua y – 4 Ma ch 1998.
Da e
ddmmyy
G oup Size Females
> 1 yea
Cal es
< 1 yea
Males
> 1 yea
19.02.98 1 1
19.02.98 2 1 1
19.02.98 2 1 1
19.02.98 1 1
19.02.98 2 2
19.02.98 1 1
19.02.98 3 2 1
19.02.98 3 3
19.02.98 2 1 1
19.02.98 2 2
19.02.98 2 2
19.02.98 2 1 1
19.02.98 2 1 1
19.02.98 4 1 2 1
19.02.98 2 2
19.02.98 4 4
19.02.98 1 1
19.02.98 2 2
19.02.98 2 2
19.02.98 1 1
19.02.98 2 1 1
21.02.98 4 2 1 1
21.02.98 2 2
21.02.98 2 1 1
21.02.98 1 1
21.02.98 2 1 1
21.02.98 2 2
21.02.98 2 1 1
21.02.98 2 1 1
21.02.98 1 1
21.02.98 1 1
21.02.98 2 1 1
21.02.98 2 1 1
21.02.98 4 2 2
21.02.98 4 2 2
21.02.98 1 1
21.02.98 3 1 2
21.02.98 4 4
21.02.98 5 2 3
21.02.98 2 2
21.02.98 2 1 1
Con inues...
48
GPS posi ion DD.dddG oup-
size
Females Cal es
< 1 yea
Males Sex unknown
(yea lings) La i ude Longi ude
6667.452 52.590
8867.452 52.590
11 3 3 5 67.478 52.477
21 1 67.478 52.477
21 1 67.478 52.477
2267.502 52.357
2267.502 52.357
1167.502 52.357
0 67.520 52.237
5567.520 52.237
81 6 1 67.520 52.237
2267.520 52.237
31 1 1 67.520 52.237
2267.520 52.237
2267.478 52.092
1167.478 52.092
21 1 67.478 52.092
11 67.478 52.092
21 1 67.478 52.092
11 67.478 52.092
2267.478 52.092
3367.467 52.073
21 1 67.467 52.073
52 1 2 67.467 52.073
6667.467 52.073
2267.467 52.073
21 1 67.442 52.093
3367.442 52.093
32167.442 52.093
41 1 2 67.442 52.093
21 1 67.442 52.093
31 2 67.442 52.093
1167.442 52.093
66 67.422 52.130
22 67.422 52.130
63 3 67.375 52.075
14 8 6 67.375 52.075
62 2 2 67.337 52.080
11 67.337 52.080
11 67.337 52.080
1167.337 52.080
53 1 1 67.315 52.047
94 2 3 67.315 52.047
54167.315 52.047
32 1 67.315 52.047
11 4 1 6 67.315 52.047
3367.295 52.133
21 1 67.295 52.133
16 7 1 8 67.295 52.133
42 2 67.272 52.035
1167.272 52.035
41 2 1 67.258 52.037
1167.258 52.037
1167.202 52.087
42 1 1 67.163 51.990
53 1 1 67.163 51.990
Con inued...
Con inues...
49
GPS posi ion DD.dddG oup-
size
Females Cal es
< 1 yea
Males Sex unknown
(yea lings) La i ude Longi ude
11 67.170 51.885
1167.170 51.885
1167.170 51.885
44 67.170 51.885
84 2 2 67.147 51.855
21 1 67.130 51.837
1167.130 51.837
11 67.152 51.802
22 67.152 51.802
21 1 67.092 51.743
84 4 67.092 51.743
1167.092 51.743
54 1 67.088 51.715
2267.088 51.715
2267.088 51.715
21 1 67.088 51.715
11 67.067 51.738
2267.067 51.738
31 1 1 67.067 51.738
11 67.123 51.573
2267.123 51.573
11 67.123 51.573
21 1 67.123 51.573
11 67.123 51.573
62 4 67.082 51.540
43 1 67.082 51.540
22 67.082 51.540
21 1 67.052 51.563
61 2 3 67.052 51.563
1167.038 51.585
42 2 67.038 51.585
22 67.038 51.585
1167.038 51.585
1167.035 51.600
11 67.030 51.612
91 1 7 67.525 52.157
62 3 1 67.375 52.902
10 1 1 8 67.368 52.858
5567.413 52.835
95 2 2 67.548 52.103
17 7 2 8 67.548 52.103
33 67.548 52.103
53 2 67.548 52.103
62 2 2 67.548 52.103
54 1 67.548 52.103
21 1 67.495 52.097
94 5 67.400 52.070
77 67.047 51.598
14 5 3 4 2 66.985 51.515
62 2 2 66.933 51.458
51 1 1 2 54.200 51.478
95 4 66.947 53.055
53 2 66.962 53.142
1,091
All
383
Females
413
Cal es
210
Males
85
Unknown
1,006 Sexed & aged
G ound su ey obse e s we e To s en Inge sle , G eenland Ins i u e o Na u al Resou ces and Hanse aq Olsen, KNAPK hun e om Sisimiu . No da es
we e p o ided in o iginal da a epo .
Con inued...
50
Lis o e ms
Accu acy - how well a su ey es ima e o
animal numbe s e lec s he ue popula ion
size.
Annual - occu ing, o done e e y yea .
Bias - desc ibes how a he a e age alue o
he es ima o is om he ue popula ion
alue. An unbiased es ima o cen e s abou
he ue alue o he popula ion. Bias is he
ex en o which an es ima e is sys ema ical-
ly w ong. Bias dec eases he accu acy o a
su ey. In popula e ms, nega i e bias in
su eys mo es he inal es ima e o below
he ue popula ion size and posi i e bias
can mo e i abo e he ue popula ion size.
Body condi ion - pe aining o amoun o a
p esen , i.e., plen y o a equals excellen
body condi ion.
Boo s apping - s a is ical ool o a i e a con-
idence in e als wi hou knowledge o he
dis ibu ion o he pa ame e in ques ion.
Con idence in e al - s a is ical e m o when
he s anda d e o (SE) is combined wi h a
p obabili y (P) le el o yield con idence limi s
(CL) and hei in e al, he con idence in e -
al (CI). Fo example: a a P = 0.90 (α = 0.1)
hen assuming no bias a 90% CI is likely o
con ain he ue popula ion size in 90% o
su eys o he same ype and in ensi y.
NOTE: i is inco ec o s a e ha he e is a
90% chance ha he ac ual numbe o ca i-
bou in a su ey a ea is wi hin he CI.
C i e ia - s anda ds se on which judgemen
can be made, i.e. he sex o age o a ca ibou.
Densi y - he numbe o ca ibou pe squa e
kilome e o land a ea.
Es ima e - a calcula ion as o he likely o
app oxima e size o he ca ibou popula ion.
Fecundi y - ela ed o e ili y and is he po-
en ial le el o ep oduc i e pe o mance o
a popula ion, which is usually much g ea e
han he ealised ep oduc ion ( e ili y).
Howe e , ecundi y and e ili y a e o en
used inconsis en ly and e en in e change-
ably in he li e a u e.
Fe ili y - o a popula ion is he numbe o
li e bi hs o e a ime pe iod, usually a yea ,
e.g., he numbe o li e bi hs pe emale, o
he numbe o emale young bo n pe e-
male. To calcula e e ili y we need o know
he a e age li e size, a e age numbe o
li e s p oduced pe ime in e al (yea ) and
he sex a io a bi h (Caughley 1977).
Fe ili y index - see also unde ec ui men .
Ra io o cal es o emales o cal es o adul s.
He d - see also unde popula ion.
G eenlandic ca ibou seldom o ne e agg e-
ga e in o la ge cohe en g oups. G oup size
ypically s ays unde 4 animals, wi h
g oups sca e ed h oughou a la ge a ea.
He d s uc u e - his is he sex and age dis i-
bu ion o he animals wi hin a gi en popu-
la ion/he d.
Logis ics - he ob aining, dis ibu ion, main-
enance and eplacemen o ield equipmen
and pe sonnel.
Managemen - e.g., wildli e managemen ,
which is he ac o manipula ing, di ec ing,
con olling, egula ing and/o adminis a-
ing a wildli e esou ce and any numbe o
he ac o s a ec ing ha wildli e esou ce.
Na u al mo ali y- all mo ali y due o ac-
o s o he han hun ing (disease, acciden ,
s a a ion, p eda ion, pa asi es, e c.).
Ne ec ui men - o a e o inc ease o he
he d is de e mined by sub ac ing he adul
mo ali y a e om he g oss ec ui men .
Popula ion - see also unde he d. All he ani-
mals o he same species li ing in a speci ic
egion, which do no mix wi h animals o
he same species om o he egions, i.e.,
hey a e ep oduc i ely isola ed. A popula-
ion is a demog aphic uni dis inc by i ue
o i s unique densi y, dis ibu ion, bi h &
Appendix 5
51
dea h a e, sex & age s uc u e, immig a ion
& emig a ion a es, and o he demog aphic
pa ame e s.
Popula ion s a us - s a es a wildli e species’
occu ence and abundance, i.e., whe e and
how many.
Popula ion analysis - a emp s o de e mine
he d s uc u e (sex & age) and he o ces
con olling he composi ion o he popula-
ion/he d.
Popula ion dynamics - in any analysis o he d
s uc u e and s a us he pa ame e s a e
seldom i e e s a ic, he e o e he e m po-
pula ion dynamics.
P ecision - is a measu e o he quali y o he
su ey es ima e o animal numbe , i.e.,
how close you could expec he es ima e o
app oxima e i s expec ed alue. P ecision
e e s o he a ia ion in epea ed measu e-
men o he same quan i y. P ecision is de-
e mined p ima ily by he a ia ion in he
popula ion and he size o he sample. An
indica o o he p ecision o an es ima e is
he con idence in e al.
Range - he ex en o he land a ea on which
he ca ibou wande and g aze. The land
a ea used du ing o aging/cal ing/ u ing
by he ca ibou, e.g., summe and win e
anges. The wo d is o en synonymous wi h
pas u e o habi a , howe e , he e m ange
b ings ege a ion o mind a he han o
example opog aphy.
Rec ui men - see also unde e ili y index.
The la e win e (Ma ch) alue o cal es/
100 cows, which indica es he inc emen in
ca ibou numbe o a speci ic popula ion/
he d om one yea o he nex .
Sigh abili y - he p obabili y o ac ually see-
ing a ca ibou p esen wi hin he s ip lown.
S anda d e o (SE) - s anda d e o is he
s anda d de ia ion (SD) di ided by he
squa e oo o sample size (n) o (n-1) i SD
is calcula ed using n and no n-1. Sampling
e o would be ze o i he same numbe o
ca ibou we e seen on each ansec lown.
S a a - (plu al o s a um) in his epo
e e s o he di ision o egion No h acco -
ding o ca ibou densi y p esen .
Te ain - e e s o he land o g ound,
usually in conjunc ion wi h a desc ip ion o
opog aphy, e.g., ough e ain, moun aino-
us e ain, e c.
Va iance - s a is ical e m o he amoun o
a ia ion in measu emen s. Va iance is he
expec ed squa e de iance ega dless o he
dis ibu ion. I s squa e oo is s anda d de-
ia ion (SD). No e: a iance is dis ibu ion
independen . I is simply he expec ed
squa e de ia ion.
52
Recommenda ions o he
u u e
Ae ial su ey design & ield
me hods
Fu u e ae ial su eys could u he imp o e
ca ibou sigh abili y by using e en lowe
ligh al i udes, slowe ligh speeds and a
u he na owing o he s ip wid h. Re-
sul s indica e obse e s a e able o de ec
ca ibou ypically a dis ances ≤ 300 me es
om he helicop e . Ca ibou we e seldom
sigh ed in he 300 o 500 m zone. To inc ea-
se sigh abili y and u he educe nega i e
bias o missed ca ibou, u u e su eys
should na ow he s ip wid h o 300
me es.
Th oughou he du a ion o his su ey he
same obse e s we e used and hey kep he
same sea s. This p ocedu e is no ecom-
mended o u u e su eys. Al hough he
esul s o he p esen su ey sugges a pos-
sible in insic sigh ing ad an age o he
on sea obse e , la e su eys sugges ed
no ad an age exis ed (Cuyle e al. 2002,
Cuyle e al. unpublished). When you don’
know obse e abili y, by changing obse -
e s and hei posi ions i is possible o
sp ead he bias isk o e an a e age o indi-
iduals’ abili ies a he han isking he
possibili y o a poo obse e causing high
nega i e bias. Recommended o u u e
su eys is he use o se e al di e en ea
sea obse e s, plus changing hei sea ing
om le o igh ea sea , as i is hen
possible o measu e obse e quali y and o
selec o he bes obse e s, gi en ha he
on sea obse e is o known and accep-
able obse e quali y.
G ound su ey design & ield
me hods
Fu u e g ound su eys could be imp o ed
by es ablishing a sys ema ic p og am o
ixed ou es o collec da a annually o bi-
annually. Rou es chosen should p o ide a
b oade co e age o bo h inland and coas al
a eas. The season and iming o he su ey
could emain Feb ua y-Ma ch. A ime se ies
o g ound su eys could p o ide an index
o ca ibou he d s uc u e, ec ui men and
minimum coun o egion No h. Index
changes could e lec changes in he ca ibou
popula ion.
Appendix 6
53
54
55
56
Technical epo s om G eenland Ins i u e o Na u al Resou ces
N . 12 Aningaasa siu igalugu Chionoce es opilio-ik saa -
ua nia neq pi issami 1992-imii 1996-imu
saa ussallu anne ussusaannik naa so sukka /
Komme ciel k abbe iske i e e Chionoece es opilio i
pe ioden 1992 il 1996 og es ime ede biomasse .
Bu meis e , A.D. 1997.
N . 13 Kalaalli Nunaa a ki aani saa ussa (Chionoece es
opilio) ame lassusaasa naa so so neqa ne a
1997-imi/Bes andss a us a k abbe (Chionoece es
opilio) ed Ves g ønland 1997. Bu meis e , A.D.,
1997.
N . 14 Bes andsunde søgelse a k abben Chionoece es opilio i
Sydg ønland sep . – ok . 1998. Bu meis e , A.D.
2000.
N . 15 Appanik nalunaa suineq Hakluy Ø-mi, A ane -
sua mi 1987 – 1997/Moni e ing a lom iebes anden
på Hakluy Ø, A ane suaq 1987 – 1997. Falk, K. &
K. Kammp 1998.
N . 16 Nuna sinni immissa aamma miluumasu nuna-
miu ima miullu – pisuussu i uumassusilli
pingaa ne i pillugi nalunaa u 1. ok obe 1998/
G ønlandske ugle, ha pa edy og landpa edy –
en s a us o e ig ige essou ce , ok obe 1998.
Bo n, E. e al., 1998.
N . 17 Kalaalli Nunaanni aalisakka , kinguppaa , assa-
gia sui uiluiillu – pisuussu inu pingaa u ilinnu
unnga illugu killi ik 1. ok obe 1998/G ønlandske
isk, eje , k abbe og muslinge – en s a us o e
ig ige essou ce , ok obe 1998. Siegs ad, H. e al.,
1998.
N . 18 Langsig e moni e ingsplan o lom ie i G ønland.
Falk, K. & K. Kammp. 1998.
N . 19 Kalaalli Nunaa a ki aani saa ussa (Chionoece es
opilio) naa so so neqa ne a aamma uumassusili -
sigu siunne suineq 1999-imi/Bes andss a us a
k abbe ed Ves g ønland og biologisk ådgi ning
o 1999. Bu meis e , A.D. 1998.
N . 20 Pisuussu i uumassusilli pillugi isumasioqa igiin-
neq/Semina om de le ende essou ce . Rydahl, K.
(ed.) & I. Egede. 1998.
N . 21 A ane sua mi 1998-mi mi e nik kisi sineq/Ede -
ugleop ællinge i A ane suaq 1998. Ch is ensen,
K.D. & K. Falk, eb ua 1999.
N . 22 Kalaalli Nunaa a Ki aani saa uaqassusianik
(Chionoece es opilio) killi iliineq kiisalu biologi 2000-
imu inassu eqa ne a /Bes andss a us a k abbe
(Chionoece es opilio) ed Ves g ønland og biologisk
ådgi ning o 2000. Bu meis e , A.D. 2000.
N . 23 Spæ e sæl i Kange lussuaq/Sønd e S øm jo d.
Lisbo g, T.D. & J. Teilmann 1999.
N . 24 Fly ællinge a ugle og ha pa edy i Ves g ønland
1998. Heide-Jø gensen, M.P., M. Acqua one & F.R.
Me kel 1999.
N . 25 Pola lom ien i Disko Bug og de sydlige Upe na ik,
1998 - bes andsopgø else og g undlag o em idig
moni e ing i lom iebes anden. Me kel, F.R., A.S.
F ich & P. Hangaa d 1999.
N . 26 A pho og aphic su ey o wal uses (Odobenus
osma us) a he Sandøen haul-ou (Young Sund,
eas e n G eenland) in 1998. Bo n, E.W. & T.B. Be g
1999.
N . 27 G ønlands Biodi e si e – e landes udie. Jensen,
D.B. (ed.) 1999.
N . 28 The ca ibou ha es in wes g eenland, 1995-98. Sex,
age and condi ion o animals based on hun e
epo s. Loison, A., C. Cuyle , J. Linnell & A. Landa
2000.
N . 29 Na u besky else i G ønland. Due, R. & T. Inge sle
2000.
N . 30 Omplan ning a kammuslinge , Clamys islandica, ed
Nuuk. Engels o , J.J. 2000.
N . 31 Rensdy og moskusokse i Ingle ield Land, No d-
es g ønland. Landa, A., S.R. Je emiassen &
R. Ande sen 2000.
N . 32 Moni e ing a lom iekolonie ne i Sydg ønland, 1999.
Falk, K., K. Kampp & F.R. Me kel 2000.
N . 33 E ensdy ene på Ingle ield Land mes beslæg e
med de es g ønlandske ene elle Pea y ene ?
Landa, A., P. G a lund, C. Cuyle & S.R. Je emias-
sen 2000.
N . 34 The scien i ic basic o managing he sus ainable
ha es o ca ibou and muskoxen in G eenland o
he 21s cen u y: an e alua ion and agenda.
Linnell, J.D.C., C. Cuyle , A. Loison, P.M. Lund,
K.G. Mo z eld , T. Inge sle & A. Landa 2000.
N . 35 Qilalukka qaqo a pillugi nalunaa usiaq. Qilaluk-
ka qaqo a pillugi ilisima uussu sikku ilisimasa
pillugi Kalaalli Nunaanni pinia unu nalunaa u-
siaq/H idbog om h idh ale . Rappo il ange ne i
G ønland om den idenskabelige iden om h id-
h ale . Rydahl, K. & M.P. Heide-Jø gensen 2001.
N . 36 G æsnings u de ing a d æ gbuskhede i Eqalui
ilo lii og Qasigianngui , i Ame alik jo d, jag -
om åde Kuja aa. Lund, P.M., E.S. Hansen & C. Bay
2000.
N . 37 Føde alg hos ensdy i Akia og næ Kange lussuaq,
Ves g ønland, in e en 1996/97. Lund, P.M., E.
Gaa e, Ø. Holand & K.G. Mo z eld 2000.
N . 38 Lom ien i G ønland: mulige e ek e a o skellige
bes andspå i kende ak o e , og p ak iske g ænse
o essou ceudny else. Falk, K. & K. Kampp 2001.
N . 39 Kalaalli nunaa a kuja aani, Va nah e imi nuna
qa ajalle nikup nunap assilio neqa ne a/Ko læg-
ning a e osionen i Va nah e i, Sydg ønland.
Jónsson, Á. & A.B. Tho s einsdó i 2001.
N . 40 Isbjø ne i Øs g ønland. En in e iewunde søgelse om
o ekoms og angs , 1999. Sandell, H.T., B. Sandell,
E.W. Bo n, R. Die z & C. Sonne-Hansen 2001.
N . 41 O e g own Hoo es Muskoxen (O ibos moscha us)
o Kangaa suk (Kap A holl) No hwes G eenland.
Cuyle , C. & H.S. Mølgaa d 2002.
