Da ase o :
Sus ainable bio uel p oduc ion h ough anae obic diges ion, SOEC and
ca bon-cap u e-and-u iliza ion (CCU): echno-economic, exe gy and
Li e-cycle analysis
Towhid Gholizadeh a*, Nas a an Abbaspou b, Hamed Ghiasi ada, Anna Sko ek-
Osikowskaa
a Depa men o Powe Enginee ing and Tu bomachine y, Silesian Uni e si y o Technology,
Gliwice, Poland
b Ins i u e o Chemical, En i onmen al and Bioscience Enginee ing, TU Wien, Vienna, Aus ia
* Co esponding au ho ’s email add ess: owhid.gholizadehba [email protected],
[email protected]
Table 2. Inpu da a used o model he p oposed sys em.
Pa ame e
Value
Re .
Ambien empe a u e
25 ℃
Ambien p essu e
1 ba
Anae obic diges ion uni (ADU)
Biomass ype
Sewage sludge
[1]
Diges ion ype
The mophilic
[1]
The ou le empe a u e o he diges e
55 ℃
[1]
Ou le empe a u e o he he mal p e ea men ank
90 ℃
[1]
Tempe a u e o sewage sludge
18 ℃
[1]
Mass low a e o biomass
8.608 kg/s
[1]
Biogas p oduc ion o anae obic diges a e
0.167933 kg/s
[1]
Ou pu p essu e o pump1
2 ba
[1]
Ou pu p essu e o pump2
3.5 ba
[1]
Biogas spli ac ion in o oxy- uel gas u bine uni
20%
Biogas spli ac ion in o biogas upg ading uni
80%
LHV o biogas
20198 kJ/kg
[1]
LHV o hyd ogen
119950 kJ/kg
[2]
LHV o me hanol
19920 kJ/kg
[2]
LHV o me hane
50020 kJ/kg
[2]
Biogas upg ading uni (BUU)
P essu e o abso be and s ippe
1.05 and 1.5 ba
[3]
Numbe o s ages in abso be and s ippe
10 and 10
[3]
Diame e o abso be and s ippe
0.37 and 0.725 m
[3]
Heigh o abso be and s ippe
3.5 and 4.8 m
[3]
Packing dimension o abso be and s ippe
38 and 50 mm
[3]
Solid Oxide Elec olysis Cell (SOEC)
Spli ac ions o s eam
10% and 90%
[4]
Ou le empe a u e o H2, O2
100 ℃
[5]
Fa aday’s cons an , F
96487 ℃/mol
[6]
S ack empe a u e
750 ℃
[5]
Ca hode e ec i e di usion, 𝐷c
e
5.11∙10-5 m2/s
[7]
Anode e ec i e di usion, 𝐷a
e
2∙10-5 m2/s
[7]
Ca hode ac i a ion ene gy, 𝐸c
ac
100 000 J/mol
[7]
Anode ac i a ion ene gy, 𝐸a
ac
120 000 J/mol
[7]
Ca hode p e-exponen ial ac o , 𝛾c
1.34 A/m2
[8]
Anode p e-exponen ial ac o , 𝛾a
2.05 A/m2
[8]
Ca hode hickness, 𝛿c
3.13∙10-4 m
[7]
Anode hickness, 𝛿a
1.75∙10-5 m
[7]
The ideal gases cons an , R
8.314 J/mol/K
[7]
Elec oly e hickness, 𝛿e
1.25∙10-5 m
[7]
Cell ac i e a ea, 𝐴cell
0.324 m2
[5]
Cu en densi y, J
10 000 A/m2
[9]
Me hanol Syn hesis Uni (MSU)
P essu e o gases en e ing he MSU
51 ba
[10]
P essu e d ops in hea exchange s in he MSU
1 ba
[11]
Ou le empe a u e o he coole s be ween 4SCP o
CO2
125.6℃
[11]
Ou le empe a u e o he coole s be ween 4SCP o
H2 and FG
157℃
[11]
Inle empe a u e o he dis illa ion column
80℃
[11]
Inle and ou le empe a u e o me hanol eac o
210 and 278℃
[10]
Ou le empe a u e and p essu e o he al e
32℃ and 1.2 ba
[11]
Inle empe a u e o d um
35℃
[11]
P essu e o he pa ial condense and eboile
1 ba
[11]
Numbe o s ages in he dis illa ion column
20
[10]
Tempe a u e o me hanol and wa e lea ing hei
coole s
40 ℃
[11]
Isen opic e iciency o he me hanol and gas
comp esso s
0.85
[12]
Sepa a e ac ion o exhaus gases om s eam 324
1.01%
[11]
Ou le p essu e o me hanol comp esso
1.2 ba
[11]
Oxy- uel gas u bine uni (OFGTU)
P essu e o combus ion chambe
6 ba
[13]
Spli ac ion o exhaus ed gas in o ecycled lue
gas
85%
[13]
Tempe a u e o ecycled lue gas in o combus ion
chambe
300℃
[11]
P essu e o condense
1 ba
[11]
Tempe a u e o condense
35℃
[11]
Table 3 shows he elemen al analysis o he o ganic componen in sewage sludge. Based on he
analysis, he lowe hea ing alue o d y biomass and d y diges a e we e calcula ed as 17,221
kJ/kg and 11,527 kJ/kg, espec i ely [14].
Table 3. Elemen al analysis o he o ganic componen in sewage sludge [1]
Elemen
C
H
O
N
S
Ash
Mass ac ions
0.3565
0.0489
0.2172
0.0516
0.0297
0.2961
The pa ame e s used in he echno-economic analysis o calcula ing he ne p esen alue (NPV)
a e summa ized in Table 4.
Table 4. De ails o he echno-economic analysis o calcula e he ne p esen alue (NPV).
I em
Value
Re .
Biome hane selling p ice
0.85 $/kg
[15]
Biome hanol selling p ice
1.1 $/kg
[16]
In la ion a e, R
5%
[17,18]
Discoun a e, DR
8%
[17,18]
1.1 Me hodology o en i onmen al analysis
1.1.1 De ini ion o goals and scope
1.1.2 Li e Cycle In en o y (LCI) and Ma ginal echnologies and p oduc s
The iden i ied ma ginal echnologies and p oduc s used o sys em expansion a e summa ized in
Table 7.
Table 7. De ails o li e cycle assessmen in SimaP o so wa e
I em
Selec ed op ion
Sola ene gy
570 kW pho o ol aic panels, low ol age, Poland, open g ound
ins alla ion, mul i-Si, consequen ial, sys em
Wind u bine ene gy
1-3 MW onsho e wind u bines, high ol age, Poland, consequen ial,
sys em
Ha d coal ene gy
Elec ici y p oduc ion, high ol age, Res o wo ld, ha d coal,
consequen ial, sys em
Na u al gas ene y
Elec ici y p oduc ion, high ol age, Poland, na u al gas, combined cycle
powe plan , consequen ial, sys em
Inpu wa e
Na u al o igin
Inpu hea
Cen al o small-scale, Poland, co-gene a ion, biogas, consequen ial,
sys em
U ilized CO2
Ma ke o liquid CO2, consequen ial, sys em
A oided p oduc o na u al gas
High p essu e, Poland, ma ke o na u al gas, consequen ial, sys em
A oided p oduc o biome hanol
Ma ke o me hanol, global, consequen ial, sys em
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.2 Main esul s
Table 14 p esen s he ope a ional benchma ks o he bio uel gene a ion sys em.
Fig .4 shows he amoun o powe supplied and consumed by all he subsys ems.
Table 14. O e all esul s o he p oposed sys em o bio uels gene a ion
Pa ame e
Uni
Value
O e all ene gy e iciency
%
58.09
Biome hane capaci y o o e all sys em
kg/h
188.68
Biome hanol capaci y o o e all sys em
kg/h
269.54
Hea consump ion o o e all sys em
kW
839.38
Powe consump ion o o e all sys em
kW
949.7
Hea consump ion o anae obic diges ion uni
kW
-500.77
Numbe o SOEC cells
-
3 × 80
Hyd ogen yield o SOEC
kg/h
23.2
Oxygen yield o SOEC
kg/h
184.1
Hea consump ion o biogas upg ading uni
kW
-930
Hea consump ion o he mal p e ea men ank
kW
-500.77
Hea gene a ion o oxy uel uni in o biogas upg ading uni (HX3)
kW
90.612
CO2 capaci y in biogas upg ading uni
kg/h
298.3
CO2 capaci y in Oxy- uel gas u bine uni
kg/h
201.64
CO2 u iliza ion in MSU
kg/h
499.95
CO2 emission om whole sys em (s eam 315,324 o MSU)
kg/h
7.98
Emi ed CO2 pe Bio uel p oduc ion, 𝐸co2
-
0.01742
Fig. 4. The powe supplie s and consump ion o he p oposed sys em.
4.3 Pe o mance compa ison
4.4 Resul s o a echno-economic analysis
Table 16. Main esul s o economic analysis o he p oposed sys em.
Op imis ic scena io
Main scena io
Pessimis ic scena io
Cos o sou ces
𝐶elec = 0.04 (€/kWh),
Chea = 7.712 (€/GJ),
C𝑆𝑆 = 0.0(€/ on)
Celec = 0.05 (€/𝑘𝑊ℎ),
Chea = 9.64 (€/𝐺𝐽),
CSS = 0.0(€/𝑡𝑜𝑛)
Celec = 0.06 (€/𝑘𝑊ℎ),
Chea =11.57 (€/𝐺𝐽),
CSS = 1 (€/𝑡𝑜𝑛)
Fixed capi al in es men cos s (FCI, €)
2 744 227
2 744 227
2 744 227
Ra io ac o (RF)
3.28
3.28
3.28
To al capi al in es men cos s (TCI, €)
11 745 291
11 745 291
11 745 291
Annual income (AI, €)
3 654 976
3 654 976
3 654 976
To al p oduc cos s (TPC, €)
1 601 026
1 733 334
2 157 302
Annual ne sa ings (ANS, €)
2 053 950
1 921 642
1 497 674
Payback pe iod (PP)
5.72
6.11
7.84
Le elized cos o biome hanol (LCOM, €/ on)
233.02
294.37
490.99
Table 17. Economic analysis o p oposed sys em based on biogas spli ac ion in o oxy- uel gas
u bine uni (BSOF).
BSOF
10 %
15 %
20%
25 %
30 %
Fixed capi al in es men cos s (FCI, €)
2 127 422
2 371 156
2 744 227
3 105 967
3 462 953
To al capi al in es men cos s (TCI, €)
9 105 365
10 148 548
11 745 291
13 293 541
14 821 437
Annual income (AI, €)
3 486 000
3 568 800
3 654 976
3 742 000
3 850 000
949,7
10,1
-0,127 -5,38
-129,43
-824,89
-1000
-800
-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Powe gene a ion o RES o o e all sys em, kW
Powe gene a ion o oxy- uel gas u bine uni , kW
Powe consump ion o biogas upg ading uni , kW
Powe consump ion o anae obic diges ion uni , kW
Powe consump ion o MSU, kW
Powe consump ion o SOEC sys em, kW
To al p oduc cos s (TPC, €)
1 527 362
1 633 738
1 733 334
1 877 298
2 015 964
Annual ne sa ings (ANS, €)
1 958 638
1 935 062
1 921 642
1 864 702
1 834 036
Payback pe iod (PP)
4.65
5.24
6.11
7.13
8.08
Le elized cos o biome hanol (LCOM, €/ )
113.24
215.70
294.37
386.24
454.33
Celec = 0.05 (€/𝑘𝑊ℎ), Chea = 9.64 (€/𝐺𝐽),CSS = 0.0(€/𝑡𝑜𝑛)
Fig. 9. The e ec o biogas spli ac ion in o oxy- uel gas u bine uni (BSOF) on subsys ems'
ixed capi al in es men cos s (FCI).
4.5 Resul s o li e cycle assessmen
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
3,5
4
10% 15% 20% 25% 30%
FCI ( M€ )
BSOF
BUU
Oxy
AD
SOEC
MSU
-0,02
-0,015
-0,01
-0,005
0
0,005
0,01
0,015
0,02
0,025
0,03
0,035
Poland's elec ici y mix Renewable-baseline
Clima e change ( kg CO2eq / kg biomass)
To al
MSU
Diges ion
Biogas upg ading
SOEC
Me han p oduc ion
me hanol p oduc ion
Fig. 13. Po en ial en i onmen al impac analysis esul s o clima e change.
Fig. 14. Compa ison o he alues o clima e change o di e en powe sou ces
4.6 Resul s o he ansien s udy
The clima ic d i e s exhibi ma ked seasonal and diu nal a iabili y (Fig. 16). Ambien
empe a u e anges (Fig. 17), while mean wind speeds climb (Fig. 18).
-0,02
-0,01
0
0,01
0,02
0,03
0,04
0,05
Poland's elec ici y
mix
Renewable-baseline
Clima e change ( kg CO2eq / kg
biomass)
me hanol p oduc ion
Me han p oduc ion
SOEC
Biogas upg ading
Diges ion
MSU
Fig. 16. Seasonal hou ly global ho izon al i adiance (GHI) p o iles o Wa saw
Fig. 17. Daily minimum, mean and maximum ambien empe a u es eco ded in Wa saw
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
Jan
Feb
Ma
Ap
May
Jun
Jul
Agu
Sep
Oc
Ne
Dec
Daily empe a u e [°C]
Daily empe a u es min [°C] Daily empe a u es a g [°C] Daily empe a u es max [°C]
