Jou nal o Social Sciences Vol. VIII, no. 2 (2025), pp. 217 - 232
Fascicle Social Science ISSN 2587-3490
Topic Law eISSN 2587-3504
Jou nal o Social Sciences June, 2025, Vol. 8
h ps://doi.o g/10.52326/jss.u m.2025.8(2).16
UDC 347.2:656
PROPERTY RIGHTS TO A MOTOR VEHICLE FROM THE THEORY OF LEGITIMACY
PERSPECTIVE
Mohammad Ali *, ORCID: 0000-0003-2237-6845,
A i ah Kusumada a, ORCID: 0000-0001-7167-8044,
Shin a Hadiyan ina, ORCID: 0000-0001-7413-7008,
Amelia S i Kusuma Dewi, ORCID: 0009-0005-5985-7230
Uni e si y o B awijaya, Mayjen Ha yono S ee 169, Malang, 65145, Eas Ja a, Indonesia
* Co esponding au ho : Mohammad Ali, [email protected]
Recei ed: 03.21.2025
Accep ed: 05.12.2025
Abs ac . P ope y igh s a e included in he scope o ci il law, including owne ship igh s o
mo o ized ehicles as mo able objec s. Howe e , he s a us o ci il owne ship igh s needs
o be cla i ied and ea i med in line wi h he exis ence o mo o ehicle adminis a ion
policies. Based on ci il law p o isions, owne ship igh s o an i em can be ecognized i he
owne can p o e owne ship acco ding o law. The mos p ominen objec /zaak in ci il law is
he di ision o mo able and immo able objec s. Mo o ized ehicles a e included in mo able
objec s because owne ship is easily ans e ed. I will ha e an impac on his p ope y igh s.
Owne ship igh s o mo o ized ehicles h ough bezi /con ol a e no su icien o he
p inciple o bezi which is unde s ood by he e m ' he posi ion o con olling o enjoying an
i em con olled by onesel o h ough he in e media y o ano he pe son as i he i em we e one's
own'. Howe e , o mo o ized ehicles, p oo o documen a ion is equi ed, because
mo o ized ehicles a e mo able objec s and a e egis e ed in a ic egula ions and local ax
le ies. A new policy ha upholds ci il p ope y igh s is needed so ha people's p ope y
igh s o objec s such as mo o ehicles a e los due o a bi a y ax adminis a ion.
Keywo ds: p ope y igh s, mo o ized ehicles, a ic, egis e ed, ci il law.
Rezuma . D ep u ile de p op ie a e sun incluse în domeniul de aplica e al d ep ului ci il,
inclusi d ep u ile de p op ie a e asup a ehiculelo mo o iza e ca obiec e mobile. Cu oa e
aces ea, s a u ul d ep u ilo de p op ie a e ci ilă ebuie cla i ica și ea i ma în con o mi a e
cu exis ența poli icilo de adminis a e a ehiculelo cu mo o . Pe baza p e ede ilo d ep ului
ci il, d ep u ile de p op ie a e asup a unui bun po i ecunoscu e dacă p op ie a ul poa e
do edi p op ie a ea con o m legii. Cel mai impo an obiec /zaak în d ep ul ci il es e
di iza ea bunu ilo mobile și imobile. Vehiculele mo o iza e sun incluse în ca ego ia
obiec elo mobile, deoa ece p op ie a ea es e ușo ans e abilă. Aces luc u a a ea un
impac asup a d ep u ilo sale de p op ie a e. D ep u ile de p op ie a e asup a ehiculelo
mo o iza e p in bezi /con ol nu sun su icien e pen u p incipiul bezi , ca e es e înțeles p in
e menul „poziția de a con ola sau de a bene icia de un bun con ola de sine sau p in in e mediul
218 P ope y Righ s o a Mo o Vehicle om a Theo y o Legi imacy Pe spec i e
Jou nal o Social Sciences June, 2025, Vol. 8
unei al e pe soane, ca și cum bunul a i al său”. Cu oa e aces ea, pen u ehiculele mo o iza e,
es e necesa ă do ada documen elo , deoa ece ehiculele mo o iza e sun obiec e mobile și
sun în egis a e în egulamen ele de ci culație și în axele locale. Es e necesa ă o nouă
poli ică ca e să susțină d ep u ile de p op ie a e ci ilă, as el încâ d ep u ile de p op ie a e
ale oamenilo asup a obiec elo , cum a i ehiculele cu mo o , să ie pie du e din cauza
adminis ă ii iscale a bi a e.
Cu in e cheie: D ep u i de p op ie a e, ehicule mo o iza e, a ic, înma icula e, d ep ci il.
1. In oduc ion
P ope y igh s in Indonesian law a e closely ela ed o ci il law. So ma e ial igh s a e
also known as ci il igh s. The e a e absolu e and ela i e ci il igh s. Absolu e igh s p o ide
di ec powe and can be main ained by anyone. Meanwhile, ela i e igh s p o ide limi ed
powe and can only be de ended agains o he pa ies in a legal ela ionship. P ope y igh s
a e also ci il igh s egula ed in Book II o he Ci il Code o Bu gelijk we boek [1].The igh s
o an objec a e usually called ma e ial igh s (zakelijk ech ). P ope y igh s gi e di ec powe
o e objec s and can be main ained by anyone. The igh o objec s is a se o no ms ha
egula e he legal ela ionship be ween people (legal en i ies) and he objec s, such as
mo o ized ehicles a e p ope y igh s objec s, i may c ea e igh s (zakelijk ech ). P ope y
igh s gi e di ec powe o he owne ega dless o whe e he objec is loca ed [2].
P ope y igh s ha e se e al cha ac e is ics. The i s is absolu e, i is con olled eely
and de ended agains anyone; o example, p ope y igh s and copy igh . Second, zaak
ge olg o De oi de sui e is o ollow he objec igh s o which hose a e a ached. Fo
example, he igh o en , he igh o collec p o i s, and o ollow he objec whoe e he
objec is. Thi d, he i s le el is highe , o example, i a mo gage is a ached o a house,
hen he nex mo gage is a ached, so he posi ion o he i s mo gage is highe han he
second mo gage. Fou h, p io i y is gi en, o example, mo gage igh s on a house, i he
owne o he house goes bank up , hen he mo gage ge s p io i y o se lemen wi hou
ega d o he e ec s o bank up cy. Fi h, he igh o sue can be exe cised agains anyone
who dis u bs he objec o de end i . Six h, p ope y igh s can be ans e ed o anyone.
Se en h, Gi ing di ec con ol o e objec s [3].
Se e al expe s explain he igh s o objec s. S i Soedewi Masjchoen So wan said ha
p ope y igh s (zakelijk ech ) a e absolu e igh s o an objec , whe e his igh gi es di ec
powe o e an objec and can be main ained agains anyone [4]. Acco ding o an Apeldoo n,
ma e ial igh s a e p ope y igh s ha p o ide di ec powe o e an objec , di ec powe
means a di ec ela ionship be ween people and he objec [5]. Acco ding o Subek i, a
ma e ial igh (zakelijk ech ) is a igh ha gi es di ec powe o e an objec , he powe o a
name can be main ained o e e e y pe son [6].
Rega ding owne ship igh s o objec s, in he ci il law sys em in Indonesia, he e is a
closed owne ship sys em, a pe son canno ha e subs an i e igh s (zakelij ech ) o he han
hose egula ed by Book II Bu gelijk We boek, o he go e ning law, o cus oma y law.
The e o e, people can only ha e subs an i e igh s as de e mined by law. In o he wo ds, he
numbe o subs an i e igh s is limi ed o wha is egula ed by law. This is di e en om
con ac law, which adhe es o an open engagemen sys em. Tha is, someone can exe cise
pe sonal igh s (pe sonal ech ) o he han hose limi ed by law. In his open sys em, e e yone
is ee o en e in o ag eemen s ha may o may no lead o legal ela ions, whe he egula ed
by law o no . This means ha he numbe o indi idual igh s is no limi ed o he numbe
M. Ali, A. Kusumada a, S. Hadiyan ina, D. A. S. Kusuma 219
Jou nal o Social Sciences June, 2025, Vol. 8
de e mined by law as long as i does no iola e, public o de and mo ali y. E e yone can
exe cise hei igh s based on a collec i e ag eemen [3].
Based on hese wo sys ems, a pe son canno a bi a ily e oke ma e ial legal
p o isions egula ed by law, bu only wi h mu ual consen . This means ha e e y hing ha
is de e mined by law as an objec has subs an i e igh s in i sel , and canno be con es ed,
elimina ed, o olun a ily exceeds wha is de e mined by law o a ano he 's will. In o he
wo ds, a p ope y igh is an absolu e igh ha gi es di ec powe o e an objec ha can be
main ained by e e y pe son and has an inhe en na u e, including in his case o e mo o ized
ehicles based on he basic concep o p ope y igh s in ci il law.
Objec s o zaak acco ding o ci il law as s a ed in A icle 499 o he Ci il Code a e
any hing ha can become an objec o p ope y igh s. Objec s (zaak) can ha e a ious
meanings, namely; objec s as legal objec s (A icle 500 o he Ci il Code), objec s as in e es s
(A icle 1354 o he Ci il Code), objec s as legal ac s (A icle 1263 o he Ci il Code), objec s
as legal ac s (A icle 1792 o he Ci il Code). So wha can become an objec o p ope y igh s
can be goods and be in he o m o igh s, such as copy igh s, pa en igh s, e c. Based on his
desc ip ion, ega ding igh s o objec s which ha e been di ided in o a ious ypes o objec s,
he mos impo an hing is he dis inc ion be ween mo able and immo able objec s, as well
as he di e ence be ween egis e ed and un egis e ed objec s. This also includes igh s ha
may accompany, especially igh s o egis e ed mo able objec s such as mo o ized ehicles
as one o he objec s in ci il law [4].
2. Resea ch me hods
This esea ch is no ma i e esea ch me hods; namely legal esea ch ca ied ou by
examining lib a y ma e ials (such as laws and o he legal e e ences). I is hen called Lib a y
Law esea ch [7]. Using his ype o esea ch, he au ho in ends o analyze, unde s and, and
explain p ope y igh s o mo o ized ehicles as egis e ed mo able objec s om a ci il law
pe spec i e. This esea ch uses a s a u o y app oach because he main da a ma e ial is
s a u o y egula ions such as he Ci il Code and o he s a u o y egula ions along wi h o he
e e ences ela ed o he egula ion and explana ion o igh s and objec s, especially
egis e ed mo able objec s such as mo o ized ehicles.
Ma e ial igh s a e absolu e igh s which in some discussions a e also con used wi h
ela i e igh s, howe e , bo h igh s a e s ill wi hin he scope o ci il law. Absolu e igh s
consis o ; pe sonali y igh s, o example, he igh s o one's name, li e, libe y, igh s in
amily law, such as igh s a ising om he husband and wi e ela ionship, a pe son and a child
ela ionship; as well as absolu e igh s o e an objec , his is wha is called ma e ial igh s.
Then expe s call ela i e igh s, ela i e igh s, o pe sonal igh s, namely all igh s ha a ise
because o a deb ela ionship ha can only be main ained empo a ily [4].
P ope y igh s ha e se e al main cha ac e is ics compa ed o indi idual igh s. These
cha ac e is ics include [8]:
1. P ope y igh s a e absolu e igh s, which can be de ended agains anyone,
no only con ac pa ne s bu also o he pa ies who may be in ol ed in i in he u u e.
Fo example, ma e ial igh s, such as owne ship igh s o an objec such as a mo able
objec , especially a mo o ized ehicle, he owne can claim whe e e he objec is loca ed
wi h he igh s g an ed by law, namely he Righ o Re indica ion (A icle 574 Bu ge lijk
We boek). This is di e en om indi idual igh s o ela i e igh s which can only be
en o ced by ce ain pa ies.
220 P ope y Righ s o a Mo o Vehicle om a Theo y o Legi imacy Pe spec i e
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2. P ope y igh s ha e zaaksge olg o d oi de sui ( ollowing igh s), hese igh s
ollow he objec o whoe e he objec is. So p ope y igh s a e a ached o he
objec , i he objec changes owne ship hen he pe son conce ned is obliged o
espec i .
3. P ope y igh s apply he p inciple o p io i y; i means ha p ope y igh s ha exis
i s will ake p io i y o e hose ha come a e . In his way, he exis ence o his
igh plays an impo an ole, because hose who a e bo n i s will be paid, while
hose who a e la e ha e o wai o hose who a e ahead o hem.
4. Ma e ial igh s ha e d oi de p e e ence (p io igh s), his p e e ence is egula ed in
A icle 1133 Bu ge lijk We boek, ha he pa y who has hese ma e ial igh s in e ms
o epaymen mus ha e p io i y, immedia ely i he goods which a e he objec o
hese igh s a e sold a auc ion.
5. A lawsui agains p ope y igh s is called a p ope y lawsui . In his igh , people
ha e a ious eques s (ac ie) i he e is in e e ence wi h hei igh s, o example,
e-p osecu ion, a lawsui o elimina e in e e ence wi h hei igh s, o a lawsui o
es o a ion o i s o iginal s a e. As is he igh ha an owne has by suing o
e indica ion based on A icle 574 Bu ge lijk We boek.
Apa om ha , ma e ial igh s also ha e basic p inciples, including:
1) The p inciple o a closed sys em, p ope y igh s ha e a closed sys em. I means
ha igh s o objec s a e limi a i e, limi ed o hose egula ed by law.
2) P inciple o igh s ollowing objec s (zaaksge olg, d oi de sui e), This p inciple says
ha p ope y igh s ollow he objec whe e e and whoe e he objec is.
3) Publici y p inciple, publici y (openbaa heid) is he "announcemen " owne ship s a us
in public. The announcemen o igh s o ixed objec s (land) occu s h ough egis a ion in
he land book, while he announcemen o mo able objec s occu s h ough ac ual con ol
o he objec .
4) The p inciple o specializa ion, in he ins i u ion o indi idual land owne ship igh s,
mus indica e he shape, bounda ies, loca ion, he land a ea. This p inciple is ound in he
igh s (owne ship, business use, building use) o ixed objec s.
5) The p inciple o o ali y, owne ship igh s a e only placed on he objec in i s o ali y.
In o he wo ds, igh s canno be placed only on pa s o objec s. The owne o a building is
au oma ically he owne o he ames, windows, doo s, and iles o he house.
6) Accessie p inciple, om his p inciple a ises he a achmen p inciple (accessie). An
objec usually consis s o pa s ha a e a ached o one main objec , such as he connec ion
be ween a building and oo iles, ames, doo s, and windows.
7) The p inciple o ho izon al sepa a ion, Bu ge lijk We boek ecognizes he p inciple o
e ical a achmen in A icles 571, 600, 601, 603, 604, and 605 while ac no. 5 o 1960
conce ning he Basic Ag a ian Law adhe es o ho izon al sepa a ion aken om he
p inciples o cus oma y law.
8) The p inciple o can be gi en, Owne ship igh s con ain he au ho i y o gi e objec s.
9) The p inciple o p o ec ion is, he p o ec ion o pa ies who ha e good in en ions
e en i he hando e is a pa y wi hou he igh ul au ho i y (beschikkings on be oegd), as
egula ed in A icle 1977 pa ag aph 1 Bu ge lijk We boek.
10) Absolu e p inciple (coe ci e law), he p o isions go e ning p ope y law a e
absolu e, which means ha p ope y igh s mus be espec ed and obeyed by e e yone [9].
M. Ali, A. Kusumada a, S. Hadiyan ina, D. A. S. Kusuma 221
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3. Resul s and Discussion
3.1. P ope y igh s, ypes o objec s, and how o ob ain and emo e acco ding o ci il
law
In gene al, he e a e se e al ways o ob ain p ope y igh s based on ci il law
p o isions, including [1]:
1. Con ession. Objec s whose owne is unknown ( es nullius). Then i is ecognized by
someone who ge s i , hen hey a e conside ed he owne .
2. Disco e y. An objec ha is sepa a ed om i s owne , o example, i i alls while
a eling, i someone inds he objec and he does no know who he owne is, hen
ha pe son becomes he owne o he i em he ound.
3. Hando e . P ope y igh s a e ob ained h ough hando e based on ce ain igh s
( ech s Ti el), such as sale and pu chase, lease, gi , inhe i ance, e c. By handing o e
he i le passes o he pe son o whom he objec is handed o e .
4. Expi ed. Anyone who con ols a mo able objec o which he does no know he
owne o he objec ( o example because he ound i ), hen owne ship igh s o he
objec a e ob ained a e 3 yea s ha e passed since ha pe son ook possession o
he objec . Fo immo able objec s, he expi a ion da e is: 1). I he e is a 20-yea
igh s pad; 2). I he e is no i le pad, 30 yea s; 3). Th ough Inhe i ance, p ope y
igh s can be ob ained based on applicable inhe i ance law, cus oma y law, Islamic
law, o Wes e n law.
5. C ea ion. A pe son who c ea es a new objec , ei he om an exis ing objec o
comple ely new, can ob ain owne ship igh s o he objec he c ea ed.
6. By ollowing/de i ing. Fo example, i someone buys a p egnan cow and hen he
cow gi es bi h, hen he owne o he cow has he igh o he new cal .
Abou ma e ial igh s, Bu ge lijk We boek di ides hem in o wo ypes o ma e ial igh s,
based on hei na u e, namely:
1) Ma e ial igh s ha p o ide enjoymen consis o p ope y and bezi igh s, he igh
o ha es , and he igh o use and inhabi .
2) Ma e ial igh s ha p o ide colla e al consis o Pawn, Fiducia y, Mo gage,
Mo gage, and Wa ehouse Receip Sys em. Apa om hese ma e ial igh s, Book II o he
Ci il Code also egula es o he igh s bu hey a e simila o ma e ial igh s because hey
p o ide
gua an ees, such as p i ileges, e en ion igh s, and ad e ising igh s. Based on his,
he e a e a ious ways o ob ain ma e ial igh s ha p o ide enjoymen , depending on he
ype o objec [10].
a. Bezi Righ s
Subek i said ha bezi is a bi h ci cums ance, ha a pe son au ho izes an objec as i
i we e his own, which is p o ec ed by law, ega dless o who he objec belongs o [2]. In he
Ci il Code, bezi is ansla ed as a posi ion o au ho i y, namely he posi ion o a pe son
con olling an objec , ei he by himsel o h ough
ano he
pe son, and who main ains o
enjoys i as he pe son who owns he objec (A icle 529 o he Ci il Code). F om his
de ini ion, bezi is he igh o a pe son who con ols an objec , ei he di ec ly o h ough he
in e media y o ano he pe son, o ac as i he objec we e his own. Fo a bezi o exis , he
condi ions mus be me , namely:
1. Fo a co pus, he objec and he pe son in ques ion mus be ela ed.
2. Fo an animus, he ela ionship be ween a pe son and an objec mus be desi ed by
222 P ope y Righ s o a Mo o Vehicle om a Theo y o Legi imacy Pe spec i e
Jou nal o Social Sciences June, 2025, Vol. 8
ha pe son.
Thus, o bezi mus ha e wo elemen s namely au ho i y and he de e mina ion o
possess some hing. In his case, bezi is di e en ia ed om "de en ie", whe e someone
go e ns an objec acco ding o a ce ain legal ela ion o someone else ( he owne o ha
objec ). So, a "de en o " has no desi e o ha e he objec o himsel . Bezi 's unc ions include [6]:
1. Polisionil unc ion, his means ha bezi ge s legal p o ec ion, ega dless o who he
objec belongs o. So, anyone who uses an objec will ecei e p o ec ion om he
law un il i is p o en ha he o she does no ha e he igh o he objec . Thus, o
hose who eel hei igh s ha e been iola ed, hey mus ask o a solu ion h ough
he police o cou .
2. Zaken ech elijk unc ion, his means ha a bezi e has owned an objec and has been
ope a ing o a ce ain pe iod wi hou any p o es om he p e ious owne , hen he
bezi u ns in o p ope y igh s h ough a e ja ing ins i u ion (a e ime/expi a ion).
How o ge bezi ; Acco ding o A icle 538 o he Ci il Code, owne ship o an objec is
ob ained by ca ying ou an ac o wi hd awing he objec in o one's con ol, o e ain i o
onesel . Acco ding o A icle 540 o he Ci il Code, he e a e wo ways o ob ain bezi , namely:
1. Th ough occupa ion ( aking objec s) means ob aining bezi wi hou help om he
pe son who ook bezi i s . So bezi is ob ained because o his ac o aking he
goods di ec ly.
2. Th ough adi ion (passing) means ob aining bezi wi h he help o he pe son who
made bezi i s . So bezi is ob ained due o hando e om o he people who ha e
mas e ed i i s .
Apa om hese wo me hods, bezi can also be ob ained by inhe i ance. Acco ding o
A icle 541 o he Ci il Code, e e y hing bezi which is he bezi o a pe son who has died
passes o his hei s wi h all hei cha ac e is ics and de ec s. Acco ding o A icle 593 o he
Ci il Code, people wi h memo y p oblems canno ob ain bezi , bu mino child en and ma ied
women can ob ain bezi . Meanwhile, ega ding he emo al o bezi ; people can lose bezi i
[10]:
1. Powe o e he objec is ans e ed o ano he pe son, ei he by handing i o e o
being aken by ano he pe son.
2. The objec unde his con ol has been abandoned.
Then based on A icle 542 o A icle 547 o he Ci il Code, he bezi is abolished,
because:
1. The objec has passed in o someone else's hands.
2. The objec has been abandoned.
3. Des uc ion o objec s.
4. Loss o objec s, because hey ha e been aken by someone else o s olen.
b. P op ie a y/ eigendom
I is explained in A icle 570 o he Ci il Code, which s a es ha p op ie a y is he igh
o enjoy and eely con ol an objec , so long as i doesn' con a ene any laws o gene al
ules issued by he ele an agencies so long as i doesn' in inge upon he igh s o o he s,
educes he likelihood ha such igh s could be e oked in he public in e es , pays ai
emune a ion, and complies wi h legal equi emen s. This means ha p ope y igh s gi e
hei owne s wo undamen al igh s, namely:
1) The igh o ake pleasu e in using a hing, and
M. Ali, A. Kusumada a, S. Hadiyan ina, D. A. S. Kusuma 223
Jou nal o Social Sciences June, 2025, Vol. 8
2) The igh o exe cise comple e eedom o e he objec , which means ha he owne
is ee o sell, gi e away, o hand o e he objec o anyone, so long as i doesn'
clash wi h any p o isions ha compel o iola e he public in e es o he igh s o
o he people. This also includes encumbe ing, placing o he p ope y igh s,
pledging, o using he objec as colla e al o a deb .
The cha ac e is ics o p op ie a y as ma e ial igh s, p op ie a y a e he mos pe ec
igh , which has he ollowing cha ac e is ics:
1) P op ie a y is he pa en o o he p ope y igh s, while o he P op ie a y is child en
o p ope y igh s.
2) P op ie a y in e ms o quali y a e he mos comple e igh s.
3) P op ie a y is pe manen , hey will no disappea in he ace o o he ma e ial igh s,
while o he ma e ial igh s can disappea i hey encoun e p ope y igh s.
4) P op ie a y igh s a e he mos basic (main) igh s, while o he ma e ial igh s a e
only pa o p ope y igh s.
How o ob ain owne ship igh s based on A icle 584 o he Ci il Code, he e a e 5 ways
o ob ain owne ship igh s o objec s, namely[11]:
1) Owne ship/claim (a icles 585, 586, and 587 o he Ci il Code).
2) A achmen (a icles 500 o 502 and a icles 586 o 609 o Ci il Code).
3) O e due/expi ed (a icle 610 o Ci il Code, and egula ed book IV a icle 1955 jo
a icle 1963 and a icle 1967 o Ci il Code).
4) Inhe i ance (a icle 611).
5) Hando e / le e ing (a icle 612, 613, 616 Ci il Code, see also A icle 1459 o he
Ci il Code).
How o hand o e owne ship igh s:
1) Fo angible mo able objec s (A icle 612 o he Ci il Code).
2) Fo in angible mo able objec s (A icle 613 o he Ci il Code).
3) Fo immo able objec s (A icle 616 o he Ci il Code).
c. The igh o collec (use) he p oceeds ( uch geb uik)
A icle 756 o he Ci il Code explained abou collec p o i s igh is a ma e ial igh o
ake p o i s om o he people's p ope y, as i hey we e he owne , wi h he obliga ion o
main ain he p ope y as well as possible. Acco ding o A icle 759 o he Ci il Code, he igh
o collec p o i s can be ob ained by law o because o he owne 's will. Meanwhile, he
aboli ion o he igh o collec p oceeds as egula ed in A icle 807 o he Ci il Code is:
1) Because he owne died.
2) Because he pe iod o he igh o collec he p oceeds has expi ed o he condi ions
o ha igh ha e been ul illed.
3) Because he igh s holde changes o he owne (due o mixing).
4) Because he igh holde wai es his igh s.
5) Because ime has passed.
6) Because he objec is des oyed:
a) Righ s o use and occupancy.
b) Righ o encumbe ya d/se ices.
c) The igh o own buildings o plan s on someone else's land/ pos al.
d) The igh o ake o he people's land income by paying money o income e e y
yea /e pach .
224 P ope y Righ s o a Mo o Vehicle om a Theo y o Legi imacy Pe spec i e
Jou nal o Social Sciences June, 2025, Vol. 8
e) Land in e es igh s and one- en h yield.
Then A icle 818 o he Ci il Code de e mines ha use and occupancy igh s a e
acqui ed and e mina ed like usu uc ua y igh s. The igh o use is he same as he igh o
occupy
. The e m igh o esidence is used o objec s such as houses (A icle 826 o he
Ci il Code). Meanwhile, he igh o inhabi canno be handed o e o en ed o ano he
pe son (A icle 827 o he Ci il Code).
Usage igh s a e di e en ia ed be ween mo able and immo able goods. The igh o
use mo able p ope y is egula ed in Book II o he Ci il Code. In con as , he igh o use
immo able p ope y (land) is egula ed in basic ag a ian law No. 5 o 1960. Acco ding o he
Ci il Code, he igh o use does no include a mo gage objec (A icle 1164 o he Ci il
Code), because he igh o use is no a ma e ial igh . Usage igh s a e indi idual igh s and
canno be ans e ed wi hou he owne 's consen .
Table 1
The exis ence o P ope y Righ s by P o iding Enjoymen
No
Kinds o Objec s
How o ob ain
1 Tangible mo ing objec s
A icle 612 pa ag aph 1 Bu ge lijk We boek
is done by
gi ing ac ually o gi ing om hand o hand.
2
In angible mo ing
objec s
a)
Deli e y o Aan oonde 's ecei ables is egula ed in
A icle 613 pa ag aph 3 Bu ge lijk We boek ca ied ou
by ac ual deli e y, o example pape Money.
b) Deli e y o ecei ables (bo de ing op naam (on behal
o ) egula ed in A icle 613 pa ag aph 1 Bu ge lijk
We boek
is ca ied ou by cassie, namely making an
au hen ic deed o p i a e deed.
c)
Deli e y o ecei ables om an o de is egula ed in
A icle 613 pa ag aph 3 Bu ge lijk We boek, ca ied ou
by handing o e he le e and disse a ion wi h
end
o semen (w i ing on he back o he ecei able
le e s a ing o whom he ecei able is ans e ed),
o example, a money o de , check.
3
P ope y igh s o
immo able objec s
(land igh s)
Since he ju idical hando e ( ans e ing o
owne ship) was ca ied ou , he sale and pu chase deed
was signed be o e he Land Ti les Regis a .
4 Bezi o mo ing objec s
Real con ol in good ai h, namely such as ha ing an
app op ia e p ice as a sac i ice, so ha i ecei es
p o ec ion om A icle 1977 pa ag aph 1 Bu ge lijk
We boek.
5
Bezi o immo able
objec s (land igh s)
The p o isions o A icle 1977 pa ag aph 1 Bu ge lijk
We boek do no apply o immo able objec s.
By he p o isions o A icle 1131 o he Ci il Code, colla e al co e s all exis ing and
new asse s o he deb o ha will exis in he u u e. Thus, wi hou he need o a special
ag eemen , hese objec s become colla e al o all o he deb o 's deb s.
Thus
, he concep o publici y go e ns he eme gence o angible igh s ha o e
gua an ees, speci ically h ough egis a ion a he Regis a ion O ice.
M. Ali, A. Kusumada a, S. Hadiyan ina, D. A. S. Kusuma 225
Jou nal o Social Sciences June, 2025, Vol. 8
Speci ically o he bi h o p ope y igh s a a pawn gua an ee ins i u ion, he e a e
no p o isions ega ding egis a ion, and ma e ial igh s a a pawn gua an ee ins i u ion a ise
when he objec is handed o e o a hi d pa y [12].
Table 2
The exis ence o p ope y igh s ha p o ide gua an ees
No
Gua an ee
Agency
The exis ence o p ope y igh s
1 Pawn
When he pawned objec is handed o e o he c edi o o hi d
pa y. This is a mani es a ion o he p inciple o inbezi s elling [13].
2
Mo gage o a
ship weighing
20 m3
Regis a ion is ca ied ou wi h he Regis a and T ans e o Name
Regis a O ice a he place whe e he ship is egis e ed and
eco ded in he Mas e Regis e o Ship Regis a ion [14].
3 Mo gage igh
The exis ence o a mo gage igh based namely on he da e o he
land mo gage book as e e ed o in pa ag aph 4.
The land
mo gage book da e is he se en h day a e comple e eceip o he
documen s equi ed o egis a ion [15].
4 Fiducia y
S a es ha i is bo n on he same da e as he da e he iducia y
gua an ee is eco ded in he Fiducia y Regis e Book [16].
The aboli ion o p ope y igh s in ci il law occu s in he ollowing ways [2]:
1) The objec is des oyed,
2) Because an objec is des oyed, he igh s o ha objec also disappea ,
3) Due o ans e ,
4) Owne ship igh s, he igh o collec p o i s, o he igh o use a e ex inguished i
he objec is ans e ed o ano he pe son,
5) Due o wai e o igh s,
6) Due o expi a ion.
The expi y da e o immo able p ope y is gene ally 30 yea s ( he e is a legal basis),
while o mo able p ope y is 3 yea s.
d. Due o Re oca ion o Righ s
Public au ho i ies can e oke a pe son's owne ship igh s o e ce ain objec s, by
ul illing condi ions based on a law and ca ied ou in he public in e es (wi h app op ia e
compensa ion). Rela ed o objec s/zaak wi hin he scope o ci il law is di ided in o se e al
ypes o objec s, including [17]:
1. Tangible and in angible objec s as egula ed in A icle 503 o he Ci il Code.
2. Mo able and immo able objec s in A icle 504 o he Ci il Code.
3. Objec s can be used up and canno be used up in A icle 505 o he Ci il Code.
4. Objec s ha al eady exis and objec s ha will exis in A icle 1334 o he Ci il Code.
5. Objec s in ade and ou side ade A icles 537, 1444 and 1445 o he Ci il Code.
6. Objec s ha can be di ided and canno be di ided A icle 1296 o he Ci il Code.
7. Regis e ed and un egis e ed objec s a e egula ed sepa a ely in he Mo gage and
Fiducia y Righ s Law.
8. Objec s in he name and no in he name o A icle 613 o he Ci il Code in he o m
o basic ag a ian law and PP No.24 o 1997 conce ning Land Regis a ion.
232 P ope y Righ s o a Mo o Vehicle om a Theo y o Legi imacy Pe spec i e
Jou nal o Social Sciences June, 2025, Vol. 8
Ci a ion: Ali, M.; Kusumada a, A.; Hadiyan ina, S.; Kusuma, D. A. S. P ope y Righ s o a Mo o Vehicle om a
Theo y o Legi imacy Pe spec i e. Jou nal o Social Sciences 2025, 8 (2), pp. 217-232.
h ps://doi.o g/10.52326/jss.u m.2025.8(2).16.
Publishe ’s No e: JSS s ays neu al wi h ega d o ju isdic ional claims in published maps and
ins i u ional a ilia ions.
Copy igh :© 2025 by he au ho s. Submi ed o possible open access publica ion unde he e ms
and condi ions o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion (CC BY) license
(h ps://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/4.0/).
Submission o manusc ip s: jes@me idian.u m.md
