Co esponding au ho : Oli ie Sain -Clai Yohou
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S udy o he li e ime o he S inking Locus , Zonoce us a iega us (Linnaeus, 1758)
(O hop e a: Py gomo phidae) ed on cassa a (Maniho esculen a C an z) in he La
Mé egion (sou heas , Cô e d’I oi e)
Oli ie Sain -Clai Yohou *, D issa Fondio, Ossey Robe N’Dépo, Lacina So o and N’Guessan Lucie Yéboué
Ag icul u al P oduc ion Valo iza ion Labo a o y, UFR-Ag o o es y, Uni e si y Jean Lo ougnon Guédé, Daloa, Cô e d’I oi e.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(02), 1616-1624
Publica ion his o y: Recei ed on 09 July 2025; e ised on 20 Augus 2025; accep ed on 22 Augus 2025
A icle DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.30574/wja .2025.27.2.2986
Abs ac
Zonoce us a iega us is a c op pes whose la ae and adul s cause damage o lea es and s ems, esul ing in huge losses
in ag icul u al yield. The objec i e o his s udy was o de e mine he du a ion o he di e en s ages o he s ink bug on
cassa a (Maniho esculen a C an z) in he La Mé egion wi h a iew o implemen ing al e na i e me hods o con olling
i . La ae cap u ed in he wild we e used o ob ain adul s, whose eggs we e incuba ed in s e ilized coconu compos .
A e ha ching, he la ae, which we e ed exclusi ely on cassa a lea es, we e moni o ed om s age 1 o he adul s age
in o de o de e mine he numbe and du a ion o he di e en s ages. When Zonoce us a iega us is ed cassa a lea es,
he incuba ion pe iod in he labo a o y is 160 ± 9.95 days (5.33 mon hs). I has se en s ages in cap i i y, including six
la al s ages and one adul s age. S age 1 is he longes la al s age, las ing 32.26 ± 2.35 days, and s age 2 is he sho es ,
las ing 22.59 ± 1.49 days. The la al s ages las 161.29 ± 3.69 days. The adul s age las s an a e age 47.01± 6.59 days.
Among adul s, emales ha e a li espan o 51.01±5.59 days and males 43.01±4.33 days, wi h a signi ican di e ence. The
pos -ha ching li espan o s ink bugs ed on cassa a lea es in he La Mé egion is 208.29±4.69 days, and he li espan o
he bug om egg o adul is es ima ed a 368.3±9.5 days, o a o al o app oxima ely one yea .
Keywo ds: Zonoce us a iega us; Cassa a; Oo heca; Eggs
1. In oduc ion
Zonoce us a iega us, also known as he s ink bug, is a ch onic pes and de olia o o a ying impo ance. I is a
o midable species because i is polyphagous and causes signi ican damage o a la ge numbe o c ops [1]. The
biological cycle o Z. a iega us has been he subjec o se e al s udies and hypo heses ha a e mo e o less
con adic o y. To da e, much emains o be done o ully unde s and he a iabili y o his cycle ac oss di e en
ecological zones [2]. Howe e , opinions a e also di ided on ce ain pa ame e s such as he incuba ion pe iod o he eggs
and he li espan o he locus . In Guinean and o es a eas, in o ma ion on he incuba ion o eggs om he we season
“popula ion” (laid om June o No embe ) is much sca ce . Je a h [3], in b eeding, p o ided alues anging om 98 o
141 days, wi h eggs laid in Augus incuba ing o only wo mon hs. Anya [4] men ions 5 o 6 mon hs, and De G égo io
[5,6] indica es 4.5 o 6 mon hs, no ing ha in he labo a o y, ega dless o he o igin o he oo hecae, he incuba ion
pe iod is ne e less han 4 mon hs. Coulibaly e al. [7] gi e a alue o 162 days o eggs laid in Oc obe and No embe ,
and Page [8] men ions a du a ion o 4 mon hs (eggs laid in Sep embe ) in only wo cases [2]. As ega ds longe i y, his
aspec o imaginal biology is poo ly documen ed. Mos ield obse a ions p o ide he da es o appea ance and
disappea ance o he imagos, bu as he e a e no de ails on he numbe s in ol ed o e ime, i is gene ally no possible
o es ima e he a e age imaginal longe i y. In he labo a o y, Vuillaume [9] indica es longe i y o 2 o 3 mon hs bu
no es ha i appea s o be sho e in he ield. S ill in b eeding, Je a h [3] ob ains alues o 117 o 147 days o emales.
In he ield, Vila debo [10] es ima es he li espan o imagoes o be 2.5 o 3 mon hs, bu his is ce ainly an o e es ima e,
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and Du an on e al. [11] gi e an a e age o a ound 40 days (maximum 123 days). Acco ding o he igu es om De
G égo io [6], we can sugges a igu e o a ound 2 mon hs o longe i y in he ield [2]. Chi aud and Mes e [1] belie e
ha his da a se e eals he lack o in e es in s udying he ep oduc ion o Z. a iega us in o de o de elop me hods
o con olling he eggs o his pes . This is a gap ha should be illed, especially since i does no pose any pa icula
echnical p oblems o s udy. I is o ill pa o his gap ha his s udy was conduc ed in he La Mé egion in he sou h-
eas o Cô e d’I oi e.
The aim o his wo k is o unde s and he li e cycle o he s ink bug in o de o de e mine he bes imes o mo e e ec i e
con ol o his pes in he La Mé egion. Speci ically, he aim is o de e mine he numbe o s ages and he du a ion o
each s age o his pes in his egion o Cô e d'I oi e.
2. Ma e ials and me hods
2.1. S udy si e and sampling
This s udy was conduc ed in he La Mé egion, speci ically in Agou, a own loca ed in sou heas e n Cô e d'I oi e, 14 km
om Adzopé. The a e age annual empe a u e is 27.60°C wi h an a e age annual ain all o 1.514 mm. The soil is
e ali ic on schis and mode a ely leached, ich g ani e. This wo k was ca ied ou in he labo a o y o an es ablishmen
in he a o emen ioned locali y.
2.2. Moni o ing o cap u ed la ae un il adul hood
A e cap u e, la ae in s ages 1 o 6 we e aised in six (6) cages measu ing 0.5 m long, 0.5 m wide, and 1 m high. They
we e ed daily wi h Ch omolaena odo a a lea es and cassa a un il hey eached he adul s age. A e imaginal moul ing,
he imagoes we e ans e ed o ano he cage whe e di e en pai s we e o med, which allowed eggs o be laid.
2.3. P epa a ion o he incuba ion subs a e
Fo his wo k, he subs a e chosen o incuba ing Zonoce us a iega us eggs in he labo a o y is coconu coi (Cocos
nuci e a). To p epa e his incuba ion medium, bleach g anules we e added o ap wa e a a a io o en (10) g ams pe
wo (2) li e s o wa e , esul ing in a concen a ion o 0.5 g/L. The pu pose o his solu ion was o elimina e any po en ial
pa asi e ge ms con ained in he subs a e. This bleached wa e was used o hea he incuba ion subs a e a a a io o
one (1) li e pe i e (5) kilog ams o coconu coi un il he solu ion had comple ely e apo a ed om he medium.
2.4. Egg laying by emales
Each pai was isola ed in a cylind ical ank measu ing 30×19×4.5 cm co e ed wi h a small mesh ne and ed exclusi ely
on esh lea es o cassa a. Du ing he ials, indi iduals ha died be o e ma ing o laying eggs we e immedia ely
eplaced by o he adul s om he s o age cages.
A o al o 300 pai s o Z. a iega us we e o med. Howe e , only 270 pai s p oduced eggs. In each con aine , a cylind ical
egg-laying box measu ing 16×10×4 cm and con aining s e ilized, mois ened coconu soil was in oduced o collec he
egg cases. In addi ion, o egg cases laid ou side he nes ing boxes, a azo blade was used o gen ly de ach hem o a oid
des oying he eggs.
2.5. Egg incuba ion
A e each laying, he eggs we e incuba ed in coconu coi and wa e ed daily using a hand sp aye con aining dis illed
wa e . The soil was wa e ed wi h a o al o ou (4) sp ays om his sp aye . To p omo e ae a ion o he incuba ion
medium, he coconu soil was s i ed weekly un il ha ching.
2.6. Rea ing me hod
A e ha ching, Z. a iega us la ae we e isola ed in cages and ea ing anks acco ding o hei espec i e ha ching da es.
They we e hen ed daily on a die consis ing exclusi ely o esh cassa a lea es (Maniho esculen a C an z). A e each
moul , indi iduals om he same ea ing ank ha had moul ed we e mo ed o ano he ank in o de o eco d he exac
du a ion o he s ages.
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2.7. Da a analysis
Fo da a analysis, S a is ica e sion 7.1 and Excel e sion 2013 so wa e we e used. An analysis o a iance (ANOVA)
was used o b ing up he pa amoun di e ences. The signi icance le el was es ima ed a p<0.05.
3. Resul s
3.1. Desc ip ion o oo hecae
The oo hecae o Z. a iega us come in di e en shapes, which can be ounded, o al, o elonga ed. They a e o en
cha ac e ized by a swollen pa con aining he eggs and a hinne pa consis ing o oamy ma e ial (Figu es 1A, 1B).
This oamy ma e ial, which is s icky a i s , ends o ha den and change colo depending on how long i is exposed. The
oam is ini ially whi ish, and hen u ns b own, and inally blackish (Figu es 1C, 1D, 1E, 1F, 1G).
A: Egg sac co e ed wi h oamy moss; B: New club-shaped egg sac; C: Egg sac showing he a angemen o he eggs;
D: Egg sac one day old; E: Egg sac se e al dozen days old; F: Egg sac se e al weeks old; G: Long-shaped egg sac
Figu e 1 Some oo hecae om Zonoce us a iega us
3.1.1. Desc ip ion o eggs
Du ing egg laying, he emale's eggs eme ge one by one om he abdominal end o he body, depending on hei posi ion
leng hwise. Newly laid eggs ha e a b igh yellow colo due o he i ellus hey con ain (Figu es 2A, 2B, 2C). The eggs
change colo and ha den o e ime, hei p e iously smoo h su ace becoming ough a ew days la e wi h small spines
(Figu e 2D, 2E, 2F). Obse a ions ha e also shown ha he size o eggs om he same emale can a y om one oo heca
o ano he , ega dless o he o de in which he oo hecae a e laid.
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A: Eggs in an oo hecae; B: Isola ed eggs; C: Egg on a inge ; D: Eggs om binocula lens iew; E: One day eggs; F: Eggs o se e al days
Figu e 2 Pic u es o eggs laid by Zonoce us a iega us
3.2. Incuba ion pe iod and ha ching o Zonoce us a iega us eggs
Du ing his s udy, 300 pai s o Z. a iega us we e ob ained, o which 270 p oduced 446 oo hecae wi h 13.050 eggs which
we e incuba ed. In he labo a o y, he a e age incuba ion pe iod o eggs o he s ink bug in he La Mé egion is 160 ±
9.95 days (5.33 mon hs), wi h a minimum o 142 days (4.73 mon hs) and a maximum o 194 days (6.46 mon hs) (Table
I and Figu e 3).
Table 1 Incuba ion pe iod o Zonoce us a iega us eggs in he La Mé egion
Mean (Day)
Minimum
Maximum
160 ± 9.95
142
194
Figu e 3 Ha ching o Zonoce us a iega us eggs
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3.2.1. Numbe o s ages in Zonoce us a iega us in La Mé
Moni o ing o he la ae showed ha in he La Mé egion, he s ink bug de elops h ough se en (7) s ages in he
labo a o y, wi h six (6) la al s ages and one adul s age cons i u ing he se en h s age.
3.2.2. Du a ion o s ages
When Z. a iega us is ed cassa a lea es, s age L1 las s 32.26±2.35 days, s age L2 las s 22.59±1.49 days, s age L3 las s
23.02±1.32 days, s age L4 is 23.17±1.28 days, s age L5 is 28.26±1.04 days, s age L6 is 31.94±1.17 days, and he adul
s age is 47.01±6.59 days. Fo his pa ame e , he analyses showed ha he e is no signi ican di e ence in he du a ion
o s ages L2, L3, and L4, no be ween s ages L1 and L6 a he 5% h eshold. Fo his same die , he la al s ages las a
o al o 161.29±3.69 days, wi h a minimum o 152 days and a maximum o 171 days. Also, he du a ion o he adul s age
in emales is 51.01±5.59 days and ha o males is 43.01±4.33 days, wi h a s a is ical di e ence acco ding o he s uden ’s
- es a 5% (p=0.00 dl=156). The esul s also showed a longe i y o 212.29±7.96 days o emales and 204.29±5.76
days o males, wi h a signi ican di e ence be ween hese alues (p=0.00 dl=156). The a e age li espan o s ink bugs
ed Maniho esculen a lea es is es ima ed a 208.29±4.69 days (Figu es 4 and 5).
The bands assigned he same le e in he same colo a e no signi ican ly di e en a he 5% h eshold by he S uden Newman Keuls me hod.
Figu e 4 Du a ion o he s ages o Z. a iega us ed only cassa a lea es
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Figu e 5 De elopmen cycle o Zonoce us a iega us ed on cassa a
3.2.3. Du a ion o he p e-o ula ion pe iod in emales and p e-copula ion pe iod in males
Du ing his s udy, he p e-o iposi ion pe iods in emales and p e-copula ion pe iods in males we e e alua ed. In
addi ion, du ing ep oduc ion in Z. a iega us, wo (2) modali ies o he p e-o iposi ion pe iod we e iden i ied and
s udied. These a e he du a ion be ween he imaginal moul o young emales and hei i s ma ing (p e-o iposi ion
pe iod 1) and he du a ion be ween ma ing and he i s egg-laying (p e-o iposi ion pe iod 2). Thus, he du a ion o
p e-o iposi ion pe iod 1 o emales ed cassa a lea es is 22.92±2.62 days. The du a ion o p e-o iposi ion pe iod 2 is
1.48±0.5 days. In Zonoce us a iega us, he p e-copula ion pe iod o males is 22.02±0.83 days (Table II).
Table 2 Du a ion o p e-o ula ion and p e-copula ion pe iods in he S inking Locus
P e-o ula ion pe iod 1 (days)
P e-o ula ion pe iod 2 (days)
P e-copula ion pe iod (days)
22.92±2.62 a
1.48±0.5 b
22.02±0.83c
p
0.84
0.41
Means assigned he same le e on he same line a e no signi ican ly di e en a he 5% h eshold by he S uden Newman Keuls me hod.
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3.2.4. To al li e cycle du a ion o Zonoce us a iega us in he labo a o y
Taking in o accoun he incuba ion pe iod o he eggs, he du a ion o he la al s ages, and he du a ion o he adul
s age, he li e cycle o he s ink bug ed on cassa a lea es in he La Mé egion is es ima ed a 368.3±9.5 days, o a o al
o app oxima ely one yea .
4. Discussion
Du ing his s udy, he incuba ion pe iod o Zonoce us a iega us eggs in coconu soil was 160 ± 9.95 days, o 5.33
mon hs, wi h a minimum o 142 days (4.73 mon hs) and a maximum o 194 days (6.46 mon hs). This du a ion is
consis en wi h hose ob ained by Anya [4], who epo ed 5 o 6 mon hs, and De G égo io [5,6], who epo ed 4.5 o 6
mon hs, no ing ha in he labo a o y, ega dless o he o igin o he oo hecae, he incuba ion pe iod is ne e less han
4 mon hs. Con a y o he p e ious au ho s, Vuillaume [9] ob ained a longe incuba ion pe iod o 230 days (7.33
mon hs) in Lowe Cô e d'I oi e. This di e ence could be explained by he ype o subs a e used o egg incuba ion, as
his au ho incuba ed he eggs in sand a he han coconu soil, which p omo ed be e humidi ica ion o he
en i onmen , esul ing in apid emb yonic de elopmen . Acco ding o Vuillaume [9], oo hecae do no su i e mo e han
15 days in comple ely d y soil, bu wa e con en (by weigh ) o 1.25% is su icien o allow no mal egg de elopmen .
The soil was mois ened o a leas 10% o i s weigh e e y wo (2) days un il ha ching. When Z. a iega us was ea ed
in he labo a o y and ed on lea es in he La Mé egion, he du a ion o he L1 s age was 32.26±2.35 days. These da a
a e simila o hose ob ained in Cô e d'I oi e by Coulibaly e al. [7] wi h 30 days and by Kpindou e al. [12] wi h an
a e age du a ion anging om 20 o 37 days in Benin when indi iduals ha e cassa a lea es in hei die . Vuillaume [9]
epo ed a li espan o 18 o 22 days o L1 in Lowe Cô e d'I oi e. O he au ho s ha e epo ed sho e L1 du a ions,
such as Kau mann [13] wi h 12 o 21 days, Je a h [3] wi h 10 o 29 days, and Iheagwam [12] wi h 16 days in he d y
season and 18 days in he we season. This s udy showed a s age 2 du a ion o 22.59±1.49 days. This esul is close o
ha ob ained by Kpindou e al. [11], wi h a s age 2 du a ion o 12 o 20 days o locus s ed exclusi ely on cassa a lea es
in Benin. Vuillaume [9] ob ained a sho e s age 2 du a ion in e al o 15 o 17 days in he labo a o y wi h he same
die . S age 2 also shows g ea di e si y in b eeding among o he au ho s, such as Kau mann [13] wi h 12 o 15 days,
Je a h [3] wi h 8 o 22 days, Chapman e al. [15] wi h 29 days, Iheagwam [14]13.3 days in he d y season and 15.5 days
in he we season, and Coulibaly e al. [7] 16 days. A s age 3, i las ed 23.02±1.32 days. This du a ion o L3 is wi hin he
ange ob ained by Kpindou e al. [12], which is 20 o 29 days. Du ing his s udy, he a e age du a ion o he ou h la al
s age was 23.17±1.28 days, which is close o ha ob ained by Chapman e al. [13], who epo ed a du a ion o 18 o 22
days in he ield. Kpindou [12] and Je a h [3] epo ed a du a ion o 25 days. The du a ion o s age 5 was 28.26±1.04
days. This li espan o L5 is longe han he du a ions ob ained by au ho s such as Vuillaume [9]wi h a du a ion o 15 o
21 days, Kpindou e al. [12] 24 days, Kau mann [13] 16 days, Je a h [3] 8 o 19 days, Chapman e al. [15] 18 o 22 days
in he ield and 17 days in cap i i y, Iheagwam [14]13.4 days in cap i i y in he d y season and 20.6 days in he we
season, and Coulibaly e al. [7] 19 days. This di e ence could be explained by he ea ing condi ions, as mos o hese
au ho s ca ied ou hei wo k in cages placed ou doo s on plo s o land, unlike he ea ing in his s udy, which was
ca ied ou exclusi ely in he labo a o y. As o s age 6 la ae, hey li ed o 31.94±1.17 days du ing his s udy. This
esul is con i med by Kpindou e al. [12] wi h an L6 du a ion o 26 o 38 days du ing b eeding in Benin. Howe e ,
Vuillaume [9] ob ained a sho e L6 du a ion o 18 o 22 days in Lowe Cô e d'I oi e, and his di e ence could be
explained by clima e change o e he pas decades. The du a ion o he adul s age was 47.01±6.59 days du ing his
ea ing. This esul is simila o ha ob ained by se e al au ho s, including Chapman [15], Vila debo [10], De G égo io
[6], Le Gall and Mes e [16] , and Cou u ie e al. [17], who obse ed adul s om la e Janua y o Feb ua y and om June
o July, o app oxima ely one and a hal o wo mon hs. Kpindou e al. [12] obse ed adul s om Feb ua y o Ma ch and
om July o Augus when hey we e ed cassa a lea es in Benin. Simila ly, in Lowe Cô e d'I oi e, Vuillaume [9]
obse ed adul s in his egion li ing o wo o h ee mon hs be o e dying. The du a ion o he la al s ages in he
labo a o y in he La Mé egion was 161.29±3.69 days when he s ink bugs we e ed cassa a lea es, which is close o he
li e span ob ained by Kpindou e al. [12], whose la ae become adul s in 130 o 170 days when hey consume C. odo a a
and cassa a lea es. Howe e , Vuillaume [9] a gued ha he la al s ages las om 3.5 mon hs (110 o 120 days) o 4
mon hs in Lowe Cô e d'I oi e. This di e ence could be explained by he ac ha Vuillaume's asse ion is based on
obse a ions made on se e al plo s in his egion o Cô e d'I oi e. The pos -ha ching longe i y o Zonoce us a iega us
du ing his s udy a e aged 208.29±4.69 days o e all, 212.29±7.96 days o emales, and 204.29±5.76 days o males.
These esul s a e consis en wi h hose ob ained by Vuillaume [9], which ange om 170 o 210 days when he
du a ions o he di e en phases o he s ink bug's de elopmen cycle a e added oge he (egg incuba ion, la al s ages,
and adul s age). This inding is also consis en wi h hose o o he au ho s such as Kau mann [13], Je a h [3], Chapman
e al. [15], Iheagwam [14], and Coulibaly e al. [7], whose longe i y a e ha ching a ies om 190 o 210 days in
cap i i y.
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5. Conclusion
The o al du a ion o he de elopmen cycle o Zonoce us a iega us ed on cassa a lea es in he La Mé egion is
368.3±9.5 days. This cycle has se en (7) s ages wi h imagoes ma ing abou 20 days a e he imaginal mol . In his pes ,
emales li e longe han males. Thus, knowledge o he de elopmen cycle o he s inking g asshoppe will make i
possible o pu in place me hods o be e con ol o his locus .
Compliance wi h e hical s anda ds
Acknowledgmen s
We say a big hank you o he Almigh y God who ga e us he s eng h o accomplish his wo k. We also hank all ou
supe iso s who, h ough hei echnical con ibu ions and ad ice, made his wo k possible. I hank my amily and
especially my wi e o hei unwa e ing suppo du ing his wo k. I hank he Jean Lo ougnon Guédé Uni e si y o Daloa
in I o y Coas who kindly accep ed me as a s uden o ca y ou his wo k.
Disclosu e o con lic o in e es
No con lic -o -in e es o be disclosed.
Re e ences
[1] De G ego io R., (1989). Anno a ed lis o wo ks de o ed o he mo phology, biology, e hology, die and seasonal
polymo phism o he S inking G asshoppe , Zonoce us a iega us. Mo phology, biology and e hology. Bulle in o
he En omological Socie y o F ance, 1-446.
[2] Chi aud J., Mes e J., (1990). The S inking Locus Zonoce us a iega us (Linnaeus, 1758). Bibliog aphic syn hesis
a emp . CIRAD-PRIFAS, 140 pp.
[3] Je a h M.L., (1965). No e on he biology o Zonoce us a iega us (Linnaeus) om eas e n Nige ia. A ican Zoology
and Bo any Re iew, 72 (3-4): 243-251. Based on ield obse a ions and b eeding, he au ho s udies he biology
o Zonoce us a iega us in sou heas e n Nige ia: gene al dis ibu ion, a acked plan s and especially he cycle in
he labo a o y and in he ield.
[4] Anya A.O., (1973). Ecology o he a iega ed g asshoppe , Zonoce us a iega us, (O hop e a: Ac idoidea,
Py gomo phidae) on he Nsukka Pla eau, Nige ia. En omologia expe imen alis e applica a, 16: 64-76.
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