os
17 h In e na ional Cong ess o he Geological Socie y o G eece
28-31 May, 2025 - My ilene, G eece
Bulle in o he Geological Socie y o G eece, Sp. Publ.
Ex . Abs. 00000
Assessmen o Geo-en i onmen al S a us o T ichonis Lake, G eece: Mine alogy,
Sedimen ology, and Chemis y
Vasila os C.1, Meg emi I.1, Gkioka Z.1, Theo i N. 2, Cuida Lopez E. 3, S oica A.I. 3, Economou-
Amilli A. 2
(1) Facul y o Geology & Geoen i onmen , Na ional and Kapodis ian Uni e si y o A hens, A hens, G eece,
[email p o ec ed]oa.g (2) Facul y o Biology, Na ional and Kapodis ian Uni e si y o A hens, A hens, G eece (3)
Depa men o Landscape, Wa e and In as uc u e, Uni e si y o Na u al Resou ces and Li e Sciences, Vienna
Resea ch Highligh s
Sedimen s o T ichonis Lake a e domina ed by qua z and calci e, e lec ing he li hological in luence o su ounding
limes one and lysch o ma ions.
Reduced nu ien le els in lake wa e since he la e 1990s highligh he posi i e ecological impac o dec eased
ag icul u al p essu es, p o iding a ounda ion o sus ainable lake managemen s a egies.
In oduc ion / Backg ound
Eu opean Union coun ies ha e e alua ed all eshwa e habi a s la ge han 50 hec a es o comply wi h he Wa e
F amewo k Di ec i e 2000 (Eu opean Commission, 2000). To suppo biological, hyd omo phological, and physico-
chemical moni o ing, a ange o indica o s and mul ime ic indices has been de eloped. These include ac o s such as
mo phology, hyd ology, nu ien le els, he mal condi ions, salini y, pollu an s, and p io i y subs ances. Geochemical
indica o s such as pH, sedimen mine alogy, and he concen a ions o ions, nu ien s, and po en ial pollu an s in soil
and wa e , a e no mally used o assess habi a quali y and quan i y he en i onmen al s ess a ec ing ecosys ems
(ecological s a us) (e.g. Vasila os e al., 2019).
T ichonis Lake, loca ed in wes e n G eece, is he la ges and one o he deepes na u al eshwa e lakes in G eece, wi h
a maximum dep h o 58 m and a su ace a ea o app oxima ely 98 km² (Figu e 1). On he no heas e n side o he lake
he s eep slope o Panai oliko Moun ain is isible, while he sou hwes e n side is bounded by he idge o A akin hos
Moun ain. The wide “T ichonis basin” is a neo- ec onic g aben app oxima ely 30 km in leng h and 10 km in wid h
(Dou sos e al., 1987); i s hyd ological basin ex ends o an a ea o 402 km2 (Kou soyiannis e al., 2008) and i s sou he n
bounda y is de ined by a p ominen WNW-ESE ending no mal aul . Geologically, he a ea belongs o he Ex e nal
Hellenides, speci ically he Pindos and Ga o o geo ec onic uni s (Figu e 2). T ichonis Lake occupies he eas e n
ma gin o a ac u ed ec onic ough a a semi-ci cula shape. This ough was o med p ima ily due o he in ense
ec onic ac i i y o he egion and pa ially by he collapse o limes one masses in o exis ing unde g ound ca e ns,
which cons i u e an ex ensi e ka s ic ne wo k. These ka s s a e con inually enla ged by he e osi e and sol en ac ion o
wa e , leading o he collapse o o e lying laye s and con ibu ing o ongoing changes in he mo phology o he egion
(E angelidis e al., 2008; Ki a zi e al., 2008, Benekos e al., 2013). T ichonis Lake main geomo phological
cha ac e is ics a e summa ized in Table 1.
Table 1. Geomo phological cha ac e is ics o T ichonis Lake (c . Ta as e al., 1997).
Max. leng h
18.2 km
Max. wid h
7.5 km
Max. dep h
58 m
Mean dep h
30.45 m
Lake olume
2.99 x 109 m3
Sho e leng h
52.1 km
Su ace a ea
98.2 km2
D ainage a ea
215 km2
The wa e le el o he lake is a i icially con olled by a dam being cons uc ed o egula e i s discha ge a an a e age
al i ude o 15.5 m wi h a luc ua ion o ±1 m. This dam communica es by means o a 2.8 km long T ichonis-Lysimachia
Uni ying T ench wi h Lysimachia Lake, o which i s excess wa e po en ial is channeled.
The lake is ecognized o i s ich biodi e si y, including endemic ish (e.g. Va dakas e al. 2022), eshwa e
hyd obiids (e.g. Radea e al. 2017), and algae species (Economou-Amilli 1979, 1982); and gene ally, o he p esence o
unique aqua ic plan s, as well as i s ole in local hyd ology and as a wa e sou ce o nea by communi ies. Howe e ,
like many eshwa e ecosys ems globally, T ichonis aces en i onmen al p essu es due o ag icul u al ac i i ies, u ban
uno , and sedimen a ion p ocesses, po en ially h ea ening he heal h o i s ecosys em. In p e ious s udies (e.g.,
Kehayias & Doulka, 2014; O e beck e al., 1982; Ta as e al., 1997) due o i s limnological and biological
cha ac e is ics T ichonis was classi ied as a ca bona e- ype, low-conduc i i y lake ("class II, low salini y" wa m lake)
wi h an oligo ophic o meso ophic ecosys em. Fu he mo e, Kehayias & Doulka (2014), using zooplank on as a bio ic
indica o , sugges ed ha T ichonis Lake is unde going a ansi ional shi owa d a eu ophic s a e, emphasizing he
need o con inuous moni o ing and inspec ion o he ecosys em.
Figu e 1. Loca ion map o he s udy a ea (Pe i olio i e al., 2021).
Objec i es
The objec i e o his s udy is o assess he geo-en i onmen al s a us o T ichonis Lake by analyzing he mine alogical
and sedimen ological cha ac e is ics o i s sedimen s along wi h he physicochemical pa ame e s o lake wa e . This
analysis aims o iden i y changes in sedimen composi ion, assess nu ien s concen a ions, and e alua e he impac o
an h opogenic ac i i ies, o e ing a comp ehensi e assessmen o cu en en i onmen al condi ion o he lake and
helping guide u u e managemen e o s.
Me hods
S udy A ea and Sampling Si es
Bo om sedimen and wa e samples we e collec ed om a ious si es h oughou T ichonis Lake in Sep embe 27-28,
2024, o cap u e a ep esen a i e p o ile o he lake's sedimen a y en i onmen (Figu e 2). Sampling si es we e selec ed
o encompass a eas nea po en ial pollu ion sou ces, such as ag icul u al uno zones and a eas adjacen o u ban
se lemen s, as well as deepe , cen al lake loca ions o accoun o na u al sedimen deposi ion.
Figu e 2. Simpli ied geological map o he s udy a ea (modi ied a e Benekos e al., 2013) wi h he sampling si es.
Sedimen Sampling, P epa a ion and Analysis
Sedimen was e ie ed om each si e using a s ainless-s eel d edge bo om sludge sedimen g ab sample (Figu e 3).
Sedimen samples we e collec ed in 2 L plas ic bags. Be o e he expe imen al p ocedu e, he coa se o ganic ma e was
emo ed om he samples. In he labo a o y hey we e ai -d ied, homogenized, and sie ed o emo e pa icles la ge
han 2 mm. Fine ac ions we e p ese ed o u he mine alogical, sedimen ological, and chemical analyses. The
g anulome ic cha ac e iza ion was conduc ed acco ding o Folk’s me hodology and classi ica ion (Folk, 1974).
Mine alogical analysis was ca ied ou by using an X-Ray Siemens D 5005 Di ac ome e , equipped wi h a Cu ube
and a g aphi e monoch oma o , in combina ion wi h he DIFFRACplus so wa e package a NKUA, Depa men o
Geology and Geoen i onmen . The o ganic ma e (OM) con en was de e mined using d y combus ion, in ol ing
d ying a 105°C o 24 hou s and combus ion a 380°C o 6 hou s in a mu le u nace (Vasila os e al., 2019). The
CaCO3 (%) con en was es ima ed by combus ing he abo e samples a 950°C o 1 hou .
Figu e 3. Sampling in T ichonis Lake. Pho og aphs ha e been cap u ed om sampling si e TR4 (Figu e 2).
Wa e Sampling, P epa a ion and Analysis
pH, edox po en ial (Eh), conduc i i y, o al dissol ed solids (TDS) and dissol ed oxygen (DO) measu emen s we e
pe o med in si u, using a po able Mul ipa ame e Analyze (Cybe Scan Se ies 600, EUTECH). Wa e samples (Figu e
3) we e il e ed h ough 0.45 μm memb ane il e s, collec ed and s o ed in polye hylaine con aine s. They we e di ided
in o wo g oups; he i s g oup was pe se e ed o he measu emen s o anions while he second was acidi ied by
addi ion o concen a ed HNO3 o he measu emen s o ca ions. Then hey we e all s o ed a cooling condi ions (~ 4oC)
in o a po able e ige a o .
Chemical analyses o NO2-, NO3-, NH4+, PO43- and SO42- we e pe o med using a HACH DR/2400 spec ome e . The
de ec ion limi s o he me hods we e 0.007 mg∙L-1, 0.05 mg∙L-1, 0.013 mg∙L-1, 0.01 mg∙L-1, and 3 mg∙L-1, espec i ely.
Resul s and Discussion
Sedimen ology
Pa icle size da a (Figu e 4) can e eal sedimen anspo pa e ns and indica e en i onmen al condi ions impac ing
sedimen a ion, such as changes in wa e low o an h opogenic dis u bances.
Figu e 4. Bo om sedimen s g anulome y acco ding o Folk’s (1974) classi ica ion scheme.
S: sand
s: sandy
Z: sil
z: sil y
C: clay
c: clayey
M: mud
m: muddy
Sedimen ological analysis indica ed ha si es nea limes one o ma ions a e classi ied as sand while samples nea by
lysch o ma ions a e sil y sand, domina ed by ine sedimen ac ions (Figu e 4). This dis ibu ion sugges s ha
sedimen a ion p ocesses in he lake a e con olled by he mine alogical composi ion o he adjacen li hologies and ock
e osion.
Sedimen s Mine alogy and Chemis y
Qua z and calci e we e con i med in all samples o igina ed om he su ounding lysch and limes one o ma ions
(Table 2). Clay mine als (chlo i e and musco i e) and eldspa s ha e been iden i ied in samples adjacen o he lysch
and ela ed Qua e na y deposi s (Figu e 2). These indings align wi h ypical mine al assemblages expec ed in
eshwa e lake sedimen s wi hin lysch and limes one- ich a eas.
Table 2. Mine alogical composi ion o he bo om sedimen s (quali a i e).
TR1
TR2
TR3
TR4
TR5
TR6
TR7
TR8
TR9
TR10
Qua z
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Calci e
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
A agoni e
+
O hoclase
+
+
Albi e
+
+
+
+
+
Ano hi e
+
+
Musco i e
+
+
+
+
+
Chlo i e
+
+
+
+
+
+ e e ing o he p esence o he mine al phase
The o ganic ma e con en in he bo om sedimen s anged om 0.1% o 6.2% (Table 3). The maximum alue (6.2%)
was obse ed a sampling si e TR9, loca ed nea he opening o he T ichonis-Lysimachia Uni ying T ench, poin ing
ou he ecological impo ance o his ench. The high alue o o ganic ma e con en a ha si e is a s ong indica o o
ecological p ocesses like inc eased biological p oduc i i y o enhanced sedimen accumula ion. Samples wi h he
lowes o ganic ma e con en showed he highes qua z con en based on hei X- ay di ac ion (XRD) pa e ns
Table 3. Quan i a i e analysis o he O ganic Ma e and CaCO3 con en o he samples.
TR1
TR2
TR3
TR4
TR5
TR6
TR7
TR8
TR9
TR10
O ganic Ma e (%)
1.7%
1.2%
1.0%
0.1%
1.2%
0.6%
1.0%
5.3%
6.2%
2.6%
CaCO3 (%)
19.4%
23.0%
39.0%
39.8%
11.6%
69.4%
19.3%
52.4%
67.3%
42.3%
Wa e Chemis y
Physicochemical pa ame e s, concen a ion and chemical composi ion o he majo anions o wa e samples om
T ichonis Lake a e p esen ed in Table 4. All measu ed wa e pa ame e s comply wi h he s anda ds o wa e in ended
o human consump ion (Eu opean Commission, 2000).
The measu ed pH alues ange om 6.52 o 7.90, alling wi hin he ypical ange o lake wa e associa ed wi h
limes one o lysch li hologies. The obse ed high concen a ions o NH4+, NO3-, and PO42- in he sample TR8, as well
as o NO3-, NO2-, and PO42- in he sample TR4 sugges a angible impac o ag icul u al and u ban uno on T ichonis
Lake. The consis en SO₄²⁻ le els (27.1–28.4 mg/L) ac oss sampling si es indica e minimal in luence om human
ac i i ies, which would cause g ea e a iabili y nea po en ial sou ces. Ins ead, hese concen a ions may s em om
na u al p ocesses, such as he p esence o e apo i ic o ma ions in he wide a ea.
Nu ien le els a e much lowe han in 1980–1997 (Kou soyiannis e al., 2008) bu simila o 2000–2002
(Kou soyiannis e al., 2008) p esumably due o he la e-1990s abandonmen o ex ensi e obacco cul i a ion a ound he
lake, which had caused ecological s ain.
Table 4. Measu emen s o he wa e physical and chemical pa ame e s.
Uni s
TR1
TR2
TR3
TR4
TR5
TR6
TR7
TR8
TR9
TR10
TR11
pH
7.83
7.83
7.35
6.52
7.74
7.64
7.13
7.13
7.89
7.90
7.16
Eh
mV
113
117.4
107
92.2
129.8
105.9
115.8
162.7
90.7
79.4
154.5
DO
mg/l
5.68
6.91
5.72
7.99
6.67
5.4
6.69
6.69
7.02
6.39
6.88
EC
μS/cm
347
334
312
323
324
318
289
334
298
310
330
TDS
mg/l
232.49
223.78
209.04
216.41
217.08
213.06
193.63
223.78
199.66
207.7
221.1
NH4+
mg/l
<0.013
<0.013
0.030
<0.013
0.040
0.013
0.040
0.050
<0.013
0.030
0.064
NO3-
mg/l
0.886
4.43
1.77
11.96
3.54
5.32
1.33
14.61
5.76
0.87
0.89
NO2-
mg/l
<0.007
<0.007
0.01
0.06
0.02
<0.007
0.033
0.01
0.023
0.016
0.009
PO43-
mg/l
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.06
0.07
0.01
0.06
0.04
0.01
0.06
0.04
SO42-
mg/l
27.7
27.7
27.9
28.4
27.1
28.3
27.9
28.3
27.3
27.2
26.3
Compa ison wi h O he Medi e anean Lakes
E en hough T ichonis Lake has been classi ied as a ypical wa m lake, i esembles mo e closely o empe a e lakes
han opical ones (Ta as e al., 1997) exhibi ing shallow me alimnia ha cha ac e ize lakes o highe la i udes.
The bo om sedimen s o T ichonis Lake a e p ima ily composed o qua z, calci e, and clay mine als such as chlo i e
and musco i e, e lec ing he geological in luence o su ounding lysch and limes one o ma ions. This composi ion is
cha ac e is ic o ca bona e- ype lakes in limes one-domina ed egions (Ta as e al., 1997; Kehayias & Doulka, 2014). In
con as , many Medi e anean lakes exhibi mo e di e se sedimen composi ions depending on local geology, including
highe p opo ions o olcanic ma e ials (e.g., in olcanic lake basins) o o ganic- ich sedimen s in eu ophic sys ems
(Ka a hanasis & Hajek, 1993; Gkenas e al., 2012; Michaloudi e al., 2013; Köp ücü & Pola , 2017).
The ela i ely low o ganic ma e con en ( anging om 0.1% o 6.2%) in T ichonis sedimen s aligns wi h i s
oligo ophic o meso ophic s a us, whe eas highly eu ophic Medi e anean lakes o en exhibi signi ican ly highe
o ganic ma e concen a ions due o inc eased biological p oduc i i y and nu ien inpu (O e beck e al., 1982; Ta as
e al., 1997; Kehayias & Doulka, 2014). The high CaCO3 con en (up o 69.4%) u he dis inguishes T ichonis as a
ca bona e- ich sys em, a ea u e no uni e sally obse ed in Medi e anean lakes, whe e sedimen composi ion a ies
widely.
Nu ien le els (e.g., NH4+, NO3-, and PO43-) in T ichonis Lake wa e a e ela i ely low compa ed o hea ily impac ed
Medi e anean lakes, al hough localized ag icul u al and u ban uno has esul ed in ele a ed nu ien concen a ions in
speci ic si es, indica ing ongoing an h opogenic p essu e (Pe alo i e al., 2004). When compa ed o o he Medi e anean
lakes, T ichonis exhibi s nu ien le els and chemical pa ame e s indica i e o a ansi ional ecosys em, less impac ed
by eu ophica ion han many lakes in he egion.
Conclusions
Comp ehensi e assessmen o he geo-en i onmen al s a us in T ichonis Lake e ealed insigh s in o i s
sedimen ological, mine alogical, and chemical cha ac e is ics, as well as in o he impac o na u al and an h opogenic
ac o s.
Key conclusions include:
• The sedimen s a e p edominan ly composed o qua z and calci e, e lec ing a li hological in luence o he
su ounding lysch and limes one o ma ions. Va ia ions in sedimen ex u e, anging om sand o sil y sand,
highligh localized sedimen anspo and deposi ion p ocesses.
• O ganic ma e con en anged om 0.1% o 6.2%, wi h highe alues nea a eas o enhanced biological
p oduc i i y, such as a he T ichonis-Lysimachia ench. This di e en ia ion signi ies he ecological impo ance o
sedimen a y o ganic ma e accumula ion in assessing ecosys em “heal h”.
• Physicochemical pa ame e s, including pH, Eh, and TDS, a e consis en wi h hose expec ed in eshwa e sys ems
in luenced by limes one and lysch. Ele a ed nu ien le els a speci ic si es poin o ag icul u al uno and u ban
in luences, al hough he o e all nu ien concen a ions declined since he la e 1990s, likely due o educed
ag icul u al p essu es, including he cessa ion o obacco cul i a ion.
• While some localized con amina ion is e iden , such as ele a ed NH4+, NO3-, and PO43- le els nea ag icul u al
a eas, he consis en SO₄²⁻ le els ac oss si es sugges limi ed an h opogenic in luence on his pa ame e . The
mine alogical composi ion o he lake sedimen s also emphasizes he dominance o na u al geochemical p ocesses in
shaping i s chemis y.
• O e all, T ichonis Lake sha es some commonali ies wi h o he Medi e anean lakes in e ms o i s sensi i i y o
an h opogenic impac s and nu ien dynamics. Howe e , i s dis inc ca bona e- ich sedimen composi ion and
ela i ely s able wa e chemis y highligh i s unique geological and ecological con ex . This unde sco es he
impo ance o ailo ed conse a ion e o s o p ese e he lake’s ecological balance amids egional an h opogenic
p essu es.
This s udy p o ides a baseline o unde s anding he geo-en i onmen al dynamics o T ichonis Lake and o e s aluable
guidance o u u e conse a ion and managemen s a egies aimed a main aining he heal h o his i al eshwa e
ecosys em. Findings unde sco e he need o con inued moni o ing and sus ainable land-use p ac ices o mi iga e
an h opogenic p essu es and p ese e he ecological in eg i y o he lake.
Acknowledgemen s
This wo k was suppo ed by he EU ame o HORIZON-MISS-2023-OCEAN-01 “In eg a ed eme ging app oaches o join
p o ec ion and es o a ion o Na u al Lakes in he spi i o Eu opean li e he i age suppo (P oCleanLakes)”.
The p esen a ion o his wo k was unded by he Special Accoun o Resea ch G an s, Na ional and Kapodis ian Uni e si y o
A hens.
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